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71

LAMPIRAN

72

Lampiran 1 Konsentrasi sodium hidroksida pada derajat Baume yang berbeda*)

Derajat Baume Konsentrasi sodium hidroksida (%)

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

6.57

8.00

9.50

11.06

12.68

14.36

16.09

17.87

19.70

21.58

23.50 *)

Hui (1996)

73

Lampiran 2 Karakterisasi bahan baku (CPO) untuk tahap uji coba deasidifikasi

CPO Kadar ALB

(%)

Kadar Karoten

(mg/kg) Kadar Air (%)

Bilangan

Peroksida

(meq/kg)

Bilangan Iod

Bilangan

Penyabunan

(mg KOH/g)

Warna*)

Y + R

CPO 1 3.89 580.89 0.17 3.33 53.43 198.50 30 10

CPO 2 4.18 580.89 0.29 1.00 53.87 199.31 30 10

CPO 3 3.99 580.89 0.34 3.00 52.67 198.58 30 10

CPO 4 3.89 561.35 0.23 2.99 53.32 198.88 30 10

CPO 5 4.01 550.41 0.23 3.33 53.22 198.87 30 10

CPO 6 3.89 529.99 0.25 2.00 54.21 193.40 30 10

Rata-

rata 3.97 ± 2.88 564.07 ± 3.72 0.26 ± 29.31 2.61 ± 40.88 53.45 ± 0.93 197.92 ± 0.18 30 10

*) Y = Yellow; R = Red

74

Lampiran 3 Hasil analisis sifat fisiko kimia CPO dan NRPO tahap uji coba deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah skala pilot plant

Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%)

Kadar Karoten

(mg/kg) Kadar air (%)

Bilangan Peroksida

(meq/kg)

U1*)

U2 U3 U1 U2 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3

CPO 1 3.92 3.83 3.92 563.46 598.32 0.17 0.17 0.17 2.00 3.99 4.00

Rata-rata**)

3.89 ± 1.40 580.89 ± 4.24 0.17 ± 1.23 3.33 ± 34.68

Deasidifikasi;

[NaOH] = 16oBe;

Ekses 7.5%

NaOH; RPM =

56

0.82 0.82 0.82 517.76 521.66 0.20 0.23 0.23 1.99 1.00 2.00

Rata-rata 0.82 ± 0.00 519.71 ± 0.53 0.22 ± 7.87 1.66 ± 34.57

CPO 2 4.18 4.18 4.18 563.46 598.32 0.30 0.30 0.27 1.00 1.00 1.00

Rata-rata 4.18 ± 0.00 580.89 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 5.84 1.00 ± 0.06

Deasidifikasi;

[NaOH] = 16oBe;

Ekses 20%

NaOH; RPM =

56

0.16 0.16 0.16 539.44 528.52 0.18 0.15 0.17 2.00 2.00 1.00

Rata-rata 0.16 ± 0.00 533.98 ± 1.45 0.17 ± 9.17 1.66 ± 34.76 *)

ulangan **)

rata-rata ± standar deviasi

75

Lampiran 3 Lanjutan

Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%)

Kadar Karoten

(mg/kg) Kadar air (%)

Bilangan Peroksida

(meq/kg)

U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3

CPO 3 4.02 3.93 4.02 563.46 598.32 0.34 0.35 0.34 3.00 3.00 2.99

Rata-rata 3.99 ± 1.35 580.89 ± 4.24 0.34 ± 2.63 3.00 ± 0.13

Deasidifikasi;

[NaOH] = 16oBe;

Ekses 15%

NaOH; RPM =

56

0.25 0.25 0.25 530.41 514.74 0.30 0.30 0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00

Rata-rata 0.25 ± 0.00 522.57 ± 2.12 0.30 ± 0.00 1.00 ± 0.21

CPO 4 4.00 4.01 4.02 549.32 551.49 0.24 0.21 0.24 3.00 3.00 2.99

Rata-rata 4.01 ± 0.20 550.41 ± 0.28 0.23 ± 7.73 3.00 ± 0.07

Deasidifikasi;

[NaOH] = 16oBe;

Ekses 17.5%

NaOH; RPM =

56

0.13 0.13 0.13 483.98 482.09 0.58 0.54 0.55 4.00 4.00 4.00

Rata-rata 0.13 ± 0.00 483.03 ± 0.28 0.55 ± 4.00 4.00 ± 0.00

76

Lampiran 3 Lanjutan

Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%) Kadar Karoten (ppm) Kadar air (%)

Bilangan Peroksida

(meq/kg)

U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3

CPO 5 3.88 3.88 3.88 532.16 527.82 0.24 0.25 0.25 2.00 2.00 2.00

Rata-rata 3.88 ± 0.01 529.99 ± 0.58 0.25 ± 2.83 2.00 ± 0.06

Deasidifikasi;

[NaOH] = 16oBe;

Ekses 17.5%

NaOH; RPM =

56

0.10 0.10 0.10 530.25 531.52 0.42 0.43 0.39 2.00 2.00 2.00

Rata-rata 0.10 ± 0.00 530.89 ± 0.17 0.41 ± 4.96 2.00 ± 0.03

77

Lampiran 3 Lanjutan

Perlakuan Bilangan iod

Bilangan penyabunan

(mg KOH/g) Oil loss

(%)

Refining

factor

Rendemen

(%)

Warna

U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R

CPO 1 53.08 53.89 53.32 198.97 198.32 198.21 30 10

Rata-rata 53.43 ± 0.77 198.50 ± 0.21

Deasidifikasi;

[NaOH] =

16oBe; excess

7.5% NaOH;

RPM = 56

51.78 51.50 51.72 193.41 193.31 193.00 42.17 10.83 60.17

Rata-rata 51.66 ± 0.29 193.24 ± 0.11

CPO 2 53.17 54.03 54.42 200.22 198.38 199.33 30 10

Rata-rata 53.87 ± 1.18 199.31 ± 0.46

Deasidifikasi;

[NaOH] =

16oBe; excess

20% NaOH;

RPM = 56

53.30 53.71 53.26 203.95 206.69 201.58 25.83 6.18 77.40

Rata-rata 53.42 ± 0.47 204.07 ± 1.25

78

Lampiran 3 Lanjutan


Bilangan penyabunan

(mg KOH/g) Oil loss

(%)

Refining

factor

Rendemen

(%)

Warna

U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R

CPO 3 53.01 52.88 52.15 198.30 198.70 198.47 30 10

Rata-rata 52.68 ± 0.88 198.58 ± 0.10

Deasidifikasi;

[NaOH] =

16oBe; excess

15% NaOH;

RPM = 56

52.58 52.36 52.46 201.15 194.84 198.41 18.30 4.61 85.06

Rata-rata 52.47 ± 0.21 198.13 ± 1.60

CPO 4 53.29 54.36 52.01 198.17 199.70 198.75 30 10

Rata-rata 53.22 ± 2.21 198.87 ± 0.39

Deasidifikasi;

[NaOH] =

16oBe; excess

17.5% NaOH;

RPM = 56

53.27 53.99 55.36 195.78 194.89 201.01 14.58 3.64 88.98

Rata-rata 54.21 ± 1.95 197.23 ± 1.68

79

Lampiran 3 Lanjutan


Bilangan penyabunan

(mg KOH/ g) Oil loss

(%)

Refining

factor

Rendemen

(%)

Warna

U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R

CPO 6 54.39 54.47 54.06 193.04 191.21 195.94 30 10

Rata-rata 54.31 ± 0.40 193.40 ± 1.23

Deasidifikasi;

[NaOH] =

16oBe; excess

17.5% NaOH;

RPM = 56

53.27 53.99 55.36 195.78 194.89 201.01 14.58 3.64 88.98

Rata-rata 54.21 ± 1.95 197.23 ± 1.68

80

Lampiran 4 Perhitungan recovery karoten tahap uji coba deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah skala pilot plant

% Excess Berat CPO

(bk)*

Karoten CPO

(mg/kg)

Berat NRPO

(bk)

Karoten NRPO

(mg/kg)

Recovery Karoten

(%)

7.5 59.90 580.89 52.70 519.71 78.71

15 59.80 580.89 49.00 522.57 73.71

17.5 59.86 483.98 51.25 483.79 85.58

17.5 59.85 530.89 50.60 530.89 84.54

20 59.83 580.89 50.51 533.98 77.60

* : bk = berat kering

81

Lampiran 5 Perubahan kadar air, kadar asam lemak bebas, dan kadar karoten selama proses degumming

Percobaan

Kadar air (%) Kadar Asam Lemak

Bebas (%) Kadar Karoten (mg/kg)

sebelum

degumming

setelah

degumming

sebelum

degumming

setelah

degumming

sebelum

degumming

setelah

degumming

reduksi

karoten (%)

CPO 1 0.25 1.76 4.01 14.17 531.27 508.46 4.29

CPO 2 0.10 0.80 3.61 6.49 669.42 651.60 2.66

CPO 3 0.18 0.58 3.89 8.36 513.35 497.30 3.13

CPO 4 0.20 0.81 3.93 8.74 530.15 509.35 3.92

CPO 5 0.19 0.73 3.88 9.13 515.68 496.52 3.71

CPO 6 0.18 0.49 3.81 5.39 597.60 578.40 3.21

CPO 7 0.10 0.25 3.47 4.16 687.82 658.12 4.32

CPO 8 0.16 0.50 3.53 6.65 694.70 666.48 4.06

CPO 9 0.13 0.20 3.49 4.40 688.52 672.07 2.39

CPO 10 0.08 0.21 3.54 4.24 675.95 651.85 3.57

CPO 11 0.10 0.24 3.55 4.43 685.43 660.08 3.70

CPO 12 0.07 0.47 3.55 9.11 682.91 661.91 3.07

CPO 13 0.10 0.32 3.55 5.16 695.53 678.33 2.47

Rata-rata 0.14 0.57 3.68 6.96 628.33 606.96 3.42

SD 0.06 0.42 0.19 2.90 77.56 76.16 0.66

82

Lampiran 6 Karakterisasi sifat fisiko kimia CPO pada tahap optimasi deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah skala pilot plant

CPO Kadar ALB

(%)

Kadar karoten

(mg/kg) Kadar Air (%)

Bilangan

Peroksida

(meq/kg)

Bilangan Iod

Bilangan

Penyabunan

(mg KOH/ g)

Warna

Y + R

CPO 1 4.01 529.69 0.25 2.00 54.31 196.52 20 11

CPO 2 3.96 514.70 0.31 1.00 52.86 197.15 30 9

CPO 3 3.89 512.33 0.18 2.00 53.74 200.66 30 10

CPO 4 3.61 669.42 0.10 2.92 50.54 199.23 20 12.2

CPO 5 3.88 515.68 0.19 1.00 53.39 200.57 32 10

CPO 6 3.81 571.19 0.18 1.00 53.28 199.14 20 11

CPO 7 3.47 687.82 0.10 2.00 52.31 199.89 20 12

CPO 8 3.53 694.70 0.16 2.00 50.57 198.68 20 12

CPO 9 3.49 688.52 0.13 1.00 50.54 198.66 20 12

CPO 10 3.54 675.95 0.08 1.00 51.00 199.30 20 12

CPO 11 3.55 685.43 0.10 2.92 49.81 198.86 20 13

CPO 12 3.55 682.91 0.07 2.92 50.71 198.48 20 13

CPO 13 3.55 695.53 0.10 2.92 50.39 197.92 20 13

Rata-rata 3.68 ± 5.30 624.91 ± 12.92 0.15 ± 0.43 1.90 ± 0.30 51.80 ± 0.01 198.85 ± 0.01 22.46 11.55

83

Lampiran 7 Hasil analisis sifat fisiko kimia CPO dan NRPO tahap optimasi proses deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah skala pilot plant

Perlakuan Kadar ALB (%) Kadar Karoten (mg/kg) Kadar air (%) Rendemen

(%)

Refining

factor

Oil loss

(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3

CPO 1 4.02 3.98 4.02 526.43 531.10 536.28 0.26 0.25 0.26

Rata-rata 4.01 ± 0.66 531.27 ± 0.93 0.25 ± 1.04

Deasidifikasi

59oC, 25 menit

0.10 0.10 0.10 536.43 534.93 535.89 0.48 0.49 0.48 88.20 3.83 15.33

Rata-rata 0.10 ± 0.00 535.75 ± 0.14 0.48 ± 0.75

CPO 2 3.97 3.93 3.97 516.61 517.93 514.69 0.30 0.31 0.31

Rata-rata 3.96 ± 0.66 516.41 ± 0.32 0.31 ± 1.83

Deasidifikasi

59oC, 25 menit

0.10 0.10 0.10 519.92 521.49 523.14 0.63 0.65 0.63 88.50 3.79 15.00

Rata-rata 0.10 ± 0.00 521.52 ± 0.31 0.63 ± 1.88

84

Lampiran 7 Lanjutan


(%)

Refining

factor

Oil loss

(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3

CPO 3 3.89 3.89 3.88 508.26 511.18 520.63 0.18 0.17 0.18

Rata-rata 3.88 ± 0.01 513.35 ± 1.26 0.18 ± 3.94

Deasidifikasi

59oC, 25 menit

0.10 0.10 0.10 511.88 507.59 518.53 0.61 0.62 0.61 89.74 3.54 13.75

Rata-rata 0.10 ± 0.00 512.67 ± 1.07 0.61 ± 0.43

CPO 4 3.63 3.58 3.62 668.91 665.09 674.26 0.10 0.10 0.10

Rata-rata 3.61 ± 0.73 669.42 ± 0.69 0.10 ± 0.00

Deasidifikasi

59oC, 25 menit

0.12 0.12 0.12 666.70 674.47 674.58 0.88 0.88 0.89 91.29 3.32 12.00

Rata-rata 0.12 ± 0.00 671.92 ± 0.67 0.88 ± 0.96

CPO 5 3.93 3.84 3.88 513.08 518.89 515.06 0.19 0.19 0.19

Rata-rata 3.88 ± 1.15 515.68 ± 0.57 0.19 ± 1.05

Deasidifikasi

59oC, 25 menit

0.10 0.10 0.10 528.21 528.11 517.20 0.52 0.52 0.52 89.56 3.59 13.92

Rata-rata 0.10 ± 0.00 522.71 ± 1.21 0.52 ± 0.30

85

Lampiran 7 Lanjutan


(%)

Refining

factor

Oil loss

(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3

CPO 6 3.79 3.79 3.84 570.76 569.81 573.00 0.19 0.17 0.18

Rata-rata 3.81 ± 0.67 571.19 ± 0.29 0.18 ± 3.91

Deasidifikasi

59oC, 11 menit

0.15 0.15 0.15 588.22 582.42 579.81 0.67 0.68 0.70 90.70 3.35 12.75

Rata-rata 0.15 ± 0.00 584.02 ± 0.74 0.69 ± 2.35

CPO 7 3.49 3.45 3.49 693.00 686.65 683.79 0.10 0.10 0.10

Rata-rata 3.47 ± 0.71 687.82 ± 0.69 0.10 ± 1.19

Deasidifikasi

59oC, 39 menit

0.16 0.16 0.16 695.49 688.02 694.53 0.80 0.79 0.78 91.12 3.46 12.00

Rata-rata 0.16 ± 0.00 692.68 ± 0.59 0.79 ± 1.35

CPO 8 3.54 3.53 3.54 705.22 698.36 680.53 0.16 0.15 0.16

Rata-rata 3.53 ± 0.04 694.70 ± 1.83 0.16 ± 0.74

Deasidifikasi

75oC, 25 menit

0.17 0.17 0.17 681.34 681.34 679.55 0.34 0.32 0.32 88.89 4.03 14.25

Rata-rata 0.17 ± 0.00 680.74 ± 0.15 0.33 ± 3.02

86

Lampiran 7 Lanjutan


(%)

Refining

factor

Oil loss

(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3

CPO 9 3.49 3.49 3.49 684.61 691.32 689.63 0.12 0.12 0.13

Rata-rata 3.49 ± 0.00 688.52 ± 0.51 0.13 ± 4.53

Deasidifikasi

70oC, 15 menit

0.22 0.22 0.22 693.92 685.43 680.91 0.54 0.55 0.56 91.35 3.39 11.83

Rata-rata 0.22 ± 0.00 686.75 ± 0.96 0.55 ± 2.47

CPO 10 3.54 3.54 3.54 676.95 681.61 669.29 0.08 0.08 0.09

Rata-rata 3.54 ± 0.02 675.95 ± 0.92 0.08 ± 4.76

Deasidifikasi

70oC, 35 menit

0.20 0.20 0.20 656.54 651.75 653.97 0.42 0.44 0.44 90.10 3.70 13.08

Rata-rata 0.20 ± 0.00 654.09 ± 0.37 0.43 ± 2.80

CPO 11 3.53 3.55 3.55 686.26 683.38 686.65 0.11 0.10 0.10

Rata-rata 3.55 ± 0.30 685.43 ± 0.26 0.10 ± 6.37

Deasidifikasi

48oC, 35 menit

0.15 0.15 0.15 694.62 693.30 689.82 1.05 1.05 1.05 89.25 3.92 13.92

Rata-rata 0.15 ± 0.00 692.58 ± 0.36 1.05 ± 0.29

87

Lampiran 7 Lanjutan


(%)

Refining

factor

Oil loss

(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3

CPO 12 3.55 3.55 3.55 702.87 675.60 670.25 0.07 0.07 0.07

Rata-rata 3.55 ± 0.02 682.91 ± 2.56 0.07 ± 2.78

Deasidifikasi

48oC, 15 menit

0.20 0.20 0.20 712.33 700.56 694.36 0.88 0.88 0.87 89.51 3.85 13.67

Rata-rata 0.20 ± 0.29 702.42 ± 1.30 0.87 ± 0.93

CPO 13 3.55 3.55 3.55 700.45 687.61 698.54 0.11 0.09 0.10

Rata-rata 3.55 ± 0.02 695.53 ± 1.00 0.10 ± 7.36

Deasidifikasi

43oC, 25 menit

0.12 0.12 0.12 719.57 721.50 708.94 0.92 0.92 0.91 82.17 5.84 20.75

Rata-rata 0.12 ± 0.00 716.67 ± 0.94 0.92 ± 0.71

88

Lampiran 7 Lanjutan

Perlakuan

Bilangan Peroksida

(meq/kg) Bilangan iod

Bilangan penyabunan

(mg KOH/g) Warna

U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R

CPO 1 2.00 2.00 2.00 54.39 54.47 54.06 197.04 196.89 195.62 20 11

Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.03 54.31 ± 0.40 196.52 ± 0.40

CPO 2 1.00 1.00 1.00 52.68 53.67 52.23 197.09 198.37 196.00 30 9

Rata-rata 1.00 ± 0.00 52.86 ± 1.40 197.15 ± 0.60

CPO 3 2.00 2.00 2.00 54.64 53.34 53.25 201.50 200.19 200.31 30 10

Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.05 53.74 ± 1.44 200.66 ± 0.36

CPO 4 2.92 2.92 2.92 50.49 50.52 50.62 198.58 200.20 198.92 20 12.2

Rata-rata 2.92 ± 0.03 50.54 ± 0.14 199.23 ± 0.43

CPO 5 1.00 1.00 1.00 53.46 53.49 53.22 201.44 199.88 200.39 32 10

Rata-rata 1.00 ± 0.00 53.39 ± 0.27 200.57 ± 0.40

89

Lampiran 7 Lanjutan

Perlakuan

Bilangan Peroksida


Bilangan penyabunan

(mg KOH/g) Warna

U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R

CPO 6 1.00 1.00 1.00 53.01 53.30 53.55 198.21 200.29 198.92 20 11

Rata-rata 1.00 ± 0.00 53.28 ± 0.50 199.14 ± 0.53

CPO 7 2.00 2.00 2.00 52.62 52.52 51.78 199.06 200.11 200.52 20 12

Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.05 52.31 ± 0.88 199.89 ± 0.38

CPO 8 2.00 2.00 2.00 50.75 50.45 50.51 198.72 198.49 198.84 20 12

Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.03 50.57 ± 0.31 198.68 ± 0.09

CPO 9 1.00 1.00 1.00 50.40 50.25 50.96 199.07 198.64 198.28 20 12

Rata-rata 1.00 ± 0.06 50.54 ± 0.74 198.66 ± 0.20

CPO 10 1.00 1.00 1.00 51.07 51.08 50.84 198.72 200.40 198.79 20 12

Rata-rata 1.00 ± 0.06 51.00 ± 0.26 199.30 ± 0.48

90

Lampiran 7 Lanjutan

Perlakuan

Bilangan Peroksida


Bilangan penyabunan

(mg KOH/g) Warna

U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R

CPO 11 2.92 2.92 2.92 49.75 49.99 49.71 198.73 198.94 198.92 20 13

Rata-rata 2.92 ± 0.03 49.81 ± 0.31 198.86 ± 0.06

CPO 12 2.92 2.92 2.92 50.54 50.95 50.64 198.32 198.30 198.82 20 13

Rata-rata 2.92 ± 0.04 50.71 ± 0.42 198.48 ± 0.15

CPO 13 2.92 2.92 2.92 50.63 50.48 50.08 198.97 197.63 197.15 20 13

Rata-rata 2.92 ± 0.08 50.39 ± 0.57 197.92 ± 0.47

91

Lampiran 8 Perhitungan recovery karoten (%) tahap optimasi deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah

skala pilot plant

Perlakuan Suhu reaksi

(oC)

Waktu reaksi

(menit)

Berat CPO

(bk)

Berat NRPO

(bk)

Recovery

Karoten (%)

1 48 15 59.96 51.35 88.09

2 70 15 59.93 52.61 87.57

3 48 35 59.94 51.11 86.16

4 70 35 59.95 51.93 83.81

5 43 25 59.94 47.55 81.74

6 75 25 59.91 51.28 83.88

7 59 11 59.89 51.99 87.42

8 59 39 59.94 52.29 85.69

9 59 25 59.85 50.56 85.18

10 59 25 59.82 50.68 85.56

11 59 25 59.88 50.60 85.92

12 59 25 59.94 52.33 87.64

13 59 25 59.89 51.38 86.97

92

Lampiran 9 Perhitungan optimasi reduksi kadar asam lemak bebas (ALB) dengan perlakuan suhu dan waktu reaksi

Coding Coefficients for the Independent Variables

Factor Subtracted off Divided by

X1 59.000000 16.000000

X2 25.000000 14.000000

Response Surface for Variable Y: Reduksi ALB

Response Mean 95.985308

Root MSE 0.838274

R-Square 0.7703

Coef. of Variation 0.8733

Degrees

of Type I Sum

Regression Freedom of Squares R-Square F-Ratio Prob > F

Linear 2 2.635940 0.1231 1.876 0.2227

Quadratic 2 13.772291 0.6432 9.800 0.0094

Crossproduct 1 0.086436 0.0040 0.123 0.7361

Total Regress 5 16.494666 0.7703 4.695 0.0336

93

Lampiran 9 Lanjutan

Degrees

of Sum of

Residual Freedom Squares Mean Square

Total Error 7 4.918918 0.702703

Parameter

Degrees Estimate

of Parameter Standard T for H0: from Coded

Parameter Freedom Estimate Error Parameter=0 Prob > |T| Data

INTERCEPT 1 62.879729 10.752263 5.848 0.0006 97.286172

X1 1 0.932719 0.312771 2.982 0.0205 -0.797944

X2 1 0.654839 0.278477 2.352 0.0510 0.198192

X1*X1 1 -0.008044 0.002515 -3.199 0.0151 -2.059241

X2*X1 1 -0.001336 0.003810 -0.351 0.7361 -0.299345

X2*X2 1 -0.011237 0.003232 -3.476 0.0103 -2.202401

Degrees

of Sum of

Factor Freedom Squares Mean Square F-Ratio Prob > F

X1 3 9.754161 3.251387 4.627 0.0436 Suhu (oC)

X2 3 8.736486 2.912162 4.144 0.0554 Waktu (menit)

94

Lampiran 9 Lanjutan

Canonical Analysis of Response Surface (based on coded data)

Critical Value

Factor Coded Uncoded

X1 -0.197995 55.832073 Suhu (oC)

X2 0.058450 25.818301 Waktu (menit)

Predicted value at stationary point 97.370958

Eigenvectors

Eigenvalues X1 X2

-1.964912 0.846003 -0.533178

-2.296729 0.533178 0.846003

Stationary point is a maximum.

95

Lampiran 10 Perhitungan optimasi recovery karoten (%) dengan perlakuan suhu dan waktu reaksi



X1 59.000000 16.000000

X2 25.000000 14.000000

Response Surface for Variable Y: Recovery karoten (%)


Root MSE 1.471906

R-Square 0.6250


Degrees

of Type I Sum


Linear 2 8.298964 0.2052 1.915 0.2171

Quadratic 2 16.143771 0.3992 3.726 0.0791

Crossproduct 1 0.831605 0.0206 0.384 0.5552

Total Regress 5 25.274340 0.6250 2.333 0.1499

96

Lampiran 10 Lanjutan

Degrees

of Sum of


Total Error 7 15.165547 2.166507

Parameter

Degrees Estimate



INTERCEPT 1 49.802118 18.879657 2.638 0.0335 86.265171

X1 1 1.338924 0.549188 2.438 0.0449 0.044292

X2 1 -0.147032 0.488971 -0.301 0.7724 -1.432444

X1*X1 1 -0.010445 0.004415 -2.366 0.0499 -2.673959

X2*X1 1 -0.004145 0.006690 -0.620 0.5552 -0.928504

X2*X2 1 0.005786 0.005676 1.019 0.3420 1.133960

Degrees

of Sum of


X1 3 12.963486 4.321162 1.995 0.2035 Suhu

X2 3 11.373953 3.791318 1.750 0.2438 Waktu

97



Critical Value


X1 -0.094650 57.485596 Suhu

X2 0.592860 33.300046 Waktu


Eigenvectors

Eigenvalues X1 X2

1.189744 -0.119299 0.992858

-2.729742 0.992858 0.119299

Stationary point is a saddle point.

98

Lampiran 11 Perhitungan optimasi rendemen (%) dengan perlakuan suhu dan waktu reaksi



X1 59.000000 16.000000

X2 25.000000 14.000000

Response Surface for Variable Y: Rendemen


Root MSE 1.608766

R-Square 0.7288


Degrees

of Type I Sum


Linear 2 19.037743 0.2850 3.678 0.0810

Quadratic 2 29.402759 0.4401 5.680 0.0342

Crossproduct 1 0.246016 0.0037 0.0951 0.7668

Total Regress 5 48.686518 0.7288 3.762 0.0566

99


Degrees

of Sum of


Total Error 7 18.116899 2.588128

Parameter

Degrees Estimate



INTERCEPT 1 43.458712 20.635120 2.106 0.0732 89.471758

X1 1 1.624153 0.600252 2.706 0.0304 2.203084

X2 1 -0.462955 0.534436 -0.866 0.4151 -0.195399

X1*X1 1 -0.012119 0.004826 -2.511 0.0403 -3.102582

X2*X1 1 -0.002255 0.007313 -0.308 0.7668 -0.505018

X2*X2 1 0.011640 0.006204 1.876 0.1027 2.281503

Degrees

of Sum of


X1 3 35.452175 11.817392 4.566 0.0449 Suhu (oC)

X2 3 9.512529 3.170843 1.225 0.3696 Waktu (menit)

100



Critical Value


X1 0.348417 64.574670 Suhu (oC)

X2 0.081384 26.139377 Waktu (menit)


Eigenvectors

Eigenvalues X1 X2

2.293319 -0.046745 0.998907

-3.114399 0.998907 0.046745


101

Lampiran 12 Perhitungan suhu dan waktu optimum sebagai salah satu pertimbangan dalam penentuan kondisi untuk tahap validasi dengan

superimposed menggunakan SAS



X1 59.000000 16.000000

X2 25.000000 14.000000

Response Surface for Variable Y: Respon optimum


Root MSE 2.374494

R-Square 0.7709


Degrees

of Type I Sum


Linear 2 16.432663 0.0954 1.457 0.2957

Quadratic 2 113.453428 0.6587 10.061 0.0087

Crossproduct 1 2.896545 0.0168 0.514 0.4967

Total Regress 5 132.782636 0.7709 4.710 0.0333

102


Degrees

of Sum of


Total Error 7 39.467539 5.638220

Parameter

Degrees Estimate



INTERCEPT 1 156.140560 30.456857 5.127 0.0014 273.023101

X1 1 3.895796 0.885956 4.397 0.0032 1.449432

X2 1 0.044852 0.788813 0.0569 0.9562 -1.429651

X1*X1 1 -0.030609 0.007123 -4.297 0.0036 -7.835782

X2*X1 1 -0.007736 0.010793 -0.717 0.4967 -1.732868

X2*X2 1 0.006189 0.009156 0.676 0.5208 1.213062

Degrees

of Sum of


X1 3 115.184388 38.394796 6.810 0.0175 Suhu

103

X2 3 13.731594 4.577198 0.812 0.5266 Waktu

Lampiran 12 lanjutan


Critical Value


X1 0.025329 59.405268 Suhu

X2 0.607365 33.503110 Waktu


Eigenvectors

Eigenvalues X1 X2

1.295277 -0.094464 0.995528

-7.917996 0.995528 0.094464


104

Lampiran 13 Hasil analisis sifat fisiko kimia CPO dan NRPO tahap validasi proses deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah skala pilot plant


(%)

Refining

factor

Oil loss

(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3

CPO 1 3.49 3.49 3.53 455.36 458.27 455.91 0.12 0.13 0.13

Rata-rata 3.50 ± 0.74 456.51 ± 0.34 0.13 ± 3.67

Degumming 8.60 8.60 8.83 443.63 447.54 444.07 0.73 0.73 0.70

Rata-rata 8.68 ± 1.50 445.08 ± 0.48 0.72 ± 2.26

Deasidifikasi

61oC, 26 menit

0.12 0.12 0.12 470.60 447.48 455.27 0.70 0.69 0.68 90.16 3.71 13.00

Rata-rata 0.12 ± 0.00 457.78 ± 2.57 0.69 ± 1.54

CPO 2 3.58 3.58 3.58 458.18 451.60 454.81 0.16 0.16 0.15

Rata-rata 3.58 ± 0.04 454.86 ± 0.72 0.15 ± 4.19

Degumming 4.96 4.92 4.96 445.68 441.92 449.13 0.50 0.49 0.50

Rata-rata 4.95 ± 0.51 445.58 ± 0.81 0.50 ± 1.45

Deasidifikasi

61oC, 26 menit

0.14 0.15 0.15 463.92 470.15 470.60 0.49 0.51 0.50 90.92 3.45 12.33

Rata-rata 0.14 ± 4.84 468.23 ± 0.80 0.50 ± 2.12

105



(%)

Refining

factor

Oil loss

(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3

CPO 3 3.49 3.49 3.49 449.63 447.28 444.28 0.14 0.13 0.12

Rata-rata 3.49 ± 0.03 447.06 ± 0.60 0.13 ± 7.81

Degumming 6.18 5.96 5.96 433.22 440.97 436.18 0.45 0.52 0.53

Rata-rata 6.03 ± 2.06 436.79 ± 0.89 0.50 ± 8.21

Deasidifikasi

61oC, 26 menit

0.15 0.15 0.15 459.56 456.64 451.89 0.68 0.71 0.72 89.45 3.92 13.67

Rata-rata 0.15 ± 0.00 456.03 ± 0.85 0.70 ± 2.85

CPO 4 3.52 3.52 3.52 460.10 466.79 450.56 0.15 0.15 0.15

Rata-rata 3.52 ± 0.02 459.15 ± 1.78 0.15 ± 0.76

Degumming 5.31 5.28 5.22 445.68 446.64 449.52 0.77 0.74 0.79

Rata-rata 5.27 ± 0.84 447.28 ± 0.45 0.77 ± 3.22

Deasidifikasi

61oC, 26 menit

0.15 0.15 0.15 461.45 458.10 455.27 0.50 0.52 0.51 90.35 3.64 12.83

Rata-rata 0.15 ± 0.00 458.27 ± 0.67 0.51 ± 1.57

106



(%)

Refining

factor

Oil loss

(%) U1 U2 U3 U1 U1 U3 U1 U2 U3

CPO 5 3.96 4.00 4.00 478.75 483.53 486.85 0.13 0.14 0.14

Rata-rata 3.99 ± 0.64 483.04 ± 0.84 0.13 ± 2.59

Degumming 7.61 7.70 7.74 467.71 468.24 474.92 0.46 0.43 0.49

Rata-rata 7.68 ± 0.85 470.29 ± 0.85 0.46 ± 6.66

Deasidifikasi

61oC, 26 menit

0.10 0.10 0.10 484.51 481.15 481.62 0.49 0.50 0.49 89.92 3.43 13.67

Rata-rata 0.10 ± 0.00 482.43 ± 0.38 0.50 ± 1.23

107


Perlakuan Bilangan Peroksida (meq/kg) Bilangan iod

Bilangan penyabunan

(mg KOH/g) Warna

U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R

CPO 1 3.00 3.00 3.00 52.36 52.07 52.54 197.66 197.23 197.41 30.00 11.00

Rata-rata 3.00 ± 0.04 52.32 ± 0.46 197.43 ± 0.11

Deasidifikasi

61oC, 26 menit

2.00 2.00 2.00 52.50 51.95 52.17 194.27 194.28 195.61 30.00 11.00

Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.05 52.21 ± 0.53 194.72 ± 0.40

CPO 2 3.00 3.00 3.00 52.82 52.52 52.90 196.18 195.54 196.19 30.00 10.00

Rata-rata 3.00 ± 0.02 52.75 ± 0.39 195.97 ± 0.19

Deasidifikasi

61oC, 26 menit

2.00 2.00 2.00 52.45 53.25 52.68 192.86 191.89 193.06 30.00 11.00

Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.05 52.80 ± 0.78 192.61 ± 0.32

CPO 3 2.00 2.00 2.00 53.03 52.84 52.82 194.84 194.15 194.63 30.00 10.30

Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.03 52.90 ± 0.22 194.54 ± 0.18

Deasidifikasi

61oC, 26 menit

2.00 2.00 2.00 52.17 52.25 52.70 197.29 197.65 197.55 30.20 10.30

Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.00 52.37 ± 0.55 197.50 ± 0.09

108


Perlakuan Bilangan Peroksida (meq/kg) Bilangan iod

Bilangan penyabunan (mg

KOH/g) Warna

U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 U1 U2 U3 Y + R

CPO 4 2.00 2.00 2.00 52.07 52.23 52.06 195.75 196.13 196.12 30.00 10.40

Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.00 52.12 ± 0.18 196.00 ± 0.11

Deasidifikasi

61oC, 26 menit

2.00 2.00 2.00 51.79 51.59 52.17 195.82 198.80 195.78 30.00 10.40

Rata-rata 2.00 ± 0.03 51.85 ± 0.57 196.80 ± 0.88

CPO 5 3.00 3.00 3.00 53.84 53.68 53.59 199.03 197.66 197.51 30.00 10.00

Rata-rata 3.00 ± 0.00 53.70 ± 0.23 198.07 ± 0.42

Deasidifikasi

61oC, 26 menit

3.00 3.00 3.00 53.51 53.53 53.66 194.69 196.14 195.87 30.00 11.00

Rata-rata 3.00 ± 0.04 53.57 ± 0.15 195.57 ± 0.40

109

Lampiran 14 Karakterisasi sifat fisiko kimia CPO untuk tahap validasi proses deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah

No.

Kadar asam

lemak bebas

(%)

Kadar karoten

(mg/kg)

Kadar air

(%)

Bilangan

Peroksida

(meq/kg)

Bilangan Iod

Bilangan

Penyabunan

(mg KOH/g)

Warna

Y + R

1 3.50 456.51 0.13 3.00 52.32 197.43 30.00 11.00

2 3.58 454.86 0.15 3.00 52.75 195.97 30.00 10.00

3 3.49 447.06 0.13 2.00 52.90 194.54 30.00 10.30

4 3.52 459.15 0.15 2.00 52.12 196.00 30.00 10.40

5 3.99 483.04 0.13 3.00 53.70 198.07 30.00 10.00

Rata-rata 3.62 460.13 0.14 2.60 52.76 196.40 30.00 10.34

SD 0.21 13.58 0.01 0.55 0.61 1.38 0.00 0.41

110

Lampiran 15 Karakterisasi sifat fisiko kimia NRPO untuk tahap validasi proses deasidifikasi minyak sawit merah

No. Produk

(kg)

Kadar asam

lemak

bebas (%)

Kadar

karoten

(mg/kg)

Kadar air

(%)

Bilangan

Peroksida

(meq/kg)

Bilangan

Iod

Bilangan

Penyabunan

(mg KOH/g)

Warna

Y + R

1 52.20 0.12 457.78 0.69 2.00 52.21 194.72 30.00 11.00

2 52.60 0.14 468.23 0.50 2.00 52.80 192.61 30.00 11.00

3 51.80 0.15 456.03 0.70 2.00 52.37 197.50 30.20 10.30

4 52.30 0.15 458.27 0.51 2.00 51.85 196.80 30.00 10.40

5 51.80 0.10 484.51 0.50 3.00 53.57 195.57 30.00 11.00

Rata-rata 52.14 0.13 464.96 0.58 2.20 52.56 195.44 30.04 10.74

SD 0.34 0.02 11.92 0.11 0.45 0.66 1.91 0.09 0.36

111

Lampiran 16 Gambar teknis neutralizer

112

Lampiran 17 Gambar teknis Spinner

Documents

Kendali Proses Deasidifikasi dalam Pemurnian Minyak Sawit … · 65 Boyd HW, R Westfall, SF Stasch. 1981. Marketing Research Text and Cases. Edisi ke- 5. Chicago: Richard D Irwin,