Concern Universal Impact Report Impact Assessment of Water and Sanitation Projects Kyuso District, Kenya

Field work led by Dr David Kimenye (independent consultant) Report written in conjunction with Concern Universal (Kenya and UKO)

April 2012

Contents

Acronyms ..................................... 3

Executive Summary ...................... 4

Purpose of Study .......................... 5

Methodology ................................. 7

Findings ........................................ 9

Conclusions and lessons learnt .. 14

Annex 1: Household Questionnaire Analysis ...................................... 16

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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

ALRMP Arid Lands Resource Management Project CDF Constituency Development Fund C-Fit Community First Impact Tool CU-K Concern Universal –Kenya CU-UK Concern Universal – United Kingdom EWERP Emergency Water and Environmental Rehabilitation Programme FGD Focus Group Discussion MPAP Mitamisyi Poverty Alleviation Programme MSC Most Significant Change NGO Non Governmental Organization TOR Terms of Reference WASH Water and Sanitation/Hygiene VIP Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine

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Executive Summary Between November and December 2011 CU-K carried out a field-based impact assessment of three water and sanitation projects. The water projects were implemented with the support of a local NGO, the Mitamisyi Poverty Alleviation Programme (MPAP), and were implemented in Kyuso district. The assessment found that the project had had a significant impact on the lives of villagers in the target communities. Positive changes were recorded in a number of areas including water, health, sanitation, and education. Investigation into the impact of the projects found that the number of functioning water facilities had increased dramatically with 63 hand dug wells now being used, while the average distance to water that people had to walk was reduced from 12km to less than 2km, with many people within 1km of a water point. As a result of water being closer to villagers’ houses the volume of water being used has increased by 160%, whilst the cost of this water has reduced by 100%. Furthermore, the research found that the proportion of people using latrines has increased from 13% to 37%. At the same time the number of schools has increased (from 11 to 19) due to water availability, while absenteeism been has reduced as a result of improved sanitation. The assessment also reconfirmed our understanding of the sustainability of our approach to water and sanitation. The assessors observed that the projects had in-built sustainability features, including community participation in the construction and digging of wells, training on water point maintenance, and enforced care through fines to defaulters. These contributed to the

current 95% functionality rate of all the wells and pumps (December 2011). The assessment will contribute to our learning on water and sanitation work and recommends that:

Although the programmes have been successful, water coverage is still low and more protected wells should be constructed in the target areas

To reduce the incidences of high salinity of the water in the wells, subsurface dams should be constructed upstream and the wells dug downstream. The subsurface dams will recharge the wells and the salinity will eventually drop.

Further campaigns on health and sanitation are needed to improve knowledge of hand washing with soap and the health benefits of using latrines.

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Purpose of Study Concern Universal (CU) made a pledge in 2011 to carry out four separate country-level impact assessments in Ghana, Columbia, Kenya and The Gambia. This report, the third in the series, describes the findings of the Kenyan impact assessment which took place in a region known as Kyusu district (formerly Mwingi district). Kyusu is situated in Kitui County in Northern Kenya – a semi-arid region with bi-modal rainfall (400-500mm per annum). Kyusu contains few rivers, a lack of surface water and is prone to severe and prolonged drought. Before Concern Universal Kenya’s (CU-K) work in the Kyusu region, a lack of water had dried out the existing protected wells and was hampering development in the region. A baseline assessment commissioned by CU-K prior to programme implementation found that:

1. Only 20% of the community members had access to water.

2. The main sources of drinking water were rivers, streams and dams

3. The water points were few and very far apart.

4. A person’s average distance to the nearest water point was 20km

5. Most people spent up to 8 hours per day fetching water

In 2002 CU-K funded a Kyusu based organisation, Mitamisyi Poverty Alleviation Programme (MPAP), to conduct Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programmes in the Kyusu district. CU-K in partnership with MPAP, first implemented three WASH programmes in Kyusu from 2002-2004. The first programme, Emergency Water and Environmental Rehabilitation Programme (EWERP), was implemented in 2002 in the Ngomeni division of Kitui district. It had the following objectives:

1. To provide the selected

communities in Ngomeni division with improved access to and use of safe water supplies through the deepening and protection of 12 selected hang dug wells.

2. To increase community knowledge through access to hygiene education and training in hygiene and sanitation.

3. To increase capacity of the

community, especially women, to manage their own water resources through training in participatory development.

Photo: a new borehole

Due to the successful completion of this programme extra funding was secured to:

Deepen and protect an extra 31 selected hand pumps in Ngomeni and

Implement a second programme – Water and Environmental Sanitation Project – in both Tseikuru and Ngomeni divisions in 2003.

The second programme was similar to the first although it was revised and

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expanded to include the following objectives: 1. To provide participating communities

and their livestock in Tseikuru and Ngomeni divisions with improved access to and use of safe water supplies through the deepening and protection of 20 selected hand dug wells.

2. To provide participating communities in Tseikuru and Ngomeni divisions with 62 Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrines.

3. To provide training in hygiene and sanitation, pump operation and maintenance, environmental management, financial management, leadership, gender and group dynamics.

4. To increase the capacity of the community, especially women, to manage their own water resources through training in participatory development.

Due to the success of this programme CU-K enabled MPAP to secure further funding from EU/Cordaid for a third programme, so that similar activities could be conducted in 2004 with a stronger emphasis on training and sanitation (the construction of VIP latrines). Between 2001 and 2011, the following outputs/outcomes were recorded in the Tseikuru and Ngomeni divisions of Kyusu district as a result of these CU-K/MPAP WASH programmes:

100 hand dug wells were deepened, protected and hand pumps fitted

62 VIP latrines with attached bathrooms were fitted near some of the wells.

1 dispensary was constructed

The original programmes were externally evaluated and rated as successful shortly after their completion. Their success was in part because MPAP encouraged participatory development (e.g. they had involved self-help groups of beneficiaries to dig wells to a required prerequisite depth, prior to CU-K involvement), as did CU-K (e.g. beneficiaries were involved in building the VIP latrines). The programmes were also rated as successful on the relevance and efficiency evaluation criteria. However, the long-term impacts and sustainability of the CU-K/MPAP WASH programmes were not able to be determined, as a longer time lapse was needed to determine these. The purpose of the following impact assessment, which was conducted by CU-K in November and December 2011, was to investigate the long-term impacts and hence the effectiveness of the first three WASH programmes, nine years after the first was implemented in Kyusu district. The overall objective of this impact assessment was:

To understand the long-term changes in people’s lives (positive, negative, intended, unintended) in selected areas of Kyusu district as a result of their WASH interventions.

The specific objectives of this impact assessment were:

1. To assess CU-K’s contribution to change as outlined by target communities.

2. To improve future programming of C-UK in WASH interventions

3. To collect most significant change stories from project areas as a result of the WASH interventions.

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Methodology The impact assessment was conducted by external evaluation but guided by a Terms of Reference (TOR) that CU-UK developed. The assessors collected data from 12 out of the 50 villages in Kyusu district where CU-K/MPAP had implemented their WASH programmes. The 12 villages had a population of about 5500 people, 300 of whom were direct beneficiaries (members of the well group) and 350 indirect beneficiaries (non members). The assessors used four methods of primary data collection (household surveys; focus group discussions; most significant change stories; and direct observation). They also conducted desk based research using existing secondary data in compiling this report. The methods they employed are presented below in more detail:

1. Household Surveys The 12 villages in Kyusu district were selected for the impact assessment using purposive sampling. They were only included in the sample if they contained wells which were at least two years old. In addition, several of these villages were purposely chosen because they contained very old wells (so that impact could be demonstrated more effectively). Some villages were included because of their significant water problem (e.g. Katilinge and Ikime villages); and another was chosen because the water was used by both Wakamba and Somali tribes for domestic water as well as for livestock (e.g. Ngomano village). The twelve villages in the sample contained 10% of the 100 wells in Kyusu district which CU-K had been involved in constructing. It is important to note that the villages were chosen using non-random sampling, and confounding factors (i.e. factors and events which may have created the changes observed by the community)

were not detailed, and so this was not a purely representative sample. The TOR specified that 200 heads of household be interviewed. However, data collection was restricted by heavy rains and flooding rivers. As such, only a total of 36 heads of household and/or representatives were interviewed using the household questionnaires. The households selected for interview were those that were available (convenience sampling) on the day of the evaluation and were not randomly selected from the 12 villages due to the weather problems.

Photo: Household questionnaire in progress

The assessment team was made up of Dr David Kimenye (Consultant –Leader), Ms Eunice Munyithya (MPAP, Ground Water Technician), Mr Mwendwa Ndoo (MPAP, Director), and Mr Nelson Makezi (CU-K Programme Manager).

2. Field Group Discussions (FGDs)

FGDs took place in the same 12 villages from which household surveys were collected. In each of the FGDs groups were encouraged to discuss significant changes in their environment, their causes and links to the WASH programmes. The group sizes varied from five to twenty people. Due to the timing of the visits and agricultural work, the groups included more women than

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men. Only people who benefited from the projects participated in the FGDs. Given that villages and group members were selected using non-random sampling, that only the people who had experienced positive impacts were asked to participate, and that no confounding factors were described, the results of the FGDs give us a suggestive of the types of positive changes which had taken place as a result of the 2002-04 WASH programmes.

Photo: Focus Group Discussion at Ngomano

3. Most Significant Change

stories Stories of change were collected during the FGDs. This proved to be a great method for assessing impact as people in Kenya do not always answer questions directly. Instead they prefer to tell short stories about their lives, which can indirectly reveal the types of changes that have taken place as a result of interventions. During the FGDs, the assessors asked selected people to tell them stories about the problems they faced prior to CU-K interventions, their causes and linkages to CU’s work in water and sanitation. These case-studies were included in this report to provide further evidence for the impact of the WASH programmes. The assessors

used purposive sampling, only selecting people who had appeared to receive positive impacts as a result of the WASH programmes.

4. Direct Observation During their visit to the 12 villages, the assessors made note of their observations particularly concerning the condition of the wells; their usage by people and livestock; and the state of the environment around the wells. They also recorded other observations regarding the villages’ agriculture, livestock, vegetation, schools and commercial enterprises which may have occurred as a result of the WASH programmes. These observations were included in the impact assessment so that the direct and indirect changes of the WASH programmes could be postulated. As confounding factors were not detailed we cannot know with total certainly whether the changes observed can be 100% attributed to the CU WASH programme or whether they were due to other influences which took place in the villages during the same timeframe.

5. Desk based research In writing this impact assessment the assessors also collected information from secondary research. To do so the assessors examined numerous project documents including periodic reports and evaluations – performed at baseline and shortly after project implementation – as well as those outlining the WASH programme plans.

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Findings Analysis of the primary and secondary data collected for the impact assessment suggested that the three WASH programmes had had numerous positive long-term impacts on Kyusu district mostly within the WASH sector; but also at a broader, general level within the education, housing, agriculture, livestock, security, transport, and communication sectors. Most positive impacts were thought to have come about as a result of the WASH programmes, which focused on water initiatives rather than sanitation. The impacts on the WASH sector (Water and Sanitation Hygiene) were recorded from a comparative analysis of the household questionnaires, and secondary data recorded collected at baseline, as well as information from FGDs and most significant change stories. The impacts on the other sectors were developed from FGDs, most significant change stories and direct observation methods. These results are presented below. Water Between 2002 and 2011, 100 hand dug wells were deepened and protected, 63 as a result of the original WASH Programmes. The following impacts were documented in this same timeframe:

Water facilities or sources; functionality

Before the WASH programmes were implemented the preferred water sources were wells excavated in seasonal/semi-permanent rivers (see Graph 2) – as the water wasn’t salty. Other sources included rock catchments, dams, and water pans. The choice of water source was affected by criteria such as distance, level of muddiness and saltiness. After the WASH Programmes were implemented 78% of the respondents said they now obtained

their water from the hand dug shallow wells, with the remainder sourcing water from dams, streams, waterholes etc (see Graph 3). The dramatic shift appears to have occurred because people were made aware of the underground water available, involved in the preliminary digging of the wells and because as part of the WASH Programmes these wells were deepened and protected. All the pumps of the wells that were visited were functioning and water was pumped either as needed or as the water recharge allowed. Documentation showed that 92% of all the pumps were functional in 2011. This was not a minor feat considering some were nearly 10 years old. Such performance indicated that the quality of hand pumps and the masonry work were good. The fact that they were functioning 10 years after commissioning is also a testimony to the sustainability of the programme. A key contributor to such high performance was the training MPAP gave to the pump operators.

Reduced congestion of water facilities or sources

Other organisations (e.g. Arid Lands and CDF) have been active in Kyuso district constructing ponds and funding rock dams; this helps explain why some of the respondents (22%) were still using other sources of water after WASH programme implementation. On the plus side one of the observed benefits of the WASH programme was reduced congestion at ponds and rock dams.

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Photo: A small private pond used by a family

in Mutethya wa Ngya well area

Time devoted to collecting water

Respondents were said to be better at estimating ‘time’ rather than ‘distance’. It was difficult to compare the exact differences in the times of day people collected water before and after the WASH programmes were implemented, as different categories were used in the questionnaire. The results suggested that the deepened and protected hand dug wells meant that people no longer had to collect water at inconvenient times i.e. before sunrise (when there was a risk of being bitten by a snake or becoming a victim of theft), or during the heat of the midday sun. Now 70.4% respondents said they could collect water ‘anytime’ (see Graph 4 and 5). It was estimated that in the timeframe before and after the WASH programme was implemented the average time it took people to draw water decreased by 6.85 hours (from 7.65 hours to 0.8 hours), while the average number of times water was drawn per week increased slightly from 9 to 10 (see Graph 11). These results suggest that not only had the protected wells significantly decreased the time people took to find water, but also allowed

people to make more trips to these wells per week, so that a greater volume of water could be sourced. Archived secondary data (project file records) confirmed these results, by reporting how the average distance a person needed to travel to fetch water fell by about 10-11km (from 12km to 1-2km per journey) during the time before and after the WASH Programme was implemented. CU-K’s WASH Programme was credited with bringing about all these changes and a story shared by Agnes Mulwa highlights this, as well as illustrating the other types of positive impacts (less fatigue, extra time for economic activities etc) the WASH Programme may have had on beneficiaries (see Box 1).

Box 1: “Before our Oasis well was dug and protected, we used to get water either at Ngomeni rock dam or from some other unprotected shallow wells. We used to get very tired fetching water for about five hours. We used to get so tired that we could not engage in other activities such as farming or even cooking properly for our children. The projects benefited us women by liberating us from the arduous journey to draw water from far away sources”

Volume of water used by families

The WASH programme interventions appeared to have increased the volume of water beneficiaries used per day. Respondents reported using an average of 32.6L (1.63 x 20L jerrycans) water per day before the WASH Programme was implemented; whereas respondents from the recent questionnaire reported an average of 86.2L(4.31 x 20L jerrycans) – a 160% increase (see Graph 12). The benefits of this extra volume of water were highlighted in a story by Syombua Mwangani of Mwa group (see Box 2).

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Box 2: “On the day I was not going to draw water, I used to borrow water from my associates who had drawn water on the day I was not drawing water. I would then share the water I drew with the women who had given me water before”

Quality of water Before the CU-K project intervention the villagers of Kyuso said that the quality of water varied with season and source. Water from wells dug in the river was quite clear, while the water pans/dam water was muddier during the rains but fairly clear during the dry seasons. After the WASH programme interventions the quality of water used by families improved significantly. The only drawback of the hand dug well was that its water was saltier than water sourced from dams or water pans. However, due to its superior cleanliness this appeared to not have deterred villagers from using it. The benefits of the WASH programme Intervention are summarised by Esther Nyamai Muli of Oasis shallow well group (see Box 3).

Box 3: “We used to share the water in Ngomeni rock dam with wild animals (hyenas, lions, antelopes and birds) and these used to make the water dirty by defecating in the water. Nowadays we use clean water in the protected wells”

Price of water

Before the project was implemented water-price varied with season and the distance a person travelled to draw water from Kshs 20 to 50 per jerrycan (15p to 38p). After the interventions the water price dropped. Members of a self-help group paid Kshs 5 (4p), while non-members paid less than Kshs 20 (15p) per jerrycan. It is thought that an increased availability of water as a result of the programme has lowered its overall cost.

Use of water As a result of the WASH Programme interventions there appeared to be a decrease in the percentage of water used by people for cooking (-11.4%) and drinking (-12.2%) in place of using water for other activities e.g. for livestock, bathing, washing clothes etc. This suggests that because people have more water available to them, they are able to devote a higher proportion of it to other activities, whereas when water was scarce drinking and cooking were the main priorities (see Graphs 13, 14 and 15). The average number of times people were able to bathe per week increased from 2.5 to 6.8 over the programme timeframe (see Graph 16). This is again suggestive of the change which has occurred as a result of the WASH Programmes implementation. Sanitation and Hygiene (and health related outcomes) Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrines with bathrooms were sited near the wells, with the hope that people would feel encouraged to bathe near the wells in a dignified manner; and would construct similar latrines in their homesteads to decrease the spread of waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea. Sixty-two VIP latrines were constructed during the project. The amount of people defecating in a bush fell by 34.2% (from 97.1% to 62.9%) during the time from before and after the projects (see Graph 17). This suggests that the VIP Latrines which were installed as part of the WASH Programmes were being used. The main objective of the sanitation work was to reduce the incidences of water borne illness, such as diarrhoea. The impact assessment collected data on diarrhoea incidences in Mitamisyi and Ngomeni health facilities from both

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Kyuso and Mwingi district hospitals; however it was not possible to obtain data from before 2005. The data obtained from 2005- 2007 and 2010-11 showed that in Mitamisyi the average number of diarrhoea cases per month dropped from 60 to 14. For Ngomeni, the average number of cases per month dropped from 40 to 27. Although the data sets did not represent the same cohorts (changing population sizes) the data does suggest that diarrhoea cases have dropped since 2005 in the target areas. Such a drop can be partly attributed to the greater availability of clean water from the protected wells and an increase in awareness of good sanitation, although further research would be necessary to confirm this attribution. Unfortunately there was no specific baseline data on handwashing and so no link can be made between the drop in disease and hand washing. However the investigation has shown that bathing has increased as a result of the project and this may have also contributed to the reduction in diarrhoea. The local implementing partner, MPAP, is also credited with campaigning and getting the government to construct a dispensary in Mitamisyi. MPAP helped mobilise the community to support the construction of the health facility. The government funded most of the construction works for the dispensary and now provides medicines and vaccines for the facility. Other key impacts The Most Significant Change exercise, and FGDs, showed that as well as the direct water and sanitation changes that the project brought about, the interventions have also attributed to a number of other key positive changes in the target communities. The most significant of these are:

Education: The most prominent change in the surveyed villages was that the number of schools had increased from 8 to 19. The 11 new schools were built in areas where water development interventions took place, and construction of the schools was possible because there was water to make bricks and mortar. A number of FGD respondents also said that they felt absenteeism had reduced in schools because children no longer had to spend so much time collecting water, and better latrine facilities were now in place. MPAP has directly assisted Nzaini primary school to construct a latrine, allowing the parents to register the school with the Ministry of Education. Trading and commerce: The number of small trading centres (shops and kiosks) increased from 8 to 18 as a result of water availability. This has meant that people no longer have to travel as far to trade. Housing/ infrastructure: During the project intervention, the number of permanent houses (brick-walled) increased by 50% in the villages visited. The number of roads in the area has also doubled. Many people said that the improvement to housing was possible because of improvements in access to water. The improved roads have had a knock on effect in improving security in the area, as security forces are able to patrol the roads. Agriculture/ irrigation/ livestock: The improvements in access to water, and improvements to security, have had a major impact on agriculture. Since the implementation of the CU funded water projects, the average area of land under cultivation by the project participants has increased and the average size of gardens is now two hectares. The participants in the study said they were

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now able to grow bulrush millet, cow peas and green grams for home consumption and sale, and that this was easier because access to water had improved. However, drought continues to be a serious issue for the area and some people are currently receiving government food rations. The improved access to water has also improved the health of livestock. Before the implementation of the project 15% of those surveyed stated that they had enough water for livestock. After the interventions about 90% of the respondents stated that the water drawn from the wells was used for livestock watering.

Photo: This group used proceeds from water

sales to buy goats for members.

Negative impacts were not detailed. Although the TOR specified that participants detail both positive and negative impacts, the methods did not appear to encourage this. For instance, people who were asked to participate in the FGDs and detail their most significant change stories were only asked to do so if they had received positive benefits from the WASH results. The results were therefore biased to highlight the positive impact of the programme.

Photo: a water group member with her goat

that produced twins

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Conclusions and lessons learnt Challenging working environment The water projects implemented by CU-K and MPAP were implemented in a very challenging work environment. The area receives little support from government and there are few functioning services. When the projects were first implemented in 2002, road access to the area was very poor and there was almost no mobile phone coverage. There has also been localised insecurity in the area over the last few years. Lessons learnt on WASH development in Kyuso District The semi-arid area of Kyuso is vast and the number of improved water sources is still inadequate for the size of the population. The assessment has clearly shown, however, that improved access to water can be a catalyst for further community development, such as education and commerce, and is vital if the area is to develop further. The assessors also found that water development can be used as a tool for conflict resolution. In the Ngomano areas, where the Somali buy water for their livestock from the Wakamba, the security situation remains good and communities are able to work together to negotiate over limited resources. Not surprisingly, the assessment found that improvements in access to water have led to greater resilience to drought. During the period when improved wells were in place there was less migration of the inhabitants to search for water. The enhanced settlement not only encouraged other types of development e.g. in education and agriculture, but also appears to improve long-term health outcomes. This warrants further investigation.

It was inspiring to see how strong was the willingness of project participants to participate in activities to help themselves improve water availability. During the project people showed a huge determination to dig the wells to improve their communities’ access to clean water. The people in the area are extremely enterprising; since the end of the project some people have dug more wells and started to sell the water collected. The hugely positive impact of the project is that it has shown people that there is underground water in the area that it can be accessed through simple technology that can often be maintained without external support. This new information, coupled with a determination to improve access to water, has ensured the sustainability of the new water sources and led to the development of new ones. Further evidence of this determination for self-improvement can be seen through the changes made to the shallow wells since the end of the project. At the time of commissioning the wells water was very plentiful. However, water levels significantly dropped after construction. The beneficiaries found that the depth they had attained earlier was not enough to get them sufficient water and they decided to take action and deepen the wells on their own, using their own labour. The 92% functionality rate exists because of this community-led action. Much of the sanitation hardware (VIP latrines) has been sustainable. Even latrines constructed 10 years ago were still in good shape, a significant achievement. This was because care for the facilities was entrusted to a school management body or a private household where the latrine was constructed.

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Recommendations As a result of conducting this assessment we would recommend that future WASH programmes implemented by CU-K and MPAP consider the following: 1. Increase the focus on ‘software’.

Any new WASH programme needs to develop strong campaigns for sanitation and hygiene. The sanitation work should emphasise the need to construct simple latrines using local materials such as readily available wood for poles/rafters and soil for making mud walls. One way to do this would be using a Community Led Total Sanitation approach, currently promoted by UNICEF and Plan International in sub-Saharan Africa.

2. Careful attention to water point

technology. At times during the project the level of technology used was not sustainable. For example, burnt bricks were used which weathered over time and weakened the surface of the well. Some shallow wells should have been made deeper. Some wells were deepened in 2011 by the communities themselves but when this happens after the pumps have been installed the pipes cannot reach the water. More pipes are needed and this constitutes a challenge when the wells have already been commissioned. In future, a sufficient depth should be reached before the pumps are installed.

3. Salinity: The salinity of some wells turned out to be too high for human consumption. Not only should this be tested before construction but a greater understanding of the importance of taste needs to be carried out during the needs assessment.

4. Using improved water sources:

It needs to be remembered that any new hardware should to be supported by a campaign to encourage people to use clean water from protected wells. Water from protected wells is only used when other sources have dried up. It would be worth considering the construction of more protected wells as the current ones are inadequate for the expanding population. This is a cultural issue found in many places and will require ongoing behaviour change support.

5. Expansion: CU-K should

continue working in the area to support the construction of more wells since the current ones are inadequate for the expanding population.

6. More integrated programming. It would be worth investigating the possibility of designing interventionsthat also include support to food security. Holistic support to both the food and water sectors, including training farmers on soil conservation and better agronomic methods, will have a much greater impact on poverty than water interventions alone.

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Annex 1: Household Questionnaire Analysis

60%

32%

8%

Graph 1: Locations water sourced from beforeWASH Programme Implementation (n=38)

Ngomeni (large rock dam present)

13.9%

16.7%

50%

13.90%5.6%

Graph 2: Type of water facilities used before WASH Programme Implementation (n=36)

Rock dam

Semi-permanent riverDam

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2.0% 6.5%8.7%

2%

2%

2%

78%

Graph 3: Type of water facilities used after WASH Programme Implementation (n=47)

Stream with a subsurface damRock catchment (wet season)Dam

Small private wells

17.90%7.14%

25%25%

7.14%

14.20%3.50%

Graph 4: Time beneficiaries set out to draw water before WASH Programme Implementation (n=28)

3am & cock crow4am

5am

6am

18

3.7% 3.7%

3.7%

3.7%3.7%

7.4%

70.4%

3.7%

Graph 5: Time beneficiaries set out to draw water after WASH Programme Implementation

(n=27)

Anytime before sunset7am

8am

1pm

6pm

7.65

0.8

0

2

4

6

8

10

BEFORE CU-K/MPAP Programme

Implementation

AFTER CU-K/MPAP Programme

Implementation

Hours taken to fetch water

Graph 7: Average time taken for drawing water before and after WASH Programme

Implementation (n=36)

19

8.44

10.13

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

BEFORE CU-K/MPAP Programme Implementation

AFTER CU-K/MPAP Programme Implementation

Number of times a week

water was drawn

Graph 8: Average number of times water drawn in a week before and after WASH Programme Implementation (n=?)

1.63

4.31

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

BEFORE CU-K/MPAP Programme Implementation

AFTER CU-K/Programme Implementation

Average number of 20L jerricans of water used

per day by family

Graph 9: Average number of 20L jerricans of water used per day by family before and after WASH Programme

Implementation (n=?)

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32.7%

31.7%5.8%

11.5%

18.3%

Graph 10: Use of water before WASH Programme Implementation (n=174)

Cooking

Drinking

Livestock watering

Washing clothes

Bathing

21.3%

19.6%

17.2%

20.1%

19.6%

1.2% 1.2%

Graph 11: Use of water after WASH Programme Implementation (n=104)

Cooking

Drinking

Livestock watering

Washing clothes

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-11.4%-12.2%

11.5%

8.6%

1.4% 1.2% 1.2%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

Cooking Drinking Livestock watering

Washing clothes

Bathing Tree nursery

Growing vegetables

Graph 12: % change in the use of water before and afterCU-K/MPAP Programme Implementation

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2.5

6.8

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

BEFORE CU-K/MPAP Programme Implementation

AFTER CU-K/MPAP Programme Implementation

Average number of times per week family members

take baths

Graph 13: Number of times members of the family took baths before and after WASH Programme Implementation (n=?)

97.1%

2.9%

Graph 14: Location of defecation before WASH Programme Implementation (n=34)

Nearby bush

Latrine

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62.9%

34.3%

2.9%

Graph 15: Location of defecation after WASH Programme Implementation (n=35)

Nearby bush

Own latrine

Neighbour's latrine