KENT, DAVID - Archtitects Handbook of Construction Detailing

ARCHITECTSHANDBOOKof ConstructionDetailing

SECOND EDITION


David Kent Ballast, FAIA, CSI

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Copyright C 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Ballast, David Kent.Architects handbook of construction detailing / David Ballast. 2nd ed.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-38191-5 (cloth : alk. paper)1. BuildingDetailsDrawings. I. Title.

TH2031.B35 2009692.2dc22

2008047065Printed in the United States of America.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTS

List of Tables xi

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xv

Introduction xvii

How SI Units Are Used in this Book xix

Abbreviations xxi

1 CONCRETE DETAILS 11-1 Concrete Slab-on-Grade Tolerances 03 05 03 11-2 Cast-in-Place Concrete Sectional Tolerances 03 05 04 41-3 Cast-in-Place Concrete Plan Tolerances 03 05 05 51-4 Waterstops 03 15 13 71-5 Slab-on-Grade Control Joint 03 30 07 91-6 Slab-on-Grade Isolation Joint 03 30 08 121-7 Slab-on-Grade Construction Joint 03 30 09 141-8 Cast-in-Place Concrete Wall with Insulation 03 30 53 161-9 Architectural Concrete 03 30 00 19

1-10 Precast Concrete Spandrel with Insulation 03 40 01 221-11 Precast Concrete Beam and Double Tee Tolerances 04 41 00 251-12 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Panels 04 22 23.1 271-13 Architectural Precast Concrete Panel Tolerances 03 45 13 301-14 Architectural Precast Panel Size and Conguration 03 45 14 321-15 Architectural Precast Concrete Forming 03 45 15 341-16 Architectural Precast Corners 03 45 16 361-17 Architectural Precast Joints 03 45 17 391-18 Architectural Precast Weathering Details 03 45 18 401-19 Architectural Precast Panel Connections 03 45 19 421-20 Architectural Precast Spandrel Panels 03 45 20 441-21 Architectural Precast Parapet 03 45 21 451-22 Cast-in-Place/Precast Connection 03 45 90 471-23 Precast Floor/Beam Erection Tolerances 03 45 91 491-24 Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Panels 03 49 00 51

2 MASONRY DETAILS 552-1 Vertical Concrete Masonry Expansion Joint 04 05 23.1 552-2 Vertical Brick Expansion Joint 04 05 23.2 58

v

vi Contents

2-3 Vertical Masonry Expansion Joint in Composite Wall 04 05 23.3 622-4 Brick/Masonry Cavity Wall at Grade 04 21 10.1 652-5 Brick/Masonry Cavity Wall at Spandrel 04 21 10.2 692-6 Brick/Masonry Cavity Wall at Roof/Parapet 04 21 10.3 712-7 Masonry Grouted Wall 04 21 10.4 742-8 Brick Veneer, Wood Studs 04 21 13.1 782-9 Brick Veneer, Steel Stud Backing Wall 04 21 13.2 82

2-10 Brick Veneer, Steel Stud Backup Wall at Opening 04 21 13.3 872-11 Brick on Shelf Angle 04 21 13.4 912-12 Shelf Angle on Steel Framing 04 21 13.5 962-13 Interior Masonry Bearing Partition 04 22 01 992-14 Wood Joists on Interior Masonry Bearing Partition 04 22 02 1012-15 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Masonry 04 22 26 1022-16 Reinforced Concrete Masonry Wall at Grade 04 22 23.1 1042-17 Reinforced Concrete Masonry Wall at Floor 04 22 23.2 1072-18 Reinforced Concrete Masonry Wall at Parapet 04 22 23.3 1092-19 Glass Block Wall at Sill and Head 04 23 13.1 1102-20 Glass Block Wall at Jamb and Vertical Joint 04 23 13.2 1132-21 Glass Block WallAlternate Details 04 23 13.4 1152-22 Anchored Stone Veneer with Concrete Masonry Unit Backup

at Grade 04 42 13.1 1162-23 Anchored Stone Veneer with Concrete Masonry Unit Backup

at Spandrel 04 42 13.2 1202-24 Anchored Stone Veneer with Concrete Masonry Unit Backup

at Parapet 04 42 13.3 1222-25 Exterior Stone Veneer at Base 04 42 13.4 1252-26 Exterior Stone Veneer at Spandrel 04 42 13.5 1292-27 Exterior Stone Veneer at Parapet 04 42 13.6 1302-28 Cut Stone on Concrete Backup Wall 04 42 13.7 1322-29 Interior Stone Veneer 1342-30 Interior Stone Veneer at Vertical Joint 04 42 16.2 1352-31 Exterior Stone on Steel Truss Frame 04 42 23 1362-32 Exterior Stone on Framing System 04 42 26 139

3 METAL DETAILS 1433-1 Structural Steel Column Erection Tolerances 05 05 03 1433-2 Steel Column/Beam Connection Tolerances 05 05 03.1 1453-3 Structural Steel Column Plan Tolerances 05 05 04 1463-4 Structural Steel Column Location Tolerances 05 05 04.1 1483-5 Structural Steel Support for Masonry 05 12 23.1 1503-6 Structural Steel Support for Precast Concrete 05 12 23.3 1523-7 Steel/Precast with Insulation 05 12 23.3 1533-8 Structural Steel Support for Curtain Walls 05 12 23.5 155

Contents vii

3-9 Open Web Steel Joists 05 21 19 1573-10 Stair Layout 05 51 00.1 1583-11 Stair Layout at Base 05 51 00.2 1603-12 Stair Layout at Landing 05 51 00.3 1613-13 Stair Layout at Top Landing 05 51 00.4 1623-14 Metal Stairs 05 51 13 1643-15 Ornamental Metal/Glass Guard 05 52 13 1653-16 Expansion Joint at Floor and Wall 05 54 00.1 166

4 WOOD DETAILS 1694-1 Platform Framing at Foundation 06 11 00.1 1694-2 Platform Framing at Stepped Foundation 06 11 00.2 1724-3 Platform Framing at Roof 06 11 00.3 1734-4 Multistory Framing at Foundation 06 11 00.4 1754-5 Multistory Framing at Floor Line 06 11 00.5 1774-6 Multistory Framing at Roof 06 11 00.6 1784-7 Structural Insulated Panel at Foundation 06 12 00.1 1794-8 Structural Insulated Panel at Roof 06 12 00.2 1824-9 Glulam Beam at Foundation Wall 06 18 13.1 183

4-10 Glulam Beam at Column 06 18 13.2 1854-11 Glulam Purlins at Beam 06 18 13.3 1864-12 Glulam Roof Beam 06 18 13.4 1884-13 Glulam Column at Base 06 18 16 1904-14 Base Cabinet 06 41 00.1 1914-15 Upper Cabinet 06 41 00.2 1934-16 Countertops 06 41 00.3 1954-17 Shelving 06 41 00.4 1974-18 Flush Wood Paneling 06 42 16 199

5 THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTIONDETAILS 203

5-1 Foundation Waterproong 07 13 00 2035-2 Cold, Liquid-Applied Membrane Deck Waterproong 07 14 00.1 2065-3 Vegetated Protected Membrane Roong 07 55 63 2095-4 Slab-on-Grade Foundation Insulation 07 21 13 2125-5 Weather Barrier Concepts 2135-6 Exterior Insulation and Finish System at Base 2245-7 Exterior Insulation and Finish System at Parapet 2295-8 Exterior Insulation and Finish System Openings 2315-9 Asphalt/Glass Fiber Shingles at Eaves 07 31 13 232

5-10 Wood Shingles at Eaves 07 31 29 2355-11 Roong Tiles at Eaves 07 32 00 237

viii Contents

5-12 Preformed Metal Wall Panel at Base 07 42 13.1 2385-13 Preformed Metal Wall Panel at Parapet 07 42 13.2 2405-14 Roong Systems on Steel Deck 07 22 00.1 2415-15 Roong Systems on Concrete Deck 2455-16 Built-up Roof at Supported Deck 07 51 00.1 2475-17 Built-up Roof at Nonsupported Deck 07 51 00.2 2515-18 Built-up Roong at Expansion Joint 07 51 00.3 2525-19 Built-up Roof at Equipment Support 07 51 00.4 2545-20 Built-up Roof at Stack Flashing 07 51 00.5 2555-21 Modied Bitumen Roof at Supported Deck 07 52 00.1 2565-22 Modied Bitumen Roof at Nonsupported Deck 07 52 00.2 2605-23 Modied Bitumen Roof at Expansion Joint 07 52 00.3 2615-24 Modied Bitumen Roof at Equipment Support 07 52 00.4 2635-25 Modied Bitumen Roof at Plumbing Vent 07 52 00.5 2645-26 EPDM Roof at Supported Deck 07 53 23.1 2655-27 EPDM Roof at Nonsupported Deck 07 53 23.2 2695-28 EPDM Roof at Expansion Joint 07 53 23.3 2705-29 EPDM Roof at Equipment Support 07 53 23.4 2725-30 EPDM Roof at Pipe Flashing 07 53 23.5 2735-31 TPO Roof at Supported Deck 07 54 23.1 2745-32 TPO Roof at Curb Threshold 07 54 23.2 2775-33 TPO Roof at Expansion Joint 07 54 23.3 2795-34 TPO Roof at Equipment Support 07 54 23.4 2805-35 TPO Roof at Pipe Flashing 07 54 23.5 2825-36 Protected Membrane Roong 07 55 00 2835-37 Gravel Stop 07 71 19 2845-38 Vertical and Horizontal Joint Fillers and Sealants 07 92 00 2865-39 Roof Drain 22 14 26.13 294

6 DOOR AND WINDOW DETAILS 2976-1 Steel Door and Frame Jamb, Masonry Wall 08 11 13.1 2976-2 Steel Door and Head Frame, Masonry Wall 08 11 13.2 3006-3 Steel Door and Frame, Gypsum Wallboard Wall 08 11 13.3 3026-4 Aluminum Door Frame Assembly 08 11 16 3056-5 Wood Door and Frame Assembly 08 14 00 3066-6 Aluminum Storefront at Sill and Head 08 41 13.1 3096-7 Aluminum Storefront at Mullion and Jamb 08 41 13.2 3116-8 All-Glass Entrance Door 08 42 26.1 3126-9 All-Glass Glazing System 08 42 26.2 314

6-10 All-Glass Glazing System at Mullion and Jamb 08 42 26.3 3156-11 Aluminum Curtain Wall at Spandrel 08 44 13.1 3166-12 Aluminum Curtain Wall at Roof 08 44 13.1 3206-13 Aluminum Curtain Wall at Mullion 08 44 13.2 322

Contents ix

6-14 Four-sided Structural Silicone Glazing at Spandrel 08 44 26.1 3246-15 Four-sided Structural Silicone Glazing at Mullion 08 44 26.2 3286-16 Aluminum Window, Masonry Wall 08 51 13.3 3296-17 Steel Window, Masonry Wall 08 51 23 3316-18 Wood Window, Masonry Wall 08 52 00.3 3336-19 Wood Window, Wood Frame Wall 08 52 00.4 3356-20 Interior, Framed Glazed Opening at Jamb 08 81 00.1 3366-21 Interior, Framed Glazed Opening at Sill and Head 08 81 00.2 3386-22 Interior Frameless Glazed Opening at Jamb 08 81 00.3 3396-23 Interior Frameless Glazed Opening at Sill and Head 08 81 00.4 3416-24 Interior Fire-Resistant Rated Glazing 08 88 60 342

7 FINISH DETAILS 3477-1 Gypsum Wallboard Shaft Lining 09 21 16 3477-2 Gypsum Wallboard, Nonrated Partition 09 29 03.1 3507-3 Gypsum Wallboard, Slip Joint at Structural Slab 09 29 03.2 3537-4 Gypsum Wallboard, Proprietary Slip Joint 09 29 03.3 3567-5 One-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Partition, Wood Framing

09 29 03.4 3577-6 Sound-Rated One-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Partition

09 29 03.5 3597-7 One-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Partition, Metal Framing

09 29 03.6 3617-8 Two-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Partition, Wood Framing

09 29 05.1 3637-9 Two-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Partition, Metal Framing

09 29 05.2 3657-10 Three-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Partition 09 29 07.1 3677-11 Three-Hour Fire-Rated Column Cover 09 29 07.2 3697-12 Perimeter Relief Joint 09 29 09 3707-13 One-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Ceiling, Wood Framing

09 29 11.1 3727-14 Two-Hour Suspended Gypsum Wallboard Ceiling 09 29 11.2 3737-15 Ceramic Tile Floor, Thin-Set on Wood Framing 09 31 13.1 3757-16 Ceramic Tile Wall, Thin-Set 09 31 13.2 3787-17 Movement Joint with Thin-Set Tile 09 31 13.3 3807-18 Ceramic Tile Floor, Thick-Set on Membrane

Over Concrete 09 32 13.1 3827-19 Ceramic Tile Floor, Full Mortar Bed 09 32 13.2 3857-20 Ceramic Tile Ceiling 09 32 13.3 3877-21 Ceramic Tile Wall, Full Mortar Bed 09 32 13.4 3887-22 Ceramic Tile Expansion Joint 09 32 13.5 3907-23 One-Hour Acoustical Ceiling Assembly 09 50 13.1 3927-24 Two-Hour Acoustical Ceiling Assembly 09 50 13.2 394

x Contents

7-25 Stone Flooring, Thin-Set 09 63 40.1 3967-26 Stone Flooring, Full Mortar Bed 09 63 40.2 3977-27 Wood Parquet Flooring 09 64 23 3997-28 Wood Strip Flooring on Wood Framing 09 64 29.1 4017-29 Wood Strip Flooring on Concrete Framing 09 64 29.2 4027-30 Laminate Flooring 09 62 19 4047-31 Resilient Wood Flooring System 09 64 53 4057-32 Portland Cement Terrazzo, Sand Cushion 09 66 13.13 4077-33 Portland Cement Terrazzo, Monolithic 09 66 13.16 4097-34 Portland Cement Terrazzo, Bonded 09 66 13.19 411

Appendix A: Standards Titles 415

Appendix B: Sources for More Information 423

CSI Six-Digit Number Index 431

Index 437

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Concrete Aggregate Visibility 34Table 1-2 Recommended Dimensions of 90 Degree Quirk Miters, in. (mm) 37Table 1-3 Recommended Dimensions of 45 Degree Quirk Miters, in. (mm) 37

Table 2-1 Maximum Horizontal Spacing of Vertical Control Joints in ExteriorConcrete Masonry Walls, in ft (m) 56

Table 2-2 Recommended Brick Joint Widths Based on Joint Spacing 61Table 2-3 Maximum Glass Block Panel Sizes Based on International Building

Code Limitations 111Table 2-4 Minimum Radii of Curved Glass Block Walls 112Table 2-5 Average Coefcients of Thermal Expansion of Building Materials 118Table 2-6 Weights of Building Stone 127

Table 3-1 Open Web Steel Joists Series 157

Table 4-1 Materials and Thicknesses for Cabinet Components 193Table 4-2 Maximum Allowable Total Load in Pounds (kg) for Shelf Deection

of 1/8 in. (3 mm) for Shelves of Different Materials, Widths, and Spans 198

Table 5-1 Insulation Requirements for Slabs-on-Grade 213Table 5-2 Climate Zone Descriptions 215Table 5-3 Perm Rating Terminology 216Table 5-4 Minimum Thicknesses of Gravel Stops, in. (mm) 286Table 5-5 Coefcients of Solar Absorption for Common Building Materials 289Table 5-6 Heat Capacity Constants 289Table 5-7 Coefcients of Linear Moisture Growth for Common Building

Materials 290Table 5-8 Recommended Depth of Sealants 291Table 5-9 Comparative Properties of Sealants 293

Table 7-1 Maximum Stud Heights 354Table 7-2 Recommended Ceramic Tile Expansion Joint Width and Spacing 381

xi

PREFACE

While construction details can add to the style and aesthetic appeal of a building, they areuseless unless they can successfully provide the basic functional requirements of satisfying thebuildings purpose, protecting against the elements, providing durable interior nishes, andmaking construction efcient and economical.

Most building problems and outright failures occur because of poorly designed or con-structed details. Although detailing is vitally important for preventing problems, it is becominga lost art at the same time that it is becoming more complex due to the proliferation of newmaterials and construction techniques, more stringent energy and sustainability requirements,and safety and security concerns. Architecture schools rarely provide students with the funda-mental grounding in detailing and specifying or spend as much time on them as on design andother subjects. In architectural practice, nal detailing is often left until the end of the designand documents phases, when time and money are limited, for their thorough development.

The Architects Handbook of Construction Detailing provides architects, interior designers,contractors, students, and others involved with the construction industry with a convenientsource of detailing and specication information on hundreds of commonly used details andmaterials.

Although no one book can provide all the details that are used in construction, theArchitects Handbook of Construction Detailing provides basic detail congurations that can beused as the basis for project-specic detail development. Because detailing is closely tied tospecifying, this book also provides fundamental material data and information. The writteninformation is coordinated with the illustrated details in a keynote format.

The current edition of this book updates and expands features in the rst edition. Detailshave been revised to reect new technologies and more stringent requirements for energyconservation. New sections have been added on concrete with insulation, autoclaved aeratedconcrete, glass ber reinforced concrete panels, precast concrete with insulation, multistorywood framing, structural insulated panels, vegetated protected membrane roong, weatherbarrier concepts, thermoplastic polyolen roong, re-resistant glazing, proprietary gypsumwallboard slip joints, and laminate ooring.

The keynoting system has been updated from the previous Construction SpecicationsInstitutes ve-digit MasterFormatTM numbering system to the current six-digit system. Allillustrations have been redrawn and industry standard references, including ASTM and ANSIstandards, have been updated, as have the sources for information in the appendices.

As with the rst edition, each detail section follows a similar format to make it easy tond information and relate it to the drawing. The details in the book may be used to helpsolve specic problems, as the basis for developing a master detail system, or as a referencefor checking existing drawings and specications. The book can also be used to develop andcoordinate specications with details.

xiii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank the many people who contributed to the making of this book. Forthe publisher John Wiley & Sons, Amanda Miller, vice president and publisher, and JohnCzarnecki, Assoc. AIA, senior editor, were instrumental in suggesting this new edition.Thanks also to the other ne people at John Wiley & Sons: Donna Conte, senior productioneditor; Sadie Abuhoff, editorial assistant; Helen Greenberg for copyediting; Figaro for designand page layout.

xv

INTRODUCTION

What This Book Will Do for YouThe Architects Handbook of Construction Detailing presents ready-to-use information aboutcritical building details to help you produce construction drawings, design and develop customdetails, prepare specications, and check existing drawings in your les. The details presentedcan be used directly for common construction situations. If modications are necessary forunique project conditions, the data presented with each drawing tell you what can and cannotbe changed to maintain the integrity of the detail.

The construction assemblies in this book have been selected to help you avoid problemsin those areas where they are most likely to occur. Information presented in seven sectionsshows you how to detail such conditions as exterior cladding, roong, doors, masonry, andmany, many others so that you can prevent common mistakes that architects seem to repeatfar too often. In addition to clearly drawn graphic details, accurate, to-the-point informationis given to help you coordinate a detail with other parts of your design, specify materials, anddevelop your own layout if necessary.

A broad range of architectural details is covered, from concrete construction to nishes.Each drawing has an identifying number according to the Construction Specications Insti-tutes MasterFormat system, and all the pertinent materials used in the details are identied bythe same numbering system. This makes it easy for you to produce drawings with time-savingkeynoting, to coordinate the drawings and information with your specication system, andto supplement the details with your own data ling procedures. Most details have been drawnat three-inch scale. When another scale is used, it is shown at the bottom of the drawing.

Among the many other details, this Handbook

Shows the recommended way to detail concrete joints. (See Sections 1-5, 1-6, and 1-7) Species the most common concrete construction tolerances. (See Sections 1-1, 1-2,1-3, 1-11, and 1-13)

Presents common methods of assembling precast wall panels. (See Sections 1-16, 1-17,and 1-19)

Describes how to assemble brick veneer walls to avoid cracks and leaks. (See Sections2-9 and 2-11)

Compiles the many ways stone veneer should be attached to concrete and steel frames.(See Sections 2-22, 2-23, 2-25, 2-26, 2-27, 2-31 and 2-32)

Provides the secrets to designing elegant stairways. (See Sections 3-10 through 3-13) Simplies the methods of forming expansion joints. (See Sections 2-2 and 3-16) Shows how to fabricate glued-laminated beam and column connections. (See Section4-10)

Tells how to create sheet membrane waterproong details. (See Sections 5-1 and 5-2) Organizes information on asphalt and berglass shingles. (See Section 5-9) Lays out the many variations of single-ply roong. (See Sections 5-16 through 5-36) Explains the dos and donts of joint llers and sealants. (See Section 5-38) Illustrates steel door frame assemblies and what is involved in their proper construction.(See Sections 6-1. 6-2, and 6-3)

xvii

xviii Introduction

Describes how to detail a safety glass door. (See Section 6-8) Identies the essential elements of steel, aluminum, and wood window detailing. (SeeSections 6-16 through 6-19)

Shows how re-rated gypsum wallboard assemblies should be drawn. (See Sections 7-5through 7-11)

Illustrates the many ways to detail ceramic tile oors and walls. (See Sections 7-15through 7-22)

Gives guidance on detailing stone ooring. (See Sections 7-25 and 7-26)The information presented about each detail in this book follows a similar format to

make it easy to nd precisely the data required for your research. The rst part of each detailinformation package shows the detail itself, with materials identied by MasterFormat numberand other critical components dimensioned or labeled with design guidelines. Each of thecomponents identied on the drawing by keynote number refers you to requirements forthose materials given in the text. This gives you an invaluable guide for coordinating yourdrawings and specications.

The second part of the package consists of a brief description of the detail along withthe limitations on using it. Then specic guidelines are presented to help you understandthe critical points of construction and what must be considered in modifying the detail ordeveloping your own. Next, points of coordination are listed to aid you in tting the detailinto the context of your design. Likely failure points are also outlined to alert you to commonproblems encountered in the design and construction of the detail. Finally, material andinstallation requirements for components of the detail are listed according to the keynotenumbering system used in the detail.

All of the information is presented in concise, easy-to-follow lists and notations so thatyou do not have to waste time wading through lengthy text. Appendices provide the full titleof ASTM and other industry standards referred to in the book as well as sources for additionalinformation if you want to do more research.

The conguration of the details and accompanying data have been compiled from themost authoritative sources available. However, the material presented in this book should onlybe used as a supplement to normal, competent professional knowledge and judgment. This isbecause there are an unlimited number of variations of any basic detail to t the requirementsof a specic building project. In addition, factors outside the limits of a particular detail,such as structural loading, climate, and occupancy conditions, may impinge on the detailsperformance or exact method of construction.

You may want to use the details in this book to help solve specic problems, as the basis foryour ofces own master detail system, or simply as a reference for checking existing drawings.If you have master details on a computer-aided drafting system or an automated specicationwriting system, you may want to review those data to see if modications or corrections arewarranted. Regardless of how you use this book, you will nd it a time-saving reference thatcan minimize errors and improve the technical documentation of your projects.

HOW SI UNITS ARE USEDIN THIS BOOK

This edition of the Architects Handbook of Construction Detailing includes equivalent measure-ments, using the Syste`me Internationale (SI), in the text and illustrations. However, the useof SI units for construction and book publishing in the United States is problematic. This isbecause the building construction industry in the United States (with the exception of federalconstruction) has generally not adopted the metric system, as it is commonly called. Equiva-lent measurements of customary U.S. units (also called English or inch-pound units) are usuallygiven as soft conversions using standard conversion factors. This always results in a numberwith excessive signicant digits. When construction is done using SI units, the building isdesigned and drawn according to hard conversions, where planning dimensions and buildingproducts are based on a metric module from the beginning. For example, studs are spaced400 mm on center to accommodate panel products that are manufactured in standard1200 mm widths.

During the transition to SI units in the United States, code-writing bodies, federallaws (such as the Americans with Disabilities Act [ADA]), product manufacturers, tradeassociations, and other construction-related industries typically still use the customary U.S.system and make soft conversions to develop SI equivalents. Some manufacturers producethe same product using both measuring systems. Although there are industry standards fordeveloping SI equivalents, there is no consistency for rounding off when conversions aremade. For example, the International Building Code (IBC) shows a 152 mm equivalent when a6 in. dimension is required. The ADA Accessibility Guidelines shows a 150 mm equivalent forthe same dimension.

For the purposes of this book, the following conventions have been adopted.Throughout this book, the customary U.S. measurements are given rst and the SI

equivalents follow in parentheses. In the text, the unit sufxes for both systems, such as ft ormm, are shown. In the illustrations, the number values and U.S. unit sufxes are given rst(in., ft, etc.) and the SI value after them in parentheses but without the unit if the numberis in millimeters but with the unit if it is in meters or some other unit except millimeters.This follows standard construction practice for SI units on architectural drawings; a numberis understood to be in millimeters unless some other unit is given. The exception to thisconvention occurs when a number is based on an international standard or product. In thiscase, the primary measurement is given rst in SI units with the U.S. equivalent in parentheses.The unit sufx is shown for both in the text as well as in the illustrations to avoid confusion.

When there is a ratio or some combination of units where it might be confusing, unitsufxes are used for all numbersfor example, 6 mm/3 m.

When a standards-writing organization or a trade association gives dual units for a partic-ular measurement, those numbers are used exactly as they come from the source. For example,one group might use 6.4 mm as the equivalent for 1/4 in., while another organization mightuse 6 mm.

When an SI conversion is used by a code agency, such as the IBC or published in anotherregulation, such as the ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG), the SI equivalents used by theissuing agency are printed in this book. For example, the IBC uses a 152 mm equivalent

xix

xx How SI Units are Used in This Book

when a 6 in. dimension is required, while the ADAAG gives a 150 mm equivalent for thesame dimension.

If a specic conversion is not otherwise given by a trade association or standards-writingorganization, when converted values are rounded, the SI equivalent is rounded to the nearestmillimeter for numbers under a few inches unless the dimension is very small (as for smalltolerances like 1/16 in.), in which case a more precise decimal equivalent is given.

For dimensions over a few inches, the SI equivalent is rounded to the nearest 5 mm andto the nearest 10 mm for numbers over a few feet. When the dimension exceeds several feet,the number is rounded to the nearest 100 mm.

Abbreviations

AAC autoclaved aerated concreteACI American Concrete InstituteAISC American Institute of Steel ConstructionAWI Architectural Woodwork InstituteCFC chlorouorocarbonECH epichlorohydrinEN European NormsEPA Environmental Protection AgencyEIFS exterior insulation and nish systemEPDM ethylene propylene diene monomerEPS expanded polystyrene boardFMG Factory Mutual Global (class ratings)FMRG Factory Mutual Research CorporationGFRC glass ber reinforced concreteHCFC hydrochloro-uorocarbonHFC hydrouorocarbonHVAC heating, ventilation, air conditioningLEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental DesignNFPA National Fire Protection AssociationNRC noise reduction coefcientNTMA National Terrazzo and Mosaic AssociationOSB oriented strand boardPB polymer basedPET polyethylene terephthalatePM polymer modiedPVC polyvinyl chlorideSBR styrene butadiene rubberSIP structural insulated panelSTC Sound Transmission ClassTPO thermoplastic polyolenUL Underwriters LaboratoriesVOC volatile organic compoundw.g. water gageXPS extended polystyrene board

xxi

Index

AAC. See Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)masonry; Autoclaved aerated concrete(AAC) panels

Access doors, 374Acoustic insulation, 360Acoustical ceilings, 392394, 394396Acoustical ceiling suspension system, 394, 396Acoustical control, 350, 354, 359, 360, 362Aggregate visibility in precast concrete, 34 (tbl.)Air barriers, 61, 65, 81, 216

(description), 217218for EIFS, 229in brick veneer walls, 83, 8586, 88, 90, 96in cavity walls, 6869in curtain walls, 319in SIP construction, 181in stone veneer walls, 127in wood frame construction, 171, 176under roong, 234, 236vapor impermeable, 216, 217vapor permeable, 216, 217window openings, 334335

All-glass doors, 312314All-glass glazing, 314315, 315316Aluminum curtain walls, 320. See also Curtain

wallsAluminum door frames, 305306Aluminum storefronts, 309311, 311312Aluminum windows, 329331Anchor bolt setting tolerances, 145Anchor bolts, wood framed construction,

171Anchors:

coping, 124dovetail, 133for curtain walls, 318for glass block, 115interior stone veneer, 135masonry, 57, 61, 8485, 89, 118119,stone, 128, 38

Antifracture membrane, 384385, 399Architectural Woodwork Institute (AWI), 191Architectural Woodwork Quality Standards

Illustrated, 191, 193ASHRAE 90.1, 214, 217Asphalt or glass ber shingles, 234Astragals, 299Atactic polypropylene bitumen, 256Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry,

102104

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) panels,2730

AWI. See Architectural Woodwork Institute

Back-ventilated rain screen, 223Backer rods, 14, 19, 58, 61, 195Ballast, 250, 260, 268, 284Barrier concept, 214Barrier system, 222, 223Barrier walls, 74, 75Beams, concrete, 45Beams, glued laminated, 183186, 188189Bituminous membrane waterproong, 206Bituminous roong, 250Bonded terrazzo, 411414Bowing of precast panels, 31Brick:

expansion joints, 5862in cavity walls, 6569in composite walls, 6265in spandrels, 6971masonry, 64, 77, 80sealants for, 62sizing horizontal expansion joints, 9394tolerances, 60veneer, 7881veneer on steel studs, 8287, 8791

Bridging, 169Built-up roong, 247256

Cabinet component thicknesses, 193 (tbl.)Cabinets, 191195Ceilings:

acoustical, 392394, 394396at glazed openings, 341342ceramic tile, 387388gypsum wallboard, 372373suspended gypsum wallboard, 373375suspension systems, 375

Cellulose insulation, 219Centerbulb waterstops, 79Ceramic tile:

ceilings, 387388expansion joints, 390392oors, 375377, 382385glazing, 342joint width and spacing, 381 (tbl.)sealants, 382showers, 385387walls, 377, 378380, 388390

437

Architects Handbook of Construction Detailing, Second Editionby David Kent Ballast

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

438 Index

Chimney effect, 217Clay roong tiles, 237238Cleats, 199Cleavage membrane, 382Climate zones, 204, 213214, 215 (tbl.), 216CMU. See Concrete unit masonryCoefcients of linear moisture growth, 290

(tbl.)Coefcients of solar absorption, 289 (tbl.)Coefcients of thermal expansion of materials,

118 (tbl.)Collar joint, 74, 75Columns:

concrete, 45, 57covers, re rated, 369370glued laminated, 185186, 190191

Composite walls, 6265Concrete:

aggregate visibility, 34 (tbl.)architectural, 1922architectural precast joints, 3840as backup for cut stone, 132133backer rods in joints, 14cast-in-place, 45cast-in-place to precast connections,

4749cast-in-place tolerances, 57column tolerances, 57construction joints, 1416decks for roong, 245246glass ber reinforced, 5153inserts, 94, 121, 129opening tolerances, 57pier tolerances, 57precast, 2225

beams, 2526connections, 4244corners, 3637oor and beam tolerances, 4951forms, 3234, 3436on structural steel, 152153, 153155panel tolerances, 3031parapets, 4547spandrel panels, 4445tolerances, 22

slabs-on-grade, 13, 10slabs-on-grade insulation, 212213substrate for wood ooring, 402404wall tolerances, 57walls, 1619unit masonry, 58, 6465, 101unit masonry, expansion joints, 5558unit masonry walls, grouted, 7478

Condensation control, 318Connections, cast-in-place to precast, 4749Connections, precast concrete, 3840, 4244,

153155

Connections, precast on steel, 153Construction joints, 1416Contraction joints, 9Control joints, 911, 380Control joints in EIFS, 225Control joints in stone veneer, 124Convector covers, 319, 323Coping, 4546

anchors, 73, 124curtain walls, 321masonry walls, 7172stone, 73, 109, 123, 124, 131

Cotton insulation, 219Counterashing, 4546, 251, 260, 26. See also

Flashingmasonry walls, 7374roof curbs, 279stone veneer parapets, 125

Countertops, 195196Cover board, 243, 244, 276277Crash rails, 337Crawl space ventilation, 170Curbs, roof, 277279Curtain walls, 155156, 316320, 320322,

322324, 326327Cut stone, 132133

Dampproong, 203Deck insulation, 211Deck waterproong, 206209Decking, roof, 186Decking, wood, 188, 189Demarcation joints, 37, 39Dew point, 216Dew point method, 217Door frames:

aluminum, 305306steel, 297300, 300301, 302304wood, 306308

Doors:glass, 312314steel, 297300wood, 306

Dovetail anchors, 133Draft (precasting), 24, 35Drainage board, 205206Drainage layer, 212Drips, 21, 22, 40, 41, 234, 241, 331Driveway joints, 10Drywall. See Gypsum wallboard

Eco-roofs. See Vegetated protected membraneroong

EFVM. See Electric eld vector mappingEIFS. See Exterior insulation and nish systemElastomeric membrane waterproong, 206Elastomeric sealant. See Sealants

Index 439

Elastomeric waterproong, cold, liquid applied,208

Electric eld vector mapping (EFVM), 211Elevator shafts, 347350EPDM single-ply membrane roong, 265274EPS. See Expanded polystyrene boardEthylene propylene diene monomer. See EPDMExpanded polystyrene board (EPS), 220Expansion joint cover assemblies, 168Expansion joints, 166168, 390392. See also

Jointsin roong, 252253, 261263, 269271,

279280in foundations, 205sizing horizontal for brick, 9394

Extensive green roofs, 209Exterior insulation and nish system (EIFS),

224232Extruded polystyrene board (XPS), 220

F-number system, 2Factory Mutual Global roof class ratings,

242Fiberglass insulation, 219Fire-protection-rated glazing, 342Fire-resistance-rated glazing, 342345Firestops, 319Flashing:

brick veneer walls, 81, 83, 86, 9091EIFS, 226, 231grouted walls, 7778masonry walls, 66, 69, 107roof stacks, 255256, 264265, 273274,

282parapets, 4547stone veneer, 119120, 128

Flatness, 1Floor classications, 2Floor sheathing, 171, 181Flooring:

ceramic thick-set tile, 382385ceramic tile, 375377ceramic tile showers, 385387laminate, 404405parquet, 399400resilient wood, 405406stone, 396399terrazzo, 407414wood strip, 401402, 402404

Footings, 48Form ties, 22Forms, precast concrete, 3234, 3436Formwork tolerances, 5Foundation insulation, 212213Foundations, 169, 172Foundation waterproong, 203206Frameless glazing, 339342

Framing systems for stone, 139142Full-mortar bed. See Thick-set stone ooring

Gaskets, smoke, 308Geosynthetic soil stabilization, 211Geotextiles, 203GFRC. See Glass ber reinforced concreteGlass:

balusters, 166block, 110113, 115116block curved walls, 112 (tbl.)block joints, 113115block panel sizes, 111 (tbl.)ber reinforced concrete, 5153guards, 165166in all-glass glazing systems, 315in aluminum windows, 331in curtain walls, 324, 327in storefronts, 311interior partitions, 338mesh mortar units, 358, 362, 375, 376, 377,

378, 379, 385unit masonry. See Glass block

Glazed partitions, 336338, 339Glazing:

ceramic, 342re-resistance-rated, 342345frameless, 339342structural silicone, 324328, 328329tape, 324, 345

Glued laminated:beams, 183186columns, 186, 190191construction, 183191purlins, 186188

Gravel stops, 284286Green roofs. See Vegetated protected membrane

roongGrout, 106

masonry, 57tile, 377, 379380, 384walls, 7478

Guards, 163, 165166Gypsum sheathing, 99Gypsum wallboard, 304, 363

ceilings, 372373column cover, 369370in brick veneer walls, 87partitions, 350353, 357359shaft lining, 347350suspended ceilings, 373375trim, 353, 371

Handrails, 160161, 163Heat capacity constants, 289 (tbl.)High pressure decorative laminate. See Plastic

laminate

440 Index

Hold-downs, 176Hollow metal doors, 299300, 303304. See

also Steel doorsHollow metal frames, 299, 303. See also Steel

framesHouse wrap, 218Hydrostatic pressure, 203

Ice shields, 234Icynene insulation, 24, 221Insulating sheathing, 8081, 171Insulation:

acoustic, 360batt, 18, 24board, 18, 213building board, 90, 9596, 99 155,

209cellulose, 219cotton, 219deck, 211expanded polystyrene board, 220extruded polystyrene board, 220berglass, 219for EIFS, 228for roofs, 243, 244, 259foundation, 212213Icynene, 24, 221in brick veneer walls, 79, 80, 83, 86, 8788,

90in masonry cavity walls, 66,68, 70mineral wool, 219220on precast panels, 153155perlite, 220polyisocyanurate board, 220221polyurethane foam, 24protected membrane roofs, 284reective, 222roof, 246, 249, 267268, 277sang, 23, 45, 140, 156, 344spray cementitious, 222spray polyurethane, 24, 221spray-on cellulose, 221sustainability, 222thermal, 218222with concrete walls, 1618

Intensive green roofs, 209Isolation joints, 10, 12, 1214

Joint llers, 62, 65, 286284Joint reinforcement:

cavity walls, 6768, 70, 72cut stone, 133glass block walls, 112grouted walls, 76in composite walls, 63, 64masonry walls, 106masonry bearing walls, 100101

Joints:architectural precast, 3840backing, 292293brick, 61 (tbl.), 73brick, sizing, 60, 9394brick, spacing in, 5960brick veneer, 79, 83ceramic tile width and spacing, 381 (tbl.)composite walls, 6265concrete, 79construction, 1416contraction, 9control, 911, 380control in EIFS, 225control in stone veneer, 117, 124demarcation in concrete, 3738, 39expansion for ceramic tile, 390392expansion in brick, 5862expansion in CMU, 5558expansion in EIFS, 226expansion in foundations, 205expansion in roong, 252253, 269271,

279280expansion in stone veneer, 127expansion with preformed covers, 166168glass block walls, 113115glass ber reinforced concrete panels, 53interior stone veneer, 135136isolation, 10, 12, 1214movement, 380382nonworking, 7partition slip, 353355, 356357precast concrete, 3637, 49reinforcement in masonry walls, 5557relief, 350, 358, 362, 370371roong, 261263sizing for brick, 60sizing horizontal brick expansion, 9394sizing for sealant, 287290spacing for masonry, 56 (tbl.)stone veneer parapets, 131terrazzo, 410wood paneling, 199working, 7

Joint width for sealants, 291 (tbl.)Joists:

rim, 172steel, 108, 157158wood, 101102, 169, 170

Laminate ooring, 404405Levelness, 1Load path, 175

Masonry:anchors, 57, 61, 89, 118119autoclaved aerated concrete, 102104

Index 441

backup for stone veneer, 116120, 120122,122125, 125128

bearing partitions, 99101, 101102bearing walls, 65, 6970, 7478, 104107cavity walls, 6569on structural steel, 150153openings in, 297298, 300301, 329331parapets, 7174, 109110, 247, 251, 266reinforced, 104107, 107109ties, 7880, 133

Metal:decking, 249, 258lath, 389stairs, 164165studs. See Steel studswall panels, 238241

Millwork, 191201Mineral wool insulation, 219220Modied bituminous roong, 256265MOIST program, 217Moisture growth of materials, 289290Monolithic terrazzo, 409411Mortar, 68, 7677, 80, 85, 9495, 101,

106107dry-set and latex-portland cement, 377, 380glass block, 112portland cement, 384, 386, 390stone, 119

Movement joints, 380382Mullions, curtain wall, 322324Multistory framing, 175179

Openings, concrete tolerances, 57Ornamental metal guards, 165166Overlayment. See Cover board

Panel anchors (glass block), 115Paneling, wood, 199201Parapets:

at built up roong, 247brick veneer walls, 84curtain walls, 320321EIFS systems, 229230masonry, 109110, 251, 266masonry and stone veneer, 122125masonry cavity walls, 7174precast concrete, 4547steel studs with insulation, 274276stone veneer, 130132

Parquet ooring, 399400Partitions:

acoustical, 359360re rated, 356369interior, 361369interior at mullions, 319, 323interior glazed, 336338, 339342interior gypsum wallboard, 350353

masonry bearing, 99101, 101102openings in, 302304slip joints, 353355, 356357

Patch plates, 312Perlite insulation, 220Perm, 216Perm rating terminology, 216 (tbl.)Permeance, 216, 217Piers, concrete, 57Pitch pans, 254Plastic laminate, 196Platform framing, 169174Plumbing vents through roof, 255256,

264265, 273274, 282Polyisocyanurate board, 220221Polymer based exterior insulation and nish

system, 225, 228Polymer modied exterior insulation and nish

system, 225Polyurethane foam insulation, 24Precast concrete. See Concrete, precastPressure-equalized rain screen, 223, 318Protected membrane roong, 283284Protection board, 205206Purlins, glued laminated, 186188

Quirk miters (precast concrete), 37 (tbl.)

Railings. See Guards; HandrailsRain screen principle, 222224, 239, 318Rain screen system, 214215Recover board. See Cover boardReective insulation, 222Reinforcing dowels, 16Reinforcing steel, 21, 67Relief joints, 350, 358, 362, 370371Resilient pads, 406Rim joists, 172Rock wool, 219Roof:

classications, 242curbs with thresholds, 277279decking, 186drains, 294295equipment supports, 254255, 263264,

272, 280281framing, 233

SIPs, 182183wood, 173174, 178179

insulation, 243, 244, 246, 249, 267268insulation for protected membranes, 284sheathing, 174

Roong:asphalt, 250bituminous, 250built-up, 247256code requirements, 242, 243

442 Index

Roong: (contd)EPDM, 265274gravel stops, 284286modied bitumen, 256265on concrete decks, 245246on steel decks, 241245protected membrane, 283284tiles, 237238TPO, 274282shingles, 232234

Root barriers, 210Rustication strips, 2122

Sang insulation, 23, 45, 140, 156, 344Sand cushion terrazzo, 407409Scribes, 194, 195, 198Sealants, 286284

acoustical, 360depth, 291 (tbl.)for ceramic tile, 383for door frames, 301for stone veneer, 122, 139, 142for thin stone veneer, 130for windows in concrete, 19for windows in precast, 2425glass block walls, 113in brick walls, 62, 91in cavity walls, 69, 74in composite walls, 65in concrete joints, 9in control joints, 11in EIFS, 230, 232joint sizing, 287290in masonry, 58properties, 293 (tbl.)stone veneer walls, 125structural silicone glazing, 326, 328

Shaft walls, 347350Shear lugs, 55, 57, 63, 64Sheathing, 90, 276

oor, 171, 181gypsum, 83, 85, 98insulating, 8081, 171metal wall panels, 240roof, 174wood panel products, 176

Sheet membrane waterproong, 211Shelf angles, steel. See Steel shelf anglesShelf angles for brick, 9197Shelving, 192, 197199

loads and deection, 198 (tbl.)Shingles:

asphalt, 232234wood, 235236

Shower oors, 385387Sidewalk joints, 10Silicone glazing systems, 325, 328329

Single-ply roong. See specic roong typesSIPs. See Structural Insulated PanelsSlag wool, 219Sleepers, 406Smoke gaskets, 308Spandrels:

brick, 6971precast concrete, 2225, 4445stone veneer, 120122, 129130

Specied overall atness (SOFF), 3Specied overall levelness (SOFL), 3Spray cementitious insulation, 222Spray polyurethane insulation, 221Spray-on cellulose insulation, 221Stack effect, 217Stack ashing, 255, 264265, 273274, 282Stair layout, 158163Stair shafts, 347350Stairs, metal, 164165Stairs, riser height calculation, 161Steel:

column/beam connection tolerances,145146

column location tolerances, 148150column mill tolerances, 146147decks for roong, 241245, 249, 258door frames, 297300, 300301, 302304doors, 297300framing, 98grid for stone cladding, 141142joists, 108, 157158reinforcing, 67, 100shelf angles, 89, 9199, 120121, 130studs, 8687, 91, 276, 304, 349, 352, 355

as backup for brick veneer, 8291studs for EIFS, 227support for curtain walls, 155156support for masonry, 150153support for precast concrete, 152153tolerances for column erection, 143145truss frame for exterior stone, 136139windows, 331333

Stick systems, 317318, 322Stone:

coping, 73, 109, 123, 124exterior, 139, 141ooring, 396399interior veneer, 134136on concrete backup, 132133on framing systems, 139142on steel truss frame, 136139veneer, 125128, 129130veneer anchors, 128veneer at parapet, 130132veneer with masonry backup, 116120,

120122, 122125weights, 127

Index 443

Storefronts, 309311, 311312Structural insulated panels, 179183Structural silicone glazing, 324328,

328329Stucco, 30, 104Studs:

maximum heights, 354 (tbl.)metal for EIFS, 227steel, 304, 349, 352, 355wood, 171, 359

Styrene butadiene styrene bitumen, 256Subooring, 373, 376, 400, 403Subgrades, 2Superat oors, 4Suspended ceiling systems, 387Suspended gypsum wallboard ceilings,

373375Sustainability of insulation, 222

Terrazzo divider strips, 409, 411, 412, 414Terrazzo ooring, 407414Thermal insulation, 218222Thermoplastic polyolen single-ply roong.

See TPO roongThick-set ceramic tile oors, 382385Thick-set ceramic tile walls, 388390Thick-set stone ooring, 397399Thresholds, 313Tie-back connections, 4243, 44, 49, 52, 153Tiles, roong, 237238Tolerances:

anchor bolts, 145brick, 60brick veneer walls, 79cast-in-place concrete, 45, 57concrete openings, 16curtain walls, 319formwork, 5precast beams and tees, 2526precast concrete, 22precast concrete panels, 3031precast oors and beams, 4951sizing joints, 290slabs-on-grade, 1steel column, mill, 146147steel column/beam connection, 145146steel column erection, 143145steel column location, 148150steel frames in masonry, 297298

TPO roong, 274282Trim, gypsum wallboard, 353, 371

Underlayment, 174, 373for roofs, 244

Underwriters Laboratories, 357Underwriters Laboratories roof classes, 242Unit systems, 318

Vapor diffusion, 216Vapor impermeable air barrier, 216, 217Vapor permeable air barriers, 216, 217Vapor retarders:

code requirements, 216curtain walls, 321(description), 215217in brick veneer walls, 79, 86, 87in exterior insulation and nish systems,

226in glass ber reinforced concrete panels,

53in SIP construction, 180in wood framed construction, 170, 174,

176on concrete roof decks, 246on steel deck roofs, 243under slabs, 2, 10, 11, 13, 15with air barriers, 218with concrete walls, 1819

Vegetated protected membrane roong,209212

Veneer, wood, 196Veneer panels, 200201

Wall panels, metal, 238241Walls, ceramic tile, 378380, 388390Walls, concrete, 45, 57, 1619Warping of precast panels, 31Water barriers, 214Waterproong, 203206

bituminous, 206cold, liquid-applied, 208209deck, 206209elastomeric membrane, 206sheet membrane, 211

Waterstops, 79Weathering details of concrete, 4042Weep holes, 66, 79, 83, 214, 318, 319, 321,

331Weights of building stone, 127 (tbl.)Welded wire reinforcement, 11, 13, 16, 384,

386Windows:

aluminum, 329331in autoclaved aerated concrete panels, 28in brick veneer walls, 8791in concrete, 1617, 20in EIFS, 231in glass ber reinforced concrete panels,

53in precast concrete, 2223, 41, 45steel, 331333wood, 333335, 335336

Wind resistance, roong, 242, 248, 257, 267,275

Wire ties, interior stone, 135, 136

444 Index

Wood:construction, 169174decking, 188, 189door frames, 306308doors, 306, 308ooring, resilient, 405406framing, 175179framing for partitions, 357359paneling, 199201panel products, 176parquet ooring, 399400

shingles, 235236strip ooring, 401402, 402404, 406studs, 80, 359studs as backup for brick veneer, 7881veneer, 196windows, 333335, 335336

WUFI/ORNL/IBP program, 217

XPS. See Extruded polystyrene board

Z-clips, 199

C H A P T E R 1CONCRETE DETAILS

1-1 CONCRETE SLAB-ON-GRADE TOLERANCES

DescriptionBecause no building can be perfectly level, plumb, and straight, there are certain acceptabletolerances for various types of construction, which have become industry standards. These tol-erances give architects, engineers, and contractors allowable variations from given dimensionsand elevations. Knowing these tolerances is important in detailing because allowances mustbe made for variations from idealized dimensions when several materials are connected, whenclearances are required, or when appearance is critical. This section and Sections 1-2, 1-3,1-11, 1-13, 1-22, and 1-23 give some of the industry standard tolerances regarding concreteconstruction.

Slabs-on-grade (as well as elevated slabs) are subject to two tolerances. One is the overalltolerance above and below the specied elevation, and the other is the atness and levelnessof the oor nish. Flatness is the degree to which the surface approximates a plane. Levelnessis the degree to which the surface parallels the horizontal plane.

Limitations of Use These tolerances are for slabs-on-grade as specied by the American Concrete Institute(ACI). See Section 1-2 for tolerances of other slab surfaces. The tolerances given can also be used to specify sloped surfaces.

Verify the size of temperature reinforcement, the concrete strength, and the size andspacing of rebars (if any) with a structural engineer.

Detailing Considerations Do not specify a tolerance higher than that actually required for the project becausehigher nish tolerances generally cost more to achieve. For example, a moderately atoor (3/8 in. in 10 ft [10 mm in 3 m]) is generally sufcient for carpet or an exteriorwalk. Verify the slab thickness required for the project. A 4 in. (100 mm) slab is the minimumthickness allowable and is used for residential and lightly loaded commercial oorssubject to foot trafc. A 5 in. (127 mm) thickness is required for light industrial and

1

Architects Handbook of Construction Detailing, Second Editionby David Kent Ballast

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2 Arch i t ec t s Handbook o f Cons t r uc t i on De ta i l i ng

commercial oors where there is foot trafc and pneumatic wheeled trafc. Floors withheavy loads require thicker slabs and special reinforcing.

Coordination Required In order to maintain the specied level of the slab, proper compaction and subgradepreparation must be specied and maintained during construction. Soil and ll underslabs should be compacted to 95 percent of standard Proctor density.

Locate joints according to the information given in Sections 1-5, 1-6, and 1-7. Vapor barriers should be used under slabs to prevent moisture migration into the slab,to prevent shrinkage cracks, and to provide a barrier to radon penetration. However,in order to prevent plastic and drying shrinkage caused by differential water loss be-tween the top and bottom of the slab, the slab must be properly cured following ACIrecommendations. Reinforcing and concrete strength should be selected based on the service requirementsof the slab. Generally, lightly loaded slabs require a minimum compressive concretestrength of 3500 psi (24,000 kPa), while light industrial and commercial slabs require acompressive strength of 4000 psi (27,500 kPa).

Allowable TolerancesLevel alignment tolerance is shown in Fig. 1-1(a). This means that over the entire surface ofa concrete slab, all points must fall within an envelope 3/4 in. (19 mm) above or below thetheoretical elevation plane.

Random trafc oor nish tolerances may be specied either by the traditional 10 ft(3 m) straightedge method, shown in Fig. 1-1(b), or by the F-number system. For a completediscussion of the F-number system refer to ACI 302.1R-89, Guide for Concrete Floor and SlabConstruction, and ACI Compilation No. 9, Concrete Floor Flatness and Levelness.

If the 10 ft (3 m) straightedge method is used, there are three oor classications: con-ventional, moderately at, and at. In order for a surface to meet the requirements of oneof these three classications, a minimum of 0.01 times the area of the oor measured in ft2

(0.1 times the area in m2) must be taken. Ninety percent of the samples must be within therst column shown in Fig. 1-1(b), and 100 percent of the samples must fall within the secondcolumn in Fig. 1-1(b). The orientation of the straightedge must be parallel, perpendicular,or at a 45 degree angle to the longest construction joint bounding the test surface. ACI 117,Specications for Tolerances for Concrete Construction and Materials and Commentary, details theother requirements for taking the samples.

The F-number system, diagrammed in Fig. 1-1(c), is a statistical method used to measureand specify both the local atness of a oor within adjacent 12 in. (300 mm) intervals (the FFnumber) and the local levelness of a oor (the FL number) over a 10 ft (3.05 m) distance. Thehigher the FF or FL number, the atter or more level the oor. To determine if a oor fallswithin the tolerances of a particular FF and FL, number measurements must be taken accordingto the procedure set forth in ASTM E1155-87. In most cases, a sophisticated instrument mustbe used that can take the measurements and perform the calculations necessary for determiningthe F numbers. Although there is no direct correlation, an FF50 roughly corresponds to a1/8 in. (3.2 mm) gap under a 10 ft (3.05 m) straightedge. An FF25 roughly corresponds to a1/4 in. (6 mm) gap under a 10 ft (3.05 m) straightedge.

Conc re te De ta i l s 3

specified elevation

+3/4" (19)

-3/4" (19)

(a) level alignment

10' (3 m)10' (3 m) straightedge setanywhere on the floor

(b) 10-ft straightedge method

10' (3 m)

zq

12" (305)

(c) F-number system

12" (305)

conventional:moderately flat:flat:

1/2" (13)3/8" (10)1/4" (6)

3/4" (19)5/8" (16)3/8" (10)

floor surfaceclassification

90%compliance

100%compliance

maximum gap

Figure 1-1 Concrete slabs-on-grade tolerances 03 05 03

For slabs-on-grade the F-number system works well. However, to determine the Fnumbers, measurements must be taken within 72 hours of oor installation and, for suspendedslabs, before shoring and forms are removed. Therefore, for suspended slabs, the speciedlevelness of a oor may be compromised when the oor deects when the shoring is removedand loads are applied.

ACI 117 gives requirements for ve classes of oors that can be specied: conventional,moderately at, at, very at, and superat. In order to meet the requirements for whateverclass of oor is specied, the procedures of ASTM E1155 must be followed and the test resultsmust meet certain overall atness (SOFF) values and specied overall levelness (SOFL) values.In addition, minimum local values for atness and levelness must also be achieved. These are3/5 of the SOFF and SOFL values. For example, a conventional oor must have an SOFF of


20 and an SOFL of 15, while a superat oor must have an SOFF of 60 and an SOFL of 40.Refer to ACI 117 for detailed requirements.

1-2 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE SECTIONALTOLERANCES

DescriptionFigure 1-2 shows dimensional tolerances for cast-in-place concrete elements. It includeselevation tolerances as well as cross-sectional tolerances for elements such as columns, beams,walls, and slabs.

3/4" (19) beforeremoval of shoring

1/2" (13)

3/4" (19)

1/2" (13)

1/2" (13)

3/4" (19) total S.O.G.see Fig. 1-1

not to scale+2" -1/2"(+51, -13)

offset:class A: +1/8" (3.2)class B: +1/4" (6)class C: +1/2" (13)class D: +1" (25)

+1", -1/2"(+25, -13)

floor finishes,see Fig. 1-1

formed slabs:3/4" (19)

up to 12" (305):over 12" (305) to 3' (0.90 m):

over 3' (0.90 m):+3/8"-1/4" (+10, -6)+1/2", -3/8" (+13, -10)+1", -3/4" (+25, -19)

0.3%

thickness:-1/4" (6)

Figure 1-2 Cast-in-place concrete sectional tolerances 03 05 04


Limitations of Use The tolerances shown in this drawing should be used with judgment as a range ofacceptability and an estimate of likely variation from true measurements, not as a basisfor rejection of work.

Floor tolerance measurements must be made within 72 hours after the concrete isnished and before the shoring is removed.

For additional tolerances, refer to ACI 117. If smaller tolerances are required, they should be clearly indicated in the contractdocuments and discussed with the contractor prior to construction.

Detailing Considerations In some cases tolerances may accumulate, resulting in a wider variation from truemeasurement than that due to individual tolerances alone. In general, higher accuracy requires a higher construction cost.

A oor poured over metal decking will generally deect signicantly. If deection mustbe limited, extra support or more rigid decking may be needed.

Coordination Required If other materials are being used with or attached to the concrete, the expected tolerancesof the other materials must be known so that allowance can be made for both. Benchmarks and control points should be agreed on by the contractor and architectprior to construction and should be maintained throughout construction.

Refer to Sections 1-11 and 1-13 for tolerances of precast concrete.

Allowable TolerancesThe various sectional tolerances are shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1-2. The level alignmenttolerance of 1/2 in. (13 mm) for lintels, sills, and parapets also applies to horizontal groovesand other lines exposed to view. Offsets listed as Class A, B, C, and D are for adjacentpieces of formwork facing material. Note that the level alignment of the top surface offormed slabs and other formed surfaces is measured before the removal of shoring. There is norequirement for slabs on structural steel or precast concrete. The tolerance for the top of a wall is3/4 in. (19).

For slabs-on-grade, the tolerance is 3/8 in. (10 mm) for the average of all samples and3/4 in. (19 mm) for an individual sample. The minimum number of samples that must betaken is one per 10,000 ft2 (929 m2).

1-3 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PLAN TOLERANCES

DescriptionFigure 1-3 complements Fig. 1-2 and illustrates allowable variations from lateral dimensionsfor various concrete elements such as columns, piers, walls, and openings. The tolerances


not to scale

1/2" (13)

1/2" (13)

1/2" (13)

+1", -1/2"(+25, -13)

floor opening

cross-sectional dimensions:up to 12" (305):

over 12" (305) to 3' (914):over 3' (914":

+3/8"-1/4" (+10, -6)+1/2", -3/8" (+13, -10)+1", -3/4" (+25, -19)

offset:class A: +1/8" (3.2)class B: +1/4" (6)class C: +1/2" (13)class D: +1" (25)

+1", -1/2"(+25, -13)

1" (25)

1" (25) 1/2" (13)

openings 12" (305)or smaller

sawcuts, joints, andweakened planeembedments

3/4" (19)

1" (25)

Figure 1-3 Cast-in-place concrete plan tolerances 03 05 05

shown in Fig. 1-3 are based on recommendations of the ACI. In some cases, the tolerancesmay conict with individual ACI documents. In these cases, the tolerances required shouldbe specied in the contract documents.

Limitations of Use The tolerances shown in Fig. 1-3 should be used with judgment as a range of accept-ability and an estimate of likely variation from true measurements, not as a basis forrejection of work.


If smaller tolerances are required, they should be clearly indicated in the contractdocuments and discussed with the contractor prior to construction.

For additional tolerances, refer to ACI 117.

Detailing Considerations In some cases tolerances may accumulate, resulting in a wider variation from truemeasurement than that due to individual tolerances alone. Generally speaking, higher accuracy requires a higher construction cost.

Details should provide sufcient clearance for the tolerances shown as well as for attachedmaterials.

Coordination Required If other materials are being used with or attached to the concrete construction, theexpected tolerances of the other materials must be known so that allowance can bemade for both. Benchmarks and control points should be agreed on by the contractor and architectprior to construction and should be maintained throughout construction.

Refer to Sections 1-11 and 1-13 for tolerances of precast concrete.

1-4 WATERSTOPS

DescriptionA waterstop is a premolded sealant used across concrete joints to stop the passage of waterunder hydrostatic pressure. There are dozens of different styles and sizes of waterstops madefrom several types of materials to suit particular situations. Waterstops are made for twobasic types of joints: working and nonworking. Working joints are those where signicantmovement is expected; nonworking joints are those where little or no movement is expected.

Figure 1-4 shows two typical types of joints. A centerbulb waterstop is shown in theworking joint in Fig. 1-4(a), which allows movement both parallel and perpendicular to theplane of the concrete. For a nonworking joint, as shown in Fig. 1-4(b), a dumbbell or at,serrated waterstop can be used. The dumbbell shape shown here holds the waterstop in placeand provides a longer path for water to travel across the joint, improving its watertightness. Ifa great deal of movement is expected, a U-shaped, tear-web center section can be selected, asshown in Fig. 1-4(c)

Limitations of Use The details included here show only two of the many styles of waterstops available forvarious applications. Refer to manufacturers literature for specic recommendationson material and conguration of a waterstop.

Detailing Considerations Most waterstops are either 6 in. (152 mm) or 9 in. (229 mm) wide; some are availableup to 12 in. (305 mm).


(c) tear web waterstop

(a) working joint

(b) nonworking joint

07 92 13

07 91 23

03 15 13

03 15 13

not less than twicethe diameter of thelargest aggregate

reinforcing

reinforcing

Figure 1-4 Waterstops 03 15 13

Select the type and shape of waterstop based on the requirements of the joint, eitherworking or nonworking.

Likely Failure Points Splitting of the joint due to the use of an incorrect type of waterstop for the movementexpected

Leaking due to honeycombing near the seal caused by displacement of the waterstopduring placing and consolidation of the concrete

Leaking caused by incomplete or improper splicing Leaking caused by contamination of the waterstop by form coatings

Materials03 15 13 WATERSTOP

Waterstops for general construction are typically made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC),styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and neoprene. Other materials are available, includingmetal, which are resistant to certain types of chemicals or which are more appropriate forspecial uses.


PVC can be easily spliced, while other materials require the use of preformed ttings forangles or the use of skilled workers to make the correct ttings and splices.

The width of the waterstop should not be greater than the thickness of the wall.

07 91 23 BACKER ROD

Closed cell polyethylene foam, with the diameter at least 25 percent greater than the jointwidth.

07 92 13 SEALANT

MaterialsPolysulde, polyurethane, or silicone, ASTM C920, are the most common types used.Sealant may either be Type S or M (one part or multicomponent), Grade P or NS(pourable or nonsag), and Class 25.

Sealant must be compatible with the type of joint ller used.

ExecutionSealant depth equal to the width of the joint up to 1/2 in. (13 mm), with a minimumdepth of 1/4 in. (6 mm).

Sealant depth 1/2 in. (13 mm) for joint widths from 1/2 in. to 1 in. (13 mm to 25 mm).

For sealants with a 25 percent movement capability, the joint width should be fourtimes the expected movement of the joint.

Sealant should not bond to the joint ller.

1-5 SLAB-ON-GRADE CONTROL JOINT

DescriptionFigure 1-5 shows one of the three types of joints used in concrete slabs-on-grade. Controljoints, also called contraction joints, are used to induce cracking in preselected locations whenthe slab shortens due to drying, shrinking, and temperature changes. For lightly loaded slabs,a minimum thickness of 4 in. (102 mm) is required. For most light industrial and commercialwork, slab thicknesses of 5 in. or 6 in. (127 mm or 152 mm) are recommended, dependingon the loading conditions. Industrial oors may require even thicker slabs.

Limitations of Use The detail shown is for lightly loaded and moderately loaded interior and exterior slabs.Heavy-duty industrial oors, street pavements, and other heavily loaded slabs requirespecial considerations for reinforcement, design thickness, and joint construction.

Verify the size and spacing of rebars, if required, with a structural engineer.

Detailing Considerations Control joints may be formed by sawcutting shortly after the slab hardens (as shown inFig. 1-5), by hand tooling, or by using preformed plastic or metal strips pressed intothe fresh concrete.


1/4 T1" (25) Min.

T

07 92 13

03 22 00

07 26 16

If joint is hand-tooled use1/8" maximum radius for floorsand 1/2" maximum radius forsidewalks and drives

Sand, gravelor compactedearth

Figure 1-5 Slab-on-grade control joint 03 30 07

For interior slabs, control joints should be placed 15 ft to 20 ft (4.6 m to 6.1 m)apart in both directions. Slab sections formed with control joints should be square ornearly square. For sidewalks or driveways control joints should be spaced at intervalsapproximately equal to the width of the slab, but walks or drives wider than about 12 ft(3.6 m) should have an intermediate control joint in the center. If control joints willbe visible in the completed construction, their location should be planned to coincidewith lines of other building elements, such as column centerlines and other joints.

Isolation and construction joints can also serve as control joints. Vapor barriers should be used under slabs to prevent moisture migration into the slab,to prevent shrinkage cracks, and to provide a barrier to radon penetration. However,in order to prevent plastic and drying shrinkage caused by differential water loss be-tween the top and bottom of the slab, the slab must be properly cured following ACIrecommendations. Seal control joints to prevent spalling of the concrete.

Coordination Required Select a vapor barrier and granular ll under the slab to satisfy the requirements ofthe project. In most cases, a gravel subbase should be placed under the slab to providedrainage.

Reinforcing and concrete strength should be selected based on service requirements ofthe slab. The subgrade should be compacted to 95 percent of standard Proctor density prior toplacing the subbase.

Likely Failure Points Cracking of the slab in undesirable locations if control joints are placed farther apartthan 20 ft (6.1 m) or if sections of the slab are elongated (length-to-width ratio greaterthan 1.5) or are L-shaped


Cracking of the slab if control joint grooves are not deep enough Random cracking before sawing of control joints usually means that the sawing wasdelayed too long

Materials03 22 00 WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT

6 6 W1.4 1.4 (152 152 MW9 MW9), minimum or as required by thestructural requirements of the job.

Place welded wire reinforcement in the top one-third of the slab.

If fabric is carried through control joints, cut every other wire to ensure that the crackingwill occur at the joint.

Reinforcement is often not used where frequent control joints are used.

Welded wire reinforcement should extend to about 2 in. (51 mm) from the edge of theslab but no more than 6 in. (152 mm) from the edges.

07 26 16 VAPOR BARRIER

6 mil (0.15 mm) polyethylene.

Permeance of less than 0.3 perm (17 ng/s m2 Pa) determined in accordance withASTM E96.

Barrier should not be punctured during construction activities.

Edges should be lapped a minimum of 6 in. (152 mm) and taped and should be carefullytted around openings.

07 92 13 SEALANT

MaterialsPolysulde, polyurethane, or silicone, ASTM C920, are the most common types used.Sealant may be either Type S or M (one part or multicomponent), Grade P or NS(pourable or nonsag), and Class 25.


Use epoxy resin when support is needed for small, hard-wheeled trafc.





Thoroughly clean the joint of dirt and debris prior to application of the sealant.


(a) joint design

(b) isolation joint at column

1/2" (13) min.

07 92 13

03 22 00

07 91 23

03 15 11

adjacent slab, column,wall, pilaster, or otherfixed element

granular fill, sand,or other base as required by the project

column

isolation joint

concrete filled aroundcolumn after floor is poured

Figure 1-6 Slab-on-grade isolation joint 03 30 08

1-6 SLAB-ON-GRADE ISOLATION JOINT

DescriptionFigure 1-6(a) shows one of the three types of joints used in concrete slabs-on-grade. Isola-tion joints, also called expansion joints, are used to structurally separate the slab from otherbuilding elements to accommodate differential movement. They are usually located at foot-ings, columns, walls, machinery bases, and other points of restraint such as pipes, stairways,and similar xed structural elements. Figure 1-6(b) shows the general conguration when anisolation joint is located at a column.

For lightly loaded slabs, a minimum thickness of 4 in. (102 mm) is required. For mostcommercial work, slab thicknesses of 5 in. (127 mm) or 6 in. (152 mm) are recommended,depending on the loading conditions. Industrial oors may require even thicker slabs.

Limitations of Use The detail shown here is for lightly loaded and moderately loaded interior and exteriorslabs. Heavy-duty industrial oors, street pavements, and other heavily loaded slabs re-quire special considerations for reinforcement, design thickness, and joint construction.

If required, verify the size and spacing of rebars with a structural engineer.


Detailing Considerations Isolation joint llers must extend the full thickness of the joint. The width of isolation joints should be sized to accommodate the expected movementof the slab, allowing for about a 50 percent maximum compression of the joint. In mostcases, a 1/2 in. (13 mm) joint is adequate, but wider joints may be needed for large slabsor extreme conditions. In certain noncritical locations such as garage oors, protected exterior slab/foundationintersections, and similar conditions, the sealant and backer rod may be omitted, withthe joint ller placed ush with the top of the slab.

Vapor barriers should be used under slabs to prevent moisture migration into the slab,to prevent shrinkage cracks, and to provide a barrier to radon penetration. However,in order to prevent plastic and drying shrinkage caused by differential water loss be-tween the top and bottom of the slab, the slab must be properly cured following ACIrecommendations. A bond breaker should be used with isolation joints if the joint ller does not serve thispurpose.



Likely Failure Points Cracking of the slab near walls or columns if proper isolation joints are not formed Cracking near the isolation joint if the joint ller is displaced during construction Slab settlement if the ground under the slab is not compacted to the proper density

Materials03 22 00 WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT

6 6W1.4 1.4 (152 152 MW9 MW9), minimum or as required by thestructural requirements of the job.


Reinforcement is often not used where frequent control joints are used.


03 15 11 EXPANSION JOINT FILLER

Compressible joint llers may be bituminous-impregnated berboard or glass ber orone of several other types of joint llers. In some situations, the joint ller may be usedalone without a sealant.


07 91 23 BACKER ROD

Closed cell polyethylene foam, with the diameter at least 25 percent greater than the jointwidth.

07 92 13 SEALANT

MaterialsPolysulde, polyurethane, or silicone, ASTM C920, are the most common types used.Sealant may be either Type S or M (one part or multicomponent), Grade P or NS(pourable or nonsag), and Class 25.






Thoroughly clean the joint of dirt and debris prior to application of sealant.

1-7 SLAB-ON-GRADE CONSTRUCTION JOINT

DescriptionFigure 1-7 shows two variations of a construction joint. Construction joints provide stoppingpoints for construction activities. A construction joint may also serve as a control or isolationjoint. Construction joints can be formed with separate wood strips placed on the form afterthe rst pour to form the keyway or prefabricated forms made specically for this purposemay be used.

For lightly loaded slabs, a minimum thickness of 4 in. (102 mm) is required. For mostcommercial work, slab thicknesses of 5 in. (127 mm) or 6 in. (152 mm) are recommended,depending on the loading conditions.

Limitations of Use The details shown here are for lightly loaded and moderately loaded interior and exte-rior slabs. Heavy-duty industrial oors, street pavements, and other heavily loaded slabsrequire special considerations for reinforcement, design thickness, and joint construc-tion. Verify the size and spacing of dowels, if required, with a structural engineer.

Butt-type construction joints (those without reinforcing dowels, or keyed joints) shouldbe limited to lightly loaded slabs 4 in. (102 mm) thick.

Detailing Considerations Construction joints should not be placed closer than 5 ft (1525 mm) to any otherparallel joint.


(a) construction joint with keyway

(b) construction joint without keyway

TT/4

Bond breaker

1:3 Slope Edge

03 21 00

03 22 00

Edge

T

T/2

Bond breaker

Figure 1-7 Slab-on-grade construction joint 03 30 09

A bond breaker must be used with construction joints. Vapor barriers should be used under slabs to prevent moisture migration into the slab,to prevent shrinkage cracks, and to provide a barrier to radon penetration. However,in order to prevent plastic and drying shrinkage caused by differential water loss be-tween the top and bottom of the slab, the slab must be properly cured following ACIrecommendations. The top of the joint should be given a slight radius edge to avoid spalling of the concrete.



Likely Failure Points Cracking caused by misaligned dowels in construction joints Cracking due to omission of the bond breaker on the joint or one end of the dowel Slab settlement if the ground under the slab is not compacted to the proper density


Materials03 21 00 REINFORCING DOWELS

MaterialsUse reinforcing dowels in construction joints for heavily loaded oors and where wheeledtrafc is present.

#6 (#1) rebar for slabs 5 in. (127 mm) to 6 in. (152 mm) deep.

#8 (#25) rebar for slabs 7 in. (178 mm) to 8 in. (203 mm) deep.

Minimum 16 in. (406 mm) long dowels for 5 in. (127 mm) to 6 in. (152 mm) slabs;minimum 18 in. (457 mm) dowels for 7 in. (178 mm) to 8 in. (203 mm) slabs.

ExecutionSpace 12 in. (305 mm) on center.

A dowel extending into the second pour must be coated with bond breaker.

Align and support dowels during pouring.

03 22 00 WELDED WIRE REINFORCEMENT

6 6W1.4 1.4 (152 152 MW9 MW9), minimum or as required by thestructural requirements of the job.


Temperature reinforcement is often not used where frequent control joints are used.


1-8 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE WALL WITHINSULATION

DescriptionFigure 1-8 shows two basic methods of detailing a cast-in-place wall to include insulation andinterior nish. Figure 1-8(a) shows the use of stud framing to provide a space for insulationas well as the substrate for the interior nish. Figure 1-8(b) illustrates the application of rigidinsulation directly to the concrete, with the nish being applied to smaller framing. As analternative, Z-shaped furring strips can be attached to the concrete. However, furring attacheddirectly to the concrete creates a thermal bridge and reduces the overall R-value slightly.Depending on the building use, separate framing is useful to provide space for additionalinsulation as well as space for electrical service and plumbing pipes. In both cases a windowjamb is shown, but the door framing is similar.

One of the detailing problems with cast-in-place concrete is accommodating constructiontolerances, both for the opening size and for the window or door, which is usually steel oraluminum. ACI tolerances allow for an opening to be oversize by 1 in. (25 mm) or undersizedby 1/2 in. (13 mm). This means that at each jamb, the edge of the concrete opening may belarger by 1/2 in. (13 mm) or smaller by 1/4 in. (6 mm). Tolerances for steel door frames ateach jamb are 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) larger or 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) smaller than their listed dimension.To allow for tolerances and a workable sealant joint, the design dimension of the concrete


07 92 13

07 92 13

(a) stud framing with batt insulation

(b) direct application of insulation

concrete opening1" (25) largerthan window ordoor dimension

concretereinforcing

as required

07 91 23

07 91 23

07 21 16

07 26 13

min. 1" (25)air space

07 21 16if required

07 21 13

07 26 13

wallboard trimand sealant

gypsum wallboard

blocking asrequired

wallboard trimand sealant

Figure 1-8 Cast-in-place concrete wall with insulation 03 30 53

opening shown in Fig. 1-8(a) should be 1 in. (25 mm) wider than the width of the door orwindow frame (1/2 in. [13 mm] at each jamb). This allows the concrete to be undersized andthe frame to be oversized while still allowing sufcient space for sealant.

Figure 1-8(b) illustrates the use of a notch in the concrete to account for constructiontolerance issues. In this case, variations in opening size or frame size can be accommodatedwith blocking in the notch and covered with interior nish or trim. Although notching theconcrete increases the formwork costs slightly, it accommodates tolerances and maintains auniform joint width for sealant.

Limitations of Use These details do not include requirements for the concrete wall. Refer to Section 1-9and ACI requirements for formwork, concrete composition, and reinforcement.


Detailing Considerations Maintain an air space of at least 1 in. (25 mm) between the inside face of the concrete andthe batt insulation to minimize thermal bridging through the studs and avoid possiblewetting of the insulation from any moisture that might penetrate the concrete wall.

If joints in the concrete are well sealed, the concrete will act as an air barrier. Jointsbetween the roof and oor structure should be well sealed to maintain the continuityof the air barrier. Refer to Section 5-5 for more information on air barriers. Verify the need for a vapor retarder and its location. Place it as shown on the warm sideof the insulation in a cool or cold climate. Refer to Section 5-5 for more informationon vapor retarders.

Window sills should be detailed with ashing (including end dams) to drain any moistureto the outside. Maximum furring or stud spacing is 24 in. (610 mm) on center.

Precast concrete insulated panels can also be used in lieu of cast concrete. This con-struction eliminates thermal bridging and provides an extra layer of insulation.

Foam insulation must be covered with a code-approved thermal barrier. This is aminimum 1/2 in. (13 mm) layer of gypsum wallboard. Refer to Section 1-9 for information on architectural concrete.

Likely Failure Points Degradation of foam plastic insulation if a compatible adhesive is not used Degradation of batt insulation if subjected to moisture Air leakage due to an inadequate seal between concrete and framing Moisture penetration due to lack of an adequate seal between vapor retarder and framing

Materials07 21 16 BATT INSULATION

Fiberglass, ASTM C665, Type I or Type II (unfaced or faced).

Mineral ber, ASTM C553.

Apply in the thicknesses required for thermal resistance.

07 21 13 BOARD INSULATION

MaterialsPolyisocyanurate foam board, ASTM C591.

Extruded polystyrene, ASTM C578.

Apply in the thicknesses required for thermal resistance.

Verify compatibility with the adhesive used.

ExecutionIf mastic is applied, use a full adhesive bed or grid of adhesive.

Insulation may be installed with metal or plastic stick clips placed in a grid pattern. Followmanufacturers recommendations for spacing. Metal clips provide a minor thermal bridge.


07 26 13 VAPOR RETARDER

4 mil (0.1 mm) polyethylene lm, 0.08 maximum perm rating.

07 92 13 ELASTOMERIC JOINT SEALANT

MaterialsSolvent-based acrylic, ASTM C834.

Acrylic latex may also be used.

One-part polyurethane, ASTM C920, Type S, Grade NS, Class 25 or 50, as required.

One-part silicone, ASTM C920, Type S, Grade NS, Class 25 or 50, as required.


See Section 5-38 for methods of sizing joints.

07 91 23 BACKER ROD

Closed cell foam, ASTM D1056, Type 2.

25 percent to 33 percent larger than joint width.

1-9 ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE

DescriptionArchitectural concrete is exposed concrete that is intended to act as a nished surface either onthe interior or exterior of a structure. Special attention is required in detailing and specifyingarchitectural concrete to ensure that the nal appearance has minimal color and texturevariation and minimal surface defects when viewed from a distance of 20 ft (6.1 m).

Although there are many considerations in achieving a quality architectural concretesurface, including concrete mix, curing, and nishing procedures, Fig. 1-9 illustrates someof the primary considerations for detailing openings, joints, formwork, and reinforcementplacement.

Limitations of Use Refer to ACI 303R for additional recommendations concerning concrete mix, require-ments for forms, curing, and methods of treating and nishing the concrete surface.

Detailing Considerations Best results are obtained when large areas of concrete are constructed with texturedforms or have textured nishes. Joint layout should be designed to divide large concrete surfaces intomanageable sectionsfor construction. Horizontal control joints may be needed at the top and bottom of openings in walls.


interior finish notshown for clarity

03 11 16

03 11 00

03 21 00

forms

3/4" (19) clear minimum#11 (#36) bars and

smaller

2"

drip

15o min.

Figure 1-9 Architectural concrete 03 33 00

Common vertical cracking in walls can be concealed with vertical rustication joints atthe midspan of bays unless other vertical joints are provided.

In long walls, vertical cracking can be controlled by providing construction joints notmore than 20 ft (6.1 m) on center or by placing deep, narrow rustication strips on bothsides of the wall to induce cracking. The depth of this type of joint should be 1.5 timesthe maximum aggregate size.

Sills and similar horizontal surfaces should be sloped to encourage washing of airbornedirt from the concrete by rainwater. Smooth surfaces should have a minimum slope of1:12, while extremely textured surfaces may have a slope of up to 1:1. Parapets shouldslope away from the face of the concrete.


Recommended joint depths are 3/4 in. (19 mm) for small rustication or pattern groovesand 11/2 in. (38 mm) for control joints and panel divisions. Generally, avoid right and acute angle corners because of the difculty of form removalwithout potential damage during construction. Use chamfer strips on right angle cor-n

Documents

KENT, DAVID - Archtitects Handbook of Construction Detailing