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Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 1
Perutusan Menteri Pelancongan, Kebudayaan Dan Alam Sekitar, Sabah
Kementerian Pelancongan, Kebudayaan dan Alam Sekitar Sabah
Assalammualaikum Warahmatullahhi Wabarakatuh dan Salam sejahtera.
Syukur ke hadrat Allah S.W.T kerana dengan limpah dan kurnia-Nya dipertemukan kita di Seminar
Bencana Alam 2015 (BENCANA 2015) ini yang merupakan kesinambungan penganjuran seminar
BENCANA 2013 yang lalu. Syabas dan tahniah diucapkan di atas kerjasama antara Pusat Kajian
Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam UMS dan Jawatankuasa Pelaksana Seminar Bencana
2015 atas usaha gigih dan dedikasi dalam memastikan kelancaran seminar ini. Penghargaan juga
diberikan kepada pihak Persatuan Geologi Malaysia & Institut Geologi Malaysia bersetuju menjadi
penganjur bersama seminar BENCANA 2015.
Seperti yang kita maklum baru-baru ini kita telah digemparkan dengan satu berita yang pasti
menyayat hati kita semua. Dengan gegaran bermagnitud 5.9 pada skala Ritcher di daerah Ranau telah
meragut sebanyak 18 nyawa dan kemusnahan alam yang dahsyat akibat kesan gegaran.
Sememangnya, kita tidak dapat menduga kejadian seumpama ini. Adalah menjadi harapan dengan
adanya seminar seumpama ini akan sedikit sebanyak meminimakan kehilangan nyawa dan
kemusnahan harta benda pada masa yang akan datang.
Dengan penganjuran program ini, para penyelidik dapat berkongsi maklumat hasil
penyelidikan yang terkini dalam pelbagai aspek isu bencana di samping memberi peluang kepada para
peserta untuk berbincang, bertukar maklumat dan idea dan seterusnya membantu mewujudkan
jaringan kerjasama dalam apa jua bidang yang berkaitan dengan bencana selaras dengan objektif
seminar ini. Saya berharap agar seminar ini dapat menyediakan platform yang sesuai bagi tujuan
tersebut khususnya bagi negeri Sabah yang berisiko tinggi untuk berhadapan dengan bencana ini pada
masa hadapan. Adalah menjadi harapan pihak kerajaan dengan penganjuran program sebegini akan
dapat memperkasakan lagi bidang penyelidikan dan kerjasama antara pihak-pihak yang
berkepentingan dalam isu-isu bencana agar aspek kefahaman pelbagai isu bencana yang sering
melanda rantau ini dapat dipertingkatkan dan mampu mencari penyelesaian yang sesuai untuk
mengurangkan risiko bencana tersebut.
Dalam kesempatan ini, saya juga ingin mengucapkan setinggi-tinggi penghargaan dan
sekalung budi sekali lagi buat mereka yang menjayakan seminar ini sama ada secara langsung atau
tidak langsung terutamanya kepada AJK Pelaksana Seminar BENCANA 2015, Unit Kajian Bencana
Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam UMS, Pusat Penyelidikan dan Inovasi UMS serta Institut
Geologi Malaysia atas sokongan dan kerjasama padu yang ditonjolkan.
Akhir kata, semoga seminar ini dapat memberi manfaat kepada semua peserta dan
pembentang. Sekian, terima kasih.
(DATUK SERI PANGLIMA MASIDI MANJUN)
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 2
Perutusan Naib Canselor
Assalammualaikum Warahmatullahhi Wabarakatuh dan Salam sejahtera
Selamat datang ke Seminar Bencana Alam 2015. Alhamdulillah, segala puji-pujian dipanjatkan
kehadrat Allah S.W.T atas peluang untuk kita dapat berkumpul dalam Seminar Bencana Alam 2015.
Selaku tuan rumah dan penganjur, pihak Universiti Malaysia Sabah sangat berbesar hati atas kesudian
para hadirin untuk bersama-sama menjayakan seminar kali ini.
Seminar Gempa pada tahun ini akan mefokuskan isu-isu bencana alam seperti tanah runtuh,
banjir, hakisan pantai dan sungai, gempa bumi, taufan serta jerebu yang telah memberi kesan yang
mendalam kepada masyarakat terutama dalam aspek ekonomi, alam sekitar, kesihatan dan
keselamatan. Ini adalah sejajar dengan tema yang di pilih tahun ini iaitu ‘Ke Arah Pengurusan
Bencana Yang Mapan’.
Saya bagi pihak Universiti Malaysia Sabah berharap agar semua peserta dapat mengambil
peluang ini dengan sebaiknya. Semoga dengan berlangsungnya seminar ini akan menjadi wadah untuk
para peserta saling bertukar idea dan berkongsi pandangan secara ilmiah berkaitan dengan hasil kajian
yang diusahakan. Semoga ianya akan membuka pintu kerjasama untuk para peserta pada masa
hadapan.
Akhir kata, semoga semua peserta beroleh manfaat dan selamat berseminar!!
Sekian, Terima Kasih
“BERTEKAD CEMERLANG”
PROF. DATUK DR. MOHD. HARUN ABDULLAH
Naib Canselor
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 3
Kata-kata Aluan Dekan Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam
Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim
Assalammualaikum Warahmatullahhi Wabarakatuh dan Salam sejahtera
Alhamdulillah, syukur ke hadrat Ilahi, maka dengan izin-Nya, Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 berjaya
dianjurkan pada tahun ini dengan kerjasama Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber
Alam, UMS dan Institut Geologi Malaysia. Dalam kesempatan ini saya ingin mengucapakan setinggi-
tinggi tahniah dan amat berbangga dengan komitmen yang diberikan oleh para peserta dalam
menjayakan seminar ini.
Adalah menjadi harapan besar agar seminar ini dapat menyumbang idea dan ilmu yang
bermanfaat kepada semua pihak yang berkaitan. Selain itu, diharapkan juga agar hubungan diantara
para penyelidik dapat dijalinkan dengan lebih erat lagi. Secara tidak langsung, seminar ini turut
manjadi medan perkongsian ilmu dalam menghasilkan penyelidikan yang bermutu dan berkualiti serta
diharapkan membantu dalam mendepani isu-isu bencana alam.
Diharapkan juga, seminar ini menjadi pemangkin kepada penglibatan penyelidik dalam
menghasilkan penyelidikan yang dapat diterbitkan ke peringkat yang lebih tinggi. Akhir kata, semoga
seminar ini akan tetap diteruskan pada masa akan datang untuk melahirkan penyelidik yang lebih
berinovatif dan proaktif.
Setinggi-tinggi penghargaan kepada Menteri Pelancongan, Kebudayaan dan Alam Sekitar
Sabah atas sumbangan dana yang diberikan. Sekalung penghargaan kepada AJK pelaksana yang
berjaya merealisasikan seminar ini. Tidak lupa juga buat mereka yang menjayakan seminar ini sama
ada secara langsung atau tidak langsung.
“BERTEKAD CEMERLANG”
PROFESOR DR. BABA MUSTA
Dekan Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 4
Kata-kata Aluan Pengerusi BENCANA 2015
Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim
Assalammualaikum Warahmatullahhi Wabarakatuh dan Salam sejahtera
Terlebih dahulu dipanjatkan syukur ke hadrat ilahi dengan izin-Nya Seminar Bencana Alam 2015
telah berjaya dilangsungkan pada tahun ini. Dengan penglibatan penganjur bersama Institut Geologi
Malaysia (IGM) telah memeriahkan lagi seminar kali ini. Tidak dilupakan juga setinggi-tinggi
penghargaan kepada pihak Kementerian Pelancongan, Kebudayaan dan Alam Sekitar Sabah kerana
telah sudi memberikan penajaan dan sokongan ke atas seminar ini.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 yang merupakan program susulan kepada Seminar Bencana
Alam 2013 bertujuan untuk menyediakan satu platform perkongsian maklumat dan kepakaran dalam
bidang kajian bencana alam. Adalah menjadi harapan semoga dengan berlangsungnya seminar kali ini
menjadi titik permulaan kepada kerjasama penyelidikan yang lebih erat pada masa hadapan.
Sebagai mengenang budi dan jasa saya mewakili pihak penganjur ingin merakamkan jutaan
terima kasih khusunya kepada Menteri Pelancongan, Kebudayaan Dan Alam Sekitar Negeri Sabah,
Naib Canselor Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Dekan Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam UMS dan
Pengarah Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam UMS atas kerjasama dan sokongan untuk kelancaran
perjalanan seminar kali ini. Kepada semua Ahli Jawatankuasa Seminar Bencana 2015 yang telah
menyumbangkan masa dan kerahan tenaga diucapkan syabas atas usaha dan kerjasama yang telah
diberikan.
Akhir kata, semoga seminar seumpama ini akan dapat diteruskan lagi untuk kebaikan bersama
dalam menangani dan mengurus isu-isu bencana alam pada masa yang akan datang.
Sekian, Terima Kasih.
“BERTEKAD CEMERLANG”
RODEANO BIN HJ ROSLEE
Pengerusi
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 5
Kata-kata Aluan Penganjur Bersama
Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim
Assalammualaikum Warahmatullahhi Wabarakatuh dan Salam sejahtera
Institut Geologi Malaysia (IGM) secara rasminya telah didaftarkan pada tahun 1989. Kini IGM telah
menjadi antara penyumbang penting kepada perkembangan ilmu geologi khususnya di Malaysia.
Institut ini bergiat aktif dalam menganjurkan pelbagai aktiviti dalam rangka merungkai fenomena
yang berkaitan dengan geosains.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 yang merupakan seminar yang ketiga kesinambungan kepada
Seminar Bencana Alam yang pertama pada tahun 2011. Pada tahun ini, Institut Geologi Malaysia
amat berbesar hati berpeluang menjadi pengajur bersama untuk seminar kali ini.
Penganjuran Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 ini adalah selari dengan keperluan untuk
memahami, mengetahui dan menyelidik pelbagai aspek dan dimensi isu-isu yang berkaitan dengan
bencana alam khususnya di Malaysia dan amnya di rantau Asia Tenggara. Ruang dan platform
sebegini sangat perlu berikutan kejadian bencana alam seperti tanah runtuh, banjir, hakisan pantai dan
sungai, jerebu dan gempa bumi telah memberi impak yang signifikan di Negara kita. Secara tidak
langsung fenomena sebegini juga telah membangkitkan isu-isu kemasyarakatan yang lain termasuklah
aspek ekonomi, sosial, kesihatan dan keselamatan nyawa.
Saya ingin mengucapkan setinggi-tinggi penghargaan kepada Jawatankuasa Penganjur kerana
telah sudi menjemput pihak kami untuk sama-sama menjayakan Seminar Bencana Alam 2015.
Semoga kita semua beroleh manfaat dari seminar ini.
Sekian, Terima Kasih.
DATO' YUNUS ABD RAZAK
Presiden
Institut Geologi Malaysia
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 6
AHLI JAWATANKUASA SEMINAR BENCANA ALAM 2015
Penaung : Prof. Datuk Dr. Mohd Harun Abdullah
Naib Canselor Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Penasihat : Prof. Dr. Shahril Yusof
Timbalan Naib Canselor (Penyelidikan dan Inovasi)
Prof. Dr. Baba Musta
Dekan Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam
Prof. Dr. Felix Tongkul
Pengarah Pusat Penyelidikan dan Inovasi
Prof. Dr. Kawi Bidin
Pengarah Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam
Pengerusi : Dr. Rodeano Roslee
Timb. Pengerusi : Dr. Zulherry Isnain
Setiausaha : Mohamed Ali Yusof Mohd Husin
Bendahari : Hjh. Hennie Fitria W. Soehady E.
Sekretariat : Hazerina Pungut
Fatimah Sudirman
Rasyidah Moneey
Hazlinda Ibno
Nabila Mohd Salleh
Publisiti : Dr. Asmahani Awang
Baizurah Basri
Redzwan Abdullah
Jamuan : Dr. Chee Fuei Pien
Editorial : Prof. Dr. Hj Sanudin Hj. Tahir
Prof. Dr. Felix Tongkul
Prof. Dr. Baba Musta
Prof. Dr. Kawi Bidin
Dr. Rodeano Roslee
Hazerina Pungut
Mohamed Ali Yusof Mohd Husin
Junaidi Asis
Teknikal : Junaidi Asis
Dr. Harry Chong Lye Hin
Razuan Matthew
Pengangkutan/
Penginapan/ Kebajikan
: Ahmad Norazhar Mohd Yatim
Faiz Abd Alim
Protokol : Zulhilmey Makmud
Abu Bakar Abd Rahman
Hardianshah Saleh
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 7
TENTATIF SEMINAR BENCANA ALAM 2015
HARI PERTAMA 1hb DISEMBER 2015 (SELASA)
0800 – 0850 Pendaftaran Peserta (Vinusak Hall, Tingkat 3, Grand Borneo Hotel, 1Borneo)
0850-0900 Bacaan Doa
PEMBENTANGAN UCAPTAMA
Pengerusi Sidang : Prof. Dr. Sanudin Hj. Tahir
0900 – 0930 Pembentangan Ucaptama 1:
Prof. Dr. Felix Tongkul
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
“The 2015 Ranau Earthquake: Cause, Effect and Mitigation”
0930-1000 Pembentangan Ucaptama 2:
Prof. Dr. Hasanudin Z. Abidin
Institut Teknologi Bandung
“On The Impacts of Land Subsidence in Urban Areas”
1000-1015 Minum pagi
1015 – 1045 Pembentangan Ucaptama 3:
Prof. Ir. Dr. Abdul Karim Mirasa
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
“Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Existing Buildings in Sabah: A Review and
Proposal”
1045 – 1115 Pembentangan Ucaptama 4:
Mr. Alexander Yan Sze Wah
Institut Geologi Malaysia
“Seismic Hazard and Risk Assessment in Sabah-The Way Forward”
1115-1145 Pembentangan Ucaptama 5:
Prof. Madya Dr. Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
“Menjejak Geobahaya Terain Semulajadi di Kawasan Perbukitan-Pergunungan di
Malaysia”
PEMBENTANGAN SIDANG A1
Vinusak Hall 1, Tingkat 3
Pengerusi Sidang : Prof. Dr. Kawi Bidin
Sesi
Teknikal
Penyampai & Tajuk Skop
1145-1205 A-01 Norbert Simon, Rodeano Roslee, Noran Nabilla Nor
Azlan, Azimah Hussein, Abdul Ghani Rafek, Goh
Thian Lai, Lee Khai Ern
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Physical Soil Characterization Of Failed Slopes In
Different, Landslide Density Zones, Ranau-
Tambunan Road, Sabah
Tanah runtuh
1205-1225 A-02 Azlan Adnan & Noor Sheena Herayani Binti Harith
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Estimation of Peak Ground Acceleration of Ranau
Based on Recent Earthquake Databases
Gempa bumi
1225-1245 A-03 Rabieahtul Abu Bakar*, Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin,
Zulkarnian Abd Rahman, Khamarrul Azahari Razak,
Zamri Ramli, Zakaria Mohamad, Felix Tongkul
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Remotely Sensed Geospatial Analysis Towards
Disaster: Kundasang Tectonically Active Zone,
Sabah
Gempa bumi
1245-1305 A-04 Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh, Chamhuri Siwar, Rozita
Hod, Azmawati Mohammed Nawi, Idayu Badilla
Banjir
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 8
Idris, Talib Latif, Shaharuddin Idrus, Ahmad Fariz
Mohamed, Abdul Samad Hadi, Shaharuddin
Mohamad Ismail, Rospidah Ghazali, Izzah Syazwani
Ahmad, Nor Diana Mohd Idris, Nurul Ashikin Alias,
Farhah Izzati Zubir, Mohd Raihan Taha
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Burden of Health Related Issues and Community
Empowerment in Malaysia’s East Coast Flood
1305-1400 Makan Tengahari
PEMBENTANGAN SIDANG A2
Vinusak Hall 2, Tingkat 3
Pengerusi Sidang : Dr. Ismail Abd Rahim
Sesi
Teknikal
Penyampai & Tajuk Skop
1145-1205 A-05 Khamarrul Azahari Razak, Zakaria Mohamad,
Razain Abd Razab, Zamri Ramli, Mohd Othman
Sosi@Said, Ahmad Zulfadli Ahmad Mazuvil,
Habibah Hanan Mat Yusoff, Rabieahtul Abu Bakar
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Understanding Debris Flow Processes and Activities
from High Density Airborne Lidar Data: A Case
Study Of 6.0 Mw Sabah Earthquake and Way
Forward
Tanah runtuh
1205-1225 A-06 Rodeano Roslee, Felix Tongkul, Mustapa Abd Talip
& Norbert Simon
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Flood Susceptibility Analysis using Multi Criteria
Evaluation (MCE): Case Study from Penampang
Area, Sabah
Banjir
1225-1245 A-07 Mustaffa Kamal Shuib, Mohammad Abdul Manap,
Felix Tongkul, Ismail Abd Rahim, Tajul Anuar
Jamaludin, Noraini Surip, Rabieahtul Abu Bakar,
Roziah Che Musa & Zahid Ahmad
Universiti Malaya
Active Faults in Peninsular Malaysia with Emphasis
on Active Geomorphic Features of Bukit Tinggi
Region
Sesar
1245-1305 A-08 Zakir Hussein Mohamed Hashim, Mohamad
Syazli Fathi & Siti Uzairiah Mohd Tobi
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
The Potential of Virtual Reality in Community Flood
Disaster Preparedness Training
Banjir
1310-1400 Makan Tengahari
‘WORKSHOP FOR BUILDING CODES AGAINST EARTHQUAKE AND ITS FORECASTING
AND TREND ANALYSIS’
Vinusak Hall, Tingkat 3
Chairman: Prof. Ir. Dr. Abdul Karim Bin Mirasa
1400-1430 Greeting and Introduction of Earthquake Research Center, Kao-Yuan University,
Taiwan
1430-1445 W-01 Dr. Kueihsiang Cheng, Ph.D.
Dean of Academic Affairs
KaoYuan University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 9
Title: Plate Tectonics and Seismic Activities in Sabah Area
1445-1500 W-02 Mr. Yen-Chun Reid Chen
Section Head, San Lien Tech. Corp., Taiwan
Title: Earthquake Early Warning and Instrumentation
1500-1515 W-03 Jiunn-Yin Tsay , PE, Ph.D.
Chairman, Tsay Structural Consultant
Title: The Introduction of Seismic Design in Taiwan
1515-1600 Minum petang & Ramah Mesra Peserta
1600-1615 W-04 Eddy Chen, P.E CEng
novaCITYNETS Pte Ltd, Vice President
Title: Automated e-Plan-Check & Compliance System
1615-1630 W-05 Dr. Charles Lin, P.E.
Associate Professor, Kao Yuan University
Title: BIM Application in Critical Buildings
1630-1645 W-06 SIRIM MALAYSIA REPRESENTATIVE
1645-1730 Panel Discussions
HARI KEDUA 2hb DISEMBER 2015 (RABU)
0900-0945 Pembentangan Poster
0945-1000 Minum pagi
PEMBENTANGAN SIDANG B1
Nantapuan Hall 1, Tingkat 17
Pengerusi Sidang : Prof. Madya Dr. Ramzah Dambul
Sesi
Teknikal
Penyampai & Tajuk Skop
1000-1020 A-09 Mohd Dahlan Hj. A. Malek, Adi Fahrudin & Ferlis
Bullare @ Bahari
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Qua Vadis Pengurusan Bencana Alam?
Kesiapsiagaan
Bencana
1020-1040 A-10 Rospidah Ghazali & Hafizi Mat Salleh
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Strategi Daya Tahan Dalam Menghadapi Bencana
Banjir Di Kelantan
Banjir
1040-1100 A-11 Noor Azmi Mohd Zainol, Ahmad Azan Ridzuan,
Haslinda Abdullah & Safar Yaacob
Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia
Pembentukan Kerangka Konsepsual Pengukuran
Tahap Kesedaran Bagi Pencegahan dan Persiapan
Pengurusan Bencana
Kesiapsiagaan
Bencana
1100-1120 A-12 Habibah Hanan Mat Yusoff, Khamarrul Azahari
Razak, Rabieahtul Adawiyah Abu Bakar
UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia
Identifying Geomorphologic Signatures from
Earthquake-Induced Landslides Event: A Case Study
from M 5.9 Ranau Earthquake
Gempa Bumi
1120-1140 A-13 Ahmad Azan Ridzuan, Ungku Azly Ungku Zahar,
Noor Akmar Mohd Noor
Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia
Association of Evacuation Dimensions towards Risk
Perception of the Malaysian students who studied at
Jakarta, Medan, and Acheh in Indonesia
Kesiapsiagaan
Bencana
1140-1200 A-14 Nabisah Ibrahim, Siti Rozaina Kamsani & Noor Kesiapsiagaan
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 10
Azniza Ishak
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Psychological Debriefing Intervention: What do you
know about it?
Bencana
1200-1220 A-15 Lee Kiun You & Ismail Abd. Rahim
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Application of GSI system for slope stability studies
on selected slopes of the Crocker Formation in Kota
Kinabalu area, Sabah
Tanah runtuh
1220-1240 A-16 Nurshazren Fauzi, Hamzah Hussin, Tajul Anuar
Jamaluddin & Nor Shahida Shafiee
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
Potential Geohazard Induced By Blasting Work at
Former Quarry Sites
Tanah runtuh
1240-1300 A-17 Ismail Abd Rahim, Lee Kiun You & Nabilah Salleh
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Kampung Mesilou landslide: The controlling factors
Tanah runtuh
1300-1400 Makan Tengahari
PEMBENTANGAN SIDANG B2
Nantapuan Hall 2, Tingkat 17
Pengerusi Sidang : Prof. Dr. Baba Musta
Sesi
Teknikal
Penyampai & Tajuk Skop
1000-1020 A-18 Aminaton Marto, Suzila Mohammad, Choy Soon
Tan
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Penilaian Dan Pemetaan Bahaya Tanah Runtuh Bagi
Cerun Tanah Di Penampang, Sabah
Tanah runtuh
1020-1040 A-19 Ahmad Azan Ridzuan, Mohd Juraimy Hj Kadir,
Zamri Ismail, Ungku Azly Ungku Zahar & Mazura
Mat Zain
Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia
Kajian Ketahanan Komuniti Terhadap Kesedaran
Komuniti Dalam Persediaan Menghadapi Bencana
Kesiapsiagaan
Bencana
1040-1100 A-20 Siti Rozaina Kamsani, Nabisah Ibrahim & Noor
Azniza Ishak
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Psychological Debriefing Intervention: From The
Lens of Disaster Volunteers
Kesiapsiagaan
Bencana
1100-1120 A-21 Fattin Navilla Abdul Ghani, Ferlis Bullare @
Bahari, Rosnah Ismail, Dahlan A. Malek, Jasmine
Adela Mutang, Lailawati Madlan @ Endalan &
Adeymend Reny Japil
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Pembentukan Aktiviti Modul Psikospiritual-Mangsa
Banjir (Mps-Mb) Berdasarkan Dapatan Kajian
Kualitatif
Banjir
1120-1140 A-22 Mustapa Abd Talip, Kawi Bidin, Baba Musta,
Rodeano Roslee, Julkifli Ag. Besar
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Bencana
Hidrologi
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 11
Geospatial dan Pemetaan Empangan Puing Terhadap
Sistem Saliran Sg. Liwagu dan Sg. Mesilau, Daerah
Ranau, Sabah: Satu Penelitian Awal
1140-1200 A-23 Che Siti Noor Che Mamat & Tajul Anuar
Jamaluddin
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Kekangan dalam Pelaksanaan Tindakan
Pengurangan Risiko Geobencana Tanah Runtuh di
Malaysia
Tanah runtuh
1200-1220 A-24 Norzanah Abd Rahman, Zamali Tarmudi, Munirah
Rossdy, & Fatihah Anas Muhiddin
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Flood Mitigation Measures Using Intuitionistic
Fuzzy Dematel Method
Banjir
1220-1240 A-25 Md Pauzi Abdullah, Rahmah Elfithri, Syafinaz
Salleh, Mazlin bin Mokhtar, Mohd Ekhwan
Toriman, Ahmad Fuad Embi, Khairul Nizam Abdul
Maulud, Maimon Abdullah, Lee Yook Heng,
Syamimi Halimshah, Maizura Maizan, Nurlina
Mohamad Ramzan
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Stakeholders’ Response And Perspectives On Flood
Disaster In Pahang River Basin
Banjir
1300-1400 Makan Tengahari
PEMBENTANGAN SIDANG C
Nantapuan Hall, Level 17
Pengerusi Sidang : Prof. Madya Dr. Phua Mui How
Sesi
Teknikal
Penyampai & Tajuk Skop
1400-1420 A-26 Farhah Izzati, Shaharudin Idrus, Shaharuddin
Mohamad Ismail
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Daya Kekentalan Penduduk di Sepanjang Sungai
Pahang dan Sungai Semantan Terhadap Banjir 2014:
Satu Kes Kajian Di Temerloh, Pahang
Banjir
1420-1440 A-27 Rodeano Roslee & Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Pengurusan Risiko Gelinciran Tanah: Cadangan
Pendekatan Baharu di Malaysia
Tanah runtuh
1440-1500 A-28 Herman Umbau Lindang, Zamali Hj Tarmudi &
Ajimi Jawan
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Assessing Water Quality Index in River Basin :
Fuzzy Inference System Approach
Bencana
Hidrologi
1500-1520 A-29 Adeymend Reny Japil, Ferlis Bullare @ Bahari,
Rosnah Ismail, Mohd Dahlan A. Malek, Jasmine
Adela Mutang, Lailawati Madlan @ Endalan &
Fattin Navilla Abdul Ghani
Banjir
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 12
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Penilaian Psikometrik Peritraumatic Distress
Inventory (Pdi) dan Peritraumatic Dissociative
Experiences Questionnaire (Pdeq) dalam Kalangan
Sampel Mangsa Banjir Di Kuching, Sarawak
1520-1535 Minum petang
PEMBENTANGAN SIDANG D
Nantapuan Hall, Level 17
Pengerusi Sidang : Dr. Ejriah Salleh
1535-1555 A-30 Florence Yuen Sook Kuan, Khamarrul Azahari
Razak, Habibah Hanan Mat Yusoff, Zakaria
Mohamad & Razain Abd Razab
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Characterization of Post Earthquake Induced Debris
Flow Using Airborne Lidar Data
Tanah runtuh
1555-1615 A-31 Mohd Syukri Zainuddin, Lee Yook Heng, Nurul
Afsar, Mohammad Imam Hasan Reza, Er Ah Choy,
Noraini Fakhira Abdullah, Pauzi Abdullah, Rahmah
Elfithri & Mohamad Raihan Taha
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Integrated Approach for Aiding Decision Making
Process for Better Flood Disaster Risk
Management: A Case of Pahang River Basin
Banjir
1615-1635 A-32 Muhammad Afifi Harun
Universiti Teknologi Mara
LiDAR Derived Forest Gap Induced by Landslide: A
Case Study in Mesilau Debris Flow, Kundasang,
Sabah
Tanah runtuh
1635-1700 Majlis Penutupan
Ucapan Penutupan
Penyampaian Pembentang Terbaik
SEMINAR BENCANA ALAM 2015 TAMAT
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 13
Majlis Perasmian
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015
Tarikh : 1 Disember 2015
Tempat : Vinusak Hall, Tingkat 3, Grand Borneo Hotel, 1Borneo
6.45 pm Ketibaan peserta
7.00 pm Ketibaan Dif-dif Kehormat
7.10 pm Ketibaan Naib Canselor Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Ybhg. Prof. Datuk Dr. Mohd Harun Abdullah
7.20 pm Ketibaan Menteri Pelancongan, Kebudayaan dan Alam Sekitar Sabah
Ybhg. Datuk Seri Panglima Masidi Manjun
7.25 pm Sidang Media (Bubble Room, Tingkat 1)
7.45 pm Majlis bermula
Nyanyian lagu Negaraku dan Sabah Tanah Airku
7.55 pm Ucapan alu-aluan Naib Canselor UMS
Ybhg. Prof. Datuk Dr. Mohd Harun Abdullah
Ucapan dan Perasmian oleh Menteri Pelancongan, Kebudayaan dan Alam
Sekitar Sabah
Ybhg. Datuk Seri Panglima Masidi Manjun
Penyampaian cenderahati
Sesi fotografi
Persembahan Tarian Sambutan
Persembahan Montaj
9.00 pm Jamuan
Persembahan Tarian Selingan
Kumpulan Seni Tari Keningau
10.30 pm Majlis Bersurai
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 14
ABSTRAK
UCAPTAMA
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 15
K-01
THE 2015 RANAU EARTHQUAKE: CAUSE, EFFECT AND MITIGATION
Felix Tongkul
Natural Disaster Research Centre
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Extended Abstract
A magnitude 6 earthquake struck the Ranau District of Sabah, Malaysia at 7:14 am on the 5 June
2015. It was centred around 11 km beneath Mount Kinabalu near the rural town of Kundasang, on one
of the Lobou-lobou Fault Zone, which was previously thought to be insignificant (Figure 1). The
approximately 10-20 km long earthquake-generating normal fault is oriented NE-SW and dip about
70 degrees to the NW. The displacement of the fault is estimated to be about 0.5-1 meter (Figure 2).
The Lobou-lobou Fault Zone is part of a regional extensional structures related to gravitational sliding
in Sabah (Figure 3). It is postulated that NW-SE compression produced an uplifted fold-thrust belt
between 5-7 km high during the last 10 million years or so. The difference in elevation of the upper
crust resulted in gravitational collapse towards the NW Borneo trough (Figures 4).
Figure 1: Location of the Lobou-Lobou Fault Zone and distribution of earthquake epicenters.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 16
Figure 2: Geological cross-section to show the earthquake-generating fault line of the Lobou-lobou
Fault Zone.
Figure 3: Tectonic setting of Sabah showing key active regional fault systems related to on-going
NW-SE compression in Sabah. Regional extensional faults occur along the Sabah Suture Zone.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 17
Figure 4: Tectonic cross-section of Sabah showing post-collision collapse due to gravity sliding.
Ranau town lies 13 km southeast of the epicenter. There was significant damage due to the MMI VII
shaking, particularly to buildings and infrastructure in the Ranau District, estimated to be in the region
of about RM100 million. Rockfalls on Mount Kinabalu due to the shaking resulted in unfortunate
death to 18 climbers, mostly Singaporean students while 137 other climbers were stranded on the
mountain, but were subsequently rescued. Numerous aftershocks occurred after the main shock,
where more than 120 aftershocks of magnitude above 2 were recorded during the 3 months after the
main shock. One significant aftershock with a magnitude of 5.2 occurred on the 6 June 2015 near the
main shock. The shaking from the mainshock and aftershocks triggered extensive landslides on the
very steep slope of Mount Kinabalu, practically stripping a third of the vegetation cover, and
produced large amount of loose materials (Figure 5). The loose materials accumulated in gullies or on
slopes provide abundant sources for debris flows and mud flows during heavy rain which endangered
several villages located at the foot of the mountain (Figure 6). The stripping of soil and vegetation
cover has seriously affected the health of the water catchments and resulted in insufficient supply of
clean water for the Ranau and Kota Belud Districts. The active landslides and mud debris will last for
a long period of time. To reduce the effect of future earthquakes in Malaysia earthquake prediction
capabilities need to be improved through the mapping of active faults and monitoring their
movements; monitoring earthquake precursors near the active faults; monitoring of micro
earthquakes; and production of updated Seismic Hazard Maps and ShakeMaps for earthquake-prone
regions (e.g. Ranau, Lahad Datu, Kunak and Tawau). The Ranau earthquake has caught us by
surprise. It has exposed our shortcomings in terms of earthquake mitigation. Therefore much more
effort is needed to prepare us to manage our earthquake disaster. Fortunately, technologies and other
systems are readily available for us to use to make us more prepared for the next significant
earthquake. However, there is a need to invest in human resources to use these technologies
effectively.
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Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 18
Figure 5: Widespread gigantic landslides on the steep slopes of Mount Kinabalu after the earthquake.
Figure 6: Debris flow along Sg. Mesilou carried huge rock boulders and eroded the valley floor.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
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K-02
ON THE IMPACTS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE IN URBAN AREAS
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin*, Heri Andreas, Irwan Gumilar, and Teguh P. Sidiq
Geodesy Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology
Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB),
Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia
ABSTRACT. Land subsidence is natural-anthropogenic hazard phenomena which can be caused by
natural and/or human activities, such as tectonic activities (e.g. earthquake and faulting), volcanic
activities, landslide, underground mining activities, excessive groundwater or oil/gas extraction,
natural consolidation of alluvium soil, and load of constructions. At present times, there are quite
many large urban areas (cities) in the world are affected by this silent-type hazards. In urban areas of
Indonesia, on-going land subsidence has been observed in three large cities of Indonesia, namely
Jakarta, Bandung, and Semarang. Land subidence phenomena in these cities have been studied using
the geodetic methods of Leveling, GPS, and InSAR, since 1982 up to present. The observed
subsidence phenomena in these cities have both spatial and temporal variations, with typical
subsidence rates of about 5 to 10 cm/year in average. In general, the impacts of land subsidence in
urban areas can be seen in various representation in the field, and can be categorized into
infrastructure, environmental, economic, and social impacts. The impacts can be seen in various
forms, such as cracking of permanent constructions and roads, tilting of houses and buildings,
‘sinking’ of houses and buildings, changes in river canal and drain flow systems, wider expansion of
coastal and/or inland flooding areas, and increased inland sea water intrusion. If the coastal areas of
the cities have significant subsidence rates, then coastal flooding can occur during the high tides. This
paper presents and discusses the observed characteristics of observed land subsidence and their
impacts in Jakarta, Bandung and Semarang.
KEYWORDS. Land subsidence, flooding, Leveling, GPS, InSAR, Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 20
K-03
SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS IN SABAH: A
REVIEW AND PROPOSAL
Abdul Karim Mirasa1*, Noor Sheena Herayani Binti Harith
1,, Azlan Adnan
2
1Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88450 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 2Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
* Corresponding author
ABSTRACT. There have been a growing number of earthquakes in the past 140 years in Sabah and
a reliable recorded earthquake catalogs is a good start to predict any future earthquake activity by
taking into account the entire available database on seismicity, tectonics and geology. Sabah
experienced moderate seismicity which have brought earthquakes that caused light damage to
infrastructures. Major earthquakes are rare in Sabah when compared to seismically active regions
however, when they occur the consequences can be disastrous. The highest intensity of these
earthquakes reached VIII degrees of MMI scale, and they will cause serious economic loss and social
unrest. The majority of existing buildings in Sabah were built consequently without seismic
consideration. So far only rough estimates could be made within a certain building population, a
more precise statements on the actual seismic risk are not available. To prevent and mitigate such
seismic disaster, the effect of an earthquake on actual existing buildings based on current earthquake
scenario has to be known. The goal of this paper is to give a general ideas on the evaluation of the
seismic vulnerability of existing buildings particularly around Sabah. The seismic damage is
evaluated by using past earthquake databases including the one major earthquake occurred in Ranau
recently carrying magnitude MW 6.0. An evaluation method based on engineering models suitable for
the evaluation of a large number of buildings could be proposed.
KEYWORDS. Sabah, earthquake, seismic vulnerability, existing buildings
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K-05
MENJEJAK GEOBAHAYA TERAIN SEMULAJADI DI KAWASAN PERBUKITAN-
PERGUNUNGAN DI MALAYSIA
(TRACING NATURAL TERRAIN GEOHAZARDS IN HILLY-MOUNTAINOUS TERRAINS OF
MALAYSIA)
Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin
Program Geologi, Fakulti Sains & Teknologi
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor
Email: [email protected]
ABSTRAK
Pengenalan
Menjejak atau mengenalpasti dan memetakan geobahaya semulajadi merupakan suatu cabaran besar
kepada geosaintis untuk membantu proses perancangan pembangunan baharu di kawasan perbukitan
dan tanah tinggi tropika di Malaysia. Tutupan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang tebal, kesukaran akses,
ketiadaan singkapan dan kekurangan maklumat geologi yang tepat merupakan cirian khusus kawasan
tanah tinggi tropika di Malaysia. Geobahaya terrain semulajadi di kawasan tanah tinggi di Malaysia
sangat kurang mendapat perhatian dan dikaji kerana peristiwa geobahaya yang berlaku tidak
mendatangkan bencana kepada manusia dan harta benda. Jika adapun mungkin berupa gangguan
kepada alam sekitar semulajadi terletak jauh di pedalaman.
Objektif utama kertas kerja ini disediakan ialah untuk menyajikan beberapa contoh dan kajian
kes bagi menjejaki kewujudan (lokasi) dan jenis geobahaya terrain semulajadi yang terdapat di
kawasan perbukitan dan tanah tinggi tropika di Malaysia. Contoh-contoh yang disajikan meliputi
kawasan-kawasan pedalaman berhutan tebal yang belum pernah diganggu oleh aktiviti manusia dan
juga kawasan-kawasan berbahaya dan berisiko bencana namun telah dibangunkan terlebih dahulu
tanpa menyedari tentang kewujudannya sebelum dibangunkan.
Kaedah/Metodologi
Kaedah yang sering digunakan dalam beberapa siri penyelidikan sebelum ini (e.g. Tajul Anuar
Jamaluddin, 2015a,b,c) adalah berupa kajian atas meja (desk top studies) yang bersifat penyiasatan
geologi tradisional. Bahan keperluan utamanya adalah peta topografi, peta geologi rantau, imej satelit
dan fotograf udara. Menjejaki kewujudan geobahaya terain semulajadi melibatkan pentafsiran dengan
berpandukan kepada gandingan beberapa unsur asas geologi (e.g. struktur major, lineamen dan
litologi), topografi (corak kontor dan cerun), geomorfologi (e.g. morfologi lurah tergantung, tubir
cenuram yang melengkung) dan corak saliran (e.g. perubahan alur sungai, pembentukan kipas
alluvium/koluvium) serta pola tumbuh-tumbuhan (kontras kepadatan dan tutupan tumbuhan). Hasil
tafsiran ditentusahkan kewujudannya melalui penyiasatan di lapangan. Tidak dinafikan bahawa
kemunculan teknologi penderiaan jauh dan pengimejan canggih (e.g. LIDAR, IFSAR, TLS dan
sebagainya) merupakan alat-alat terkini yang dapat membantu dalam memudahkan dan meningkatkan
lagi ketepatan hasil pemetaan.
Hasil
Geobahaya semulajadi di terrain perbukitan-pergunungan tropika di Malaysia secara umumnya sangat
berkait rapat dengan proses susutan darat (mass wasting) dan lazimnya dicetus oleh curahan hujan
lebat dan berpanjangan. Jenis geobahaya yang paling biasa ditemui adalah gelinciran tanah dan aliran
debris. Gelinciran tanah semulajadi ditemui samada dalam bentuk unit gelinciran tanah individu
berskala kecil hingga berskala besar.
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Gelinciran tanah berskala kecil selalunya berkedalaman cetek pada cerun yang curam. Pada
peta topografi, kehadirannya dicirikan oleh morfologi seakan “bentuk sudu”. Bagaimanapun,
gelinciran tanah berskala besar yang melibatkan cerun pergunungan lazimnya ditemui dalam bentuk
gelonsoran-rayapan dengan pergerakan yang perlahan hingga sangat perlahan (beberapa cm sebulan
atau setahun). Gelinciran tanah yang besar seperti ini mempunyai sejarah kewujudan yang panjang
dan mampu mengubah aliran sungai, mencorak landskap tempatan, malah mempengaruhi aktiviti dan
kehidupan komuniti setempat. Contoh yang sering diperkatakan ialah Kompleks Gelinciran Tanah
Kundasang Sabah. Gelinciran tanah berskala besar boleh mencetuskan fenomena bencana yang besar,
terutamanya apabila diganggu secara berleluasa oleh aktiviti manusia yang mengubah keseimbangan
ekosistem fizikalnya. Contohnya tanah runtuh di Gunung Pass, jalanraya Pos Selim-Cameron
Highland. Gelinciran tanah berskala besar juga boleh wujud secara berkelompok dalam suatu sistem
gelinciran tanah yang sangat besar, yang mana agak sukar untuk dilihat jika berada di lapangan.
Sempadan sesebuah sistem gelinciran tanah itu lazimya mengikuti sempadan tadahan air dan di dalam
sesebuah sistem gelinciran tanah itu pula terdapat beberapa unit gelinciran tanah yang lebih kecil.
Aliran debris pula lazimnya ditemui dalam bentuk aliran beralur (channelized-debris flows),
yang morfologinya mengikut bentuk alur lurah yang sempit dan menjalar menuruni lurah dari ratusan
meter hingga beberapa kilometer dari kawasan punca yang curam hingga ke hujungnya yang landai.
Di bahagian hujung alur aliran debris lazimya akan terbentuk longgokan-longgokan kipas kolovium
dan bongkah-bongkah tanah/batuan yang berkecamuk (chaotic debris deposits), tetapi dengan bentuk
mukabumi bercerun agak landai (<35⁰). Keadaan yang hampir sama juga ditemui dikaki-kaki cerun
yang telah runtuh. Longgokan bahan yang runtuh membentuk topografi beralun yang agak landai
berbanding parut gelinciran. Ini menyebabkan kawasan ini sering menjadi pilihan untuk dibangunkan
kerana bertopografi agak landai berbanding kawasan sekitarnya. Tanpa pemahaman geologi yang
mendalam, pembangunan yang dilaksanakan itu secara tidak langsung berada di dalam kawasan
berisiko tinggi dan berhadapan dengan pelbagai masalah geologi dan geoteknik yang rumit.
Perbincangan
Menjejak geobahaya terrain semulajadi sangat penting untuk merancang pembangunan baharu di
kawasan perbukitan dan tanah tinggi tropika di Malaysia. Amalan ini juga terbukti penting dalam
merungkai persoalan asal-usul dan penyebab geobencana serta merancang kerja-kerja pemulihan
tapak pembangunan yang telahpun dilanda geobencana berkaitan terain semulajadi. Prosedur
menjejak geobahaya terrain semulajadi tidak memerlukan modal yang besar sekiranya bahan-bahan
asasnya (peta topografi, peta geologi, fotograf udara, imej satelit) telah sedia ada.
Tidak semua kawasan bergeobahaya gelinciran tanah di kawasan tanah tinggi tidak boleh
dibangunkan. Isu yang paling utama adalah memilih jenis pembangunan/guna tanah dan langkah-
langkah mitigasi bencana yang sesuai. Menjejak atau mengenalpasti dan memetakan geobahaya
terrain semulajadi di terrain perbukitan tropika di Malaysia perlu diwajibkan dalam kempen
penyiasatan tapak untuk sebarang pembangunan di kawasan perbukitan dan tanah tinggi.
Kesimpulan
Kewujudan gelinciran tanah, samada yang berskala kecil atau besar, dalam bentuk unit atau sistem,
adalah sesuatu yang biasa di kawasan tanah tinggi/perbukitan di Malaysia. Dengan desakan
pembangunan yang semakin pesat, kawasan-kawasan berisiko geobencana di dalam terrain semulajadi
ini semakin banyak yang dihampiri atau dicerobohi. Daripada beberapa kajian kes yang disajikan
jelas menunjukkan bahawa kehadiran geobahaya terrain semulajadi, khususnya gelinciran tanah,
boleh dikesan dengan meyakinkan daripada peta topografi dan imej-imej penderiaan jauh. Oleh itu,
geobahaya terrain semulajadi sangat penting untuk dikenalpasti dan dipetakan terlebih dahulu
sebelum sebarang pembangunan dilaksanakan bagi mengelakkan segala macam kerumitan dan
masalah geoteknik yang berasosiasi dengannya.
KATAKUNCI: Geobahaya, Geobencana, Terain Semulajadi
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 23
ABSTRAK
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Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 24
Pembentangan Lisan
Kertas Penyampai Tajuk
A-01 Norbert Simon, Rodeano Roslee, Noran
Nabilla Nor Azlan, Azimah Hussein, Abdul
Ghani Rafek, Goh Thian Lai, Lee Khai Ern
Physical Soil Characterization Of Failed Slopes
In Different, Landslide Density Zones, Ranau-
Tambunan Road, Sabah
A-02 Azlan Adnan & Noor Sheena Herayani Binti
Harith
Estimation of Peak Ground Acceleration of
Ranau Based on Recent Earthquake Databases
A-03 Rabieahtul Abu Bakar*, Tajul Anuar
Jamaluddin, Zulkarnian Abd Rahman,
Khamarrul Azahari Razak, Zamri Ramli,
Zakaria Mohamad, Felix Tongkul
Remotely Sensed Geospatial Analysis Towards
Disaster: Kundasang Tectonically Active Zone,
Sabah
A-04 Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh, Chamhuri Siwar,
Rozita Hod, Azmawati Mohammed Nawi,
Idayu Badilla Idris, Talib Latif, Shaharuddin
Idrus, Ahmad Fariz Mohamed, Abdul Samad
Hadi, Shaharuddin Mohamad Ismail, Rospidah
Ghazali, Izzah Syazwani Ahmad, Nor Diana
Mohd Idris, Nurul Ashikin Alias, Farhah Izzati
Zubir, Mohd Raihan Taha
Burden of Health Related Issues and Community
Empowerment in Malaysia’s East Coast Flood
A-05 Khamarrul Azahari Razak, Zakaria
Mohamad, Razain Abd Razab, Zamri Ramli,
Mohd Othman Sosi@Said, Ahmad Zulfadli
Ahmad Mazuvil, Habibah Hanan Mat Yusoff,
Rabieahtul Abu Bakar
Understanding Debris Flow Processes and
Activities from High Density Airborne Lidar
Data: A Case Study Of 6.0 Mw Sabah
Earthquake and Way Forward
A-06 Rodeano Roslee, Felix Tongkul, Mustapa Abd
Talip & Norbert Simon
Flood Susceptibility Analysis using Multi
Criteria Evaluation (MCE): Case Study from
Penampang Area, Sabah
A-07 Mustaffa Kamal Shuib, Mohammad Abdul
Manap, Felix Tongkul, Ismail Abd Rahim, Tajul
Anuar Jamaludin, Noraini Surip, Rabieahtul
Abu Bakar, Roziah Che Musa & Zahid Ahmad
Active Faults in Peninsular Malaysia with
Emphasis on Active Geomorphic Features of
Bukit Tinggi Region
A-08 Zakir Hussein Mohamed Hashim, Mohamad
Syazli Fathi & Siti Uzairiah Mohd Tobi
The Potential of Virtual Reality in Community
Flood Disaster Preparedness Training
A-09 Mohd Dahlan Hj. A. Malek, Adi Fahrudin &
Ferlis Bullare @ Bahari
Qua Vadis Pengurusan Bencana Alam?
A-10 Rospidah Ghazali & Hafizi Mat Salleh Strategi Daya Tahan Dalam Menghadapi
Bencana Banjir Di Kelantan
A-11 Noor Azmi Mohd Zainol, Ahmad Azan
Ridzuan, Haslinda Abdullah & Safar Yaacob
Pembentukan Kerangka Konsepsual Pengukuran
Tahap Kesedaran Bagi Pencegahan dan
Persiapan Pengurusan Bencana
A-12 Habibah Hanan Mat Yusoff, Khamarrul
Azahari Razak, Rabieahtul Adawiyah Abu
Bakar
Identifying Geomorphologic Signatures from
Earthquake-Induced Landslides Event: A Case
Study from M 5.9 Ranau Earthquake
A-13 Ahmad Azan Ridzuan, Ungku Azly Ungku
Zahar, Noor Akmar Mohd Noor
Association of Evacuation Dimensions towards
Risk Perception of the Malaysian students who
studied at Jakarta, Medan, and Acheh in
Indonesia
A-14 Nabisah Ibrahim, Siti Rozaina Kamsani &
Noor Azniza Ishak
Psychological Debriefing Intervention: What do
you know about it?
A-15 Lee Kiun You & Ismail Abd. Rahim Application of GSI system for slope stability
studies on selected slopes of the Crocker
Formation in Kota Kinabalu area, Sabah
A-16 Nurshazren Fauzi, Hamzah Hussin, Tajul
Anuar Jamaluddin & Nor Shahida Shafiee
Potential Geohazard Induced By Blasting Work
at Former Quarry Sites
A-17 Ismail Abd Rahim, Lee Kiun You & Nabilah
Salleh
Kampung Mesilou landslide: The controlling
factors
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A-18 Aminaton Marto, Suzila Mohammad, Choy
Soon Tan
Penilaian Dan Pemetaan Bahaya Tanah Runtuh
Bagi Cerun Tanah Di Penampang, Sabah
A-19 Ahmad Azan Ridzuan, Mohd Juraimy Hj
Kadir, Zamri Ismail, Ungku Azly Ungku Zahar
& Mazura Mat Zain
Kajian Ketahanan Komuniti Terhadap Kesedaran
Komuniti Dalam Persediaan Menghadapi
Bencana
A-20 Siti Rozaina Kamsani, Nabisah Ibrahim &
Noor Azniza Ishak
Psychological Debriefing Intervention: From
The Lens of Disaster Volunteers
A-21 Fattin Navilla Abdul Ghani, Ferlis Bullare @
Bahari, Rosnah Ismail, Dahlan A. Malek,
Jasmine Adela Mutang, Lailawati Madlan @
Endalan & Adeymend Reny Japil
Pembentukan Aktiviti Modul Psikospiritual-
Mangsa Banjir (Mps-Mb) Berdasarkan Dapatan
Kajian Kualitatif
A-22 Mustapa Abd Talip, Kawi Bidin, Baba Musta,
Rodeano Roslee, Julkifli Ag. Besar
Geospatial dan Pemetaan Empangan Puing
Terhadap Sistem Saliran Sg. Liwagu dan Sg.
Mesilau, Daerah Ranau, Sabah: Satu Penelitian
Awal
A-23 Che Siti Noor Che Mamat & Tajul Anuar
Jamaluddin
Kekangan dalam Pelaksanaan Tindakan
Pengurangan Risiko Geobencana Tanah Runtuh
di Malaysia
A-24 Norzanah Abd Rahman, Zamali Tarmudi,
Munirah Rossdy, & Fatihah Anas Muhiddin
Flood Mitigation Measures Using Intuitionistic
Fuzzy Dematel Method
A-25 Md Pauzi Abdullah, Rahmah Elfithri, Syafinaz
Salleh, Mazlin bin Mokhtar, Mohd Ekhwan
Toriman, Ahmad Fuad Embi, Khairul Nizam
Abdul Maulud, Maimon Abdullah, Lee Yook
Heng, Syamimi Halimshah, Maizura Maizan,
Nurlina Mohamad Ramzan
Stakeholders’ Response And Perspectives On
Flood Disaster In Pahang River Basin
A-26 Farhah Izzati, Shaharudin Idrus, Shaharuddin
Mohamad Ismail
Daya Kekentalan Penduduk di Sepanjang Sungai
Pahang dan Sungai Semantan Terhadap Banjir
2014: Satu Kes Kajian Di Temerloh, Pahang
A-27 Rodeano Roslee & Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin Pengurusan Risiko Gelinciran Tanah: Cadangan
Pendekatan Baharu di Malaysia
A-28 Herman Umbau Lindang, Zamali Hj Tarmudi
& Ajimi Jawan
Assessing Water Quality Index in River Basin :
Fuzzy Inference System Approach
A-29 Adeymend Reny Japil, Ferlis Bullare @
Bahari, Rosnah Ismail, Mohd Dahlan A. Malek,
Jasmine Adela Mutang, Lailawati Madlan @
Endalan & Fattin Navilla Abdul Ghani
Penilaian Psikometrik Peritraumatic Distress
Inventory (Pdi) dan Peritraumatic Dissociative
Experiences Questionnaire (Pdeq) dalam
Kalangan Sampel Mangsa Banjir Di Kuching,
Sarawak
A-30 Florence Yuen Sook Kuan, Khamarrul
Azahari Razak, Habibah Hanan Mat Yusoff,
Zakaria Mohamad & Razain Abd Razab
Characterization of Post Earthquake Induced
Debris Flow Using Airborne Lidar Data
A-31 Mohd Syukri Zainuddin, Lee Yook Heng,
Nurul Afsar, Mohammad Imam Hasan Reza, Er
Ah Choy, Noraini Fakhira Abdullah, Pauzi
Abdullah, Rahmah Elfithri & Mohamad Raihan
Taha
Integrated Approach for Aiding Decision
Making Process for Better Flood Disaster Risk
Management: A Case of Pahang River Basin
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 26
A-01
PHYSICAL SOIL CHARACTERIZATION OF FAILED SLOPES IN DIFFERENT
LANDSLIDE DENSITY ZONES, RANAU-TAMBUNAN ROAD, SABAH
Norbert Simon1*
, Rodeano Roslee2, Noran Nabilla Nor Azlan
1, Azimah Hussein
1, Abdul Ghani Rafek
3,
Goh Thian Lai1,
Lee Khai Ern
4
1 School of Environment and Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM
Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
2 Faculty of Science & Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, UMS Road, 88400
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
3 Department of Geosciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar,
31750, Tronoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan
4 Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), National University of Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Corresponding author *: [email protected]
KEYWORDS: Physical soil characterization, Slope failure, Crocker Formation and Sabah.
ABSTRACT. This paper discusses the physical characterization of soil that were collected from
different landslide density zones modelled in the GIS. The basic assumption employed in this paper is
that failed soil materials in a delineated high landslide density zone may have different characteristics
from soils in other density zones; although they are in located in the same rock formation. The study
area is located along the stretch of the Ranau-Tambunan road in Sabah, Malaysia (Fig. 1). There are
two dominant rock formations in the study area, namely: Crocker Formation and Trusmadi Formation
(Fig. 2), although both formations are well-known for their instability, the discussion in this paper
focusses on slope failures that were occurred in the sedimentary rock of the Crocker Formation.
Jacobson (1970) categorized the Crocker Formation into four main lithological units; these units are
thick bedded sandstone, thinly bedded sandstone and siltstone/shale, red and dark shale and slumped
deposits. According to Roslee et al. (2006), the sandstone unit of the Crocker Formation is made of
fine to very fine-grained texture but highly fractured. The Trusmadi Formation rock sequence can be
divided into four main lithological units; interbedded sequences (turbidites), argillaceous rocks,
cataclasites and massive sandstones (Jacobson 1970). The presents of well-stratified dark argillaceous
sequence of siltstone and thin bedded turbidite in the Trusmadi Formation makes it distinct from the
Crocker Formation. Low grade metamorphosed rocks such as slate, phyllite and quartzite were also
presents in the Trusmadi Formations. In terms of structural orientation, NW-SE and NE-SW were the
major orientations (Tongkul 2007). Two phases of fieldwork were conducted to collect information of
landslides in the study area. The first phase was in 2009 and another in 2011. During the first
fieldwork, there were 56 landslides observed and in 2011, only 18 new landslides were recorded. A
landslide density map comprises of landslides in both years was generated in GIS using the fishnet
tool. The density zones were classified into three classes, namely: low (1-2 landslides), Moderate (3-4
landslides) and High (> 4 landslides). Seven soil samples from seven failed slopes in the Crocker
Formation were collected from each density zones and tested in the laboratory 3-4 days after
collection. The tests conducted on these soil samples were particle size distribution, Atterberg limit
(liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index), moisture content, specific gravity, and undrained triaxial
test (friction angle & cohesion). Based on the distribution of landslides in 2009 and 2011 and their
density, there are six (6) zones that can be indicated as high landslide density, these are km 12, 15, 18,
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 27
21, 35 and 35 from Ranau Township (Fig. 3). The distribution of the seven soil samples in the
different landslide density zones is shown in Figure 4. Based on the distribution, samples B29, B32,
B33 are located in the high density zones, samples 34 and 36 in the moderate zone and finally samples
B21 and B23 are distributed in the low density zone. The physical properties of each sample are
shown in Tab. 1. As indicated in Tab. 1, the samples collected from the low and moderate zones
exhibit slightly different physical characteristics with the samples collected from the high density
zone. The soils in both the low and moderate density zones have higher coarser grains content such as
in samples B34 & B36 that showed high content of sand. The plasticity index observed in the
moderate and low density zones samples were also lower than the samples collected in the high
density zones. In general, the samples from the high density zone showed lower cohesion and friction
angle compared to the other samples. From the preliminary findings of this study, it can be concluded
that in different landslide density zones, the failed materials have different physical characteristics.
These characteristics could be the main factor on why certain locations along the Ranau-Tambunan
road have higher occurrences of landslides. Based on the initial findings of this study, locations that
have similar soil characteristics with the samples from the high density could be highly susceptible to
landslide occurrences if other landsliding factors remain equal, however, more studies need to be
conducted to support the findings of this study.
Figure 1 The location of the study area, the Ranau-
Tambunan Road in Sabah.
Figure 2 Lithology map of the study area with the
Ranau-Tambunan road crossing both the Crocker
and Trusmadi Formations (modified from Yin,
1985).
Figure 3 Landslide distributions and density zones
along the Ranau-Tambunan Road
Figure 4 The distribution of sampling locations
along the Ranau-Tambunan Road in the Crocker
Formation
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Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 28
Table 1 Soil physical characteristics for each soil samples in different landslide density zones
Station Particle Size Distribution Atterberg Limit Moisture
Content
Specific
Gravity
Landslide
Density
c Friction
Angle
Gravel Sand Silt Clay Class LL PL PI Zone
B21 28 38 27 7 SML 31 24 6 16 2 Low 3.59 22.00
B23 22 50 24 4 SML 29 25 4 20 3 Low 22.50 44.50
B29 6 72 21 1 SML 31 24 7 13 3 High 27.91 45.00
B32 4 20 43 32 MHS 64 38 26 27 2 High 9.51 28.50
B33 0 20 43 37 MVS 80 47 33 29 2 High 2.33 18.40
B34 0 72 24 4 SML 31 25 6 11 3 Moderate 20.60 48.40
B36 1 79 18 2 SML 25 23 2 7 3 Moderate 21.86 52.40
Note: SML (very silty sand with clay of low plasticity), MHS (sandy silt with clay of high plasticity), MVS (sandy silt with clay of very high
plasticity), LL (liquid limit), PL (plastic limit), PI (plasticity index), c (cohesion)
Acknowledgement
This research was funded by Fundamental Research Grant Scheme
(FRGS/1/2014/STWN06/UKM/03/1) and the University Research Grant (GUP-2014-031) under the
Ministry of Education, Malaysia and the National University of Malaysia respectively.
References
Jacobson, G. (1970) “Gunong Kinabalu area, Sabah, Malaysia,” Geological Survey Malaysia. Report
8.
Roslee, R., Tahir, S., & S. Omang, A.K. 2006. Engineering Geology of the Kota Kinabalu Area,
Sabah, Malaysia. Bull. Geol.Soc. Malaysia 52:17-25.
Tongkul, F. 2007. Geological inputs in road design and construction in mountainous areas of West
Sabah, Malaysia. Proc. of the 2nd Malaysia-Japan Symposium on Geohazards and
Geoenvironmental Engineering. City Bayview Hotel, Langkawi. Pp: 39-43.
Yin, E.H. (1985) “Geological map of Sabah’” 3rd ed. Geological Survey of Malaysia.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
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A-02
ESTIMATION OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION OF RANAU BASED ON
RECENT EARTQHUAKE DATABASES
Azlan Adnan1,*
, Noor Sheena Herayani Binti Harith2
1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
2Civil Engineering Program, Engineering Faculty, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah,
Malaysia
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT. The occurrence of earthquake with magnitude MW 6.0 in Ranau recently has
triggered many questions regarding their nature of recurrence, characteristics in size and mechanism
in and its surrounding region. In recent years, Sabah has witnessed an increase in low to moderate
seismic activities due to the causative ground structures which reflected in their seismic
productivities. Over the past years between 1900 until recently, magnitudes ranging from MW 2.9 to
6.0 were known to have occurred. While large magnitude earthquakes are fortunately rare, in the
history of earthquakes, the region already experienced devastating earthquake including a magnitude
of MW 5.8 on 26th July 1976 centered in Lahad Datu. The observation on earthquake catalog
spanning from 1900 to 2014 has been obtained from various earthquake data centers, Ranau
previously recorded an earthquake with magnitude MW 5.1, the repeat over intervals of sudden large
earthquake is considered to have much shorter recurrence intervals. This paper discusses the
procedure for evaluating the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) whereas the peak ground
acceleration (PGA) on bedrock of Ranau area for 10% and 2% probability of exceedance is taken
into account. By analyzing the correlation between the tectonic features and the available data on
past seismicity, the estimation of PGA is based on smoothed-gridded seismicity with a subjectively
chosen correlation distance of 50 km. The PGA estimation values for Ranau are approximately in the
range of 60 to 150 cm/s2 that will be exceeded 10% probability of exceedance and 100 to 250 cm/s2
for 2% probability of exceedance.
KEYWORDS. Ranau, low to moderate earthquake, peak ground acceleration, probability of
exceedance
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Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 30
A-03
REMOTELY SENSED GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS TOWARDS
DISASTER: KUNDASANG TECTONICALLY ACTIVE ZONE, SABAH
Rabieahtul Abu Bakar1*
, Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin1, Zulkarnian Abd Rahman, Khamarrul Azahari
Razak, Zamri Ramli2, Zakaria Mohamad
1, Felix Tongkul
3
1*Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRi), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia;
2Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia (Technical Services Section), Ministry of Natural Resources
and Environment (NRE), 30820 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia;
3Disaster Research Center, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Jalan
UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
*Corresponding Author, E-mail: [email protected]*, [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected],
Mobile No.: +6019-3849495*
KEYWORDS: Geospatial-tectonics; Remotely Multi-Sensory Data; Geomorphometry;
Object Oriented-Based Analysis; LiDAR
ABSTRACT. Seismotectonic activities are more prevalent in this recent period with much increased
in frequency, density and intensification. Magnitudinal effects of tectonic-based reactivated disasters
are unpredictable, difficult to quantify and timely. According to Webb the trend of strong earthquake
of >6Mw has indicated a six-fold increase from the previous similar period and a large increase for
the initial part of the 20th century (NatCatSERVICE, 2011). Malaysia tectonic setting is such that it is
located on the Eurasian plates where the surrounding plates are moving towards it at an average
annual rate of 6cm (Vigny et. al., 2005). Though considered as laying in a low seismic region but
relatively engulfed by less than 300km from the tectonically active Ring of Fire. From the recent 6.0
Mw earthquake in Ranau, Sabah that occurred on 5th June 2015 give rise to the emergence of many
issues and problems, highlighting the requirements for seismotectonic assessment of Malaysia. Its
progressively prolonged swarms after-shocks poses an even bigger threat to people living within the
earthquake zone which triggered further cascading geological hazards for instance, mud-flood. The
lithology of Kundasang is such that it is concentrate by three mains trusmadi formation, crocker
formation and the pinosuk gravel (Hutchinson, 2009) and describe in depth by Tija, 2007 on the
geological setting. Referring to figure 2, topographic wetness index the study area can be recognized
as a highly run off area. These predicament transmits instantaneous awareness to the general
community and demands immediate findings towards disaster recovery, preparedness, as well as
requires immediate research-based outputs. These outputs can help in convincing policymakers on
creating proper guidelines to the stakeholders and community so as to reduce risk and create
preparedness for the unprecedented disaster. This paper presents an objective and quantitative
method for mapping and assessing geodynamic phenomenon and its activities in a tectonically active
region in Malaysia. We evaluate past- and recent earthquakes and their cascading hazards using
spatiotemporal multi-sensory remotely sensed data analysis, local-, expert knowledge and in-situ
measurement. We first used historical records and recent data seismotectonic activities to prepare an
inventory of the earthquakes that have occurred in Sabah between 1897 and 2015, which resulted in
250 events with 110 events occurring in 2015. Remotely sensed data, including WorldView-2 and
interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifSAR) as in Figure 1, as well LiDAR can be used to
objectively map, monitor and model earthquake events. We identified geomorphological features
related to fault zone phenomenon utilizing openness DTM imageries. Hydrological feature referring
to Figure 2, the terrain wetness index Referring to figure 3 where geological features can be
delineated such as triangular facets, eroded dog-legged river continuity, widening mud-volcanoes,
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 31
small clustered landslides, deep-seated lineaments and acutely steep valleys found within an
undulated landscape are amongst the most commonly related geomorphological features to a
tectonically active zone. A review of seismotectonic studies in Sabah will also be intensively given.
Elements at risk for earthquakes were extracted and spatially evaluated for vulnerability and risk
analysis. This paper also highlights current research direction, e.g. object-oriented analysis, data-
fusion, geomorphometry, multiscale geo-tectonic hazard and risk assessment in a complex seismic
environment. The emergence of multistage processing and geo-analysis improved our ability (Razak,
2013) and understanding of the earth dynamicity in a tectonically active zone. This collaborative
research of geospatial-tectonic in Malaysia can significantly contribute to the multi-, trans-, and inter-
disciplinary research for reducing disaster risk and building a resilient community in the tropics.
Figure 1: Kundasang remotely sensed imageries, from top left, Quickbird 2008, top right: World-
View2, 2011, bottom left: IfSAR Ori Image, borrom right: IfSAR hillshading 50km2.
Figure 2: Topographic Wetness Index of Kundasang 50 km2
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 32
Figure 3: Openness from IFSAR 50 km2 over Kundasang Tectonically Active Area.
Acknowledgment
This research was funded by Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi (KPT) MyBrain, MyPhD. Author
forward deepest gratitude towards JMG Sabah staff En Jaineh Lingi for allowing author to follow
through his data collection in Kundasang and Prof Emeritus Tija Hock Chin for his willingness to
share his in depth knowledge. Fundamental Research Grant Scheme
(FRGS/1/2014/STWN06/UKM/02/5) under the Ministry of Education, Malaysia of topic ‘Multi sensor
of remotely sensed data for characterizing seismotectonic activity: A complex environment in
Malaysia’ and the Technological University of Malaysia UTM KL for research collaboration.
References
NatCatSERVICE (2011). Munich RE Touch information portal, Touch Natural Hazards at:
https://www.munichre.com/touch/naturalhazards/en/natcatservice/annual_statistics.aspx (Last
access date: 25 June 2015).
Webb, R. (2008). Earthquakes-What are the long term trends? At:
http://www.earth.webecs.co.uk/(Last
access date: 26 June 2015).
Hutchison, C. S., Tan, D. N. K., (2009). Geology of Peninsular Malaysia. University of Malaya
and the Geological Society of Malaysia.
K. A. Razak, M. Santangelo, C. J. Van Westen, M. W. Straatsma, S. M. De Jong, ‘Generating an
optimal
DTM from airborne laser scanning data for landslide mapping in a tropical forest
environment,” Geomorphology 190, pp. 112-125, 2013.
Tija, H.D., 2007. Kundasang (Sabah) at the intersection of regional fault zones of Quaternary age.
Geological Society of Malaysia, Bulletin 53, pp. 59-66.
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A-04
BURDEN OF HEALTH RELATED ISSUES AND COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT IN
MALAYSIA’S EAST COAST FLOOD
Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh1, Chamhuri Siwar
2, Rozita Hod
1, Azmawati Mohammed Nawi
1, Idayu
Badilla Idris*1, Talib Latif
2, Shaharuddin Idrus
2, Ahmad Fariz Mohamed
2, Abdul Samad
Hadi2, Shaharuddin Mohamad Ismail
2, Rospidah Ghazali
2, Izzah Syazwani Ahmad
1, Nor Diana
Mohd Idris2, Nurul Ashikin Alias
2, Farhah Izzati Zubir
2, Mohd Raihan Taha
2
1. Department of Community Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.
2. Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
Malaysia.
*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]/ [email protected]
Introduction
River flood has become a common but devastating hazard in Malaysia. River flood exposes the
population to multiple attacks from the physical, mental, health risks and its related negativities.
Objective
This study focused on the Pahang River three worst districts exposed population, in Pekan, Kuantan
and Temerloh. Tools on areas of self-perceived health symptoms, QOL, PTSD and empowerment
were assessed.
Methodology
Semi guided questionnaires were distributed to a total of 602 flood victims. Questions on health
symptoms were asked on respondents (R) and their household members (HM). PTSD tool i.e. Trauma
Screening Questionnaire was used to screen for suspected cases. WHOQOL-BREF assessed four
domains i.e. physical activity, psychological, social relationships and environment. Community
empowerment using the individual community related empowerment tool assessed five domains i.e.
self-efficacy, participation, motivation, intention and critical awareness.
Results
The average distance to the nearest health center is 5.6 km. Three prevalent diseases showed that
majority suffered hypertension (11.0%), diabetes (7.3%) and arthritis (4.0%). Five main symptoms
experienced were cough (R=47.2%, HM=43.7%), flu (R=42.7%, HM=40.4%), fever (R=39.5%,
HM=39.5%), sore throat (R=29.9%, HM=28.1%), and headache (R=23.6%, HM=15.0%). Most prefer
government hospitals at 33.6%. The monthly health expenditure out of pocket, was higher post flood.
Purchase of prescription medications from MYR 24.40 to 31.02; modern treatment of MYR 12.51 to
20.25 and traditional medicine were MYR 4.35 to 6.97. A total of 33 people (5.5%) were suspected to
suffer from PTSD. The prevalence of QOL domains are as such; low physical activity was highest at
59.0%, low psychological (53.3%), low social relationships (43.0%), and low environment (45.2%).
On community empowerment, low empowerment was seen on four domains; self-efficacy at 52.0%,
participation (55.0%), motivation (54.2%) and critical awareness (74.4%). Domain on good intention
and willing to participate was at 54%.
Conclusion
Results indicate that the community was not adaptable to flood events. This is evident from high
amount of experienced symptoms, low QOL (physical and psychological aspects) and empowerment
(except intention). PTSD was however quite low, possibly the impact has been mitigated by time.
Interventions aimed to reduce these concerns in acute post flood areas are important to mitigate these
issues.
KEYWORDS. flood, health symptoms, post-traumatic symptom disorder (PTSD), quality of life (QOL),
empowerment
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 34
A-05
UNDERSTANDING DEBRIS FLOW PROCESSES AND ACTIVITIES FROM HIGH
DENSITY AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA: A CASE STUDY OF 6.0 Mw SABAH EARTHQUAKE
AND WAY FORWARD
Khamarrul Azahari Razak*1,2
, Zakaria Mohamad3, Razain Abd Razab
4, Zamri Ramli
5,
Mohd Othman Sosi@Said4, Ahmad Zulfadli Ahmad Mazuvil
4, Habibah Hanan Mat Yusoff
1,
Rabieahtul Abu Bakar3
1UTM RAZAK School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
54100 Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tel: +6019-3649495; Fax: +603-
26934844; [email protected] 2Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Center, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of
Technology,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 3Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention and Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor 4 BUMITOUCHplmc Sdn. Bhd., Suite 21, Level 21, Tower Block, Bangunan PERKIM, Jalan Ipoh,
Kuala Lumpur, 5 Technical Services Section, Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia,
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) Malaysia, Malaysia
KEYWORDS. Topographic Laser Scanning System, High density LiDAR; Debris Flow Mersilau,
Quantitative Hazard and Risk Assessment; 6.0 Mw Earthquake Sabah; Malaysia
ABSTRACT. Cascading geohazard and its associated risk have increased over the last decades
globally and pose a significant threat to modern society. Extreme climate, rapid urbanization, and
environmental degradation substantially increase our exposure and vulnerability to natural hazards
and disaster risk in a developing tropical country. Therefore it is crucial to address the issues,
problems and possible solution related to the natural hazards and their cascading disaster properly.
Despite remarkable efforts of quantifying geological processes at regional scales, the understanding of
the Earth’s dynamic system remains challenging lead to several fundamental study and applied
research. Malaysia is known with its relatively low seismic hazard zone, however, a recent 6.0 Mw
earthquake in Sabah created driving forces to carry out an integrated disaster research in a systematic
and comprehensive way. Several baseline data, e.g. an inventory updated in spatial and temporal
manner is lacking and if available, it is subject to argument and questionable. An intense geological
and stability assessment after the earthquake is very hard to organize due to inaccessibility,
dangerous, and large forested area. Quantitative analysis and assessment of aforementioned issues in
an objective manner at a large coverage required reliable and accurate spatial data. Modern geospatial
technology and advanced earth observation system is the only best tool for objectively understanding
the issues and solving the problems in a changing environment.
This research initiative promotes multi-, inter-, and trans-disciplinary disaster approach to have a
better understanding and assessment of the geological processes, activities and associated risks
especially in the context of post-earthquake in Kundasang-Ranau region. To get an accurate and
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 35
detailed characteristics in a relatively short period of cascading geohazard as a result of June 05
earthquake in Sabah, spatial information of affected zone particularly the debris flow in Mersilau is
critically needed. In this paper, we present the newly captured airborne LiDAR data over the most
difficult topographic and landscape in Kundasang. The study area is located in Kundasang, Sabah, a
tectonically active area in Malaysia with an area of about 20 km2. We captured a high density airborne
LiDAR data on August 24, 2015 using a helicopter with advanced LiDAR system, LiteMapper 6800-
400kHz. The data acquisition was completed in less than 10 minute resulted in about 724 million
point clouds over the channelized debris flow in Kundasang. We also acquired 0.06 m digital images
captured using a Hasselblad H60 (DigiCam 60MP) made the geometric and radiometric-derived co-
seismic landslides data are possibly analyzed and intelligently extracted. The important questions
related to earth surface processes and landforms and associated disaster risk can be quantitatively and
objectively answered.
Characterization of seismotectonic activity from space in a tropical environment is very challenging
given the complexity of its physiographic, climatic, geologic conditions and anthropogenic activities.
There are many factors controlling the success rate of the implementation mainly due to the lack of
historical earthquakes, geomorphological evidence, and proper identification of regional tectonic
patterns. In this study, we aim at providing better insight to map, characterize debris flow processes
and characterize its activity by integrating newly capture high density airborne LiDAR data with
archived remotely sensed data coupling with geodetic space data, historical records and in-situ
measurement data. It is crucial to perform spatiotemporal analysis of cascading geological hazard
activity in a complex environment in Kundasang, Sabah.
As a result of detailed and accurate physical characteristics of tectonic- and hillslope
geomorphological processes, we develop a comprehensive geodatabase of cascading hazard events
and with the support of good historical data, it allow us to analyse the spatiotemporal activity over the
affected region. In the near future, an object-based image analysis for extracting tropical seismically
active faults and related geodynamics features will be carried out. We aim to develop the
exchangeable and transferable rule-set with optimal parameterization for such aforementioned tasks.
A geomorphometric-based multi-sensory remotely sensed approach will be established to
quantitatively understand the tectonic- and hillslope geomorphology in an equatorial area.
Quantification evaluation of uncertainties associated to spatial seismic hazard and risks prediction
remains very challenging to understand. In the near future, it is crucial to address the changes of
climate and land-use-land-cover in relation to temporal and spatial pattern of seismically induced
landslides. Geospatial-based cascading hazard analysis provides a better clue for understanding the
different types of tectonic processes affecting the environment at different spatial scales. It is also
important to assess, model and incorporate the changes due to natural disasters into the sustainable
risk management.
Further investigation on the development of new algorithms for point cloud filtering, segmentation,
feature extraction, advanced classification and change detection will significantly improve our
understanding on how complex landslides behave and evolve. New perspectives and integrated
research direction on new 3D earth surface processes and landforms modeling will be addressed in the
current and future research work. This paper puts forth the recommendations, effective strategies,
integrated approaches and future direction of advanced LiDAR mapping technology for mapping,
monitoring, modelling and managing crucial data for the nation development. It provides a better
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 36
insight into the comprehensive methodological, functional and operational framework for the
implementation of the multi-agencies LiDAR project in Malaysia.
As a conclusion, this study recommended the use of new and emerging mapping technique based on
topographic laser scanning system coupled with other existing mapping data promises a better
understanding of geodynamic activity in the affected disaster region. A wide range of spatial and
temporal scales of the geomorphological process-response system is critically needed. A
comprehensive hazard and associated risk assessment can be performed with greatly support of
modern and advanced geospatial data acquisition, processing, and analysis in a tropical environment.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 37
A-06
FLOOD SUSCEPTIBILITY ANALYSIS (FSAn) USING MULTI-CRITERIA EVALUATION
(MCE) TECHNIQUE: CASE STUDY FROM PENAMPANG, SABAH
Rodeano Roslee,
1,* Felix Tongkul,
2 Norbert Simon,
3 & Mustapha Abd. Talip
4
1 Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Faculty of Science & Natural Resources, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah. 2 Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Faculty of Science & Natural Resources, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah. 3 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science & Technology, 43600, Bangi, Selangor. 4Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Faculty of Humanities, Arts & Heritage, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
KEYWORDS: Flood Susceptibility Analysis (FSAn); Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE); Sabah;
Malaysia
ABSTRACT. Flooding is one of the major natural disasters in Sabah, Malaysia. Several recent cases
of catastrophic flooding were recorded especially in Penampang area, Sabah (e.g. Nov. 2002; Sept.
2007; Jun 2008; Oct. 2010; Dec. 2013; Oct. & Dec. 2014; Jan. 2015) (Figs. 1 & 2). Heavy monsoon
rainfall has triggered floods and caused great damage in Penampang area. The 2014 floods has
affected 40,000 people from 70 villages (Fig. 3). The main objective of this study are to analysis the
Flood Susceptibility Level (FSL) in the study area. In this study, eigth (8) parameters were considered
in relation to the causative factors to flooding, which are: rainfall, slope gradient, elevation, drainage
density, landuse, soil textures, slope curvatures and flow accumulation (Fig. 4 & Tab. 1). Flood
Susceptibility Analysis (FSAn) map (Fig. 5) were produced based on the data collected from the field
survey, laboratory analysis, high resolution digital radar images (IFSAR) acquisation, and secondary
data. FSL were defined using Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) technique integrated with GIS
software. The information from this paper can contribute to better management of flood disaster in
this study area.
Figure 1 Location of the study area
Figure 2 Daily recorded rainfall of Babagon
Agriculture Station from year August 2002 – May
2015.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 38
Figure 3 Some cases in 2014 floods at Penampang, Sabah (Sources: Pejabat Daerah Penampang)
Figure 4 Thematic maps for Flood Susceptibility Analysis (FSAn) in the study area
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 39
Table 1 The weighted value of the factor in the final result
Main
Parameters
Total
Weighte
d
Sub
Parameters
Weighte
d Values
Rainfall 0.3253
0 – 40 mm
41 – 100 mm
101 – 200
mm
201 – 300
mm
> 300 mm
0.0624
0.0986
0.1610
0.2618
0.4162
Drainage
Density 0.2274
0 – 50 m
51 – 100 m
101 – 150 m
151 – 200 m
> 200 m
0.4162
0.2618
0.1610
0.0986
0.0624
Flow
Accumulatio
n
0.1584
Very Low
Low
Moderate
High
Very High
0.1238
0.1470
0.1402
0.2278
0.3612
Landuse 0.1108
Residential
Commercial
Institution &
School
Public
Infrastructure
s
Agricultural
& Forestry
0.3162
0.2509
0.2193
0.1380
0.0756
Main
Parameters
Total
Weighted
Sub
Parameters
Weighted
Values
Elevation 0.0719
< 5 m
6 – 10 m
11 – 20 m
21 – 30 m
> 30 m
0.2940
0.2681
0.2113
0.1507
0.0759
Slope
Gradient 0.0490
0 – 5 (o)
6 – 15 (o)
16 – 30 (o)
31 – 60 (o)
> 60 (o)
0.0623
0.0986
0.1611
0.2618
0.4162
Soil
Textures 0.0335
Lokan
Weston
Tanjung Aru
Kinabatangan
Tuaran
Dalit
Crocker
Sapi
Brantian
Klias
0.0199
0.0308
0.0323
0.0433
0.0595
0.0811
0.1102
0.1495
0.2018
0.2716
Slope
Curvatures 0.0238
Convex
Concave
Straight
0.5389
0.2973
0.1638
Figure 5 Flood Susceptibility Level (FSL) map of study area
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 40
A-07
ACTIVE FAULTS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA WITH EMPHASIS ON ACTIVE
GEOMORPHIC FEATURES OF BUKIT TINGGI REGION
MUSTAFFA KAMAL SHUIB*1, MOHAMMAD ABDUL MANAP
2, FELIX
TONGKUL3,ISMAIL BIN ABD RAHIM
3,TAJUL ANUAR JAMALUDIN
4, NORAINI SURIP
5,
RABIEAHTUL ABU BAKAR4 , ROZIAH CHE MUSA
6 ,ZAHID AHMAD
6
1Department Of Geology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur.
2Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia, Headquarters BangunanTabung Haji,
JalanTunRazak, 50658 Kuala Lumpur. 3School of science and technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
4School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
Selangor 5Faculty of Engineering, Technology & Built Environment, UCSI University, 56000 Kuala Lumpur
6Malaysian remote Sensing Agency, jalanTun Ismail, 50480 Kuala Lumpur.
KEYWORDS. Active Faults, geomorphology, seismic hazard, IFSAR interpretations.
ABSTRACT
Introduction
In areas like Peninsular Malaysia, where there is no reliable, long-term earthquake record and an
absence of historical fault surface ruptures, it is necessary to examine the geologic and geomorphic
record, in order to quantify the activity on suspected active faults, and thereby determine their
contribution to the seismic hazards of the region.
Major active faults
A plot of the earthquake epicentres of Peninsular Malaysia shows a diffuse pattern typical of
intraplate seismicity. However in a closer look the epicentres seem to aligned along the NNW Bukit
Tinggi fault zone, N-S Benus and Karak faults (Bukit Tinggi epicentres), the NNW Lepar fault
(Jerantut epicentre) ,Bokbak fault zone (Baling epicentre), Mersing fault zone (Mersing epicentre),
Terengganu fault (Kenyir epicentre). These are considered as active fault zones but do not show any
surface rupture related to the present earthquakes.
Geomorphic evidences
In this paper, we summarize the results of recent geomorphic investigations of active faults in Bukit
Tinggi and Karak areas using IFSAR and field verification. The recent earthquake epicentres are
aligned along several faults which are deemed active and are considered to be a potential source of
future earthquakes. The analysis noted that the earthquake epicenters are found in the vicinity or
along:
a) the Bukit Tinggi fault Zone trend (NW)
b) WNW trend along the Bukit Tinggi fault zone.
c) E-W and d) NE trends as shown in figure 1.
In the region these faults include the Bukit Tinggi fault zone, Benus fault and Karak fault. These
faults show at least one of these geomorphic features 1) displays geomorphic features indicative of
recent fault activity; 2) there is evidence for displacement in young (Late Quaternary) deposits or
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 41
surfaces; and/or 3) is associated with a pattern of micro earthquakes suggestive of an active faults
(Figure 2).The geomorphic and displacement features include offset, shifted and beheaded streams.
They displayed evidences for Quaternary to Holocene movements. The relationship with earthquake
epicentres suggests that these movements are ongoing but without any surface rupture.
Conclusion
These young active geomorphic landforms, show that the most recent surface rupturing events on
these faults are Late Pleistocene to Holocene. Recent earthquake epicentres are aligned along these
faults suggest on going activities. These findings is consistent with Peninsular Malaysia’s present
crustal movements determined through GPS which indicated counter clockwise rotation with
increasing rate from south to north are consistent to present findings. It confirmed the reactivation of
local faults due to the presence of ongoing crustal deformation. These active faults are considered
capable of producing large earthquakes and their contribution to seismic hazard of the areas must be
considered.
Figure 1: Relationship between the earthquake epicentres with Bukit Tinggi fault zone.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 42
Figure 2: DTM of Bukit Tinggi area showing young active tectonic landforms such as stream offsets,
beheaded streams and migrating streams where these offsets occur along lineaments that pass through
earthquake epicentres.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 43
A-08
THE POTENTIAL OF VIRTUAL REALITY IN COMMUNITY FLOOD DISASTER
PREPAREDNESS TRAINING
Zakir Hussein Mohamed Hashim*, Mohamad Syazli Fathi and Siti Uzairiah Mohd Tobi
UTM Razak School of Engineering & Advanced Technology,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
ABSTRACT. Flooding are regular natural events in Malaysia which happened nearly every year
during the monsoon season. It affects the population, area and socio economic of the communities. It
is argued that the lack of understanding among communities about flooding and its disaster risk, and
a poor level of knowledge about disaster reduction initiatives and preparedness are the important
reasons for the annual monsoon flooding may turn into a disaster. Effective training is a pillar of
disaster preparedness efforts through out the world. The quality, frequency and consistency of
disaster training will make an impact to community and disaster agencies readiness. Traditional
training such as classroom and web based training are long established but it’s still lack realism.
While live drill and table top are valid but it’s still inconsistent due to limited resources available
such as time, cost and participant during design and execution. This paper review the existing
community flood preparedness program and explore the potential use of Virtual Reality technology in
disaster management training. Virtual Reality (VR) is an immersive digital environment to simulate
real world or imaginative worlds and lets the user interact in that world. The advancement of VR
nowadays appear promising in its ability to offer unique, realistic and cost effective solution for
disaster preparedness training. VR can be used to simulate real flooding disaster situation and
effective training can be conducted to prepare disaster agencies or community for the disaster.
KEYWORDS. Disaster Management Training; Awareness; Preparedness; Virtual Reality Training;
Community Flood Program
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 44
A-09
QUA VADIS PENGURUSAN BENCANA ALAM?
Mohd Dahlan Hj. A. Malek1, Adi Fahrudin
2 & Ferlis Bullare @ Bahari
3
1, 3 Unit Penyelidikan Psikologi dan Kesihatan Sosial
Fakulti Psikologi dan Pendidikan
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
2 Sekolah Tinggi Kesejahteraan Sosial
Bandung, Indonesia
ABSTRAK. Kertas kerja ini secara khusus bertujuan untuk membincangkan tentang bencana,
konsepsi pengurusan bencana dan bagaimana pengurusan bencana nasional yang efektif dapat
diterapkan. Perbincangan dan perbahasan dalam kertas kerja ini lebih merupakan refleksi dan
pembelajaran penting dari peristiwa bencana Gempa di Kundasang, Sabah dan Tsunami di Nanggroe
Aceh Darussalam dan Sumatera Utara beberapa waktu lalu. Berdasarkan pasca krisis ekonomi tahun
1997, hampir setiap saat terjadi bencana di tanah air kita samada di Malaysia atau di Indonesia, baik
berskala kecil kecil atau besar berdasarkan pengukuruan skala antarabangsa. Bencana merupakan
kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi di luar kawalan manusia. Disebabkan di luar kawalan manusia
maka kejadian atau peristiwa terjadinya bencana sifatnya mendadak yang menyebabkan kerugian,
penderitaan dan bahkan kematian manusia. Bencana pula kemungkinan berpunca dari teknologi,
sosio-politik dan alam. Kertas kerja ini juga turut membincangkan tentang bentuk bencana iaitu
bencana alam dan bencana buatan manusia serta bagaimana kesannya kepada tingkah laku manusia.
Selain itu, kertas kerja ini juga membincangkan tentang pengurusan bencana yang berkesan bagi
menjamin kesejahteraan psikologi manusia dan juga pengurusan yang efektif dalam menangani
musibah bencana di Malaysia dan juga Indonesia.
KATAKUNCI. Pengurusan Bencana, Gempa, Musibah, Kesejahteraan Psikologi.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 45
A-10
STRATEGI DAYA TAHAN DALAM MENGHADAPI BENCANA BANJIR
DI KELANTAN
Rospidah Ghazali*1 dan Hafizi Mat Salleh
1Institut Pembangunan dan Alam Sekitar (LESTARI)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
43600 Bangi Selangor
ABSTRAK. Kejadian bencana banjir sememangnya sinonim dengan negeri Kelantan. Jajahan
Tumpat dan Pasir Mas merupakan antara kawasan yang teruk terjejas kerana dua kawasan ini terletak
di Lembangan Sungai Kelantan dan juga Lembangan Sungai Golok. Limpahan air dari kedua-dua
sungai tersebut merupakan punca utama berlakunya banjir di kawasan tersebut terutamanya pada
musim tengkujuh. Penduduk khususnya yang tinggal berhampiran dengan sungai terdedah dengan
ancaman banjir yang bukan sahaja merosak dan memusnahkan harta benda tetapi juga keselamatan
nyawa. Susulan kekerapan bencana banjir yang berlaku, pelbagai strategi daya tahan dilaksanakan
oleh mangsa-mangsa banjir dan pihak yang berkepentingan dalam berhadapan dengan kejadian banjir.
Objektif kertas kerja ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti strategi-strategi daya tahan yang dibangunkan
dan dilaksanakan oleh mangsa-mangsa dan pelbagai pihak berkepentingan bagi mengurangkan impak
dari kejadian banjir. Cabaran dan halangan dalam melaksanakan strategi berdaya tahan juga turut
dibincangkan di dalam kertas kerja ini. Bagi mencapai objektif berkenaan, kajian survei dilakukan ke
atas 343 orang responden yang terdiri mangsa banjir di Jajahan Tumpat dan Jajahan Pasir Mas.
Responden yang dipilih merupakan petani yang menginap dan mengusahakan pertanian berhampiran
Sungai Kelantan dan Sungai Golok. Kajian mendapati terdapat dua mekanisma strategi daya tahan
yang dilaksana iaitu pertama strategi daripada mangsa banjir; dan kedua strategi daya tahan daripada
institusi atau pihak berkepentingan. Kedua-dua mekanisme ini dilaksanakan ada tiga peringkat iaitu
sebelum, semasa dan selepas bencana kejadian banjir berlaku.
KATA KUNCI. Strategi berdaya tahan, penghidupan lestari, bencana banjir
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 46
A-11
PEMBENTUKAN KERANGKA KONSEPSUAL PENGUKURAN TAHAP KESEDARAN
BAGI PENCEGAHAN DAN PERSIAPAN PENGURUSAN BENCANA
*Noor Azmi Mohd Zainol, Ahmad Azan Ridzuan, Haslinda Abdullah & Safar Yaacob
Fakulti Pengajian dan Pengurusan Pertahanan
Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia
Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 KUALA LUMPUR
*Corresponding Author: Tel: 019-2107172
Email: [email protected]
Abstrak. Kajian eksploratori ini dilaksanakan bertujuan mendapatkan elemen-elemen utama bagi
membina sebuah kerangka konsepsual dan menyediakan instrumen berkesan berkaitan pengurusan
bencana bagi penyelidikan yang lebih komprehensif. Ini bagi menyediakan individu, komuniti dan
organisasi tentang kesedaran dan pendidikan berkaitan bencana bagi pencegahan (prevention) serta
persiapan (preparedness) menghadapi bencana. Subjek utama kajian adalah peristiwa banjir di
Kelantan pada Disember 2014 dan Sarawak pada Januari 2015. Gabungan antara sorotan literatur,
temubual, perbincangan kumpulan fokus, pemerhatian dan pemerhatian turut serta dijadikan asas
dalam pembinaan kerangka konsepsual ini. Dapatan kajian menemukan bahawa ciri-ciri demografi,
pengetahuan terhadap bencana, pengalaman menghadapi bencana, sikap/kesedaran terhadap bencana,
pendedahan terhadap pencegahan dan persiapan serta kesedaran dan persiapan untuk bertindakbalas
merupakan elemen-elemen pemboleh ubah bebas bagi kerangka konsepsual ini. Elemen-elemen ini
seterusnya mempengaruhi persepsi terhadap bencana (pemboleh ubah mencelah) dan pemboleh ubah
bersandar, iaitu kelakuan terhadap bencana (pencegahan dan persiapan). Seterusnya, perbincangan
berkaitan yang lebih teliti akan dibuat dalam kertas kerja ini.
KATA KUNCI. Bencana alam, pencegahan, persiapan, persepsi terhadap bencana, kelakuan terhadap
bencana.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 47
A-12
IDENTIFYING GEOMORPHOLOGIC SIGNATURES FROM EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED
LANDSLIDES EVENT: A CASE STUDY FROM M 5.9 RANAU EARTHQUAKE
Habibah Hanan Mat Yusoff*1, Khamarrul Azahari Razak
1, Rabieahtul Adawiyah Abu Bakar
2
1UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia,
54100 Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI)
2Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiatives (SEADPRi-UKM)
Institut Kajian Bencana Asia Tenggara
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Level 6 Block 1, Keris Mas
43600 Bangi, Selangor
Malaysia
ABSTRACT. After the devastating earthquake on 5th June 2015, a three-day field trip was made at
the affected locations to observe the impact of M5.9 earthquake. The main objective of this study is to
observe landslide geomorphology in different situations such as at the mountain, fault scarp, and
slopes. Landslide geomorphologic signatures of earthquake-induced landslide were observed at
Mount. Kinabalu viewing from Pekan Nabalu and Kampung Kiau as shown in Figure 1 until Figure
4, head scarp viewing at Kampung Seminggan, and at slope viewing at Kampung Dumpiring Atas. As
the results, fresh landslides and rockslides were observed on the Mt. Kinabalu landslides boundaries
are clearly seen from far. In addition, scarps and transport zone can be observed as well. However,
the deposition zones are mostly not seen, which debris might be fallen down through the trees and
flowed into the nearby water channels instead of accumulated as landslide toe. The shape is mostly
elongated and a few has a spoon-shaped morphology. The types of landslides consist of translational,
rotational, debris flow, and rock avalanches. At Kampung Dumpiring Atas, we visited two landslides
locations, which is the reactivated scarps from the recent earthquake. We measured the depth of the
scarps at crown at both locations, which have the depths of 70cm and 50cm. Hummocky and stepped
morphology at the landslide debris was observed. At Kampung Seminggan, there is a fault scarp at
depth 93 cm, followed by lateral cracks morphology. These landslide geomorphology observation of
earthquake - induced landslide have different geomorphology from rainfall - triggering landslide.
KEYWORDS. Earthquake- induced landslide, geomorphology, landslide
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 48
Figure 1
Figure 2: Hummocky and stepped morphology at the landslide debris, where resident plants trees to
reduce the movement.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 49
Figure 3: Lateral cracks morphology, which may cause landslide
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Universiti Teknologi Malaysia under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme
(FRGS) for the funding. I would like to convey my appreciation to my supervisor, Dr Khamarrul
Azahari bin Razak for giving me this golden opportunity; Puan Rabieahtul Adawiyah binti Abu Bakar
from SEADPRI-UKM for sharing the photos from the field trip and input during the discussion;
Department of Minerals and Geoscience of Sabah staffs (especially Encik Jaineh and Encik Mujahid)
for allowing us to join the earthquake assessment; respondents for the cooperation during interview
session; mountain guides; residents of Kampung Kiau Nabalu, Kampung Kiau Taburi, Kampung
Seminggan and especially residents of Kampung Dumpiring Atas who were enthusiastically showing
the damages and new landslide scars.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 50
A-13
ASSOCIATION OF EVACUATION DIMENSIONS TOWARDS RISK PERCEPTION OF
THE MALAYSIAN STUDENTS WHO STUDIED AT JAKARTA, MEDAN, AND ACHEH IN
INDONESIA
Ahmad Azan Ridzuan*, Ungku Azly Ungku Zahar, Noor Akmar Mohd Noor
National Defence University of Malaysia
Sungai Besi Camp, 57000 Kuala Lumpur
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Tel: 0192726202
ABSTRACT. Disasters can strike anywhere at any time that may result in injuries or loss of life for
those individuals who are ill-prepared for disaster situations. Evacuation is a vital part of disaster
management. Successful evacuation requires involvement of the community by understanding
evacuation orders, knowing evacuation routes and timely decision making to evacuate. This study was
conducted to measure the relationship between evacuation dimensions (behavioral, organizational,
physical hazard, response, social, and warning) and risk perception using questionnaires gathered
from the Malaysian students who studied at Jakarta, Medan, and Acheh in Indonesia. The outcomes
of SmartPLS path model showed six important findings: firstly, behavioral not significantly correlated
with risk perception. Second, organizational significantly correlated with risk perception. Third,
physical hazard significantly correlated with risk perception. Fourth, response significantly
correlated with risk perception. Fifth, social significantly correlated with risk perception. Sixth,
warning significantly correlated with risk perception. Statistically, this result confirms that the
implementation of organizational, physical hazard, response, social, and warning have been
important determinant of risk perception. Conversely, the implementation of behavioral had not
enhanced the risk perception in the organizational sample. In addition, discussion, implications and
conclusion are elaborated.
KEYWORDS. Evacuation dimensions, risk perception, disaster, SmartPLS
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 51
A-14
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEBRIEFING INTERVENTION: WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT IT?
Nabisah Ibrahim*1, Siti Rozaina Kamsani
2 & Noor Azniza Ishak
3
Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT. Efforts to minimize long-term psychological morbidity following natural disaster have
resulted in calls for the psychological interventions for survivors. These calls are based on the
assumption that the earlier intervention occurs, the less opportunity for maladaptive and disruptive
cognitive and behavioral patterns (Talbott, 2009). In response to these calls, many disaster’s first
responders have used Psychological Debriefing (PD) intervention following this traumatic event.
Psychological Debriefing intervention has found to be one of the effective interventions to prevent the
development of post-traumatic stress disorder and other negative sequel (Cooper, 2003). Even though
PD is frequently discussed in Western studies, yet, it is not deliberately explain in Malaysian disaster
literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to discuss the importance of Psychological
Debriefing Intervention and it implications on post disaster management in Malaysia. The process of
psychological debriefing and different types of PD models based on Western experiences is presented.
Various factors that influence the process of psychological debriefing are discussed with emphasis on
Malaysian cultural perspective. It is suggested that the continued exploration and discussion is
critical in developing Malaysian Psychological Debriefing Model.
KEYWORDS. Psychological debriefing, crisis intervention, post-disaster management, debriefing
model.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 52
A-15
APPLICATION OF GSI SYSTEM FOR SLOPE STABILITY STUDIES ON
SELECTED SLOPES OF THE CROCKER FORMATION IN KOTA KINABALU
AREA, SABAH
Lee Kiun You* & Ismail Abd Rahim
Geology Program, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS,
88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
*Email address: [email protected]
KEYWORDS. geological strength index (GSI), slope stability, Crocker Formation, finite element
analysis
Introduction
This study was conducted on two selected slopes, namely slope A and slope B in Kota Kinabalu area,
Sabah (Figure 1). The study area is underlain by Crocker Formation of Late Eocene to Late Early
Miocene ages (Sanudin & Baba, 2007) which consisting of interbedded sandstone and shale layers.
The objectives of this study are to determine the Geological Strength Index (GSI) rating, rock mass
properties and slope stability for the selected slopes. GSI system is a rock mass classification system
which was introduced by Hoek et al. (1992) and was expanded by Marinos (2007) for heterogeneous
rock mass. GSI system is being utilised along with Hoek-Brown criterion (Hoek et al. 2002) around
the world to determine reliable input data such as rock mass properties for slope stability analysis.
Methodology
Engineering geological mapping and discontinuity survey were conducted to obtain quantitative
description of discontinuities (ISRM, 1978) as well as rock sampling based on grain sizes. GSI rating
(Marinos, 2007) and disturbance factor was obtained from discontinuity survey and field observation
on the slope face, respectively. Residual GSI rating was determined using empirical method by Cai et
al. (2007). Laboratory study was done to determine the Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) via
point load test (ISRM, 1985) and unit weight by dry density test (ISRM, 1979). The final UCS and
dry density values of rock mass were obtained based on lithological unit thickness approach (Ismail
Abd Rahim et al., 2009). Intact rock parameter (mi) was based on the suggested values given by
Marinos and Hoek (2000). Rock mass properties such as cohesion, friction angle, tensile strength,
Young’s modulus and residual strength were determined by applying GSI system into the Hoek-
Brown criterion. Kinematic analysis and finite element analysis (FEA) were conducted to identify
localised mode of failure and the safety factor of the selected slopes. Prescriptive measures (Yu et al.,
2005) were used to determine the rock cut slope designs.
Results and discussion
The GSI rating obtained for slope A is 38 which consists of interbedded of thick shale and sandstone
layers. It has 27m height, 24.03m length, 5.5m bench height, 1.2m bench width, 330°N slope face
orientation, and 50° slope angle. Slope B has GSI rating of 43 and consists of interbedded of siltstone
and shale with similar amount. It has 21m height, 21.13m length, 5.2m bench height, 1.2m bench
width, 270°N slope face orientation, and 50° slope angle. Figure 2 shows the GSI rating for slope A
and slope B based on the chart for heterogeneous rock masses. Table 1 shows the result of the
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parameters and rock mass properties for the selected slopes. The residual strength for the selected
slopes was shown in Table 2. Results show that the rock mass properties of the rock masses were
largely influenced by GSI rating. Kinematic analysis shows slope A and slope B do not have any
potential mode of failure. Safety factor obtained from FEA for the slope A and slope B were 1.84
(Figure 3) and 1.74 (Figure 4), respectively. Both selected slopes can be considered as stable at the
present time. Even though both slopes are stable now, the installation of wire mesh, bolting, weep
holes, and surface drainage are needed to prevent future failure.
Conclusion
GSI rating for slope A and slope B are 38 and 43, respectively. Rock mass properties have
been determined and largely influenced by GSI rating. Based on kinematic analysis and FEA, both
slope A and slope B can be considered as stable. Wire mesh, bolting, weep holes, and surface
drainage should be considered for installation to prevent future failure.
References
Hoek, E., Caranza-Torres, C. T. & Corcum, B., 2002. Hoek–Brown failure criterion 2002 edition. In
Bawden, H. R. W., Curran, J, Telsenicki, M. (eds). Proceedings of the NARMS-TAC 2002.
Mining Innovation and Technology. Toronto. pp 267–273.
Hoek, E., Wood, D. & Shah, S. 1992. A modified Hoek-Brown criterion for jointed rock masses. In
Hudson, J. A. (ed). Proc. Rock Characterization, Symp. Int. Soc. Rock Mech.: Eurock ’92.. pp
209-214.
Ismail Abd Rahim, Sanudin Tahir, Baba Musta & Shariff A. K. Omang. 2009. Lithological unit
thickness approach for determining Intact Rock Strength of slope forming material of Crocker
Formation. Borneo Science. 25:23-31. ISSN 1394-4339.
ISRM, 1978. Suggested method for quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses. Int.
Journal of Rock Mech., Mining Sc. and Geomechanics Abstracts. 15:319-368.
ISRM, 1979. Suggested method for determining water content, porosity, density, absorption and
related properties and swelling and slake-durability index properties. Int. Journal of Rock
Mech., Mining Sc. and Geomechanics Abstracts. 16(2):141-156.
ISRM, 1985. Suggested method for determining point load strength. International Journal of Rock
Mechanics, Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts. 22(2):51–60.
Marinos, P. & Hoek, E. 2000. GSI – A geologically friendly tool for rock mass strength estimation.
Proc. Geo Eng 2000 Conference. Melbourne.
Marinos, V. 2007. Geotechnical classification and engineering geological behaviour of weak and
complex rock masses in tunnelling. Doctoral thesis. School of Civil Engineering,
Geotechnical Engineering Department, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA).
Athens.
Sanudin Tahir & Baba Musta. 2007. Pengenalan Kepada Stratigrafi. Kota Kinabalu: Universiti
Malaysia Sabah.
Yu, Y. F., Siu, C. K. & Pun, W. K. 2005. Guideline on the use of prescriptive measures for rock cut
slopes. Geo Report. Hong Kong. 161.
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Figure 1: Map of the study area.
Figure 2: GSI chart (Marinos, 2007) and rating for slope A (red) and slope B (blue).
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Table 1: Parameter and rock mass properties for slope A and slope B.
Slope Type GSI D UCS
(MPa)
Dry
density
(g/cm3)
mi Cohesion
(MPa)
Friction
angle (°)
Tensile
strength
(MPa)
Young’s
modulus
(MPa)
A V 38 0.7 46.31 2.48 7.82 0.166 39.22 0.022 2216.9
B IV 43 0.7 29.71 2.45 6.19 0.135 38.25 0.028 2367.9
Table 2: Residual strength for slope A and slope B.
Slope Residual cohesion
(MPa)
Residual friction
angle (°)
Residual tensile
strength (MPa)
Residual Young’s
modulus (MPa)
A 0.093 30.45 0.006 934.9
B 0.064 27.89 0.005 793.2
Figure 3: Cross section for slope A and mass movement acting on the slope.
Figure 4: Cross section for slope B and mass movement acting on the slope.
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A-16
POTENTIAL GEOHAZARD INDUCED BY BLASTING WORK AT FORMER QUARRY
SITES
Nurshazren Fauzi1,*
, Hamzah Hussin.2, Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin
3, Nor Shahida Shafiee
4
1,2,4Fakulti Sains Bumi, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kampus Jeli, Kelantan 3Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
KEYWORDS. Blasting work, geohazard, former quarry, rock slopes
Introduction
Rock blasting works have been carried out from rock quarrying activities around Selangor for
aggregate demand. Due to the over blasting activity, the potential of blasted rock slopes has become a
concern. The excessive rock blasting has caused the rock slope in poorly engineered site which are too
high (up to 70-80metre) and does not have any bench, thus making it very difficult to stabilize.
Besides that, the effect of bulk and uncontrolled blasting for rock excavation is evidence from the
highly rough and jagged surface with abundant overhanging whereby protruding, loose blocks are
bounded by dilated joints and fractures (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Exposing rough and jagged rock face with abundant overhanging and loose blocks
Objectives
The main objectives of this study are to highlight the potential induced by blasting at former quarry
sites and to analyse its stability.
Method of Study
In order to identify potential hazard at study area, detail observation of loose, hanging and highly
fractured rock mass was observed and noted in base map. The available geologic data was collected
and analyses for rock slope kinematic stability was conducted.
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Results and Discussion
Figure 2 shows the excessive rock blasting from the past rock quarrying activities has resulted in the
rock slope with highly jagged and rough rock faces. The abundant loose, overhanging and protruding
blocks of variable sizes and shapes are found in the rock slope. Based on the kinematic stability
analysis, the slope has a high potential for slope failure as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2: Example of loose, unstable blocks that ought to be removed from the slope
Figure 3: Kinematic stability analysis of rock cut slope.
Conclusion
Blasting work at the former quarry sites had induced the potential geohazard. Hence, further
study for potential geohazard is essential to ensure the stabilization of slope in project site.
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A-17
KAMPUNG MESILOU LANDSLIDE: THE CONTROLLING FACTORS
Ismail Abd Rahim*, Lee Kiun You & Nabilah Salleh
Natural Disasters Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia
Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Phone: 088-320000 (5737)
Fax: 088-435324
ABSTRACT. This landslide study was conducted in Kampung Mesilou, Kundasang. Desk study, field
study and data analysis used were based on recorded slides occurred in 2008, July 2013, November
2013 and June 2015. These episodic landslides have significant impact on road, concrete bridge,
vegetable gardens and killed a farmer. Factors that control the slides are natural and anthropogenic
activities. The natural factors include geological characteristics, weathering, excessive precipitation
and natural river phenomena. Human activity is represented by unguided cutting slope for
development purposes. The geological factor consists of unconsolidated Pinosuk Gravel rock unit and
occurrence of active northeast-southwest fault zone crossing this area. High weathering rate has
weakening the underlying rock unit as well as heavy precipitation. Intermittently high energy during
storm of the main river channel of Mesilou River has been increasing the rate of erosion at slope base
since few decades. Natural slope was steepened during road construction and become less stable.
Slope stability analysis has confirmed the slope is unstable with FOS > 1, especially during rainy
session.
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A-18
PENILAIAN DAN PEMETAAN BAHAYA TANAH RUNTUH BAGI CERUN
TANAH DI PENAMPANG, SABAH
Aminaton Marto*1, Suzila Mohammad
2, Choy Soon Tan
1
1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor,
Malaysia. 2Sekolah Sukan Malaysia Pahang, Bandar Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang
ABSTRAK. Tanah runtuh adalah pelbagai proses yang menyebabkan pergerakan ke bawah dan
keluar bahan-bahan pembentuk cerun termasuk batu, tanah, pengisi tiruan atau gabungan
kesemuanya. Sebagai sebuah negara tropika, faktor pemcetus utama tanah runtuh di Malaysia adalah
hujan yang intensif. Walau bagaimanapun, bahaya tanah runtuh hanya dinilai berasaskan kes-kepada-
kes dan kejadian tanah runtuh tidak direkodkan secara terperinci di Malaysia. Kertas kerja ini
membentangkan keputusan satu kajian awal mengenai penilaian dan pemetaan bahaya dan tahap
risiko tanah runtuh bagi cerun tanah di dua buah sekolah rendah iaitu Sekolah Kebangsaan (SK) Buit
Hill dan SK Togudon yang terletak di Penampang, Sabah. Cerun tanah di SK Buit Hill terdiri
daripada cerun potongan dan cerun tambakan, manakala hanya ada cerun tambakan di SK Togudon.
Data geoteknikal termasuk butiran cerun (ketinggian, sudut, penutup dan geometri), topografi
potongan, butiran-butiran tumbuhan dan keadaan air permukaan telah dikumpulkan di tapak. Tahap
bahaya tanah runtuh cerun potongan dan cerun tambakan dianggarkan menggunakan formula
penilaian yang berbeza, yang diperkenalkan oleh Jabatan Kerja Raya, Malaysia. Bahaya tanah runtuh
untuk kesemua cerun telah digambarkan melalui peta bahaya tanah runtuh. Secara amnya, kajian ini
mendapati bahawa tahap bahaya tanah runtuh untuk semua cerun yang terletak di SK Buit Hill dan
SK Togudon adalah kebanyakannya sederhana, menunjukkan bahawa tanah runtuh mungkin berlaku
di bawah keadaan yang sangat buruk. Walau bagaimanapun, cerun tambakan mempunyai tahap
bahaya tanah runtuh yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan cerun potongan.
KATA KUNCI. Peta bahaya, cerun potongan, cerun tambakan
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A-19
KAJIAN KETAHANAN KOMUNITI TERHADAP KESEDARAN KOMUNITI DALAM
PERSEDIAAN MENGHADAPI BENCANA
Ahmad Azan Ridzuan, Mohd Juraimy Hj Kadir*, Zamri Ismail, Ungku Azly Ungku Zahar &
Mazura Mat Zain
Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia.
Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur
*Corresponding Author: Tel: 019-2227230
Email: [email protected]
ABSTRAK. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menilai pengaruh ketahanan komuniti (hubungan, kerjasama,
pendidikan, kepimpinan dan kesiapsiagaan) terhadap kesedaran komuniti dalam persediaan
menghadapi bencana dengan menggunakan 148 sampel soal selidik keatas komuniti Majlis
Perbandaran Ampang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Bencana yang berlaku kerapkali tiada amaran.
Mangsa utama yang terdedah kepada bahaya bencana yang berlaku adalah komuniti di kawasan
terbabit. Komuniti itu sendiri seharusnya mampu bertindak untuk bertahan dalam tempoh sekurang-
kurangnya selama 72 jam. Pemodelan persamaan struktur dari SmartPLS versi 3.0 telah digunakan
untuk menilai disegi keesahan dan keboleh percayaan keatas instrumen dan juga menguji hipotesis
kajian. Hasil analisa mendapati elemen-elemen ketahanan komuniti iaitu hubungan, kepimpinan dan
kesiapsiagaan mempunyai hubungan dengan kesedaran komuniti. Manakala kerjasama dan
pendidikan tidak mempunyai hubungan dengan kesedaran komuniti. Penemuan kajian ini sangat
berguna bagi panduan pengamal agar dapat mengatur strategi untuk menguruskan komuniti untuk
bertindak ketika bencana. Selanjutnya, kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan secara terperinci elemen-
elemen ketahanan komuniti, teori-teori, implikasi dan rumusan yang berkaitan dalam kajian ini.
Kata Kunci: Bencana, ketahanan komuniti, kesedaran komuniti, komuniti Majlis Perbandaran
Ampang Jaya
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A-20
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEBRIEFING INTERVENTION: FROM THE LENS OF DISASTER
VOLUNTEERS
Siti Rozaina Kamsani*1, Nabisah Ibrahim
2 & Noor Azniza Ishak
3
Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT. Flood disaster affects people of all ages and it leads to mental health problems such as
posttraumatic stress. The experience of posttraumatic stress is a sign of discomfort feeling and
miserable situation especially for flood survivors. Being a first responder to the victims, the disaster
volunteers are not only support providers for moral and psychological services, but also agents to
reduce disaster-related-stress. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the key experiences of
volunteers as a first responder in using psychological debriefing intervention with disaster victims.
There were 18 volunteers from different agencies involved in this study. The semi-structured interview
sessions were utilized for data collection. Based on the thematic analysis process, findings indicated
that the volunteer’s resilience skill, emotional stability, and social altruism have been found to be the
major volunteers’ attributes in conducting psychological debriefing intervention. Volunteers’
suggestions on implementing the psychological debriefing intervention for Malaysian context is also
provided.
KEYWORDS. volunteers, psychological debriefing, volunteers’ attributes, post disaster management
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A-21
PEMBENTUKAN AKTIVITI MODUL PSIKOSPIRITUAL-MANGSA BANJIR (MPS-
MB) BERDASARKAN DAPATAN KAJIAN KUALITATIF
Fattin Navilla Abdul Ghani1*
, Ferlis Bullare @ Bahari
1, Rosnah Ismail
2, Dahlan A. Malek
1,
Jasmine Adela Mutang1, Lailawati Madlan @ Endalan
1, & Adeymend Reny Japil
1
1 Unit Penyelidikan Psikologi dan Kesihatan Sosial, Fakulti Psikologi dan Pendidikan, Universiti
Malaysia Sabah 2
Pusat Pengajian Pembangunan Insan dan Teknokomunikasi, Universiti Malaysia Perlis
ABSTRAK. Penerokaan mengenai aspek psikologi mangsa banjir dan keperluan pembentukan modul
psikologi dilihat sebagai keperluan penting selepas berlaku bencana banjir besar. Bencana banjir di
Malaysia berlaku hampir setiap tahun tetapi pada akhir tahun 2014 dan awal tahun 2015 telah
menjejaskan hampir kesemua negeri dan melibatkan mangsa bencana banjir yang ramai. Menurut
Majlis Keselamatan Negara (2015), jumlah keseluruhan mangsa bencana banjir di Sabah dan Sarawak
adalah seramai 23,874 mangsa dan melibatkan 6434 keluarga. Ketiadaan sokongan pemulihan
kecemasan dalam aspek sosio-emosi selepas bencana akan memberi impak kepada mangsa bencana
secara psikologikal serta mengakibatkan kesan berpanjangan seperti kemurungan. Kajian ini
dijalankan untuk membentuk Modul PsikoSpiritual-Mangsa Banjir (MPS-MB) yang bakal
digunapakai oleh mangsa banjir di negeri Sabah dan Sarawak serta di Semenanjung Malaysia.
Seramai 17 mangsa banjir di Gua Musang dan Manik Urai, Kelantan dan Kuching, Sarawak dijadikan
sebagai responden kajian. Pemilihan berdasarkan senarai mangsa banjir yang berdaftar di pusat
pemindahan banjir. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui kajian kes dan analisis data
menggunakan kaedah analisis tema. Hasil kajian kualitatif menjadi asas dan panduan kepada
pembinaan MPS-MB yang merangkumi lima (5) unit dan 17 aktiviti. Pembentukan MPS-MB mampu
menjana ilmu pengetahuan mengenai pengalaman sebenar mangsa banjir berkaitan aspek psikologi
dan spiritual. Hasil kajian dan pembentukan modul ini juga membolehkan masyarakat mengetahui
persediaan masa hadapan oleh mangsa banjir agar dapat mengurus dan mengurangkan impak
psikologi yang negatif ke atas mangsa bencana banjir.
KATA KUNCI: Modul Psikospiritual, Mangsa Banjir, Kajian Kualitatif
Jadual 1 : Modul Psikospiritual-Mangsa Banjir
UNIT AKTIVITI
UNIT 1: MEMAHAMI TRAUMA Aktiviti 1: Apa itu trauma?
Aktiviti 2: Bagaimana nak ukur trauma?
Aktiviti 3: Apa yang menyebabkan saya trauma?
Aktiviti 4: Apa respons/reaksi apabila saya
trauma?
UNIT 2: STRATEGI PSIKOSOSIAL
BERDEPAN DENGAN TRAUMA
Aktiviti 5: Berbual & Mendengar
Aktiviti 6: Cara selamatkan diri
Aktiviti 7: Jangan panik (Latihan Pernafasan)
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Aktviti 8: Relaks Lah… (Latihan Relaksasi Otot
Progresif)
Aktiviti 9: Pelan Kecemasan Keluarga
UNIT 3: STRATEGI HARAPAN Aktiviti 10: Intervensi Harapan
Imej Harapan
Interaktif Dialog
Peningkatan Kemahiran
UNIT 4: STRATEGI
SPIRITUALITI/RELIGIOSITY
Aktiviti 11: Redha ketentuan Tuhan
Aktiviti 12: Kerohanian/Keimanan
Aktiviti 13: Amalan agama (zikir, doa, bacaan
kitab suci)
UNIT 5: STRATEGI TERAPI DAN
KAUNSELING
Terapi CBT
Aktiviti 14: Pengurusan Reaksi Trauma
Aktiviti 15: Menggalakkan Pemikiran Membina
Aktiviti 16: Rebuilding Healthy Social
Connection
Aktiviti 17: Pendekatan Kaunseling kelompok
(Terapi Kognitif & Tingkah Laku)
Pengetahuan
Kajian ini ditaja oleh Skim Geran Fundamental (FRG0408-SS-1/2015) di bawah Kementerian
Pendidikan Malaysia.
Rujukan
Majlis Keselamatan Negara. (2015). Statistik Mangsa Banjir
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A-22
GEOSPATIAL DAN PEMETAAN EMPANGAN PUING TERHADAP SISTEM
SALIRAN SG. LIWAGU DAN SG. MESILAU, DAERAH RANAU, SABAH:
SATU PENELITIAN AWAL
Mustapa Abd Talip*1, Kawi Bidin
2, Baba Musta
3, Rodeano Roslee
4, Julkifli Ag. Besar
5
1 Unit Kajian Remote Sensing & GIS, Fakulti Kemanusiaan, Seni dan Warisan,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
2 Unit Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
3 Program Geologi, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
4 Program Geologi, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
5 Unit Pembangunan Instruksional & Multimedia,
Politeknik Kota Kinabalu, 88450 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]
KATA KUNCI. Geospatial, Pemetaan GIS, Empangan Puing, Ekosistem Saliran, Gunatanah
ABSTRAK: Pembentukan empangan puing (debris dam) dalam sistem saliran di sesuatu
tadahan sungai merupakan proses semulajadi yang terbina dan juga hasil binaan manusia
menerusi himpunan hanyutan tanah, kayu-kayan, bongkah batuan yang tersekat di sepanjang
alur sungai untuk sesuatu tempoh tertentu. Fenomena bencana alam iaitu gempa bumi yang
telah melanda daerah Ranau pada bulan Jun 2015 telah meninggalkan kesan terhadap sistem
saliran di sepanjang sungai di daerah Ranau (Foto 1, 2). Oleh itu, kajian pasca geobencana
daripada perspektif geospatial dan pemetaan telah menarik perhatian dalam meneliti
sejauhmana empangan puing bagi Sg. Liwagu dan Sg. Mesilau, daerah Ranau, Sabah menjadi
isu yang perlu diberi keutamaan dalam konteks pemulihan ekosistem aliran sungai yang telah
terganggu serta juga merupakan sumber utama kepada komuniti sekitarnya (Rajah 1). Kajian
awal ini juga akan meneliti sejauhmana hasil kajian geospatial dan pemetaan dapat menjana
pembentukan indeks empangan puing dalam sesuatu sistem tadahan sungai (Rajah 2 & 3).
Oleh hal yang demikian, kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan kepentingan fungsi empangan
puing (debris dams) memainkan peranan penting dalam proses pemulihan ekosistem saliran
dengan mengintegrasikan parameter-parameter yang telah ditentukan menerusi pengintegrasian
pendekatan geospatial dan pemetaan GIS.
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Foto 2: Puing Kayu-kayan di Loji Penapisan Air Ranau.
Rajah 1: Rangka Kerja Kajian Pemetaan Geospatial Terhadap Fungsi dan Pola Empangan Puing dalam Ekosistem Saliran Sg. Liwagu dan Sg. Liwagu, Ranau, Sabah
BIDANG KAJIAN
PERSOALAN KAJIAN
OBJEKTIF KAJIAN
PARAMETER/ANGKUBAH
METODOLOGI KAJIAN
ANALISIS KAJIAN
DAPATAN KAJIAN
SUMBANGAN KAJIAN
(1)Mengenalpasti Pola Empangan
Puing Impak Daripada
Bencana Alam
Perubahan Lanskap Sistem
Saliran Kesan Gempa Bumi Ranau 2015
Status Ekosistem Sg.
Liwagu
Gunatanah dan Sosioekonomi
Persekitaran Sg. Liwagu
TopografiLembangan Saliran
Persekitaran Geologi
Iklim Tempatan(Taburan Hujan)
Hidrologi(Profil Sungai)
Gunatanah/Pemilikan Tanah
Sosioekonomi
(a) Topografi(b) Geologi(c) Landskap
PEMANTAUAN
Pola Empangan Puing Sg. Liwagu
PEMETAAN POLAEMPANGAN
PUING
(4)Pemetaan Pola & Pengkelasan
Empangan Puing Terhadap Ekosistem Sg. Liwagu
METODOLOGI MEMUDAHKAN PROSES
ANALISIS, PENGKELASAN & PEMETAAN TERHADAP
POLA DAN FUNGSI EMPANGAN
PUING
GEOMORFOLOGI
(a) Taburan Hujan(b) Tadahan Sungai(c) Alur Sungai
HIDROLOGI
(a) Sistem Tagal(b) Petempatan(c) Pertanian(d) Sumber Air
GUNATANAH/SOSIOEKONOMI
Inte
rpol
atio
n
Statistical AnalystSpatia
l Analyst
3D Analyst
Profil Survey
PERANAN
Fungsi Empangan Puing terhadap Pengimbangan
Ekosistem
INDEKS
Pembentukan Pengkelasan
Empangan Puing
GEOREFERENCE
Sistem Pemetaan Berujukan
Geografi bagi Empangan Puing
(2)Meniliti Fungsi
Empangan Puing Terhadap Ekosistem
Tadahan Sungai
(3)Mengaplikasi Geospatial
Dalam Menganalisis
Pola Empangan Puing
PENDEKATAN KUANTITATIF & TEKNOLOGI
ANALISISGEOSPATIAL
(ArcGIS)
Rajah 2: Rangka Kerja Metodologi Kajian Data Geospatial Terhadap Pemetaan Pola Pengkelasan Empangan Puing Sg. Liwagu, Ranau, Sabah
- ModelBuilder- Spatial Analyst- 3D Analyst- Multicriteria Analysis (MCA)
IMEJ SATELITIMEJ UAV
DATA KERJA
LAPANGAN
DATA ATRIBUT
DATA DIGITAL
SEDIA ADA
PETATOPOGRAFI
SUMBER DATA
GEOSPATIAL
PENJANAAN PETA
BERUJUKAN GEOGRAFI
(VEKTOR/RASTER MODEL)
PETA GEOSPATIAL
PERSEKITARAN KAWASAN KAJIANPOLA EMPANGAN
PUING
(a) Topografi(b) Geologi(c) Landskap
GEOMORFOLOGI
(a) Sistem Tagal(b) Petempatan(c) Pertanian(d) Sumber Air
GUNATANAH/SOSIOEKONOMI
(a) Taburan Hujan(b) Tadahan Sungai(c) Alur Sungai/Runoff
HIDROLOGI
ANALISIS GEOSPATIAL
PENGUMPULAN DATA
DATA ACQUISITION
INPUT DATA AND MANIPULASI
INPUT DATA & MANIPULATION
PENGESAHAN DAN DATA BERUJUKAN GEOGRAFI
GEOREFERENCING AND VALIDATION
PROSES ANALISIS DATA
DATA ANALYSIS PROCESS
Foto 1(a): Pembentukan
empangan secara mendadak
disebabkan runtuhan besar
(b): Empangan puing pecah
selepas hujan lebat
menutupi alur
(a)
(b)
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 66
Rujukan
Benda, L.E., Cundy, T.W., 1990. Predicting deposition of debris flows in mountain channels. Can.
Geotech. J. 27 (4): 409–417
De Smith, M., Goodchild, M.F., Longley, P.A., 2015. Geospatial Analysis: A comprehensive guide to
principles, techniques and software tools. 5th edition. John Wiley & Sons.
ESRI 2001-2015, ArcGIS Spatial Analyst: Advanced GIS Spatial Analysis Using Raster And Vector
Data, Redlands.
Lancaster, S. T, and Grant, G. E, 2006. Debris dams and the relief of headwater streams.
Geomorphology 82. Elsevier: 84–97
Marcus, W.A., Marston, R.A., Colvard Jr., C.R., Gray, R.D., 2002. Mapping the spatial and temporal
distributions of woody debris in streams of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA.
Geomorphology 44: 323–335.
O’Sullivan, D., Unwin, D., 2010. Geographic Information Analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
Prochaska, A. B., Santi, P. M., Higgins, J. D., 2008. Debris Basin and Deflection Berm Design for
Fire-Related Debris-Flow Mitigation. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol.
XIV, No. 4, The Geological Society of America: 297–313
Ramkumar, Mu., Kumaraswamy, K., Mohanraj, R., 2015 (eds). Environmental Management of River
Basin Ecosystems. Springer Earth Systems Sciences, Switzerland.
Smith, M.J, Paron, P. and Griffiths J.S., 2011. Geomorphological Mapping: Methods and Application.
Development in Earth Surface Processes, Vol. 15, No. Supply C. Elsevier.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 67
A-23
KEKANGAN DALAM PELAKSANAAN TINDAKAN PENGURANGAN RISIKO
GEOBENCANA TANAH RUNTUH DI MALAYSIA
Che Siti Noor Che Mamat1*
& Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin2
1Institut Pembangunan dan Alam Sekitar (LESTARI)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor
2Program Geologi, Pusat Pengajian Sains Sekitaran dan Sumber Alam,
Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor
Corr. Author*: [email protected]
KATA KUNCI. Geobencana tanah runtuh, Pengurangan Risiko Bencana, Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan
ABSTRAK. Isu geobencana tanah runtuh, terutamanya pada cerun-cerun potongan bukit untuk tujuan
pembangunan di kawasan perbandaran merupakan masalah yang perlu ditangani segera. Mekanisme
pengurusan bencana di Malaysia masih lagi dalam fasa peralihan daripada tindakan responsif kepada
tindakan pencegahan sebelum suatu bencana itu berlaku. Geobencana tanah runtuh merupakan suatu
fenomena atau peristiwa geologi yang mampu mengancam nyawa dan harta benda serta
keseimbangan alam sekitar. Tanah runtuh merupakan peristiwa geologi semulajadi yang sering
diburukkan lagi oleh campurtangan manusia dan impaknya sukar untuk dipulihkan. Namun usaha
untuk menghindar atau meminimumkan impak dapat dilakukan melalui usaha pengurangan risiko
geobencana tanah runtuh. Kertas kerja ini disediakan bertujuan untuk melihat keupayaan Pihak
Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT) dalam melaksanakan tindakan pengurangan risiko geobencana tanah
runtuh di kawasan pembangunan bandar. Tiga Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT) dipilih sebagai kajian
kes iaitu Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur, Majlis Perbandaran Ampang Jaya dan Majlis Perbandaran
Kajang (Rajah 1) yang mewakili kawasan terdedah kepada geobencana tanah runtuh di Malaysia.
Dasar dan mekanisme pengurusan bencana dalam Arahan MKN No.20 telah menetapkan peranan dan
tanggungjawab mengikut tiga peringkat, iaitu peringkat nasional, negeri dan daerah (Che Moin,
2007). Proses pengurangan risiko bencana di peringkat awal tersirat di dalam aspek perancangan guna
tanah, kawalan pembangunan, pengekalan topografi dan kawalan alam sekitar fizikal oleh agensi-
agensi teknikal kerajaan. Bagaimanapun masih terdapat ruang untuk penambahbaikan. Antaranya
semakan semula Akta Penyiasatan Kajibumi 1974; penyediaan Garis Panduan Perancangan
Pembangunan Bukit dan Tanah Tinggi, 2009; penyediaan Pelan Induk Pengurusan Cerun, 2009;
penambahbaikan prosedur Penilaian Impak Alam Sekitar (EIA); dan terbaru projek Peta Bahaya dan
Risiko Cerun (PBRC). Bagaimanapun, dasar dan mekanisme ini seolah-olah tidak mampu
diterjemahkan sepenuhnya dalam bentuk implementasi oleh agensi pelaksana terdekat dengan
bencana iaitu PBT tanpa kerjasama dan kesungguhan banyak pihak, terutamanya pihak pemaju/
pemilik projek. Ini dapat dinilai daripada kekerapan kejadian tanah runtuh yang berlaku terutama di
kawasan-kawasan yang pesat membangun. Belum ada platform atau panduan pengurangan risiko
bencana yang spesifik di Malaysia buat masa ini (MKN, 2012). Perkara ini agak sukar kerana bukan
sekadar membabitkan aspek teknikal, malah ia bersifat lebih kompleks yang memerlukan perhatian
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 68
dan tindakan secara holistik daripada beberapa perspektif – dasar dan perancangan guna tanah untuk
kawasan perumahan, keupayaan mengurus dan memantau pihak berkuasa tempatan, keupayaan
teknikal dan etika pemaju dan kesedaran serta sikap pengguna (Komoo, 2009). Oleh itu, suatu
kajian terperinci perlu dijalankan bagi mengenalpasti kekangan dan faktor yang menghalang usaha di
peringkat PBT ke arah meminimumkan risiko geobencana tanah runtuh. Cadangan dan
penambahbaikan mekanisme yang bersesuaian dan instrumen sedia ada akan disediakan.
Kajian yang dilakukan ini akan mengenalpasti bentuk kekangan dan masalah yang wujud di peringkat
kerajaan tempatan melalui pendekatan kualitatif. Kutipan data secara kumpulan fokus dan temubual
separa berstruktur akan memastikan jawapan yang fleksibel dan mendalam. Hasil kajian awal
mendapati masih belum wujud suatu pelan tindakan yang khusus untuk dijadikan rujukan/garis
panduan/SOP di peringkat nasional dan daerah bagi membantu PBT-PBT untuk menangani isu
geobencana tanah runtuh. Jabatan Kerja Raya telah menyenaraikan 58 lokasi berisiko tanah runtuh di
kawasan perumahan di sekitar Kuala Lumpur dan Selangor (Sinar Harian, 2011) namun tiada
tindakan susulan yang dilakukan di peringkat pengurusan bencana negara sebaliknya PBT terlibat
menggunakan peruntukan dan pendekatan tersendiri mengikut kemampuan organisasi masing-
masing. Sebagai contoh, DBKL menjalankan kajian dan membangunkan system pengurusannya
sendiri yang dikenali sebagai “Kuala Lumpur Slope Information System” (KulSIS).
Antara kekangan dalam melaksanakan tindakan pengurangan risiko geobencana tanah runtuh ialah
masalah untuk mengintegrasi pengetahuan sains dan teknologi ke dalam tindakan menghindar dan
mengurangkan impak geobencana tanah runtuh. Faktor keupayaan dan kesungguhan politik di
peringkat pelaksana untuk mengurangi risiko geobencana tanah runtuh juga merupakan suatu
kekangan. Kurang kefahaman tentang risiko geobencana dan kesan tindakannya yang biasanya
mengambil masa yang panjang untuk kelihatan, menjadi salah satu penyebab aktiviti pengurangan
risiko geobencana tanah runtuh tidak diberi keutamaan (Silver, 2014). Yang pasti perubahan positif ke
arah usaha pengurangan risiko geobencana tanah runtuh telah ada namun perlu diperkemaskan lagi
supaya risiko bencana dapat diminimumkan ke tahap yang boleh diterima oleh semua pihak. Dengan
peruntukan sebanyak RM180 juta dalam bajet 2016 untuk memperkukuhkan pengurusan bencana
alam termasuk penubuhan Agensi Pengurusan Bencana Negara diharap dapat membawa satu
perubahan kepada sistem pengurusan risiko bencana tanah runtuh yang lebih berkesan.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 69
Rajah 1: Kawasan kajian membabitkan kawasan Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur, Majlis
Perbandaran Ampang Jaya dan Majlis Perbandaran Kajang (Sumber: Laman Web Kerajaan Negeri
Selangor, 2015)
Rujukan
Anon. 2011. 58 lokasi risiko tanah runtuh: kajian dijalankan JKR di kawasan perumahan berbukit.
Sinar Harian , 8 Jun: 4
Ibrahim Komoo. 2009. 15 Nukilan Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan Untuk Pendidikan Awam. Bangi.
Penerbit Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (Lestari) UKM.
Che Moin. 2007. Disaster Mitigation Support and Management in Malaysia. Putrajaya. Penerbit
Malaysia Government Printing Press
Majlis Keselamatan Negara. 2012. National progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo
Framework for Action (2011-2013) - Interim
Silver, E. 2014. Priority, Capacity, Information: A three stage approach to implementing disaster risk
reduction and management at the local level. Laporan Ketiga Projek NOAH.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 70
A-24
FLOOD MITIGATION MEASURES USING INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY DEMATEL
METHOD
Norzanah Abd Rahman*, Zamali Tarmudi, Munirah Rossdy, & Fatihah Anas Muhiddin
Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences (FSKM),
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sabah,
Locked beg71,
88997 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
ABSTRACT. Flood is a natural disaster induced by climate change that resulted in the losses of
lives, damages to property, and disrupts the daily activities of local community. Thus, the flood
mitigation measures are developed to reduce the impact of flood in our country. The aim of this paper
are; to propose IF-DEMATEL method and deal with the uncertainty of input data set of flood
mitigation measures, and to validate it using Sensitivity Analysis. Here, this method is used for flood
mitigation measures comprise drainage improvements, barriers, wet flood proofing, dry flood
proofing, elevation, relocation, and acquisition. A numerical example from the flood control project
selection proposed by Nurnadiah Zamri et al., (2013) was adopted to show the applicability of the
proposed method. The result shows that the flood mitigation measures are placed based on their
priority. Although the rank of flood mitigation measures is sensitive to changes based on the weight of
criteria but the best measures is remain unchanged.
KEYWORDS. Flood mitigation measures, Intuitionistic Fuzzy DEMATEL method, Sensitivity
Analysis
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 71
A-25
STAKEHOLDERS’ RESPONSE AND PERSPECTIVES ON FLOOD DISASTER IN
PAHANG RIVER BASIN Md Pauzi Abdullah
1*, Rahmah Elfithri
1, Syafinaz Salleh
1, Mazlin bin Mokhtar
1, Mohd Ekhwan
Toriman3, Ahmad Fuad Embi
4, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud
4, Maimon Abdullah
2, Lee Yook
Heng2, Syamimi Halimshah
1, Maizura Maizan
2, Nurlina Mohamad Ramzan
1
1Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), 2Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), 3Faculty of Social and Humanities (FSSK),
4Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment (FKAB), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT. The Pahang river basin is the largest river basin in the Pahang State, with total
catchment area covering 29300km2. Floods of Pahang river basin have become an annual natural
disaster event where all the stakeholders have their own responsibility and parts to take care of. This
study has focused on stakeholders’ response and perspectives on flood disaster of Pahang river basin.
The methodology used in this study involved the stakeholders’ consultation workshop. As the
workshop to be conducted, stakeholders from three different districts which are Jerantut, Temerloh
and Pekan were gathered at a banquet room of Hotel Darul Makmur, Jerantut. This workshop has
revealed the response and perspectives based on important parts of each stakeholder to face the flood
event that occurred in Pahang river basin. Besides, the issues aroused from this workshop have
shown the stakeholders’ response and their perspectives on how to reduce the impacts of flood
disaster on Pahang river basin. According to the workshop, the factors contribute to flood event are
from two factors which are the heavy rainfall and the arising of water level. The causes of these two
factors are the reason that we need to involve all aspects in order to reduce the impact of flood
disaster. The aspects are to identify the usual problems to arise during flood event, to improvise the
operating systems such as flood forecasting systems, telemetric systems and hydrology system, the
plans of each stakeholder on how to cooperate and reduce the impact as one team, to provide the
proper flood maps at the study level and to review and verify what are the communities’ complaints
and perspectives as they also one of the victims. This study had discussed the proposed actions need
to be taken by according the stakeholders’ response and perspectives. There are the overflow of river
water had caused by the low absorption of rainfall from forest which due to deforestation and
loggings. The high water level also caused by the high sedimentations which contributed by these
activities. The law enforcement with more stringent need to be done on these matters. Besides, the
usual problems arise during flood need to be solved as the provision given is higher and the operating
systems need to be improvised and added as these approaches can help in reducing the impact of
flood events. The flood maps should be provided at study level to identify and produce a valuable case
study. Stakeholders’ consultations and involvement are the keys to improvise the weakness on how to
cope with the floods event. The proposal and implementations of the development need should be
done by involving the stakeholders’ response and perspectives in any disaster.
KEYWORDS. Pahang river basin, stakeholders, catchment area, flood disaster, site visits, interviews
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 72
A-26
DAYA KEKENTALAN PENDUDUK DI SEPANJANG SUNGAI PAHANG DAN SUNGAI
SEMANTAN TERHADAP BANJIR 2014: SATU KES KAJIAN DI TEMERLOH, PAHANG
Farhah Izzati*, Shaharudin Idrus, Shaharuddin Mohamad Ismail
Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
*Emel: [email protected]
ABSTRAK
Pengenalan
Angin monsun Timur Laut bermula pada bulan November sehingga Mac dan melanda negeri-negeri
pantai timur Semenanjung Malaysia. Tiupan angin ini menghasilkan purata jumlah hujan yang banyak
dan menyumbang kepada kejadian banjir. Pahang merupakan antara negeri yang terjejas teruk akibat
banjir besar yang berlaku pada penghujung tahun 2014. Daerah Temerloh mengalami impak yang
besar akibat banjir kali ini memandangkan kedudukannya yang terletak di antara Sungai Pahang dan
Sungai Semantan yang ditenggelami air. Kejadian ini mencetuskan daya kekentalan sosial penduduk
setempat dalam menghadapi banjir besar ini.
Objektif
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan mengenal pasti daya kekentalan sosial penduduk di
sepanjang Sungai Pahang dan Sungai Semantan terhadap banjir yang berlaku pada penghujung tahun
2014.
Kaedah
Pendekatan kuantitatif berdasarkan soal selidik telah digunakan untuk mengenalpasti latar belakang
serta pengalaman dan pengetahuan mangsa banjir di Temerloh seramai 202 orang untuk melihat daya
kekentalan sosial mereka. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan Perisian SPSS Versi 20.
Hasil dapatan
Hasil dapatan yang diperolehi menunjukkan seramai 22,865 orang mangsa banjir dari 5,978 buah
keluarga di Temerloh. 70% daripada komuniti Temerloh pernah mengalami banjir sebelum ini.
Sebanyak 93.5% responden yang mengalami satu kali banjir dalam tempoh setahun. Seramai 164
orang (81.2%) mangsa yang berpindah semasa banjir berlaku dan hanya 75.7% daripada mangsa
banjir yang mengambil keputusan serta merta untuk berpindah. Majoriti penduduk menerima bantuan
ketika banjir dengan peratusan sebanyak 96.8%. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat 4 orang mangsa yang
mengalami kematian ahli keluarga ketika itu manakala 6 orang komuniti mereka mengalami kematian
ahli keluarga mereka. Kesan daripada kejadian banjir 2014 ini, sebanyak 44.6% daripada mangsa
yang mengambil masa tempoh antara satu hingga enam bulan untuk pulih. Walaupun kejadian banjir
kali ini mencatatkan rekod terburuk banjir yang pernah mereka alami, namun 87.6% penduduk masih
merancang untuk tetap tinggal di rumah mereka sendiri.
Kesimpulan
Peristiwa bencana banjir yang berlaku hampir setiap tahun di negeri Pahang akan memberikan impak
kepada keadaan sosial penduduk yang tinggal di sepanjang tebing sungai. Kajian ini adalah penting
agar dapat mempersiapkan mereka dengan lebih baik dalam menghadapi bencana banjir pada masa
akan datang.
KATA KUNCI. Banjir, Temerloh, daya kekentalan, Sungai Pahang, Sungai Semantan
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 73
A-27
PENGURUSAN RISIKO GELINCIRAN TANAH: CADANGAN PENDEKATAN BAHARU
DI MALAYSIA
Rodeano Roslee 1* & Tajul Anuar Jamaludin
2
1 Fakulti Sains & Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
2 Fakulti Sains & Teknologi,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM
Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
KATA KUNCI: Pengurusan Risiko Gelinciran Tanah (LRM); Penilaian Multi Kriteria (MCE);
Sabah; Malaysia.
ABSTRACT. Pengurusan Risiko Gelinciran Tanah (LRM) merupakan sesuatu yang baharu dan
masih kurang diberi perhatian oleh golongan geosaintis dan pihak-pihak berkepentingan dalam
menangani isu geobencana gelinciran tanah di Malaysia. Objektif utama kertas kerja ini adalah untuk
memperkenalkan sebuah model LRM yang praktikal dan komprehensif bagi keperluan tempatan
khasnya di Malaysia. Bagi mencapai objektif ini, pertama sebuah pangkalan data telah dibangunkan
melalui kajian literatur, inventori gelinciran tanah, kerja lapangan dan kerja makmal. Kedua,
Pentaksiran Bahaya Gelinciran Tanah (LHAs) yang melibatkan Pengenalpastian Bahaya Gelinciran
Tanah (LHI) dan Analisis Bahaya Gelinciran Tanah (LHAn). Ketiga, Pengenalpastian Elemen
Berisiko Gelinciran Tanah (LREI) (Populasi dan Nilai Harta Benda) dan Pentaksiran
Kemudahterancaman Gelinciran Tanah (LVAs) (Fizikal, Sosial dan Persekitaran). Keempat,
Penganggaran Risiko Gelinciran Tanah (LREt). Kelima, Penilaian Risiko Gelinciran Tanah (LREv)
dijalankan berdasarkan lengkung F-N (Rajah 1) dan gambarajah Segitiga Penilaian Risiko (RET)
(Rajah 2) yang telah direkabentuk untuk menentukan Indeks Toleransi Risiko (RTI). Akhir sekali,
keenam, menentukan kaedah Perawatan Risiko Gelinciran Tanah (LRT) yang sesuai sama ada
pendekatan struktur atau bukan struktur. LHAn pada dasarnya melibatkan lima model utama iaitu: a)
Pemetaan geomorfologi; b) Analisis inventori; c) Kaedah heuristik; d) Permodelan statistik; dan e)
Kaedah geoteknik (Carrara et al. 1995; Van Westen et al. 1997; Guzzetti et al 1999) (Jad. 1). Kajian
literatur (misalnya di Kota Kinabalu, Sabah) menunjukkan kepelbagaian hasil LHAn dan validasi
seperti Penilaian Multi-Kriteria (MCE) (Rodeano et al. 2010a; 2010b; 2011c; 2011e), Analisis
Berketentuan-Cerun Tak Terhingga (DESSISM) (Rodeano et al. 2011d), Teknik Interpolasi
Geostatistik-Kriging (GEOSTAINT-K) (Rodeano et al. 2012a) dan Model Analisis Faktor (FAM)
(Rodeano et al. 2012b). Kajian LREI dan LVAs turut dijalankan di kawasan yang sama oleh Rodeano
et al. (2011b; 2012c; 2015). Penyelidikan LREt dan LREV pula telah diterbitkan oleh Rodeano et al.
(2010a; 2011a) dan Rodeano (2015). Hasil kajian mendapati kawasan-kawasan dalam Darjah Bahaya
Gelinciran Tanah (LHD) yang tinggi turut mempunyai Darjah Risiko Gelinciran Tanah (LRD) yang
tinggi, dan begitu juga sebaliknya. Dalam konteks kaedah pemilihan LRT, hasil pengelasan RTI
(Rajah 2) dan Jadual Matriks Pemilihan LRT (Jad. 2) menunjukkan kawasan-kawasan yang berisiko
sangat rendah hingga ke sederhana boleh diterima, diubahsuai, dikurangkan kesan dan dipantau.
Kawasan-kawasan yang berisiko tinggi hingga ke sangat tinggi pula lebih sesuai untuk dipantau,
ditangguhkan, diabaikan dan dipindahkan (Rodeano 2015). Kertas kerja ini mencadangkan bahawa
model LRM melibatkan prosedur takrifan skop, LHI, LHAs, LREI, LVAs, LREt, LREv, LRT serta
pemantauan dan sorotan (sekiranya perlu) (Rajah 3). Model LRM ini sesuai digunakan untuk
perancangan pembangunan, pemilihan kesesuaian jenis guna tanah, mengawal dan mengurus
bahaya/risiko gelinciran tanah di kawasan kajian serta berpotensi untuk diperluaskan dengan latar
belakang persekitaran yang berbeza.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 74
Rujukan
1. Carrara, A., Cardinali, M., Guzzetti, F. & Reichenbach, P. 1995. GIS technology in mapping landslide
hazard. Geographical information systems in assessing natural hazards. Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht. The Netherlands: 135-175.
2. Committee on the Review of the National Landslide Hazards Mitigation Strategy. 2004. Partnerships for
reducing landslide risk. Assessment of the National landslide hazards mitigation strategy. Board on Earth
Sciences and Resources, Division on earth and life studies. The National Academic Press. Washington,
D.C. 143 hlm.
3. Guzzetti, F., Carrara, A., Cardinali, M. & Reichenbach, P. 1999. Landslide hazard evaluation: a review of
current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study, Central Italy. Geomorphology 31(1-4): 181-
216.
4. Rodeano Roslee, 2015. Model Development of Landslide Risk Management: Case study from Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. PhD Thesis. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Un-Published.
5. Rodeano Roslee, Mustapa Abd. Talip & Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin, 2010a. Landslide Management Using
Geospatial Technology (LMGT): Case Study for Kota Kinabalu area, Sabah, Malaysia. Proc. of the 4th
National GIS Conference and Exhibition (NGIS 2010). 28-29th June 2010, Pusat Konvensyen
Antarabangsa Putrajaya (PICC), Presint 5, Putrajaya, Malaysia. Versi salinan CD.
6. Rodeano Roslee, Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin, Sanudin Tahir & Mustapa Abd. Talip. 2010b. GIS Application
for Comprehensive Spatial Landslide Hazard Analysis (LHA) in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Proc. of
the 3rd Southeast Asian Natural Resources and environmental Management Conference (SANREM 2010).
03-05th August 2010, Promenade Hotel, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. hlm. 177-190.
7. Rodeano, R., Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin & Mustapa Abd. Talip. 2011a. Aplikasi GIS dalam Penaksiran
Risiko Gelinciran Tanah (LRA): Kajian Kes bagi kawasan sekitar Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu, Sabah,
Malaysia. ISSN 0126-6187. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 57: 69-83.
8. Rodeano, R., Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin, Mustapa Abd. Talip & Suriani Hassan, 2011b. Landslide Hazard
Factor (LHF) by community perception survey in developing country: A case study from Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah, Malaysia. ISSN 1394-4339. Borneo Science 29: 32-45.
9. Rodeano, R., Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin, Mustapa Abd. Talip, James A. Collin & Budirman Rudding. 2011c.
Integrated geospatial technology on landslide susceptibility analysis in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Proc. of the 3rd National Conference on Geographical Information, Technology and Application: Map
Malaysia 2011. 05-06th April 2011, Sutera Harbour Magellan Resort, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
http://www.mapmalaysia.org/2011/proceeding/disaster.htm [24 July 2011].
10. Rodeano, R., Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin, Mustapa Abd. Talip, James A. Collin & Budirman Rudding. 2011d.
An approach towards deterministic landslide susceptibility analysis (LSA) in GIS : A case study from Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Proc. of the 10th International Symposium & Exhibition on Geoinformation
(ISG 2011) & ISPRS Commission II/5 & II/7 Conference. Sept. 27 – 29, 2011, Shah Alam Convention
Centre, Selangor, Malaysia. Versi salinan CD.
11. Rodeano, R., Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin, Mustapa Abd. Talip, Ismail Abd. Rahim, James A. Collin &
Budirman Rudding, 2011e. Aplikasi Proses Analitikal Hirarki (Analytical Hierarchy Process) (AHP) bagi
analisis risiko gelinciran tanah (LRA) di kawasan Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Abst. of the National
Geoscience Conference 2011. 11th – 12th June 2011. The Puteri Pacific Johor Bahru, Malaysia. hlm. 42.
12. Rodeano, R., Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin & Mustapa Abd. Talip, 2012a. Intergration of GIS using
GEOSTAtistical Interpolation Techniques (Kriging) (GEOSTAINT-K) in deterministic model for
landslide susceptibility analysis (LSA) at Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. ISSN 1916-9787. Journal of
Geography and Geology 4 (1): 18-32.
13. Rodeano, R., Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin & Mustapa Abd. Talip, 2012b. Landslide susceptibility mapping
(LSM) at Kota Kinabalu, Sabah using factor analysis model (FAM). ISSN 2231-8844. Journal Advanced
Science and Engineering Research 2: 80-103.
14. Rodeano, R., & Tajul Anuar Jamaluddin. 2012c. Kemudahterancaman Bencana Gelinciran Tanah (LHV):
Sorotan Literatur dan Cadangan Pendekatan baru untuk Pengurusan Risiko Gelinciran Tanah di Malaysia.
ISSN 0126-6187. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia 58: 75-88.
15. Rodeano Roslee, Tajul Anuar Jamaludin & Norbert Simon. Landslide Vulnerability Assessment (LVAs):
Case study from Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. 2015. Prof. of the 2nd International Conference and The
1st Joint Conference Faculty of Conference Geology, Universitas Padjadjaran with Faculty of Science and
Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 29th – 30th September 2015. The Luxton Hotel, Bandung,
Indonesia. Pp: 87-94.
16. van Westen, C.J., Rengers, N., Terlien, M.T.J. & Soeters, R. 1997. Prediction of the occurrence of slope
instability phenomena through GIS-based hazard zonation. Geologische Rundschau 86(2): 404-414.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
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Jadual 1 Pencirian kaedah kemudahrentanan gelinciran tanah yang dicadangkan di dalam literatur (van Westen
et al. 1997)
Secara
langsung
Secara tidak
langsung Kualitatif Kuantitatif
Pemetaan geomorfologi √ √
Kaedah heuristik √ √
Pemetaan inventori √ √
Permodelan statistik √ √
Kaedah geoteknik √ √
Sumber: van Westen et al. 1997
Jadual 2 Matriks pemilihan kategori kaedah Perawatan Risiko Gelinciran Tanah (LRT) berdasarkan Analisis
Bahaya Gelinciran Tanah (LHAn) dan Penganggaran Risiko Gelinciran Tanah (LREt) (Rodeano
2015)
Da
rja
h B
ah
ay
a
Darjah Risiko
Ka
tego
ri
Sangat
Rendah Rendah Sederhana Tinggi
Sangat
Tinggi
Sangat Rendah I I II III III
Rendah I II II III III
Sederhana II II III III IV
Tinggi III III III IV IV
Sangat Tinggi III III IV IV V
Rajah 1 Kriteria risiko masyarakat untuk gelinciran
tanah di kawasan Kota Kinabalu (Rodeano
2015)
Rajah 2 Rajah Segitiga Penilaian Risiko (RET)
untuk menilai tahap Indeks Toleransi
Risiko (RTI) berdasarkan maklumat
anggaran kematian (Rodeano, 2015)
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Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 76
Rajah 3 Cadangan model kerangka kerja penyelidikan Pengurusan Risiko Gelinciran Tanah (LRM)
bagi kawasan Kota Kinabalu, Sabah (Rodeano 2015)
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 77
A-28
ASSESSING WATER QUALITY INDEX IN RIVER BASIN : FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM
APPROACH
1 Herman Umbau Lindang*,
2 Zamali Hj Tarmudi,
3 Ajimi Jawan
1,3 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Sabah, Locked Bag 71, 88997 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
2 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Sabah, Locked Bag 71, 88997 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
1 Corresponding Author : email: [email protected]
Tel.: 60013-8362140, Fax: 6088-325164
ABSTRACT. Water Quality Index is an important water assessment that sustain and conserve the
aquatic ecosystem. In Malaysia, the current classification practice on Department of Environmental
Water Quality Index (DOE WQI) shows rigid value in term of assessing the input of parameters that
close to a class boundary. Hence, this study proposed a technique to assess the parameters in a
holistic manner by using the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). The approach as an assessment tool
represents the classes of various range and aggregating the parameters using membership function
and Centroid Function respectively. A numerical example based on actual data from Inanam Likas
River Basin was adapted to demonstrate the proposed approach. It shows that FIS is able to assess
the parameters and execute into a single index that represent the condition from poor to excellent
scales of the water quality.
KEYWORDS. Fuzzy Inference System (FIS), Water Quality Assessment, River Basin
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 78
A-29
PENILAIAN PSIKOMETRIK PERITRAUMATIC DISTRESS INVENTORY (PDI) DAN
PERITRAUMATIC DISSOCIATIVE EXPERIENCES QUESTIONNAIRE (PDEQ) DALAM
KALANGAN SAMPEL MANGSA BANJIR DI KUCHING, SARAWAK
Adeymend Reny Japil1*
, Ferlis Bullare @ Bahari1, Rosnah Ismail
2, Mohd Dahlan A. Malek
1,
Jasmine Adela Mutang1, Lailawati Madlan @ Endalan
1 & Fattin Navilla Abdul Ghani
1
1Unit Penyelidikan Psikologi dan Kesihatan Sosial, Fakulti Psikologi dan Pendidikan,
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
2Pusat Pengajian Pembangunan Insan dan Teknokomunikasi
Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kampus Kubang Gajah, 02600
Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
ABSTRAK. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai psikometrik Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI;
Brunet, Weiss, Metzler ) dan Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire (PDEQ; Marmar,
Weiss dan Metzler, 1997). PDI dan PDEQ merupakan soal selidik laporan kendiri yang mengukur
pengalaman stres ‘traumatik’ semasa dan sejurus selepas beberapa minit atau jam berlakunya
peristiwa traumatik. Kedua-dua instrumen ini telah digunakan dalam mengukur pengalaman trauma
dalam kalangan individu-individu yang terdedah kepada bencana atau serangan pengganas (van der
Velden, Christiaanse, Gersons, Marcelissen, Drogendijk, Grievink, Olff dan Meewisse, 2006; Simeon,
Greenberg, Knutelska, Schmeidler dan Hollander, 2003; Briere, Scott dan Weathers, 2005). Penilaian
psikometrik diuji dari segi kebolehpercayaan dan kesahan kedua-dua alat kajian. Menurut Johnson
dan Marlow (2006), instrumen yang memiliki ukuran kebolehpercayaan dan kesahan yang tinggi
menyumbang kepada pelaksanaan kualiti kajian yang baik. Menurut Anastasi (1982),
kebolehpercayaan didefinisikan sebagai sebagai ketekalan skor daripada individu yang sama apabila
diberi ujian yang sama pada masa berlainan. Manakala Kerlinger (1973) pula menyatakan
kebolehpercayaan merujuk kepada ketekalan, kestabilan dan ketepatan skor-skor yang dihasilkan
dalam satu-satu ujian atau satu-satu siri ujian. Kesahan pula membawa maksud sejauhmana sesuatu
instrumen itu berkeupayaan untuk mengukur apa yang sepatutnya hendak diukur. Kebolehpercayaan
ketekalan dalaman dilihat pada alfa Cronbach, manakala kesahan dilihat pada kesahan konvergen,
dan kesahan diskriminan. Selain itu, kualiti item bagi kedua-dua skala juga diuji. Bagi menilai aspek
psikometrik kedua-dua instrumen ini, seramai 116 mangsa banjir dari Daerah Kuching dan Daerah
Kecil Siburan, Bahagian Kuching, Sarawak terlibat sebagai responden kajian. Kedua-dua daerah ini
merupakan kawasan-kawasan yang dilanda banjir pada penghujung tahun 2014 dan awal tahun 2015
(Majlis Keselamatan Negara, 2015; Pejabat Daerah Kuching, 2015; Pejabat Daerah Kecil Siburan,
2015). Hasil analisis menunjukkan kedua-dua PDI dan PDEQ mempunyai tahap kebolehpercayaan
ketekalan dalaman yang baik iaitu masing-masing α = .83 dan α = .90 (Jadual 1). Dapatan juga
menunjukkan PDI berhubungan positif dan signifikan dengan PDEQ dan berhubungan secara negatif
dan signifikan dengan Cantril’s Ladder of Life (CLL). Dapatan ini menunjukkan kedua-dua alat
kajian PDI dan PDEQ berada pada tahap yang baik. Oleh itu, kedua-dua instrumen ini terbukti sesuai
digunakan dalam konteks mangsa banjir di Malaysia khususnya di Bahagian Kuching, Sarawak.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 79
KATA KUNCI: Penilaian Psikometrik, Peritraumatic Distress Inventory, Peritraumatic Dissociative
Experiences Questionnaire, Mangsa Banjir
Jadual 1. Pekali Alfa Cronbach PDI dan PDEQ
Skala Pekali Alfa Cronbach
PDI .825
PDEQ .902
Nota: PDI-Peritraumatic Distress Inventory; PDEQ-
Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire
Jadual 2. Korelasi di antara PDI, PDEQ dan CLL
Skala Min SP 1 2 3
1. PDI 19.8534 9.39311 -
2. PDEQ 19.4052 9.04095 .598** -
3. CLL 2.86 1.808 -.329** -.436** -
**. k < 0.01
Nota: PDI-Peritraumatic Distress Inventory; PDEQ-Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire;
CLL-Cantril Ladder of Life
Jadual 3. Statistik item bagi Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) dan Peritraumatic
Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire (PDEQ)
Item PDI PDEQ
Min SP Korelasi Item
Keseluruhan
Min SP Korelasi Item
Keseluruhan
1 2.11 1.672 .487 2.12 1.307 .580
2 2.53 1.302 .605 1.97 1.198 .524
3 2.19 1.420 .510 2.00 1.312 .639
4 2.46 1.360 .489 1.72 1.133 .603
5 .84 1.139 .525 1.87 1.248 .747
6 .59 1.013 .507 1.62 1.027 .646
7 2.72 1.193 .328 2.29 1.364 .793
8 .98 1.209 .486 1.85 1.203 .661
9 1.01 1.367 .346 1.76 1.132 .543
10 1.95 1.401 .516 2.20 1.416 .821
11 1.63 1.424 .479
12 .45 .936 .480
13 .39 .852 .382
Item-item PDI menggunakan skala Likert 5 titik antara 0 (Tidak benar sama sekali) hingga 4 (Sangat benar
sekali) dan PDEQ menggunakan skala Likert 5 titik antara 1 (Tidak benar sama sekali) hingga 5 (Sangat benar
sekali).
Penghargaan
Kajian ini dibiayai oleh Skim Geran Penyelidikan Fundamental (FRG0408-SS-1/2015) di bawah
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (KPM).
Rujukan
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 80
Briere, J., Scott, C. & Weathers, F. (2005). Peritraumatic and persistent dissociation in the presumed
etiology of PTSD, Am J Psychiatry, 162: 2295-2301.
Brunet, A., Weiss, D. S. & Metzler, T. J., Best, S. R., Neylan, T. C., Rogers, C., Fagan, J. & Marmar,
C. R. (2001). The peritraumatic distress inventory: A proposed measure of PTSD Criterion
A2, Am J Psychiatry, 158: 1480-1485.
Johnson, S. & Marlow, N. (2006). Developmental screen or developmental testing? Early Human
Development, 82: 173-183.
Majlis Keselamatan Negara (2015). Statistik Mangsa Bencana Banjir.
Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., & Metzler, T. J. (1997). The peritraumatic dissociative experiences
questionnaire. In Wilson, J. P. & Keane, T. M. (Eds), Assessing Psychological Trauma and
PTSD: A Handbook for Practitioners (pp 412-428). New York: Guilford Press.
Pejabat Daerah Kecil Siburan (2015). Statistik Mangsa Bencana Banjir.
Pejabat Daerah Kuching (2015). Statistik Mangsa Bencana Banjir.
Simeon, D., Greenberg, J., Knutelska, M., Schmeidler, J. dan Hollander, E. (2003). Peritraumatic
reactions associated with the World Trade Center Disaster, Am J Psychiatry, 160: 1702-1705
Van der Velden, P. G., Kleber, R. J., Christiaanse, B., Gersons, B. P. R., Marcelissen, F. G. H.,
Drogendijk, A. N., Grievink, L., Olff, M. & Meewisse, M. L. (2006). The independent
predictive value of peritraumatic dissociation for postdisaster intrusions, avoidance
reactions, and PTSD symptom severity: A 4-year prospective study, Journal of Traumatic
Stress, 19 (4): 493-506.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 81
A-30
CHARACTERIZATION OF POST EARTHQUAKE INDUCED DEBRIS FLOW USING
AIRBORNE LiDAR DATA
Florence Yuen Sook Kuan*1, Khamarrul Azahari Razak
1,2, Habibah Hanan Mat Yusoff
1,
Zakaria Mohamad3, Razain Abd Razab
4,
1UTM RAZAK School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 Jalan
Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tel: +6019-3649495; Fax: +603-26934844;
[email protected] 2Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Center, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 3Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention and Research Initiative (SEADPRI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor 4 BUMITOUCHplmc Sdn. Bhd., Suite 21, Level 21, Tower Block, Bangunan PERKIM, Jalan Ipoh, Kuala
Lumpur,
KEYWORDS. Airborne LiDAR, landslides, and debris flow channel.
ABSTRACT. A debris flow occurred in Sungai Mesilau, Ranau, Sabah on 15 June 2015, after the
earthquakes and tremors, which started on 5 June 2015. A quantitative assessment of debris flow
processes and activities is very difficult with conventional spatial data such as contour derived from
topography map, aerial photography and passive remote sensing data. Field mapping has limitation in
term of data coverage and scale of investigation. Therefore, new and modern geospatial data is needed
to provide better characterization and understanding of the processes and activities of debris flow.
The objective of this research is to characterize debris flow post assessment event using high density
airborne LiDAR data, which was captured after the debris flow event. LiDAR-derived datasets were
generated to visually analyze geological and geomorphological features such as faults and landslides.
Cross-sections of the river profile were generated at the selected locations to observe the source zone,
transportation zone and accumulation zone of the debris flow. It provides a better clue of earth surface
processes at upstream and downslope zones.
As a result of profile analysis, airborne LiDAR-derived digital terrain model (DTM) indicated that the
shape of the channel changes from V-shaped at the source to U-shaped at the accumulation zone. The
elevation of the channel bottom is also decreasing from 1,870 m above mean sea level at the source to
580 m at the accumulation zone. Based on the physical characterization of debris flow from LiDAR
data analysis, Sg. Mesilau is a deeply-incised river because of the steepness of the channel at the
source and meandering river due to the existence of active floodplain at the accumulation zone.
Several LiDAR-derived geomorphological-, geological-, hydro-topographic and anthropogenic causal
factor maps were systematically produced and analyzed. The cross section generated from 25 cm
airborne LiDAR derived digital surface model (DSM) shows the detailed representation of land-use-
land-cover of the debris flow and its vicinity area.
The result of the interpreted geological structures revealed that the faults are oriented in
approximately three main directions: NE-SW, NW-SE and E-W. Based on the geology map of Ranau
area produced by Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia, Mensaban Fault is mapped cutting
at Sg. Mesilau. Remarkably, more than 100 landslides were detected from the high density LiDAR
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 82
data along a 1 km buffer of the debris flow channel. These observations of debris flow post event
assessment show the ability of high resolution LiDAR images to deliver accurate assessment for
disaster mitigation actions in a tectonically active region in Malaysia.
Figure 1: Map of LiDAR-derived DTM of Debris Flow
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 83
Figure 2: Map of LiDAR-derived DSM of Debris Flow
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 84
A-31
INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR AIDING DECISION MAKING PROCESS FOR BETTER
FLOOD DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT: A CASE OF PAHANG RIVER BASIN
Mohd Syukri Zainuddin, **Lee Yook Heng, Nurul Afsar, Mohammad Imam Hasan Reza,
Er Ah Choy, Noraini Fakhira Abdullah, Pauzi Abdullah, Rahmah Elfithri,
Mohamad Raihan Taha
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600, Bangi, SELANGOR
**Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT. Standing between developed and developing countries, Malaysia has disaster
management policy with a conventional implementation capacity but it lacks on integration of policies
and mechanisms in disaster risk reduction. Thus, developing an approach for integrating various
aspects related to flood disasters in order to reduce potential threat and risks for future is important.
There is some efforts put forward to reduce flood disaster risks in Malaysia, however a
comprehensive approach to develop a decision support system for managing disasters related to
flood/flash flood, which integrates all possible aspects is still to be considered. This study aims to
develop an integrated approach (decision supporting system, DSS model) for long-term and robust
inclusive disaster management initiative based on a study on the Pahang River Basin. It looks into a
decision integrating approach to deal with flood disaster and investigates how the population is
affected by floods in the three districts of Temerloh, Kuantan and Pekan. The prime objective is to
investigate the current practices in flood disaster risk management in the Pahang River Basin and
later to integrate multi-dimensional information in a single platform in order to visualize the trends
and facts for supporting flood disaster management decisions. The expected outcome would be an
integrated approach to incorporate scientific approach, socio-economic approach and policy
involvement for reducing the disasters risk. The findings provide support for the policy designers for a
comprehensive system thinking in decision support system (DSS).The model on flood disaster
management decision making established will also have potential use for future flood events. Thus, it
is expected that such a model can be applied to other river basins in Malaysia and also in the regions
of Southeast Asia.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 85
Pembentangan Poster
No. Poster Penyampai Tajuk
P-01 Asong Joseph, Mohd Dahlan A.
Malek, Ferlis Bullare @ Bahari &
Ida Shafinaz Mohamed Kamil
Kemurungan dan Daya Tindak Mangsa Banjir:
Kajian di Manik Urai, Kelantan
P-02 Christie Binti Dauni, Mohd Dahlan
A. Malek, Ferlis bin Bullare @
Bahari, Ida Shafinaz Mohamed
Kamil & Agnes Sombuling
Stres Dan Kesejahteraan Psikologi Anggota
Bomba dalam Pengurusan Bencana di Malaysia
P-03 Allya Cassandra Alim, Ferlis
Bullare @ Bahari, Mohd. Dahlan A.
Malek, Jasmine Adela Mutang,
Lailawati Madlan & Wan Anor
Sulaiman
Pengalaman Trauma dan Daya Tindak Dalam
Kalangan Malim Gunung Semasa Bencana
Gempa Bumi di Sabah
P-04 Nur Fadzlina Aini M.Lehan,
Khamarrul Azahari Razak, Rabieatul
Abu Bakar, Zakaria Mohamad
Geospatial-Derived Disaster Area Business
Continuity Planning: Case Study in
Kundasang, Sabah
P-05 Syed Omar, Zainab Mohamed &
Khamarrul Azahari Razak
Geoengineering Interpretation of the
Kundasang Ground Assessment
P-06 Rahmah Elfithri, Syamimi
Halimshah, Md Pauzi Abdullah,
Mazlin Mokhtar, Mohd Ekhwan
Toriman, Ahmad Fuad Embi,
Maimon Abdullah, Lee Yook Heng,
Khairul Nizam Ahmad Maulud,
Syafinaz Salleh, Maizurah Maizan &
Nurlina Mohamad Ramzan
Pahang Flood Disaster : The Potential Flood
Drivers
P-07 Norashikin Samsuri, Joy Periera &
Tanot Unjah
Kerangka Penilaian Keberkesanan Pendekatan
Banjir Bukan Berstruktur: Kajian Kes
Seremban
P-08 Chamhuri Siwar, Nurul Ashikin
Alias, Nor Diana Mohd Idris
Vulnerability and Socioeconomic Impacts of
Flooding in Pahang River Basin
P-09 Mohd Asraff Asmadi, Nurliyana
Izzati Ishak1 Muhammad Zulkarnain
Abdul Rahman & Khamarrul Azahari
Razak
Mapping and Characterization of Complex
Landslides: Multi-Scale LiDAR Approach
P-10 Nurliyana Izzati binti Ishak, Mohd
Asraff bin Asmadi, Muhammad
Zulkarnain bin Abdul Rahman &
Khamarrul Azahari Razak
Extracting Vegetation Anomalies Induced By
Landslide
P-11 Afrida Sri Rahayu Karim & Baba
Musta
Ciri-ciri Fizikal Tanah Formasi Garinono dan
Kesannya Terhadap Kejadian Pergerakan Jisim
P-12 Norasikin Hassan, Izrahayu Che
Hashim & Che Siti Noor Che Mamat
Kesediaan Awam Terhadap Bencana di
Malaysia: Peranan Media Sosial dan
Penglibatan Masyarakat
P-13 Hennie Fitria Wulandary Soehady
Erfen & Baba Musta
Kajian Simulasi Gegaran Gempa Bumi keatas
Kekuatan Batuan di Kawasan Ranau-
Kundasang, Sabah
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
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P-01
KEMURUNGAN DAN DAYA TINDAK MANGSA BANJIR: KAJIAN DI MANIK URAI,
KELANTAN
Asong Joseph1, Mohd Dahlan A. Malek
2, Ferlis Bullare @ Bahari
3 & Ida Shafinaz Mohamed
Kamil4
1234 Fakulti Psikologi dan Pendidikan, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS 88400
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
KATA KUNCI. Kemurungan, Daya Tindak, Mangsa Banjir dan Kelantan
ABSTRAK. Banjir merupakan bencana alam yang diberi perhatian kerana ia mampu mewujudkan
pelbagai kerosakan harta benda dan mengancam kehidupan serta ekonomi negara khususnya
penduduk yang terlibat. Menurut Majlis Keselamatan Negara (2012), bencana merupakan suatu
kejadian yang menyebabkan gangguan kepada aktiviti masyarakat dan urusan Negara, melibatkan
kehilangan nyawa, kerosakan harta benda, kerugian ekonomi dan kemusnahan alam sekitar yang
melangkaui kemampuan masyarakat untuk mengatasinya dan memerlukan tindakan penggemblengan
sumber yang ekstensif. Bencana banjir ini berlaku apabila paras air adalah lebih tinggi daripada
keadaan biasa, terutamanya semasa musim hujan. Keadaan yang boleh dikatakan banjir apabila
sesuatu kawasan yang kering dinaiki air secara tiba-tiba pada suatu kedalaman tertentu. Air yang
bertakung yang mengakibatkan banjir boleh disebabkan dari beberapa faktor seperti hujan yang luar
biasa, saliran tersumbat dan tidak dibaiki serta kenaikan paras sungai disebabkan hujan berterusan.
Musibah banjir yang berlaku dalam negara baru-baru ini amat membimbangkan kerana melibatkan
kemusnahan yang berlaku dalam skala yang besar. Pertambahan penduduk dalam kawasan
pembangunan yang tertumpu di lembangan dan lurah sungai yang mudah dinaiki air menyebabkan
kejadian banjir sukar dielakkan. Kejadian banjir sebenarnya bukan hanya memberikan kesan secara
fizikal dan persekitaran sahaja malah bencana ini juga mampu meninggalkan kesan secara mendalam
(psikologi) kepada individu yang terlibat (Chan & Parker, 1999). Oleh itu, satu kajian dilakukan untuk
mengkaji kemurungan yang dialami dan daya tindak yang diambil oleh mangsa pasca banjir,
khususnya di kawasan Manek Urai yang dilaporkan antara kawasan yang terjejas teruk. Di Kelantan,
terdapat sepuluh daerah yang dilanda banjir termasuklah Kota Bahru, Pasir Putih, Pasir Mas, Tanah
Merah, Kuala Krai, Gua Musang, Jeli, Tumpat, Machang dan Bachok. Jumlah mangsa banjir bagi
semua daerah bagi negeri tersebut adalah 339,703 orang (Majlis Keselamatan Negara, 2015). Seramai
179 orang yang terdiri daripada 108 orang perempuan dan 71 orang lelaki terlibat dalam kajian
kuantitatif. Manakala seramai 29 orang yang terlibat dalam kajian kualitatif. Kajian ini menggunakan
pendekatan mixed method (Explanatory Sequential Design) yang melibatkan pengedaran soal selidik
dan temu bual untuk memperoleh data. Pengkaji menggunakan alat kajian Multi Depression Inventory
yang telah diubahsuai daripada Sattler dan Kaiser (2000); Berndt (1986) untuk mengukur kemurungan
selepas menghadapi bancana dan alat kajian Disaster Psychosocial Respons yang telah diubahsuai
daripada Kaniasty & Norris (1993); McCubbin & Thompson (1991) untuk mengukur reaksi
psikososial terhadap bencana. Manakala temu bual menggunakan protokol soalan semi berstruktur
yang dibina berdasarkan dapatan hasil kajian pada fasa kuantitatif. Hasil kajian mendapati terdapat
tiga tahap kemurungan yang dialami iaitu tahap rendah, tahap sederhana dan tahap tinggi. Kajian turut
melaporkan terdapat tiga bentuk daya tindak yang diambil semasa menghadapi bencana banjir
tersebut.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 87
Kemurungan
“akak rasa sedih apabila melihat keadaan
sekeliling dengan harta benda turut
musnah. Sedihlah sebab susah untuk
mendapat balik harta yang telah ada.”
“Bila datang hujan, tu yang jadi takut.
Macam kita nak tidur pun macam takut,
tu yang jadi kita teringat balik.”
“Memang tak boleh tidur. Pejam pun tak
boleh pejam mata dah.”
“Ya , mak cik dah tak dapat nak hurai ,
hanya Tuhan saja yang tahu betapa
sedihnya bila pindah tempat pemindahan
banjir ni.”
Strategi Daya Tindak
“Doa tu , mak cik minta Allah permudahkan jalan , beri
petunjuk jalan mana yang betul untuk mak cik perbaiki
kemusnahan ini.”
“Erm , tentang musibah ini mak cik harapkan agar Allah
pulihkan, baiki dan pulih keadaan ini lebih dari yang sebelum
ini.”
“Alhamdulillah , anak-anak yang bagi duit untuk beli
keperluan Kelmarin anak mak cik telefon, dia hantar duit untuk
mak cik beli pakaian dan untuk perbelanjaan mak cik bulan
puasa.”
“Aa , yelah . Kalau mak cik cerita kepada orang lain tu , mak
cik berasa lega lah.”
0
10
20
30
40
Rendah Sederhana Tinggi
Rajah 1: Tahap kemurungan mangsa banjir di Manek Urai, Kelantan (%)
Rendah
Sederhana
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Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 88
Rujukan
Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki (2014) http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/rencana/article/musibah-banjir-
terburuk-di-kelantan-asyraf-wajdi-dusuki - Retrived 1 Jun 2015.
Berndt, D.J. (1986). Multiscore Depression Inventory Manual. Los Angeles: Western
Psychological Services.
Chan, N. W. dan Parker, D. J. (1999) Aspek Sosio-Ekonomi Bencana Banjir di Semenanjung
Malaysia.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd
ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kaniasty, K., & Norris, F.H. (1993).A test of the social support deterioration model in the context of
natural disaster. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 395-408.
Majlis Keselamatan Negara (2012). Arahan Majlis Keselamatan Negara No. 20 (Semakan Semula.
Dasar dan Mekanisme Pengurusan Bencana Negara. MKN: Jabatan Perdana Menteri.
McCubbin, H. I., & Thompson, A. I. (Eds.). (1991). Family assessment inventories for research and
practice (2nd ed). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.
Sattler, D.N., Kaiser, C.F. & J.B. Hittner (2000). “Disaster Preparedness: Relationships among
Prior Experience, Personal Characteristics, and Distress.” Journal of Applied Social
Psychology 30: 1398–1420.
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P-02
STRES DAN KESEJAHTERAAN PSIKOLOGI ANGGOTA BOMBA DALAM PENGURUSAN
BENCANA DI MALAYSIA
Christie Binti Dauni 1 , Mohd Dahlan A. Malek
2, Ferlis bin Bullare @ Bahari
3, Ida Shafinaz
Mohamed Kamil4 & Agnes Sombuling
5
12345Universiti Malaysia Sabah
ABSTRAK. Bencana adalah peristiwa yang mengancam dan mengganggu kehidupan masyarakat.
Keadaan ini disebabkan oleh faktor alam atau faktor non alam mahupun faktor manusia sehingga
mengakibatkan timbulnya kemalangan jiwa manusia, kerosakan, kerugian harta benda, dan kesan
psikologi. Mereka yang terlibat secara langsung dalam misi penyelamat seperti anggota bomba.
Pekerjaan sebagai bomba salah satu daripada pekerjaan paling berbahaya dan memberikan tekanan
kerana sering memberi ancaman keselamatan dan mereka memikul banyak tanggungjawab yang
berterusan. Tidak dinafikan mereka sentiasa berhadapan dengan keadaan stres apabila berhadapan
dengan bencana atau semasa melaksanakan tugas. Pada masa yang sama ia juga memberi kesan
kepada kesejahteraan psikologi mereka. Oleh itu, satu kajian dilakukan untuk mengkaji tahap stres
dan kesejahteraan psikologi yang dialami oleh anggota bomba dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugas
penyelamatan mangsa bencana. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif dengan menggunakan
borang soal selidik untuk memperolehi data. Seramai 604 orang anggota bomba sebagai responden
yang terlibat dalam kajian ini. Data diperolehi dianalisis menggunakan SPSS versi 21.0. Hasil kajian
menunjukkan terdapat tiga tahap stres dan kesejahteraan psikologi iaitu tahap rendah, sederhana dan
tinggi. Hasil dan implikasi dibincangkan lebih lanjut dalam kajian ini.
KATA KUNCI. Stres, Kesejahteraan Psikologi, Pengurusan bencana
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P-03
PENGALAMAN TRAUMA DAN DAYA TINDAK DALAM KALANGAN MALIM GUNUNG
SEMASA BENCANA GEMPA BUMI DI SABAH
Allya Cassandra Alim1, Ferlis Bullare @ Bahari
2, Mohd. Dahlan A. Malek
3, Jasmine Adela
Mutang4, Lailawati Madlan
5 & Wan Anor Sulaiman
6
123456 Unit Penyelidikan Psikologi dan Kesihatan Sosial Fakulti Psikologi dan Pendidikan
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
KATA KUNCI. Pengalaman Trauma, Daya Tindak, Malim gunung
ABSTRAK. Pada 5 Jun (Awani, 2015), gempa bumi sederhana bermagnitud 5.9 pada skala richter
telah menggegarkan Ranau, Sabah pada jam 7.15 pagi. Pusat Gempa Bumi dan Tsunami Nasional
menyatakan bahawa gegaran tersebut telah dirasai di kebanyakan tempat di Sabah termasuk Ranau,
Tambunan, Pedalaman Sabah, Tuaran, Kota Belud dan Kota Kinabalu. Pusat gempa tersebut terletak
di 16 kilometer Barat laut Ranau. Gegaran tersebut telah menyebabkan kehilangan nyawa dan
kemusnahan harta benda dalam kalangan penduduk yang terjejas. Bencana semula jadi mempunyai
kesan yang negatif kepada kesejahteraan mental individu yang terlibat. Risiko untuk mengalami
trauma dan masalah mental yang lain turut wujud. Trauma suatu pengalaman emosi yang biasanya
berlaku disebabkan oleh tragedi yang dialami oleh mangsa seperti pengalaman akibat bencana alam
dan pengalaman lain seperti peperangan, rogol, penculikan dan penderaan. Pengalaman emosi yang
dialami selepas tragedi dapat dikenal pasti melalui bidang perubatan. Sumber trauma datang daripada
tragedi yang tidak dijangka dan individu berkenaan tidak mempunyai persediaan dalam menghadapi
bencana sedemikian. Tiga (3) bahagian utama dalam otak manusia yang akan berperanan dalam
mewujudkan trauma setelah pengalaman dialami iaitu bahagian cortex (merangkumi kemahiran
berfikir), sistem limbik (pusat segala emosi dalam ataupun otak tengah) dan juga stem otak (bahagian
yang akan mengawal kefungsian untuk bertahan dalam sesuatu keadaan). Trauma akan mendatangkan
kesan seperti gangguan pemakanan, gangguan tidur, gangguan fungsi seksual, kurang bertenaga,
mengalami kesakitan yang tidak jelas dan menjadi emosional kepada individu yang mengalaminya
(Jaffe, Segal dan Dumke, 2005). Pengalaman tragedi bencana alam biasanya menyebabkan distress
psikologikal yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan tragedi lain. Hal ini kerana mangsa akan mengalami
kehilangan ahli keluarga ataupun kehilangan salah satu anggota badan. Wanita dan kanak-kanak
adalah merupakan golongan yang lebih berisiko mengalami trauma (Cenat dan Derivous, 2015).
Kajian lepas mendapati bahawa kebanyakan mangsa bencana gempa bumi mengalami pengalaman
trauma yang tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian terhadap distres trauma, trauma dissociative dan
kepuasan hidup akibat bencana gempa bumi dalam kalangan malim gunung adalah masih terhad.
Selari dengan perkembangan bidang psikologi di Malaysia, kajian ini dilihat sangat penting dan
signifikan khususnya dalam meneroka pengalaman trauma dan daya tindak malim gunung yang
merupakan mangsa gempa bumi agar dapat memberikan panduan tentang kaedah psikologi yang
bersesuaian dalam berdepan dengan trauma. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk meneroka secara kualitatif
pengalaman trauma dan daya tindak dalam kalangan malim gunung. Pendekatan kualitatif melalui
kaedah kajian kes digunakan dengan menggunakan protokol temubual yang dibentuk oleh kumpulan
penyelidik. Analisis Grounded Theory digunakan untuk menganalisis data kajian. Justeru, kajian
dalam bidang psikologi pertama di Sabah dan mungkin di Malaysia yang menjurus kepada malim
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Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 91
gunung sejak bencana gempa berlaku di Sabah pada 1966 dan 1991 diharap memberi sumbangan
ilmu, pengetahuan dan maklumat kepada mangsa bencana gempa bumi dan masyarakat umum. Hasil
kajian mendapati wujud coping dalam kalangan malim gunung. Kajian turut melaporkan wujud daya
tindak yang diambil semasa gempa bumi.
Pengalaman Trauma
“Ya sentiasa terkejut, asal dengar bunyi orang tutup pintu pun saya rasa terkejut dan takut sudah.”
“Ada. Macam tidak tahu fikir mahu pergi mana.”
“Ya, sesak nafas dan berpeluh.”
Strategi Daya Tindak
“Saya berdoa juga supaya kami sampai di bawah dengan selamat.”
“Lepas tu gegaran sana kan, kami semua berkumpul masing2. Sini Cina, sini Islam, sini Korea, semua
berdoa masing2.”
“Redha saja, sudah takdir”
“Macamana mahu marah, semua pun kena. Redha saja lah, terima saja”
Gambar 1: Para penyelidik turun lapangan
Gambar 2: Keadaan bangunan BSN, Ranau selepas gempa bumi
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 92
Gambar 3: Keadaan salah sebuah bangunan di Ranau selepas gempa bumi
Acknowledgement
Kajian ini telah dibiayai oleh Geran Kajian Fundamental (SBK0238-SS-2015) di bawah Universiti
Malaysia Sabah.
Rujukan
Aldwin CM, Revenson TA (1987) Does coping help? A re-examination of the relation between
coping and mental health. J Pers Soc Psychol 53:337–348.
Breslau N, Anthony JC. Gender differences in the sensitivity to posttraumatic stress disorder: an
epidemiological study of urban young adults. J Abnorm Psychol 2007;116:607–611.
Breslau N, Wilcox HC, Storr CL, et al. Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder: a study of
youths in urban America. J Urban Health 2004;81:530–544.
Brunet A, Weiss DS, Metzler TJ, et al. The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory: a proposed measure of
PTSD criterion A2. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1480-1485.
Buletin JKN Negeri Sembilan, 2014.
http://jknns.moh.gov.my/v1/images/stories/penerbitan/Psikologi/2014/Edisi_1.pdf
Cénat, J. M., & Derivois, D. (2015). Long‐Term Outcomes Among Child And Adolescent Survivors
Of The 2010 Haitian Earthquake. Depression and anxiety, 32(1), 57-63.
Charak, R., Armour, C., Elklit, A., Angmo, D., Elhai, J. D., & Koot, H. M. (2014). Factor structure of
PTSD, and relation with gender in trauma survivors from India. European journal of
psychotraumatology, 5.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 93
P-04
GEOSPATIAL-DERIVED DISASTER AREA BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLANNING:
CASE STUDY IN KUNDASANG, SABAH
Nur Fadzlina Aini M.Lehan1*
, Khamarrul Azahari Razak1, Rabieatul Abu Bakar
2, Zakaria
Mohamad2
1 UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM) Kuala Lumpur, 54100 Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur
2 3 Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi
Selangor
Corresponding author *: [email protected]
KEYWORDS: Business Continuity Planning, Geospatial Technology, Multi-Scale Disaster Risk
Reduction, Kundasang
ABSTRACT
Introduction
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods and droughts bring fatalities, injuries, property damage,
and economic and social disruption to countries that bear the brunt of acts of nature. Disaster aid for
emergency relief and reconstruction is important in helping reduce the exposure to consequent risks,
and ensuring the availability of sufficient funds to governments and individuals during the recovery
process. Sabah is one of multi-racial state in Malaysia. The population are diverse in term of cultural,
religious, languages, and socio-economic activities such as tourism and agriculture. In many areas in
Sabah, including Kundasang, there were natural or man-made disasters that will continue to represent
a threat to individuals and local communities.
Objectives
The aim of this paper is to examine how the local communities in Kundasang, that affected by natural
disasters, adapting with the consequences of natural disasters in term of economic losses / business
resilience. The study will adapted the Area Business Continuity Planning (ABCP) introduced by
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) which already being tested in natural disasters prone
areas in Asia such as Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand. The ABCP will be combined with an
integrated smart geospatial solution incorporating advanced earth observation system and intelligent
geo-information technologies data.
Methods
The paper will explain the development of Area Business Continuity Plan (ABCP) for natural
disasters prone area such as Kundasang in term of social (Interviews, Questionnaires) and technical
(zoning mapping using geospatial data) approach. [Results]. One methodological framework on how
to assess the ABCP in Kundasang to help the Multi – Scale Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR).
Discussion
It would be an interesting findings in order to help the local and Small Manufacture Enterprise (SME)
communities as the private stakeholders in Kundasang in managing their small business and reducing
the recovery times by adapting the ABCP action framework.
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Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 94
Conclusion
The new strategies to develop action framework in order to help the local or affected stakeholders
with the discontinuity business due to natural disasters would be beneficial for public and private
sectors. The geospatial data technologies would give a huge help in monitoring as well as the zoning
mapping for the hazardous areas. Using Kundasang as a study area are advantageous because the area
is prone to many natural disasters activities, the area development are sparse as well as a lot of socio-
economic activities happened within the area.
Acknowledgment
This study acknowledge the support of other research team from UKM, Southeast Asia Disaster
Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI) as implementing institutional for the pilot study of the area
BCP/ BCM in Malaysia.
References
PreventionWeb (2015) Malaysia - Disaster & Risk Profile, viewed 1 Sept 2015, at
http://www.preventionweb.net/countries/mys/data/
Shaluf, I.M., and Ahmadun, F.R. (2006). Disaster types in Malaysia: an overview. Disaster Prevention
and Management. Vol. 15 No. 2, 2006 pp. 286-298. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. DOI
10.1108/09653560610659838.
Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (2013). Chair’s Summary. Fourth Session of the Global
Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geeva, 21-23 May 2013
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P-05
GEOENGINEERING INTERPRETATION OF THE KUNDASANG GROUND ASSESSMENT
Syed Omar*1, Zainab Mohamed
2 & Khamarrul Azahari Razak
3
1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara(UiTM), Malaysia
2 Institute for Infrastructure Engineering and Sustainable Management, Universiti Teknologi Mara
(UiTM), Malaysia 3UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM), Malaysia
. ABSTRACT. Kundasang is identified as one of the major geological hazard area due to the
presence of ongoing mass movement, numerous localised failures and ground creeping at various
locations. This problem has caused substantial damaged to properties such as building structure,
roads, telecommunication towers ,electricity infrastructure and agriculture orchards which directly
result in high economic losses to the government, investors and residents in the Kundasang area .
Several efforts have been taken by various parties to investigate the probable causes of ground
failure in the Kundasang area whenever any occurrence of ground failure taken place. However ,
such efforts seem to be of no avail because ground instability continue to occur and still can be
detected frequently in the Kundasang area.This paper highlighted the important of comprehensive
geological and geotechnical evaluation to be conducted in Kundasang especially the characteristic of
weak rock material that most likely become a causal factor that strongly influenced the ground
stability and affected engineering structures. In addition,information from construction suitability
map also been used to identify the suitability of particular location for construction purpose. From
these assessment it can be concluded that Kundasang is most likely considered as difficult ground for
construction. Therefore construction industry in the Kundasang area is quite challenging and very
costly . It is expected that with detailed and comprehensive knowledge, suitable design of geotechnical
solution at difficult ground can be conducted accurately and objectively which eventually could
promote sustainable development and enhancing public safety in the Kundasang area.
KEYWORDS. Geological hazard; ground instability; geological and geotechnical evaluation; weak
rock material; sustainable development
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P-06
PAHANG FLOOD DISASTER : THE POTENTIAL FLOOD DRIVERS
Rahmah Elfithri
1, Syamimi Halimshah
1,2*, Md Pauzi Abdullah
1,2, Mazlin Mokhtar
1, Mohd
Ekhwan Toriman3, Ahmad Fuad Embi
4, Maimon Abdullah
2, Lee Yook Heng
2, Khairul Nizam
Ahmad Maulud4 , Syafinaz Salleh
1, Maizurah Maizan
2 & Nurlina Mohamad Ramzan
1
1Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) ,
2Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), 3Faculty of Social Science and Humanities (FSSK),
4Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment (FKAB)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT. The northeast monsoon which occurs from November to February carries heavy
rainfall which always result in flood especially to the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Pahang was
one of the state that severely affected by this flood. Although the heavy rain is the main driver of the
flood but human being cannot ignore the other flood drivers especially the river and its nearby
environment circumstance which regard the flood event. The objective of this study was to determine
the other flood drivers especially the river and its nearby environment circumstance which regard the
flood event. The methodologies used in this study involved data collection through literature reviews
and flood reports from Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) and interview to gather more
information and verify the issues and other related drivers. The possible drivers of flooding in Pahang
that occurred are as follows : 1) High rain intensity (>60 mm/hour, 200 – 450 mm/day) at the
upstream that increases the quantity of water in the river and causes it to overflow 2) Water from area
that has no drainage connection with the river (lowland, recessed and swamp area) was also flowing
out and contributed to the flood 3) The size of the irrigation system is insufficient to bear the water
flow rate and the tributary network is unable to withstand the large runoff 4) Increased reclaim of
wetland area for development that causes irrigation system to be narrowed and obstructed for the
water to flowing in to the tributaries 5) Prevalent forest clearing and logging activity increased the
water non-absorbent area 6) Ground cutting for development purpose decreased the rain water
absorption into the ground and increased surface water runoff, thus causes the watershed area
decrease in its ability to hold water 7) Shallow estuary caused by high sedimentation from various
activities leads to slow water conduction flowing from flood area to the sea 8) Most residential area
are located at lowland and flood plain region coupled with bad irrigation system especially in big
residential area, thus increased the flood risk. Each possible driver of flooding in Pahang that
occurred in 2014 has to be discussed further in term of the responsible stakeholders who should
involve in the management and maintenance. The heavy rainfall from northeast monsoon which was
the main flood driver cannot be avoided but some flood drivers especially the river and its nearby
environment that may contribute to higher magnitude of flood can be fixed and controlled by human.
KEYWORDS. Pahang, flood drivers, river, heavy rainfall, environment circumstance
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P-07
KERANGKA PENILAIAN KEBERKESANAN PENDEKATAN BANJIR BUKAN
BERSTRUKTUR: KAJIAN KES SEREMBAN
Norashikin Samsuri1*
, Joy Periera1 & Tanot Unjah
1
Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRi),
Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi Selangor
*E-mail: [email protected]
KATA KUNCI: Banjir bandar, pendekatan bukan berstruktur, agensi kerajaan tempatan Seremban.
ABSTRAK. Banjir merupakan salah satu bencana alam yang paling dahsyat berlaku, banjir
menyebabkan banyak nyawa, harta benda dan ternakan hilang, kerugian disamping memberikan
trauma (Penna & River 2013; Haryati et al 2011).) Banjir merupakan fenomena yang mempunyai sifat
boleh dijangka dan diluar jangkaan. Kebanyakan banjir dahsyat adalah banjir kilat yang disebabkan
oleh hujan berlebihan dalam jangka masa beberapa jam (Penna and Rivers 2013). Kajian
menunjukkan bahawa banjir kilat dikawasan perbandaran merupakan banjir yang mempunyai impak
kemusnahan yang paling besar berbanding lokasi dan jenis banjir-banjir lain. Antara faktor
berlakunya banjir adalah hujan berlebihan dan pembangunan pesat yang mempengaruhi bentuk muka
bumi. Pembangunan semasa yang bersifat menutup ruang telap hujan dan sekaligus mengurangkan
kawasan hijau secara mendadak merupakan factor yang menyumbang kepada pertambahan air larian .
Hasil daripada pendekatan pembangunan semasa adalah wujudnya kawasan aktif banjir kilat di bandar
seperti di Kuala Lumpur. Jika pendekatan pembangunan yang sama digunakan dalam membangunkan
bandar-bandar lain di seluruh negara isu banjir kilat di kawasan perbandaran akan menjadi perkara
yang perlu ditangani bagi setiap bandar di Malaysia dengan kos yang sangat besar dan pastinya
berganda pada masa akan datang. Antara bandar terdekat yang mempunyai cirian pembangunan yang
hampir sama dengan Kuala Lumpur adalah bandar dalam konurbasi Lembah Kelang yang terdiri
daripada kawasan sekitar Selangor (Kajang, Petaling Jaya, Cheras, Shah Alam dan Klang) dan Negeri
Sembilan (Seremban, Seremban 2, Nilai, Bandar Sri Sendayan, Senawang, Bandar Enstek dan
Seremban 3). Sejarah banjir kilat yang berlaku di Kuala Lumpur perlu dijadikan panduan untuk
mengemaskan pendekatan pembangunan khususnya Seremban, Negeri Sembilan Bandar Seremban
yang dipilih untuk kajian ini merupakan kawasan yang pesat membangun disebabkan oleh limpahan
populasi daripada Lembah Klang berikutan guna tanah Kuala Lumpur semakin kurang. Berdasarkan
rekod Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Sembilan dalam tempoh 13 tahun kebelakangan ini
sebanyak 27 kejadian direkodkan berlaku dengan purata 2 kejadian banjir dalam tempoh 1 tahun.
Manakala populasi penduduk daerah Seremban (rajah 2) direkodkan pada tahun 2000 adalah seramai
383530 orang, tahun 2010 seramai 555935 orang dan tahun 2013 seramai 594600 orang (UPEN
Negeri Sembilan 2013) yang menunjukkan peningkatan sebanyak 14.37% dalam tempoh 3 tahun.
Peningkatan populasi ini dipengaruhi oleh perubahan gunatanah kawasan. Menurut Shaharudin et al.
(2011), mendapati terdapat dua arah dan bentuk perubahan dalam guna tanah. Pertamanya dari
kawasan hutan bertukar menjadi kawasan pertanian terutamanya getah dan kawasan perlombongan
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dibuka untuk tujuan ekonomi dan kemudiannya menjadi kawasan tepubina yang terdiri daripada
pelbagai kegiatan perumahan di samping kawasan industri, komersil, institut dan sebagainya yang
menyokong sektor perumahan tersebut untuk terus berkembang. Keduanya adalah perubahan yang
berlaku secara drastik bermula dari kawasan berhutan berubah terus menjadi kawasan yang terdiri
daripada sektor perkilangan, industri, komersil dan perumahan yang menjadi tunjang perkembangan
kawasan tepubina ini. Peralihan ini jelas dapat dilihat di kawasan Senawang yang sebelumnya
merupakan kawasan hutan simpan dan bertukar menjadi kawasan industri dan Bandar Senawang yang
lengkap dengan segala kemudahan yang diperlukan oleh masyarakat di Bandar. Dalam tempoh
sepuluh tahun pelbagai usaha telah dilaksanakan meliputi kaedah dan pendekatan berstruktur dan
bukan struktur, namun isu banjir belum dapat diselesaikan sepenuhnya. Berdasarkan kajian semasa
kajian ini cuba memperlihat apa yang boleh diperkukuhkan dengan melihat dari pendekatan setiap
agensi menangani isu banjir. Borang selidik telah dibangunkan bagi melihat pendekatan tidak
berstruktur dalam menangani banjir. Kriteria-kriteria ini bakal mengenalpasti tanggungjawab sediada
agensi kerajaan tempatan melalui pendekatan-pendekatan bukan berstruktur dalam melihat
keberkesanan perlaksanaan, usaha-usaha menangani banjir dan kekurangan, halangan serta
kelompangan yang wujud. Kriteria yang dipilih bagi menjawab persoalan pendekatan tidak
berstruktur adalah meliputi bahagian B kesan banjir ke atas persekitaran dan masyarakat; bahagian C
punca banjir daerah seremban; bahagian D faktor banjir semulajadi; bahagian E faktor banjir akibat
tindakan manusia; bahagian F sistem saliran; bahagian G pengurusan banjir; bahagian H langkah
penyelesaian. Kriteria-kriteria ini dijangka dapat menjawab persoalan kajian berikut; mengkaji sejauh
mana setiap agensi berperanan menangani banjir, mengenalpasti adakah wujud pertindihan
tanggungjawab antara agensi, mengenalpasti lompang yang masih belum dijawab pelbagai agensi
sediada. Kajian ini juga dijangka dapat membantu dalam menangani isu banjir di kawasan bandar
melalui pendekatan bukan berstruktur dan mengenalpasti keberkesanan pengendalian bencana banjir
lebih berkesan yang mampu menjadi panduan pembangunan dan mungkin membawa kepada sifar
banjir. Selain itu diharap dapat membantu agensi-agensi kerajaan dalam menangani banjir bandar
sebagai usaha jangka pendek dan jangka panjang.
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Rajah 1: Kawasan yang pernah dilanda banjir daerah Seremban
Rujukan
Anthony N. Penna and Jennifer S. Rivers. 2013. Natural Disasters In a Global Environment. Wil1ey
Blackwell Publication.
Haryati Shafii, Sharifah Meryam Shareh Musa & Norasyikin Miskam. 2011. Kajian
Kesanggupan
Pemilik Rumah Untuk Mendapatkan Perlindungan Daripada Bencana Banji. Persidangan Kebangsaan Masyarakat, Ruang dan Alam Sekitar.
Shaharudin Idrus, Ruslan Rainis, & Abdul Samad Hadi. 2011.Transformasi Reruang dan Dayahuni
Perumahan di Seremban, Malaysia. Akademika 81(3) 2011: 83-93.
Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri, Negeri Sembilan. 2013. Data Penting Negeri Sembilan
Tahun 2013.
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P-08
VULNERABILITY AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF FLOODING IN PAHANG
RIVER BASIN
Chamhuri Siwar, Nurul Ashikin Alias*, Nor Diana Mohd Idris
Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Introduction
Floods disaster is one of the common phenomenal occurred in South East region of Peninsular
Malaysia due to the monsoon season in the end of every year. Malaysia frequently experience some
flooding every year due to the tropical location which is located at 2°30’ N 112°30’E because it is in
the path of the adverse effects of monsoon weather phenomena. Malaysia have two monsoon season a
year; Northeast monsoon, which occurs from November to March and Southwest monsoon, which
occurs from May to September
Objective
The main objective of this study is to assess the vulnerability and socioeconomic impacts of residents
affected by recent floods in Pahang river basin.
Methodology
This study was conducted at three districts in Pahang state which are Temerloh, Kuantan and Pekan.
These areas had been selected in order to compare vulnerability and socioeconomic impacts of floods
between rural and urban areas in Pahang. There are two type of data had been collected in this study
which are primary data and secondary data. All the secondary data was collected in documentation
form from the local authorities such as Land and District Office (PDT) of Pekan, Temerloh and
Kuantan including. Meanwhile, for the primary data was collected from the face to face interview by
using a well-developed questionnaire. There are several perspective had been included in the
questionnaire set to assess the floods impacts on vulnerability and socioeconomic, which are about
profile of respondents, income and expenditure, assets damages and factors of vulnerability towards
flood. All the data collected was analysed by using SPSS version 21.
Result
There are 602 respondents was collected which 57.14% Male and 42.86% Female with average ages
of 50 – 51 years old. 44.68% of respondents were from the urban area and 55.32% from the rural area
with 99.34% Islam, 0.332% Buddha and Hindu each.
Conclusion
Floods event in Pahang river basin will causing risk, hazard and disaster to riverine communities.
Assessment of vulnerability and socioeconomic impacts of flooding was important in order to reduce
the impact of floods disaster and preparation for the future floods events.
KEYWORDS: Floods, Socioeconomic Impacts, Vulnerability, Floods Impact, Loss and Damages
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Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 101
P-09
MAPPING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPLEX LANDSLIDES: MULTI-SCALE
LIDAR APPROACH
Mohd Asraff Asmadi*1, Nurliyana Izzati Ishak
1, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abdul Rahman
2 &
Khamarrul Azahari Razak3,4
1 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
2 TropicalMap Research Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
3 UTM RAZAK School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
54100 Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4 Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Center, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Kuala Lumpur, 54100 Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
Corresponding author *:[email protected]
ABSTRACT. Landslides play significant roles in hillslope geomorphology processes and reshaping
of the landform in a tectonic and mountainous region. Man-made and natural disturbances often lead
to disaster particularly the one with high exposure of hazard within the buffer of element-at-risk for
landslides. In many cases, large-scale landslides in a subduction tectonic zone occur with respective
indicators and causal factors, which could be extracted from geospatial data and substantially useful
for landslide investigation. The aforementioned scenarios are interesting to investigate with recent
geodynamic activity. A recent 6.0 Mw earthquake in Sabah and about 200 aftershocks caused in many
cascading geohazards such as rock avalanches, rock fall, debris flow, floods, and reactivation of old
landslides resulting the region in a highly prone to the natural disaster. An assessment of landslide
induced by earthquakes in a quantitative and objective manner is still elusive in Malaysia. Therefore,
in this research, we provide a better insight into the use of multi-sensory remote sensing data and
advanced processing tools coupling with expert and local knowledge for mapping, extracting and
characterizing co-seismic landslides in Kundasang, Sabah. A very high density airborne LiDAR and
intelligent processing scheme made the understanding of earth surface processes and landforms as a
result of earthquake and its aftershock possible in a quantitative and objective way. We revealed the
conceptual framework of producing a series of landslide causal factor maps from high density LiDAR
data with acceptable accuracy in a relatively short period. So far, we categorized the LiDAR-derived
landslide causal factor maps namely as LiDAR-derived geomorphologic factor maps, hydro-
topographic factor maps, geological factor maps and anthropogenic factor maps. Recommendation of
appropriate LiDAR-derived landslide causal factor maps will be critically discussed. As a result of
this study, the finding contributes significantly to the analysis and assessment of landslide
susceptibility, hazard and associated risk in a tectonically active region in Malaysia.
KEYWORDS. Landslide induced by earthquake, Multi-sensory remote sensing data analysis, High
density airborne LiDAR, complex landslide characterization, 6.0Mw Sabah earthquake.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 102
P-10
EXTRACTING VEGETATION ANOMALIES INDUCED BY LANDSLIDE
Nurliyana Izzati binti Ishak*1, Mohd Asraff bin Asmadi
1, Muhammad Zulkarnain bin Abdul
Rahman2 & Khamarrul Azahari Razak
3
1Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
2 TropicalMap Research Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
3 UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
54100 Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Corresponding author *:[email protected]
ABSTRACT. In tropical region, vegetation anomalies can be used as a strong evidence for
landslides activities below the canopy. This is supported by significance changes of vegetation
characteristics depending on the scale, type and magnitude of landslides. The aim of this paper is to
produce landslides probability map based on vegetation anomalies induced by landslides in tropical
region. The study will be focusing on the landslides activity in Perak and Sabah. The study area of
Cameron Highland has been observed by using airborne laser scanning (ALS) on July 2010 with the
point cloud density of 4 points in every 1m2 and the field work of Kundasang will be done on
November. The important vegetation anomalies that can be obtained from ALS are tree height,
species distribution, height distribution, type of vegetation whether it is low, middle or high
vegetation. The result obtained from the ALS is then will be validate using ground data survey and
compare the result obtained by ALS and ground data. The details that need to be collected during the
data collection are Diameter at breast height, tree height by using distometer, tree inclination by
using tree inclinometer, tree species if possible and the center location of the plot. This research will
enhance the understanding of how landslide can be detect by only visualize the tree characteristic.
REFERENCE
Guidelines for Developing and Evaluating Tree Ordinances [Online]. Available: http://www.isa-
arbor.com/tree-ord/ [Accessed 20/3/2015.
ANDERSEN, H.-E., MCGAUGHEY, R. J. & REUTEBUCH, S. E. 2006. Forest Measurement and
Monitoring Using High-Resolution Airborne LiDAR.
BERTOLETTE, D. R. & SPOTSKEY, D. B. 1999. Fuel Model and Forest Type Mapping for
FARSITE Input.
BLOZAN, W. 2004. Tree Measuring Guidelines of the Eastern Native Tree Society.
NCCA 2006. Measurement of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH).
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Figure 1: Location of one of my study site.
Figure 2: Point Cloud
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Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 104
P-11
CIRI-CIRI FIZIKAL TANAH FORMASI GARINONO DAN KESANNYA TERHADAP
KEJADIAN PERGERAKAN JISIM
Afrida Sri Rahayu Karim* & Baba Musta
Fakulti Sains Dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
88400 Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia.
ABSTRAK. Kajian ini melibatkan ciri-ciri fizikal tanah daripada Formasi Garinono yang terletak di
Sandakan, Sabah. Formasi Garinono di sekitar Segaliud Sandakan Sabah merupakan campuran
pelbagai saiz butiran batuan yang diselaputi matriks lumpur yang juga dikenali sebagai melange.
Cerapan lapangan menunjukkan singkapan potongan jalan dan tebing kawasan ladang sering
berlakunya pergerakan jisim. Sebanyak lima kawasan singkapan dan sampel tanah melange telah
diambil untuk analisis sifat fizikal tanah. Hasil analisis menunjukkan kesemua sampel tanah
dikelaskan sebagai lempung dengan nilai peratus lempung berjulat 34.58% hingga 41.60%. Purata
nilai had plastik pula adalah dari 21.48% hingga 33.49%. Nilai indeks keplastikan tanah menunjukkan
sampel bersifat keplastikan rendah hingga tinggi, di mana julat keplastikan kelima-lima sampel adalah
dari 23.25% hingga 33.91%. Ujian pengecutan linear menunjukkan peratusan pengecutan dari
12.14% hingga 17.14%. Ujian kebolehtelapan tanah menunjukkan kesemua sampel tanah mempunyai
darjah kebolehtelapan yang sangat rendah iaitu berjulat 3.09 x 10-9 m/s hingga 1.03 x 10-8 m/s. Nilai
had Atterberg, dan mineral lempung yang tinggi boleh menyebabkan kandungan air melebihi peratus
kandungan air optima; boleh merubah sifat fizikal tanah daripada keadaan pepejal kepada cecair dan
akhirnya berupaya mengalami kegagalan.
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P-12
KESEDIAAN AWAM TERHADAP BENCANA DI MALAYSIA: PERANAN MEDIA SOSIAL
DAN PENGLIBATAN MASYARAKAT
Norasikin Hassan¹* , Izrahayu Che Hashim² & Che Siti Noor Che Mamat1
1 Institut Pembangunan dan Alam Sekitar (LESTARI)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor.
2 Department of Biological And Agricultural Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.
Corr. Author*: [email protected]
KATA KUNCI: Kesediaan, pengurusan bencana, media sosial, penglibatan masyarakat
ABSTRAK. Bencana alam merupakan impak yang berlaku akibat dari perubahan cuaca dunia yang
berlaku secara berterusan. Bencana ditakrifkan sebagai kejadian yang berlaku secara tiba-tiba,
kompleks dalam alam semula jadi, menyebabkan kerugian nyawa, kerosakan kepada harta atau alam
sekitar serta menjejaskan aktiviti harian masyarakat tempatan. Bencana alam turut dikaitkan dengan
perubahan cuaca dunia di mana kejadian tanah runtuh dan banjir merupakan bencana yang sinonim
dengan keadaan cuaca di Malaysia. Terdapat tiga fasa tertentu yang terlibat di dalam pengurusan
bencana seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Jadual 1 iaitu pra-bencana, peringkat semasa bencana dan
peringkat selepas bencana(Magiswary, Murali, Saravanan, & Maniam, 2010). Pada peringkat pra-
bencana, di mana pelan atau persediaan yang dibuat adalah bertujuan untuk menyelamatkan nyawa
atau harta, dan bantuan semasa bencana dan ini juga dikenali sebagai kesediaan terhadap bencana.
Persiapan menghadapi bencana juga adalah inisiatif yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesediaan
dan pengetahuan di kalangan pelbagai pihak berkepentingan, agensi-agensi yang berkaitan mengenai
risiko, langkah-langkah pencegahan dan maklumat bencana lain. Selain daripada itu ia bertujuan
untuk meningkatkan kesediaan yang menyeluruh ke arah bencana atau sekurang-kurangnya
pendedahan kepada jenis bencana yang mungkin berlaku pada sesebuah kawasan.
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Jadual 1: Fasa dalam Kitaran Pengurusan Bencana Sumber: United Nations Development
Programme – Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme(UNDP-APDIP) and Asian
and Pacific Training Centre for Information and Communication Technology for Development
(APCICT) – 2007 (Wattegama, 2007).
Namun, isu yang sering diperkatakan adalah sejauh mana tahap kesediaan ini mampu melindungi dan
melengkapi rakyat Malaysia menghadapi saat kecemasan tersebut. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini
dijalankan bertujuan untuk melihat tahap kesediaan kerajaan dan masyarakat umum di dalam
menghadapi situasi bencana ini dengan bantuan media sosial dan bagaimana penglibatan masyarakat
awam dalam penggunaan media sosial dapat membantu ketika fasa kesediaan menghadapi bencana.
Kajian oleh Dorasamy.M(2010) mendapati Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)
menyatakan, bagi melahirkan masyarakat kekal berdaya tahan dalam menghadapi peristiwa bencana,
individu dan masyarakat perlu mempunyai tahap kesediaan sekurang-kurang 72 jam sebelum
berlakunya bencana. Di dalam tiga fasa pengurusan krisis iaitu fasa persediaan, fasa tindak balas, dan
fasa pemulihan, fasa persediaan atau kesediaan amat penting, pada ketika ini, tumpuan diberikan
kepada aktiviti pencegahan yang bertujuan untuk mengurangkan risiko yang diketahui yang boleh
membawa kepada krisis. Menyedari bahawa tidak semua krisis dapat ditolak, fokus yang sama berat
akan diberikan mengenai perancangan pengurusan krisis dan latihan pasukan pengurusan krisis. Di
dalam tiga peringkat ini, alat media sosial boleh digunakan untuk (1) penyebaran maklumat, (2)
perancangan bencana dan latihan, (3) menyelesaikan masalah dan membuat keputusan, dan (4)
mengumpul maklumat. Ini digambarkan dalam Rajah 1. Di peringkat penyebaran maklumat pula,
maklumat yang disampaikan melalui alat media sosial adalah satu cara yang berkesan untuk
menyediakan maklumat yang boleh dipercayai dengan cepat kepada orang ramai bagi membolehkan
mereka untuk lebih bersedia dan bertindak kepada krisis.
Rajah 1: Fungsi Media Sosial Dan Pengurusan Krisis. (Sumber: RAHS Think Centre).
Kajian ini membincangkan hasil dapatan daripada data sekunder dan analisis kajian terdahulu. Bagi
membantu Strategi Pengurusan Bencana Kebangsaan Malaysia (NDMS) mencapai aspirasinya untuk
memajukan penyelarasan dan pendekatan bersepadu yang berkesan dalam pembinaan budaya
pencegahan, perlindungan dan keselamatan awam di kalangan masyarakat, kajian ini akan
menitikberatkan penglibatan awam di dalam fasa kesediaan ini. Kajian turut meninjau tahap kesediaan
negara-negara yang pernah ditimpa bencana alam seperti negara Jepun dan Amerika sebagai rujukan.
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Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan media sosial bagi kesediaan menghadapi bencana
berada di tahap yang lazim. Penggunaan aplikasi media sosial oleh pertubuhan-pertubuhan
kemanusiaan di beberapa negara di rantau Asia Pasifik mula membuahkan hasil ekoran ia dapat
membantu mengurangkan krisis. Namun begitu, hasil analisa menunjukkan wujudnya jurang digital
yang perlu diberi perhatian dalam menggabungkan media sosial dan alat analisis dalam kerja-kerja
mengenai persiapan menghadapi bencana. Buat masa ini, terdapatnya permintaan terhadap Sistem
Pengurusan Pengetahuan (KMS) maklumat kesediaan bencana bagi membantu pihak berkaitan
membuat keputusan yang optimum dalam perancangan komuniti bencana. Di beberapa tahun
kebelakangan ini, media sosial telah meletus sebagai wacana kategori atas talian dimana kita boleh
membuat kandungan, berkongsi, penanda buku dan rangkaian pada kadar yang luar biasa(Manso &
Manso, 2013). Hasil dapatan kajian oleh Singapore Internet Research Centre Cross, A. R. E. D.
(2015) daripada kedua-dua temu bual dan soal selidik secara konsisten menunjukkan bahawa
pertubuhan kemanusiaan menggunakan media sosial (Rajah 2), Twitter, Facebook, dan YouTube)
kebanyakannya untuk tujuan komunikasi awam, sokongan, pengumpulan dana, dan penglibatan
masyarakat. Manakala dalam domain pengurusan bencana, media sosial digunakan untuk mengumpul
maklumat daripada pertubuhan kemanusiaan yang lain dan agensi kerajaan yang berkaitan dengan
kecemasan. Organisasi juga menggunakan media sosial untuk berkongsi maklumat tentang amaran
awal sebelum bencana dan menghantar kemas kini situasi semasa bencana. Menurut Cross, A. R. E.
D. (2015) lagi, melalui 17 responden organisasi yang menjawab survey,16 menyatakan telah
menggunakan media sosial. Hasil kajian menunjukkan Facebook, Twitter dan YouTube adalah tiga
yang paling popular laman web media sosial yang digunakan oleh pertubuhan-pertubuhan RC / RC di
rantau Asia Pasifik.
Rajah 1: Kekerapan penggunaan media sosial oleh 16 organisasi di Singapura. Sumber: Research
Internet Singapore Centre
Lima ciri-ciri penting yang dimiliki oleh media sosial iaitu kolektif, relevan, kesempurnaan, kejelasan
dan kerjasama merupakan tarikan yang menyokong fungsinya dalam pengurusan krisis bencana.
Sehubungan itu, adalah penting untuk memperkasakan peranan media sosial di semua fasa
pengurusan bencana terutamanya fasa kesediaan menghadapi bencana bagi mengurangkan risiko dan
impak terhadap negara keseluruhannya.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 108
Rujukan
ADRC Country Report 2008 & 2006, Retrieved from www.adrc.asia.com on November 2, 2015.
Cross, A. R. E. D. (2015). State Of Social Media Technologies For Disaster Preparedness In Asia
Pacific Region.
Dorasamy .M. (2010). Disaster Preparedness in Malaysia : An Exploratory Study Multimedia
University Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies , 19–30. doi:1790-2769
Magiswary, D., Murali, R., Saravanan, M., & Maniam, K. (2010). Ict And Disaster Preparedness In
Malaysia: An Exploratory Study. Wseas Transactions On Information Science And
Applications, 7(5), 735–748.
Manso, M., & Manso, B. (2013). The Role Of Social Media In Crisis. 17th Iccrts - Operationalizing
C2 Agility, 93–107. Doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407191-9.00009-0
Mistilis, N. & Sheldon, P. (2005). Knowledge Management For Tourism Crises And Disasters,
Tourism Review International Issues, 10, 1/2 , 39-46.
Murphy, T. and Jennex, M.E.(2006). Knowledge Management, Emergency Response, and Hurricane
Katrina, International Journal ofIntelligent Control Systems, 11(4), pp. 199-208.
NIMS Community. USA. Retrieved on November 2, 2015 from http://www.nimsonline.com/.
United Nations Development Programme. (2007). Asia-Pacific Development Information
Programme (UNDP-APDIP) and Asian and Pacific Training Centre for Information and
Communication Technology for Development (APCICT).
Wattegama, C. (2007). ICT ICT for disaster management. United Nations Development programme –
Asia- Pacific Development Information Programme (UNDP-APDIP) and Asian and Pacific
Training Centre for Information and Communication Technology for Development (APCICT)
– 2007, Thailand: Keen Media (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 109
P-13
KAJIAN SIMULASI GEGARAN GEMPA BUMI KE ATAS KEKUATAN BATUAN DI
KAWASAN RANAU-KUNDASANG, SABAH
Hennie Fitria Wulandary Soehady Erfen* & Baba Musta
Program Geologi, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Emel: [email protected]
ABSTRAK. Gegaran gempa bumi berukuran 5.9 skala Richter yang berlaku di Ranau, Sabah telah
menyebabkan banyak jatuhan batuan dan tanah runtuh di kawasan sekitarnya. Gegaran susulan yang
diterima hingga kini telah melebihi 200 kali yang secara tidak langsung melemahkan satah kegagalan
sedia ada yang telah dihasilkan semasa gegaran awal diterima. Oleh itu, kajian ini dilakukan bagi
mengenalpasti kesan kekuatan gegaran gempa pada pelbagai skala Richter ke atas kekuatan batuan
dari kawasan kejadian iaitu Ranau-Kundasang, Sabah. Magnitud 5.9 SR dijadikan skala piawai atau
kawalan bagi melihat perbezaan gegaran gempa ke atas sifat kejuruteraan batuan. Kajian akan
dijalankan pada magnitud 4.5 SR sehingga 8.5 SR ke atas unit batuan Gravel Pinosouk dan batuan
ultrabes di kawasan kajian. Gravel pinosouk dipilih bagi menentukan kekuatan pengikatan batuan
pada bahan penyimen manakala batuan ultrabes melihat kepada kecenderungan kegagalan batuan
pada satah ketakselanjaran yang hadir. Kajian terdahulu menunjukkan simulasi numerikal antara
proses gempa bumi dan kegagalan batuan adalah berkait rapat dengan kadar tekanan tinggi yang
menjurus kepada retakan rapuh pada batuan utuh bersama sifat ketakselanjaran pada satah sesar sedia
ada. Skala dan masa seismik adalah bergantung kepada perlepasan jumlah tenaga daripada gempa
bumi. Tenaga yang berbeza dilepaskan memberikan kesan berlainan ke atas isipadu batuan. Tenaga
dikira melalui rumus Tenaga = (Masa) / 20,000 di dalam unit dain-sm dan tenaga diukur dalam unit
ergs. Perkaitan juga boleh dilihat di mana log ES (tenaga) = 11.8 + 1.5 M (iaitu jumlah magnitud yang
diterima). Penggunaan rumus-rumus ini dapat menggambarkan tenaga yang dilepaskan semasa gempa
bumi untuk disimulasikan kepada jasad batuan yang mempunyai satah ketakselanjaran sedia ada
seperti struktur kekar, sesar dan retakan bagi menilai sifat kekuatannya. Struktur ketakselanjaran
mengambilkira faktor panjang, saiz, intensiti dan dominasi struktur ketakselanjaran telah
menyediakan satah kegagalan yang diburukkan lagi dengan kesan gegaran menghasilkan jatuhan
batuan dan tanah runtuh. Melalui kajian ini, tenaga gempa akan disimulasikan dan ditindakkan ke atas
batuan bagi melihat kesannya pada sifat kekuatan melalui Ujian Ricih Terus dan Ujian Kekuatan
Tripaksi. Langkah mitigasi akan dicadangkan dengan memastikan bahan yang digunakan untuk
penstabilan haruslah lebih kuat berbanding bahan induk sekitar kawasan kajian.
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 110
W-01
PLATE TECTONICS AND SEISMIC ACTIVITIES IN SABAH AREA
Kueihsiang Cheng, Ph.D.
Dean of Academic Affairs
KaoYuan University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
ABSTRACT. In recent years, the increasing and strengthening earthquake activities in Sunda-Java
Trench at Sumatra segment, it has resulted in the smaller plate jams in inner arc of Bormeo State as
well as in the north of Sabah. It has also caused the enhanced effects of seismic activity. It is particular
to the northwest - southeast trending active faults of north-west segment in Sabah, as to the town of
Kunda sang, Ranau County area. This is the cause of plate jams which caused Ranau ML 5.9
earthquake on June 5, 2015. In fact, for the past five years, five earthquakes have occurred in Ranau
region. For example, in 1976, the Lahad Datu ML6.2 earthquake was the strongest earthquake since
1897. The Sabah eastern region of the earthquake cycle is longer, but the quake is larger, the Ricter
scale six earthquake seismic recording is about one hundred years once. Taiwan's Central Weather
Bureau (CWB) has set up a "seismology center" to build up instant seismic monitoring network. It can
give earthquake quick report within 60 seconds, and three minutes immediate warning. Also, the
"National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction" (NCDR) can draw potential hazard
map and integrate all disaster prevention map data. Such a decentralized operational framework can
also be used in Sabah as a reference.
KEYWORDS. Plate Jams, Sumatra segment, disaster prevention map
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 111
W-02
EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING AND INSTRUMENTATION
Yen-Chun Reid Chen
Section Head, Sanlien Tech. Corp., Taiwan
ABSTRACT. Earthquake early warning (EEW) was booming in late 1990s after a severe ML7.3
earthquake hit Taiwan, killed more than 2500 people and cost a loss of 12 billion US Dollars to the
society. We, San Lien Technology Corp., have devoted into seismic instrumentation for over 20 years.
From 2006, we began to cooperate with seismologists and professors to develop the first and only low
cost network accelerometer embedded with P-wave displacement technology for EEW. Professor Wu
spent five years in discovering the mysterious information P waves had carried from 800+ earthquake
records worldwide. He found whenever the faster P-wave moves vertically over 0.5 cm, the upcoming
slower S waves would carry destructive energy. His research results have been seen in various
scientific publications and conferences. The network accelerometer, P-alert, is a palm-size and metal-
made tri-axial sensor. It provides P-wave EEW, PGA and STA/LTA algorithms. In addition, its
Modbus industrial protocol easily makes integration of applications accessible. Thus, P-alert is ideal
for mass deployment of a regional earthquake monitoring; moreover, it plays a critical role in a local
on-site EEW system which is able to issue warnings or convey signals to attached devices for
emergency stops. Earthquakes are not predictable but we can minimize damages by using EEW
technology. We wish the session brings attendees a fresh idea of earthquake monitoring and early
warning.
KEYWORDS. EEW, seismic instrumentation, P-wave
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 112
W-03
THE INTRODUCTION OF SEISMIC DESIGN IN TAIWAN
Jiunn-Yin Tsay , PE, Ph.D.
Chairman, Tsay Structural Consultant
ABSTRACT. This paper presents the development of seismic design in Taiwan and current seismic
design code for buildings and bridges, which was issued in 2005 and 2008 respectively. The seismic
design requirements reflect the experience obtained from 1999 Chi-chi earthquake, and three levels of
seismic force are considered in the code. For the design level with a return period of 475 years, the
design spectral response acceleration can be developed for general sites, near-fault sites and Taipei
Basin. In addition, in order to avoid the collapse of buildings and bridges during the extremely large
earthquake and the yield of structural components and elements during the frequently small
earthquakes, the required seismic demands at maximum considered earthquake level (MCE, 2%/50
years) and operational level are also included in the new seismic design code. Both static and dynamic
analysis procedures are specified in the new seismic design code.
KEYWORDS. seismic design, buildings, bridges, static and dynamic analysis
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 113
W-04
AUTOMATED E-PLAN-CHECK & COMPLIANCE SYSTEM
Eddy Chen, P.E CEng
novaCITYNETS Pte Ltd, Vice President
ABSTRACT. The traditional process of building plans submission and approval is laborious and
often fraught with challenges due to the huge number of building by-laws, sometimes cryptic
interpretations of the regulations and the need for trained experts to decipher the layers of information
contained in the plans. Thus, it is no surprise when oversights are common and seeking final approval
is usually a protracted journey. In light of public expectations and accelerated development, approving
authorities can no longer depend on manual methods but instead rely on technology to improve on
efficiency. Using BIM and Information Technology, novaCITYNETS develops an e-plan-Check
Compliance System that will automate the checking of building plan regulatory compliance submitted
to the any municipality or government agency, a move that promises to revolutionize the construction
industry. It is a portal-based system that complements the permitting process for the purpose of a
comprehensive automated plans review. It ensures unified, co-ordinated and integrated approach in
dealing with the process of building plan reviews for approving officers. Not only does the platform
enforce consistent in interpretation of building codes as well as transparency in the approval process
but Make possible a consolidated and holistic view of each submission; assisting in better decision-
making and approval process
KEYWORDS. building plans submission, building plan regulatory, BIM
Seminar Bencana Alam 2015 1-2 Disember 2015
Pusat Kajian Bencana Alam, Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam, Universiti Malaysia Sabah 114
W-05
BIM APPLICATION IN CRITICAL BUILDING
Dr. Charles Lin, P.E.
Associate Professor, Kao Yuan University
ABSTRACT. The BIM application is getting popular in engineering application although it is not
cheap. However, the cost/performance of BIM application does not reach the desired goal because of
lack of recognized guideline, particular in earthquake domains. Therefore, to develop the
collaboration guideline for BIM and earthquake is needed. This paper will focus on BIM to Field. The
IFC information exchanges between design and construction phase should be 100% matched to make
sure earthquake resistance of a building as per design. Indeed, Construction Operation Building
information exchanges (COBie) should be carried out. Finally, the government grants are important to
promote this kind of research. Most importantly, the ultimate beneficiaries are the quality of public
works.
From the industry side and the government point of view, the paper has four innovative and values as
follows:
① Understanding the requirements and its operations of information exchanges between design and
construction phase. These operations should include the standard Formatted IFC as well as BIM to
Field environment.
② Based upon the required operations, the draft of COBie guideline co-relative to earthquake to be
studied.
③ Setting demonstration for BIM to Field operations and the standard Formatted IFC application to
improve construction quality to against earthquake.
④ Holding a forward-looking workshop and seminar to in-depth discussion how to reduce the risk of
critical building.
KEYWORDS. BIM, IFC, earthquake, critical building