Kependudukan dan Transmigrasi dalam Perspektif …

Ekonomi dan Keuanaan Indonesia Volume XLIV Nomor 4, 1996

Kependudukan dan Transmigrasi dalam Perspektif Pembangunan Nasional

Prijono Tjiptoherijanto

Abstract

Indonesia with its large population, numbering 196 million in 1995, is according to the present projection figures still expected to grow at a relatively high rate during the next few decades reaching 209.5 million by the year 2000 and 261.4 million by the year 2025. However, geographical distribution of the population is very uneven. According to 1995 figures, 58.9% of the population are living in Java, another 21% in Swmtra, whereas the rest are dispersed among the many sparsely populated islands. Due to population mobility, Java will in the future attract more migrants from the other islands, increasing its density substantially from 813 people per km2 in 1990 to 1,093 in 2020. The respective figures for Sumatra are 77 and 128, for Kalimantan 17 and 31, and for the Moluccas and West Irian 7 and 14. Obviously, the solution to the uneven geographical distribution of the population is transmigration from the densely populated to the sparsely populated islands. On the other hand, population mobility has an impact on regional developnmit, not only between Java and the outer islands, but also between cities and rural areas.

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I . P E N D A H U L U A N .

D a l a m G B H N 1 9 9 3 d i s e b u t k a n b a h w a p e m b a n g u n a n n a s i o n a l m e r u p a k a n r a n g k a i a n u p a y a p e m b a n g u n a n y a n g b e r k e s i n a m b i m g a n y a n g m e l i p u t i s e l u r u h k e h i d u p a n m a s y a r a k a t , b a n g s a , d a n n e g a r a u n t u k m e l a k s a n a k a n t u g a s m e w u j u d k a n t u j u a n n a s i o n a l y a n g t e r m a k t u b d a l a m P e m b u k a a n U n d a n g - U n d a n g D a s a r 1 9 4 5 , y a i t u m e l i n d i m g i s e g e n a p b a n g s a d a n s e l u r u h t u m p a h d a r a h I n d o n e s i a , m e m a j u k a n k e s e j a h t e r a a n u m u m , m e n c e r d a s k a n k e h i d u p a n b a n g s a , s e r t a i k u t m e l a k s a n a k a n k e t e r t i b a n d u n i a y a n g b e r d a s a r k a n k e m e r d e k a a n , p e r d a m a i a n a b a d i , d a n k e a d i l a n s o s i a l .

H a k i k a t p e m b a n g u n a n n a s i o n a l a d a l a h p e m b a n g i m a n m a n u s i a I n d o n e s i a s e u t u h n y a d a n p e m b a n g i m a n m a s y a r a k a t I n d o n e s i a s e l u r u h n y a , d e n g a n P a n c a s i l a s e b a g a i d a s a r , t u j u a n . d a n p e d o m a n p e m b a n g u n a n n a s i o n a l . P e m b a n g u n a n n a s i o n a l d i l a k s a n a k a n m e r a t a d i s e l u r u h t a n a h a i r d a n t i d a k h a n y a u n t u k s u a t u g o l o n g a n a t a u s e b a g i a n d a r i m a s y a r a k a t , t e t a p i u n t u k s e l u r u h m a s y a r a k a t , s e r t a h a r u s b e n a r -b e n a r d a p a t d i r a s a k a n s e l u r u h r a k y a t s e b a g a i p e r b a i k a n t i n g k a t h i d u p y a n g b e r k e a d i l a n s o s i a l , y a n g m e n j a d i t u j u a n d a n c i t a - c i t a k e m e r d e k a a n b a n g s a I n d o n e s i a .

P e m b a n g u n a n y a n g t e r s e b a r d i s e l u r u h w i l a y a h t a n a h a i r t e l a h m e n i n g k a t k a n p a r t i s i p a s i a n g k a t a n k e r j a t e r m a s u k a n g k a t a n k e r j a w a n i t a . D e m i k i a n p u l a h a l n y a d e n g a n p e r s e b a r a n p e n d u d u k m e l a l u i p e m b a n g u n a n t r a n s m i g r a s i d a n p e n y e b a r a n a n g k a t a n k e r j a a n t a r d a e r a h ( A K A D ) t e l a h m a k i n m e n y e i m b a n g k a n p e r s e b a r a n p e n d u d u k d i d a e r a h l u a r P u l a u J a w a . P e r p i n d a h a n p e n d u d u k k e l u a r P u l a u J a w a m e l a l u i p r o g r a m t r a n s m i g r a s i s e l a m a P e m b a n g u n a n J a n g k a P a n j a n g I b e r j u m l a h 8 j u t a o r a n g . D i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n a n g k a m i g r a s i k e P u l a u J a w a . j u m l a h m i g r a s i k e l u a r P u l a u J a w a m a s i h l e b i h b e s a r . D e n g a n b e r k e m b a n g n y a p r o g r a m t r a n s m i g r a s i k e l u a r P u l a u J a w a t e l a h t e r c i p t a l a p a n g a n k e r j a b a r u s e k i t a r 1 , 5 j u t a k e l u a r g a ( T j i p t o h e r i j a n t o , 1 9 9 5 ) .

P r o g r a m t r a n s m i g r a s i a k a n m e n c i p t a k a n p e r s e b a r a n t e n a g a k e r j a y a n g l e b i h m e r a t a d i s e l u r u h w i l a y a h N u s a n t a r a , y a n g p a d a g i l i r a n n y a a k a n m e m p e r l u a s l a p a n g a n k e r j a , m e m p e r l u a s k e s e m p a t a n b e r u s a h a , m e n g e m b a n g k a n p o t e n s i d a e r a h , m e n g u r a n g i k e s e n j a n g a n p e r t u m b u h a n w i l a y a h , m e m b a n t u m e n g e n t a s k a n r a k y a t d a r i k e m i s k i n a n , d a n p a d a

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g i l i r a n n n y a a k a n m e m p e r k u k u h p e r s a t u a n d a n k e s a t u a n b a n g s a . j

G B H N 1 9 9 3 m e m b e r i p e t u n j u k b a h w a p e n y e l e n g g a r a a n t r a n s m i g r a s i d i a r a h k a n u n t u k m e n d u k u n g p e m b a n g u n a n d a e r a l i , m e m p e r l u a s p e n y e b a r a n p e n d u d u k d a n t e n a g a k e r j a k e b e r b a g a i w i l a y a h t a n a h a i r , m e m p e r l u a s l a p a n g a n k e r j a , m e n i n g k a t k a n k e s e j a h t e r a a n p a r a t r a n s m i g r a n k h u s u s n y a d a n m a s y a r a k a t p a d a l u n u m n y a , m e m p e r k u a t p e r t a h a n a n k e a m a n a n n e g a r a s e r t a m e m p e r k u k u h p e r s a t u a n d a n k e s a t u a n b a n g s a .

K e b i j a k s a n a a n t r a n s m i g r a s i d i d a s a r k a n p a d a k e b u t u h a n p e m b a n g u n a n d a e r a h s e r t a s u m b e r d a y a d a n k o n d i s i l i n g k i m g a n s e t e m p a t s e c a r a t e r p a d u s e h i n g g a m e n d o r o n g p e n i n g k a t a n t r a n s m i g r a s i s w a k a r s a d a n m e n g e m b a n g k a n k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i d a e r a h . S a s a r a n k u a l i t a t i f y a n g i n g i n d i c a p a i k h u s u s n y a d a l a m p e n y e l e n g g a r a a n t r a n s m i g r a s i P e l i t a V I a d a l a h b e r t a m b a h n y a m i n a t d a n g e r a k m a s y a r a k a t u n t u k b e r t r a n s m i g r a s i d e n g a n k e m a m p u a n s e n d i r i , m e m b u k a a k s e s d a e r a l i t r a n s m i g r a s i t e r h a d a p p a s a r , m e n i n g k a t n y a p e n d a p a t a n d a n k e s e j a h t e r a a n t r a n s m i g r a n d a n m a s y a r a k a t s e k i t a m y a . S e d a n g k a n s a s a r a n k u a n i t a t i f y a n g i n g i n d i c a p a i d a l a m R e p e l i t a V I a d a l a h p e n e m p a t a n t r a n s m i g r a n b a r u s e b a n y a k 6 0 0 . 0 0 0 K K y a n g t e r d i r i d a r i 2 5 0 . 0 0 0 K K T r a n s m i g r a n S w a k a r s a M a n d i r i s e r t a 3 5 0 . 0 0 0 K K T r a n s m i g r a n U m u m d a n T r a n s m i g r a s i S w a k a r s a B e r b a n t u a n . D i a n t a r a 3 5 0 . 0 0 0 K K t e r s e b u t t e r m a s u k d i d a l a m n y a 9 0 . 0 0 0 K K t r a n s m i g r a n y a n g b e r a s a l d a r i p a r a p e l a d a n g b e r p i n d a h d a n p e r a m b a h h u t a n . U n t u k m e n e m p a t k a n 6 0 0 . 0 0 0 K K t e r s e b u t a k a n d i b u k a 1 . 0 8 9 U n i t P e r m u k i m a n T r a n s m i g r a s i ( U P T ) p a d a l u a s a r e a l s e k i t a r k u r a n g l e b i h 5 0 0 . 0 0 0 H a ( A h m a d , 1 9 9 5 ) .

M e n u r u t S e n s u s P e n d u d u k 1 9 9 0 j u m l a h p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a s e b e s a r 1 7 3 . 9 6 5 . 7 2 3 j i w a . D i d u g a p a d a t a h u n 2 0 2 5 p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a s u d a h a k a n m e n c a p a i 2 7 8 j u t a j i w a . D e n g a n j u m l a h i n i b e r a r t i k e p a d a t a n r a t a - r a t a p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a k u r a n g l e b i h 7 6 , 8 4 j i w a / k m 2 . P o k o k p e r m a s a l a h a n n y a a d a l a h b u k a n h a n y a j u m l a h p e n d u d u k y a n g b e s a r , t e t a p i j u g a s a n g a t t i m p a n g n y a p e r s e b a r a n p e n d u d u k y a n g t i n g g a l d i P u l a u J a w a d e n g a n p e n d u d u k d i l u a r P u l a u J a w a . J u m l a h p e n d u d u k P u l a u J a w a m e n u r u t S e n s u s P e n d u d u k 1 9 9 0 s u d a h m e n c a p a i 1 0 7 . 5 7 3 . 7 4 9 j i w a d e n g a n k e p a d a t a n p e n d u d u k 6 9 0 j i w a / k m 2 . K a l a u k i t a m a s u k l e b i h d a l a m l a g i , j u m l a h p e n d u d u k J a w a T e n g a h s u d a h m e n c a p a i 2 8 . 5 2 1 . 6 9 2 j i w a d e n g a n k e p a d a t a n 7 4 2 j i w a / k m 2 . D K I J a k a r t a j u m l a h p e n d u d u k n y a

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8 . 2 5 4 . 0 3 5 j i w a t d e n g a n k e p a d a t a n 1 1 . 0 2 3 j i w a / k m 2 . J u m l a h p e n d u d u k D K I J a k a r t a i n i d i p e r k i r a k a n p a d a t a h i m 2 0 0 5 s u d a h a k a n m e n c a p a i 1 5 . 6 0 6 . 0 0 3 j i w a . S e b a g i a n p e r t a m b a h a n i t u d a r i m i g r a s i m a s u k s e k i t a r 2 , 6 6 j u t a j i w a . J u m l a h p e n d u d u k P u l a u J a w a i n i d i p e r k i r a k a n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 5 s u d a h m e n c a p a i 1 1 6 . 1 4 4 . 7 1 1 j i w a . S e d a n g k a n I r i a n J a y a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 j u m l a h p e n d u d u k n y a b a r u m e n c a p a i 2 , 7 8 j i w a l k m Z . P u l a u J a w a y a n g l u a s n y a 1 3 2 . 1 8 7 k m 2 a t a u 6 , 8 % d a r i l u a s d a r a t a n I n d o n e s i a d i h u n i o l e h 1 0 7 . 5 7 3 . 7 4 9 j i w a a t a u 5 9 , 9 % p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a . ( A h m a d , 1 9 9 5 ) .

K e t i m p a n g a n p e r s e b a r a n p e n d u d u k d i d a e r a h J a w a - B a l i - L o m b o k ( J A M B A L ) d e n g a n l u a r J A M B A L m e n g a k i b a t k a n s u m b e r d a y a a l a m d i d a e r a h p a d a t p e n d u d u k m e n g a l a m i t e k a n a n e k s p l o i t a s i b e l e b i h a n , s e d a n g k a n d i d a e r a h j a r a n g p e n d u d u k k u r a n g d i k e l o l a s e c a r a e f e k t i f . S e m e n t e r a i t u , p e r p i n d a h a n p e n d u d u k d a r i P u l a u J a w a k e l u a r P u l a u J a w a s e b a g i a n b e s a r a d a l a h p a r a p e t a n i d a n b u r u h t a n i b e s e r t a k e l u a r g a n y a y a n g r e l a t i f b e r p e n d i d i k a n r e n d a h . S e b a l i k n y a , p e r p i n d a h a n p e n d u d u k k e P u l a u J a w a s e b a g i a n b e s a r b e u s i a m u d a , b e l u m m e n i k a h s e r t a r e l a t i f l e b i h b e r p e n d i d i k a n . K e a d a a n i n i k u r a n g m e n g u n t u n g k a n b a g i u p a y a p e n i n g k a t a n k u a l i t a s S u m b e r D a y a M a n u s i a ( S D M ) d i l u a r P u l a u J a w a .

G a m b a r a n m e n g e n a i k e t i m p a n g a n j u m l a h p e n d u d u k d i p e r k i r a k a n m a s i h t e r u s t e r j a d i b a i k a n t a r d a e r a h , a n t a r w i l a y a h , m a u p u n a n t a r p u l a u . D e n g a n k o n d i s i d e m i k i a n , p a d a s a t u p i h a k a k a n t e r d a p a t w i l a y a h -w i l a y a h d e n g a n j u m l a h p e n d u d u k y a n g s e m a k i n b e s a r , d a n k e p a d a t a n p e n d u d u k y a n g s e m a k i n t i n g g i , n a m u n l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p n y a j u g a s e m a k i n r u s a k k a r e n a t e r b e b a n b e r a t o l e h p e m b a n g u n a n , s e h i n g g a t e r j a d i l a h k e t i d a k s e i m b a n g a n a n t a r a p e n d u d u k d e n g a n l i n g k u n g a n . D i p i h a k l a i n , t e r d a p a t d a e r a h - d a e r a h y a n g s a n g a t k e k e u r a n g a n p e n d u d u k d a n l a n g k a t e n a g a k e r j a , s e h i n g g a p o t e n s i - p o t e n s i s u m b e r d a y a y a n g a d a t i d a k d a p a t d i m a n f a a t k a n d e n g a n b a i k u n t u k p e m b a n g u n a n n a s i o n a l . I n i j u g a m e r u p a k a n s u a t u b e n t u k k e t i d a k s e i m b a n g a n y a n g l a i n . P e r s o a i a n -p e r s o a i a n s e p e r t i i t u p e r l u d i p e c a h k a n d a l a m r u m u s a n - r u m u s a n k e b i j a k s a n a a n o p e r a s i o n a l .

D i s a d a r i b a h w a p e n a n g a n a n k e s e i m b a n g a n p e r s e b a r a n p e n d u d u k t i d a k d a p a t d i t a n g a n i o l e h s a t u s e k t o r / i n s t a n s i t e t a p i h a r u s m e l i b a t k a n b e r b a g a i s e k t o r b a i k p e m e r i n t a h , s w a s t a , m a u p u n m a s y a r a k a t . U n t u k i t u d i p e r l u k a n s u a t u m e k a n i s m e k o o r d i n a s i a n t a r s e k t o r y a n g t e r k a i t b a i k p a d a t m g k a t p u s a t m a u p u n d a e r a h .

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S e b a g a i m a n a i m p l i k a s i d a r i t e r j a d i n y a b e r b a g a i p e r u b a h a n d a l a m a s p e k k e p e n d u d u k a n , m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k d a n p e r s e b a r a n p e n d u d u k h a r u s l a h k i t a a r a h k a n d e n g a n s i m g g u h - s u n g g u h a g a r d a l a m n e g a r a k e s a t u a n R e p u b l i k I n d o n e s i a d a p a t k i t a c i p t a k a n k o n d i s i k e s e i m b a n g a n a n t a r d a e r a h , a n t a r w i l a y a h m a u p i m a n t a r p u l a u . U n t u k m e n i l a i k e s e i m b a n g a n i t u h a r u s l a h m e n c a k u p : k e s e i m b a n g a n p e n d u d u k d e n g a n l i n g k u n g a n s o s i a l - b u d a y a n y a ( t e r m a s u k e k o n o m i d a n p o l i t i k ) , k e s e i m b a n g a n p e n d u d u k d e n g a n l i n g k i m g a n a l a m n y a , s e r t a k e s e i m b a n g a n p e n d u d u k d e n g a n l i n g k u n g a n f i s i k b i n a a n y a n g d i c i p t a k a i m y a s e n d i r i .

D e n g a n p e n d e k a t a n t e r s e b u t k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e n g a r a h a n p e r s e b a r a n d a n m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k y a n g d i p e r l u k a n a d a l a h k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e m b a n g u n a n y a n g d i a r a h k a n u n t u k s e m a k i n m e n d e k a t k a n p a d a p e n c a p a i a n k o n d i s i k e s e i m b a n g a n a n t a r a p e n d u d u k d a n l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p s e t i a p d a e r a h . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , p e n c a p a i a n k o n d i s i p e r s e b a r a n p e n d u d u k y a n g o p t i m a l , h a r u s l a h d i d a s a r k a n p a d a k e s e i m b a n g a n a n t a r a j u m l a h p e n d u d u k d e n g a n d a y a d u k u n g d a n d a y a t a m p u n g l i n g k u n g a n m a s i n g - m a s i n g d a e r a h . H a l i t u t e l a h d i c a n a n g k a n o l e h p e m e r i n t a h s e j a k t a h u n 1 9 9 2 , y a i t u d e n g a n d i k e l u a r k a n n y a U n d a n g - U n d a n g N o m o r 1 0 t e n t a n g P e r k e m b a n g a n K e p e n d u d u k a n d a n P e m b a n g u n a n K e l u a r g a S e j a h t e r a y a n g m e m b e r i k a n p e n e k a n a n s a n g a t b e s a r t e r h a d a p p e n c i p t a a n k o n d i s i s e l a r a s , s e r a s i d a n s e i m b a n g a n t a r a k u a n t i t a s , k u a l i t a s , m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k d e n g a n k o n d i s i d a y a d u k u n g d a n d a y a t a m p u n g l i n g k u n g a n n y a .

D e n g a n m e n g e t a b u i k e c e n d e r u n g a n k e p e n d u d u k a n y a n g a k a n t e r j a d i , m a k a p e m b a n g u n a n s o s i a l e k o n o m i d a p a t k i t a r e n c a n a k a n d a n k i t a a r a h k a n s e c a r a l e b i h b a i k . U n t u k i t u k i t a p e r l u b e r p e d o m a n p a d a u k u r a n - u k u r a n k e b e r b a s i l a n p e m b a n g u n a n p e n d u d u k d a n d a e r a h y a n g s e i m b a n g , y a i t u ( 1 ) t e r c i p t a n y a l a p a n g a n k e r j a y a n g s e l u a s - l u a s n y a d a n d a p a t d i m a n f a a t k a n o l e h p e n d u d u k d a e r a h i t u , ( 2 ) m e n i n g k a t n y a u s a h a -u s a h a p r o d u k t i f b a g i p e n d u d u k , d a n ( 3 ) m e m b e r i k a n h a s i l y a n g d a p a t d i n i k m a t i s e c a r a s e m a k i n m e l u a s b a g i p e n d u d u k ( S u y o n o , 1 9 9 5 )

I I . KEADAAN DAN MASALAH KEPENDUDUKAN

J u m l a h p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a t e r m a s u k k e e m p a t t e r b e s a r d i d u n i a s e t e l a h R R C , I n d i a d a n A m e r i k a S e r i k a t . P e r t u m b u h a n p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a

3 5 9

Tjiptoherijanto

c u k u p t i n g g i , y a i t u 2 , 3 % p e r t a h u n u n t u k p e r i o d e 1 9 7 1 - 1 9 8 0 . D a l a m p e r i o d e 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 9 0 l a j u p e r t u m b u h a n t u r u n m e n j a d i 2 % p e r t a h u n d a n d a l a m p e r i o d e 1 9 8 0 - 2 0 0 0 d i p e r k i r a k a n t u r u n m e n j a d i 1 , 8 % p e r t a h u n . D e n g a n l a j u p e r t u m b u h a n t e r s e b u t p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a a k a n b e r t a m b a h d a r i 1 8 3 , 5 j u t a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 m e n j a d i 2 1 0 , 9 j u t a p a d a t a h i m 2 0 0 0 . K e a d a a n i n i a k a n m e n i m b u l k a n p e r m a s a l a h a n - p e r m a s a l a h a n b e s a r s e p e r t i p e n y e d i a a n f a s i l i t a s k e s e h a t a n , p e n d i d i k a n d a n I a i n - l a i n y a n g s u d a h t e n t u m e n j a d i b e b a n p e m b a n g u n a n n a s i o n a l i t u s e n d i r i ( T a b e l 1 ) .

Tabel 1 Perkiraan Jumlah Penduduk 1971-2025

T a b u B J u i i d a b P c i t i t u d u k t i u t e ) 1971 118,4 1980 146,8 1990 179,0 1995 196,0 2000 209,5 2005 222,8 2010 235,1 2015 249,7 2020 254,2 2025 261,4

S u m b e r : A n a n t a d a n A n w a r , 1 9 9 4 .

S e l a i n j u m l a h d a n p e r t u m b u h a n p e n d u d u k , k o m p o s i s i p e n d u d u k m e n u r u t u m u r s a n g a t p e n t i n g d a l a m h u b u n g a n d e n g a n k e b u t u h a n ( p e n d u d u k s e b a g a i b e b a n ) d a n p a r t i s i p a s i n y a ( p e n d u d u k s e b a g a i p e l a k u ) d a l a m p r o s e s p e m b a n g u n a n .

D i d a l a m a n a l i s i s d e m o g r a f i , s t r u k t u r u m u r p e n d u d u k d i b e d a k a n m e n j a d i t i g a k e l o m p o k y a i t u : ( k e l o m p o k u m u r m u d a , d i b a w a h 1 5 t a h u n ; ( b ) k e l o m p o k u m u r p r o d u k t i f , u s i a 1 5 - 6 4 t a h u n ; d a n ( c ) k e l o m p o k u m u r t u a , u s i a 6 5 t a h u n k e a t a s . S t r u k t u r u m u r p e n d u d u k d i k a t a k a n m u d a a p a b i l a p r o p o r s i p e n d u d u k u m u r m u d a s e b a n y a k 4 0 % a t a u l e b i h , s e m e n t a r a p r o p o r s i k e l o m p o k u m u r t u a k u r a n g a t a u s a m a d e n g a n 5 % . S e b a l i k n y a s u a t u s t r u k t u r u m u r p e n d u d u k d i k a t a k a n t u a a p a b i l a k e l o m p o k u m u r m u d a n y a s e b a n y a k 3 0 % a t a u k u r a n g , s e m e n t a r a k e l o m p o k u m u r t u a n y a l e b i h b e s a r a t a u s a m a d e n g a n 1 0 % ( T a b e l 2).

B e r d a s a r k a n k a t e g o r i - k a t e g o r i t e r s e b u t s t r u k t u r u m u r p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a m e n u r u t p r o p i n s i p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 t i d a k s e m u a n y a t e r m a s u k m u d a m a u p u n t u a . B e r d a s a r k a n h a s i l S e n s u s P e n d u d u k 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 8 0 , d a n

3 6 0


1 9 9 0 t e l a h t e r j a d i p r o s e s t r a n s i s i u m u r p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a d a r i p e n d u d u k m u d a k e p e n d u d u k t u a ( a g i n g p r o s e s ) ( K a s t o , 1 9 9 5 ) .

Tabel 2 Perkiraan Struktur Umur Penduduk, Indonesia: 1990-2010

m f I 3 m ms tfmur * J««* % \iim % I T»*» a 0-14 66,0 36,7 65,4 33,5 64,4 30,6 64,6 28,7 64,5 27,0 15-64 107,2 59,6 121,7 62,3 136,3 64,8 145,9 64,8 161,3 67,5 65+ 6.6 3.7 8,2 4,2 9,7 4,6 14,7 6,5 13.1 5.5

Jumlah 174.8 ino.n 195.3 11X1.0 210,4 innn 775 7 1000 738 9 inn 0

S u m b e r : B P S , 1 9 9 3 b .

P e r g e s e r a n s t r u k t u r u m u r m u d a k e u m u r p r o d u k t i f a k a n m e m b a w a k o n s e k u e n s i p a d a p e n i n g k a t a n p e l a y a n a n p e n d i d i k a n t e r u t a m a p e n d i d i k a n t i n g g i d a n k e s e m p a t a n k e r j a . S e d a n g k a n p e r g e s e r a n s t r u k t u r u m u r p r o d u k t i f k e u m u r t u a p a d a a k b i m y a a k a n m e m p i m y a i d a m p a k t e r h a d a p p e r s o a i a n p e n y a n t u n a n p e n d u d u k u s i a l a n j u t . B e r s a m a a n d e n g a n p e m b a h a n s o s i a l e k o n o m i d i p e r k i r a k a n a k a n t e r j a d i p e r g e s e r a n p o l a p e n y a n t i m a n u s i a l a n j u t d a r i k e l u a r g a k e i n s t i t u s i . A p a b i l a i n i t e r j a d i m a k a t a n g g i m g j a w a b p e m e r i n t a h a k a n m e n j a d i b e r a t .

M a s a l a h l a i n n y a a d a l a h p e n y e b a r a n p e n d u d u k y a n g t i d a k m e r a t a , k a r e n a s e k i t a r 6 0 % p e n d u d u k b e r a d a d i P u l a u J a w a y a n g l u a s n y a h a n y a s e k i t a r 6 , 9 % d a r i l u a s d a r a t a n I n d o n e s i a . S e d a n g k a n k a l i m a n t a n y a n g m e m u n y a i l u a s 2 8 , 1 % d a r i l u a s s e l u r u h d a r a t a n I n d o n e s i a h a n y a d i h u n i o l e h 5 , 1 % d a r i j u m l a h p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a . P e n y e b a r a n d i l u a r P u l a u J a w a s e n d i r i j u g a t i d a k m e r a t a d a n b a n y a k y a n g t e r s e b a r d a n t e r p e n c i l , s e h i n g g a s a n g a t s u k a r d i j a n g k a u d a n m a h a l d a l a m p e n y e d i a a n k e m u d a h a n - k e m u d a h a n y a n g d i p e r l u k a n ( T a b e l 3 ) .

Tabel 3 Distribusi Penduduk Indonesia menurut Pulau, 1930,1961,1971,

1980.1990 dan 1995

>

mi 3m 3m mi J i m JMK Jam * J i m « m

lawa 6.9 41,7 68,5 63,0 64,9 76.1 63,8 91,3 61,9 107,5 60,2 115,0 58,9 Sumatera 24,7 8,2 13,5 1.5,7 16,2 20,8 17,4 28.0 19,0 36,0 20, 41,0 21,0

Sulawesi 9,9 4,2 6,9 7,1 7.3 8,5 7.1 10,4 7,1 12.5 7,0 13,8 7,1

Kalimantan 28,1 2,2 3,6 4,1 4,2 5.2 4.4 6.7 4,5 9.1 5.1 10.5 5,4

Pulau lainnva 3Q,4 4,6 7,6 7.1 7,3 6.6 7.2 11.1 7 5 13.6 7 6 15.0 7,7 lumlah 100.0 60,9 100,0 97,0 100,0 119.2 100.(1 147,5 100,0 178.7 100,0 195.3 100,0

S u m b e r : M a n t r a , I d a B a g o e s d a n N a s r u d d i n H a r a h a p , 1 9 9 3 ( T a b e l 1 . 1 ) . * B P S , 1 9 9 6 ( t a b e l 1 ) .

3 6 1

Tjiptoherijanto

M e n g e l o m p o k n y a s e b a g i a n b e s a r p e n d u d u k d i P u l a u J a w a a n t a r a l a i n d i s e b a b k a n J a w a y a n g m e n a r i k b a g i p a r a m i g r a n t i d a k l e p a s d a r i p e r a n J a k a r t a s e b a g a i i b u k o t a n e g a r a , p u s a t k e g i a t a n P e m e r i n t a h d a n j u g a p u s a t k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i , s e h i n g g a o l e h p a r a p e n d a t a n g d i a n g g a p m e m b e r i p e l u a n g k e s e m p a t a n k e r j a , k e m u n g k i n a n p e l u a n g u s a h a d a n u p a h y a n g l e b i h t i n g g i d i l u a r p e l u a n g s o s i a l p o l i t i k l a i n n y a . F a k t o r l a i n y a n g t i d a k k a l a h p e n t i n g , a d a l a h a n g g a p a n b a h w a J a w a s e b a g a i p u s a t p e n d i d i k a n t i n g g i d a n i l m u p e n g e t a h u a n , s e h i n g g a b a n y a k d i d a t a n g i k a u m m i g r a n , k h u s u s n y a k a u m m u d a y a n g b e r u s a h a m e n a m b a h p e n g e t a h u a n , k e t r a m p i l a n d a n p e n g a l a m a n .

P e n u n m a n p e r s e n t a s e p e n d u d u k P u l a u J a w a d a r i 6 8 , 7 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 3 0 m e n j a d i 6 0 % p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 d i i k u t i o l e h k e n a i k a n y a n g c u k u p m e n c o l o k d a r i p e r s e n t a s e p e n d u d u k d i P u l a u S u m a t e r a . S e d a n g k a n p u l a u - p u l a u l a i n n y a h a n y a m e n g a l a m i s e d i k i t k e n a i k a n . I n i b e r a r t i b a h w a t e r j a d i a l i r a n p e n d u d u k d a r i P u l a u J a w a m e n u j u S u m a t e r a d i i k u t i m e n u j u P u l a u K a l i m a n t a n d a n s e t e r u s n y a .

M i g r a s i i n t e r r e g i o n a l a n t a r p u l a u k e b a n y a k a n m e n u j u k e P u l a u J a w a . M e s k i p u n s e j a k t a h u n 7 0 - a n t e r l i h a t k e c e n d e r u n g a n a r u s m i g r a s i m u l a i b e r a l i h k e l u a r J a w a , n a m u n k o n s e n t r a s i p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a m a s i h t e r p u s a t d i p u l a u i n i . B a h k a n s e l a m a 5 0 t a h u n t e r a k h i r s e j a k S e n s u s P e n d u d u k p e r t a m a t a h u n 1 9 3 0 h i n g g a S e n s u s P e n d u d u k 1 9 9 0 t a m p a k p e r t u m b u h a n p e n d u d u k P u l a u J a w a m a s i h t e r t i n g g i ( 8 , 7 % p e r t a h i m ) d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p u l a u - p u l a u l a i n n y a ( S u m a t e r a 6 , 8 % , S u l a w e s i 1 , 5 % , K a l i m a n t a n 0 , 1 % , p u l a u l a i n n y a 0 , 3 % p e r t a h u n ( D e p a r t e m e n T r a n s m i g r a s i , 1 9 9 4 ) .

P e n u r u n a n p e r s e n t a s e p e n d u d u k d i P u l a u J a w a d a n k e n a i k a n p e r s e n t a s e p e n d u d u k d i p u l a u l a i n n y a m e m a n g m e r u p a k a n t u j u a n y a n g h e n d a k d i c a p a i . P e n c a p a i a n i n i t i d a k t e r l e p a s d a r i k e b e r b a s i l a n p r o g r a m T r a n s m i g r a s i s e r t a p e m b a n g u n a n y a n g s e m a k i n m e r a t a d i s e l u r u h w i l a y a h N u s a n t a r a i n i .

P e r t a m b a h a n j u m l a h p e n d u d u k a k a n m e n j a d i t a n t a n g a n b a g i p e m b u a t k e b i j a k s a n a a n . D e n g a n t e r u s b e r t a m b a h n y a j u m l a h p e n d u d u k s e l a m a P J P I I m a k a k e p a d a t a n n y a a k a n t e r u s m e n i n g k a t . K e p a d a t a n p e n d u d u k p a d a P J P I I a k a n m e n j a d i 1 , 4 5 k a l i l i p a t k e p a d a t a n p e n d u d u k p a d a P J P I ( T a b e l 4 ) .

3 6 2


Tabel 4 i Kepdatan Penduduk menurut Wilayah, Indonesia, 1990-2020

^' — jN»ii«ti4tl̂ i»<iwdt>)( %m^t»mf4*a tta$(l<n2)» l«90t , attdd %9m , . 2

Sumatera Jawa Bali+NTT, NTB+ Tim-Tim Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku+lrian jaya Nasional

473.606 132.187 88.488

539.460 189.216 496.486

1.919.443

36.470.399 107.523.322 10.161.289

9.095.524 12.510.024 3.482.830

179.243.375

60.780.944 144.515.191 15.926.312

16.628.880 19.099.311 7.130.692

254.214.909

77 813 115

17 66 7

93

128 1.093 180

a ) 1(1 14

132

S u m b e r : a . B P S , 1 9 9 2 b . P r o y e k s i P e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a , A n a n t a d a n A n w a r 1 9 9 4 .

S a m p a i a k h i r P J P I I P u l a u J a w a t e t a p m e r u p a k a n p u l a u t e r p a d a t y a i t u 1 . 0 9 3 j i w a p e r k m 2 t a h i m 2 0 2 0 , s e d a n g k a n M a l u k u d a n I r i a n J a y a m e m p u n y a i k e p a d a t a n p a l i n g r e n d a h y a i t u 1 4 j i w a / k m 2 . J i k a d i l i h a t d a r i k o n s e n t r a s i p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a , m a k a k u r a n g l e b i h 6 0 % p e n d u d u k t i n g g a l d i P u l a u J a w a , d a n k u r a n g l e b i h 2 0 % t i n g g a l d i S u m a t e r a . P e r s e n t a s e d i s t r i b u s i g e o g r a f i s i n i t i d a k m e n g a l a m i p e r u b a h a n y a n g b e r a r t i s e l a m a P J P I I .

I I I . MOBILITAS PENDUDUK

M e n u r u t h a s i l S e n s u s P e n d u d u k 1 9 9 0 d a r i s e j u m l a h 1 7 9 , 3 j u t a p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a , s e b a n y a k 1 7 , 8 j u t a a t a u s e b a n y a k 9 , 9 % b e r s t a t u s m i g r a n . A n g k a i n i b e r a s a l d a r i 1 1 , 4 j u t a a t a u 7 , 8 % d a r i j u m l a h p e n d u d u k s e b a n y a k 1 4 7 , 5 j u t a p a d a s e n s u s 1 9 8 0 . I n i b e r a r t i t e r j a d i k e n a i k a n m i g r a n s e b a n y a k 2 , 1 % a t a u 6 , 4 j u t a s e l a m a k u r u n w a k t u s e p u l u h t a h i m a t a u s e k i t a r 6 4 0 . 0 0 0 j i w a s e t i a p t a h u n . A n g k a i n i s e k a l i g u s m e n j a w a b b a h w a t i d a k b e n a r a p a b i l a d i k a t a k a n b a h w a m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a r e n d a h . P e m y a t a a n t e r s e b u t s e m a k i n t i d a k b e n a r a p a b i l a d i p e r h i t u n g k a n m o b i l i t a t a s p e n d u d u k n o n p e r m a n e n b a i k s i r k u l a s i m a u p u n u l a n g a l i k .

S e l a m a k u r u n w a k t u 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 9 0 t i d a k t e r j a d i p e r g e s e r a n p r o p o r s i m i g r a n a n t a r p r o p i n s i d i I n d o n e s i a , y a i t u p r o p o r s i p a l i n g k e c i l d i j u m p a i d i N u s a t e n g g a r a l i m u r d a n p r o p o r s i p a l i n g b e s a r d i j u m p a i d i D K I J a k a r t a . M a i n g - m a s i n g u n t u k t a h u n 1 9 8 0 s e b e s a r 2 , 1 % d a n 4 0 , 7 % , s e d a n g u n t u k t a h u n 1 9 9 0 s e b e s a r 2 , 4 % d a n 3 9 , 3 % . M e s k i p u n s e c a r a r e l a t i f a n g k a -a n g k a i n i t i d a k b a n y a k b e r b e d a , n a m u n s e c a r a a b s o l u t p e r b e d a a n

3 6 3

Tjiptoherijanto

t e r s e b u t c u k u p b e s a r ( T a b e l 5).

Tabel 5 P e r s e n U s e M i g r a n P e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a m e n u r u t P r o p i n s i U h u n 1 9 8 0 d a n 1 9 9 0

M<k rnmintA 199a 1

M<k rnmintA t niwi M i g n i n 1 D.I. Aceh Q l 7

7 J , / A 3 93,4 6,6

-> 5umut 92 6 7 4 64 ,5 5,5 3 bumoar 92,7 7,3 no n 1 O 1

10,2 4 Riau 82,8 17,2 78,1 21,9 5 Jambi 78,7 21 3 75,6 24,4 6 5umsel 86,0 14,0 84,0 16,0 7 Bengkulu 83,0 17,0 7,3 22,7 Q O Lampung 60,8 39,2 70,6 29,4

5umatera 84,6 15,4 85,1 14,9

9 DKI lakarta SQ 3 4 0 7 60,7 39,3 10 Jabar 95,4 4,6 91,3 8,7 11 Jateng 97,7 2,3 95,6 4,4 12 D.I. Yogyakarta Ql 7 ft T

0,3 86/3 13,7

13 Jatim Q7 Q 7 1 96.7 3,3 Jawa 7 ^ , Z ft ft 91,6 8,4

14 Bali 96,7 3,3 94,7 5,3 15 NTB 97,4 2,6 96,9 3,1 16 NTT Q7 Q 7 1 97,6 2,4 17 Timor Timur 93,4 6,6

Ball-i-Nusa Tenggara Q7 A 7 A 96,3 3,7

18 Kalbar 95,2 4,8 93,3 6,7 19 Kalteng 84,3 15,7 81,7 18,3 20 Kalsel 7 + , + 7 R 87,5 2,5 21 Kaltim 75 ft 75 0 67,1 32,9

Kalimantan 89,1 10,9 84,5 15,4

22 5ulut 93,4 6,6 94,3 5,7 23 5ulteng 84,4 15,6 81,8 18,2 24 5ulsel 97,1 2,9 94,8 5,2 25 5ultra 87,3 12,7 80,0 20,0

5ulawesi 93,9 6,1 91,3 8,7

26 Maluku 90,0 10,0 88,6 11,4 27 Irian Jaya 90,9 9,1 83,4 16,6

Indonesia 92,2 7,8 90,1 9,9 S u m b e r : M a n t r a , 1 9 9 3 .

S e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u k o m p o n e n p e r t u m b u h a n p e n d u d u k , m i g r a s i d i u k u r d e n g a n a n g k a / t i n g k a t m i g r a s i n e t t o y a i t u m i g r a n m a s u k d i k u r a n g i d e n g a n m i g r a n k e l u a r . J i k a a n g k a n y a p o s i t i f b e r a r t i l e b i h

364


b a n y a k m i g r a s i m a s u k d a r i p a d a y a n g k e l u a r . T e t a p i a p a b i l a n i l a i n y a n e g a t i f b e r a r t i m i g r a n k e l u a r l e b i h b a n y a k d a r i p a d a y a n g m a s u k . M i g r a s i n e t o n e g a t i f p a l i n g b e s a r t e r d a p a t d i D . I . Y o g y a k a r t a y a i t u - 0 , 6 6 % p e r t a h u n . M i g r a s i n e t o p o s i t i f p a l i n g t i n g g i d i j u m p a i d i K a l i m a n t a n U m u r y a i t u s e b e s a r 2 , 2 % p e r t a h v m . B a n y a k n y a m i g r a s i k e l u a r D . l . Y o g y a k a r t a b e r k a i t a n d e n g a |

k o n d i s i I a h a n p e r t a n i a n y a n g t i d a k s e l u r u h n y a m e n g v m t i m g k a n , s e h i n g g a b a n y a k p e n d u d u k y a n g m e n g a d u n a s i b d i l u a r D . 1 . Y o g y a k a r t a . S e b a l i k n y a d i K a l i m a n t a n T i m u r k a r e n a t e r b u k a n y a k e s e m p a t a n k e r j a y a n g b e s a r m e n g a k i b a t k a n b a n y a k m i g r a s i y a n g m a s u k . A p a b i l a p e n d u d u k s u a t u d a e r a h m e r u p a k a n f a k t o r d o m i n a n s e b a g a i p e l a k u p e m b a n g u n a n , a n g k a m i g r a s i n e t o n e g a t i f p e r l u d i a n t i s i p a s i m e n g i n g a t k e l o m p o k m i g r a n i n i m e r u p a k a n k e l o m p o k p o t e n s i a l y a n g p r o d u k t i f b a i k d i t i n j a u d a r i u m u r m i g r a n , p e n d i d i k a n m a u p u n k o n d i s i k e s e h a t a n .

D a t a s e n s u s m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a s a m p a i d e n g a n t a h u n 1 9 9 0 a r u s u t a m a m i g r a s i i n t e r r e g i o n a l a t a u m i g r a s i a n t a r p u l a u m a s i h d i d o m i n a s i p a d a l i n t a s a n J a w a - S u m a t e r a . M i g r a n k e l u a r d a r i J a w a m e n u j u S u m a t e r a t e r u t a m a b e r a s a l d a r i J a w a T e n g a h d a n J a w a U m u r . M e r e k a a d a l a h t e r d i r i d a r i t r a n s m i g r a n y a n g k e m u d i a n d i i k u t i o l e h s a n a k s a u d a r a n y a . S e d a n g k a n a r u s b a l i k d a r i S u m a t e r a k e J a w a t e r u t a m a b e r a s a l d a r i S u m a t e r a U t a r a , S u m a t e r a B a r a t d a n S u m a t e r a S e l a t a n . M i g r a n y a n g m a s u k k e J a w a i n i d i p e n g a r u h i o l e h l a t a r b e l a k a n g b u d a y a s a n g a t k u a t d a l a m m e m p e n g a r u h i a r u s a t a u g e r a k m i g r a s i . M e r e k a t e r k e n a l s e b a g a i k e l o m p o k - k e l o m p o k e t n i k y a n g s e c a r a t r a d i s i o n a l d i k e n a l d i n a m i s d a n b e r j i w a . p e r a n t a u .

S e l a i n i t u k a r e n a p e n u r u n a n f e r t i l i t a s , j u m l a h a n a k y a n g s e m a k i n s e d i k i t , s e s e o r a n g a k a n l e b i h m o b i l . M o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k y a n g t i n g g i d i p e r l u k a n d i I n d o n e s i a . S e l u r u h s u k u y a n g a d a p e r l u m e m i l i k i m o b i l i t a s y a n g t i n g g i . D e n g a n m o b i l i t a s y a n g t i n g g i y a n g d i m i l i k i o l e h m a s y a r a k a t n y a , i a u t a n - l a u t a n d i a n t a r a k e p u l a u a n - k e p u l a u e i n N u s a n t a r a m i a k a n m e i q a d i p e r e k a t k e s a t u a n N u s a n t a r a . U n t u k m e n u n j a n g h a l i t u , p e n g e m b a n g a n m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k a m a t d i p e r l u k a n . M e m b u a t m a s y a r a k a t m e m b a u r a d a l a h p e n t i n g u n t u k n e g a r a k e p u l a u a n y a n g h e t e r o g e n i n i .

365

Tjiptoherijanto

IV. TRANSISI MOBILITAS

M o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k p a d a a w a l m u l a n y a d i d o m i n a s i o l e h m o b i l i t a s n o n p e r m a n e n y a n g m e r u p a k a n m o b i l i t a s j a r a k p e n d e k d a n i m t u k w a k t u y a n g t i d a k t e l a l u l a m a . P a d a t a h a p s e l a n j u t n y a , m o b i l i t a s m e n j a d i l e b i h j a u h d a n d i s e r t a i d e n g a n m e n e t a p d i t e m p a t l a i n ( m o b i l i t a s p e r m a n e n ) . D e n g a n m a k i n m a j i m y a s a r a n a , p r a s a r a n a t r a n s p o r t a s i d a n k o m u n i k a s i , p o l a m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k n o n p e r m a n e n — k h u s u s n y a u l a n g a l i k ( c o m m u t i n g ) - k e m b a l i m e m a i n k a n p e r a n p e n t i n g .

T r a n s i s i m o b i l i t a s t e r s e b u t s e c a r a l e b i h r i n c i d i b a g i d a l a m t u j u h t a h a p a n . T a h a p p e r t a m a , d i s e b u t t a h a p " m a s y a r a k a t p r a t r a n s i s i " ( p r e -transitional s o c ! e t i / ) ( A n a n t a , 1 9 9 5 ) . P a d a t a h a p i n i s e b a g i a n b e s a r m o b i l i t a s y a n g t e r j a d i m e r u p a k a n m o b i l i t a s n o n p e r m a n e n . W a l a u b e g i t u , m o b U i t a s i n i t i d a k h a u r s m e r u p a k a n m o b U i t a s j a n g k a p e n d e k . P a d a t a h a p i n i d a p a t p u l a t e r j a d i m o b i l i t a s p e r m a n e n d a l a m b e n t u k k o l o n i s a s i a t a u p u n p e m b u k a a n d a e r a h p e r t a n i a n b a r u . D i I n d o n e s i a , m o b U i t a s d a l a m b e n t u k p e m b u k a a n d a e r a h p e r t a n i a n d a p a t d i j u m p a i d a l a m k a s u s t r a n s m i g r a s i .

P a d a t a h a p k e d u a , y a i t u t a h a p " m a s y a r a k a t t r a n s i s i a w a l " (early transitional society), t e r j a d i p e r c e p a t a n d a l a m m o b U i t a s n o n p e r m a n e n k e d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n , d a e r a h p e r k o b u n a n , a t a u d a e r a h p e r t a m b a n g a n . M o b i l i t a s s e m a c a m m i s a n g a t d i p e r l u k a n u n t u k m e n d u k u n g p e m b a n g i m a n p e r d e s a a . P e n g h a s U a n p e n d u d u k y a n g m o b U i n i m e m b a n t u m e n i n g k a t k a n p e n d a p a t a n d i p e r d e s a a n .

P a d a t a h a p k e d u a i n i j u g a t e r l i h a t a d a n y a m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k d a r i s a t u d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n k e d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n y a n g l a i n , d e n g a n k o t a b e s a r s e b a g a i t u j u a n u t a m a m i g r a s i d a r i k o t a k e c U d a n m e n e n g a b . G e j a l a i n i m e n i m b u l k a n s t a g n a s i p a d a p e r t u m b u h a n k o t a k e c i l d a n m e n e n g a b . P a d a t a h a p i n i t e r j a d i p e n i n g k a t a n p e s a t d a l a m m o b U i t a s k e d a e r a h b a r u ; d a n m i g r a s i m a s U i d i d o m i n a s i o l e h p e n d u d u k l a k i - l a k i .

T a h a p k e t i g a , t e r j a d i p e n i n g k a t a n p a r t i s i p a s i p e n d u d u k p e r e m p u a n d a l a m m i g r a s i p e n d u d u k k e k o t a b e s a r . D i t a h a p " m a s y a r a k a t t r a n s i s i m e n e n g a b " (intermediate hansiliona society) i n i t e r l i h a t p u l a a d a n y a m i g r a s i d a r i d a e r a h y a n g b e r d e k a t a n d e n g a n k o t a b e s a r k e k o t a b e s a r i t u s e n d i r i . M i g r a s i d a r i d a e r a h s e k i t a r k o t a b e s a r i n i d a p a t m e n y e b a b k a n s t a g n a s i p a d a d a e r a h s e k i t a r k o t a b e s a r t e r s e b u t . M o b i l i t a s d a r i p e r d e s a a n k e p e r d e s a a n m e n u r u n ' d a n m o b i l i t a s d a r i p e r k o t a a n k e p e r k o t a a n t e r u s m e n i n g k a t .

366


A p a b i l a d i s i m a k k o n d i s i m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a s a a t i n i , m a k a I n d o n e s i a s e d a n g b e r a d a p a d a k o n d i s i t a h a p k e e m p a t , y a i t u d i k e n a l s e b a g a i t a h a p " m a s y a r a k a t t r a n s i s i a k h i r " (late transitional society). C i r i - c i r i u t a m a d a r i t a h a p i n i a d a l a h t e r d a p a t n y a "megacity" ( y a i t u D K I J a k a r t a ) d a n a d a n y a k o t a - k o t a b e s a r y a n g m e n j a d i d a e r a h t u j u a n u t a m a d a r i m i g r a s i . M i g r a s i t i d a k l a g i d a r i p e r d e s a a n k e k o t a k e c i l , k o t a m e n e n g a h , l a l u k e k o t a b e s a r s e b a g a i m a n a t e r j a d i p a d a t a h a p - t a h a p y a n g l e b i h a w a l d a r i t r a n s i s i m o b i l i t a s ; t e t a p i s e c a r a I a n g s u n g d a r i p e r d e s a a n k e k o t a b e s a r , d a n s e c a r a m e n c o l o k d i d o m i n a s i o l e h m i g r a n p e r e m p u a n . C i r i l a i n n y a a d a l a h m i g r a s i i n t e m a s i o n a l j u g a m u l a i t e r j a d i s e c a r a c u k u p b e r a r t i , y a i t u d e n g a n j u m l a h y a n g c u k u p b a n y a k , k h u s u s n y a s e b a g a i t e n a g a k e r j a i n t e m a s i o n a l . D i p i h a k l a i n , j u g a t e r n s t e r j a d i p e n u r u n a n j u m l a h p e n d u d u k p e r d e s a a n .

S e m e n t e r a i t u j i k a d i l i h a t s e l a n j u t n y a p a d a t a h a p k e l i m a , y a i t u d i k e n a l s e b a g a i t a h a p " m a s y a r a k a t m u l a i m a j u " (early advanced society), m a k a c i r i u t a m a n y a a d a l a h u r b a n i s a s i t e l a h m e n c a p a i 5 0 % , d a n m o b i l i t a s d a r i p e r d e s a a n k e p e r k o t a a n m e n u r u n . P a d a t a h a p i n i m u l a i t e r j a d i " s u b u r b a n i s a s i " d a n " d e k o n s e n t r a s i " p e n d u d u k p e r k o t a a n , a t a u t e r j a d i l a h p e n i n g k a t a n m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k d a r i k o t a b e s a r k e d a e r a h p i n g g i r a n d a n p e n y e b a r a n p e r t u m b u h a n p e n d u d u k p e r k o t a a n y a n g s e m a k i n m e l u a s . D i I n d o n e s i a s a a t i n i , l u - b a n i s a s i s e c a r a n a s i o n a l b a m m e n c a p a i s e k i t a r 3 4 3 5 p e r s e n , d a n b a m 5 ( l i m a ) p r o p i n s i y a n g a k a n m e m p i m y a i a n g k a p e n d u d u k u r b a n d i a t a s 5 0 % p a d a t a h u n 2 0 0 0 , y a i t u D K I J a k a r t a , D . 1 . Y o g y a k a r t a , K a l i m a n t a n T i m u r , S u m a t e r a U t a r a d a n J a w a B a r a t ( S u y o n o , 1 9 9 6 ) .

D e n g a n k o n d i s i i t u , j i k a d a p a t d i l a k u k a n r e k a y a s a " u r b a n i s a s i p e r d e s a a n " , i n i s u a t u i s t i l a h y a n g b e l u m l a z i m s e c a r a i n t e m a s i o n a l , m e m p a k a n i s t i l a h b a r u b a n g s a I n d o n e s i a y a n g p e r l u k i t a p e r k e n a l k a n d a i a m l i t e r a t u r d e m o g r a f i , y a n g d a p a t d i a r t i k a n s e b a g a i " u p a y a - u p a y a u n t u k m e m p e r c e p a t t e r j a d i n y a p r o s e s u r b a n i s a s i p a d a d a e r a h - d a e r a h p e r d e s a a n " , m a k a d i h a r a p k a n a k a n d a p a t d i c i p t a k a n p e r t u m b u h a n k o t a -k o t a k e d l b a m s e b a g a i p e n y a n g g a y a U g a k a n d a p a t " m e n g e r e m " a r u s m i g r a s i p e n d u d u k d a r i p e r d e s a a n k e p e r k o t a a n . P e r t i u n b u b a n k o t a - k o t a k e c i l s e p e r t i i t u a k a n m e n i n g k a t k a n t e r j a d i n y a p o l a - p o l a m o b i l i t a s u l a n g -a l i k , k a r e n a p e n d u d u k t i d a k p e r l u m e n c a r i n a f k a h d i t e m p a t y a n g j a u h d a n m e n e t a p d i k o t a l a i n , s e b a b t e l a h m u l a i k e r a s a n d i d a e r a h y a n g m e n j a d i b e r k e m b a n g s e b a g a i h a s i l p e m b a n g u n a n y a n g m e r e k a l a k u k a n

3 6 7

Tjiptoherijanio

s e n d i r i . T r a n s p o r t a s i y a n g b a i k t e n t u s a j a s a n g a t b e r p e r a n d a l a m m e n i n g k a t k a n a r u s u l a n g a l i k d a n m e n g u r a n g i m o b i l i t a s ( m i g r a s i ) p e r m a n e n i t u .

T a h a p k e e n a m d i s e b u t t a h a p " m a s y a r a k a t m a j u l a n j u t " ( l a t e a d v a n c e d s o c i e t y ) y a n g d i t a n d a i d e n g a n t e r u s t e r j a d i n y a d e k o n s e n t r a s i p e n d u d u k p e r k o t a a n . P e n d u d u k p e r k o t a a n s e m a k i n m e n y e b a r k e d a e r a h p i n g g i r a n d a n p e r k o t a a n y a n g l e b i h k e c i l , k a r e n a d a e r a h - d a e r a h p e r d e s a a n p i m t e l a h s e m a k i n m e n j a d i m a s y a r a k a t y a n g m a j u d a n b e r c i r i p e r k o t a a n , s e h i n g g a m a s y a r a k a t p e r k o t a a n tidak s e g a n - s e g a n l a g i u n t u k t i n g g a l d i d a e r a h y a n g b e b e r a p a t a h i m s e b e l u m n y a m a s i h m e r u p a k a n d a e r a h - d e r a h p e r d e s a a n . P a d a s a a t i t u j u g a d a p a t t e r j a d i p e n i n g k a t a n a r u s m a s u k p e k e r j a a s i n g , t e r u t a m a m i g r a n d a r i n e g a r a y a n g m a s i h b e r a d a d a l a m t a h a p k e e m p a t . M o b i l i t a s u l a n g a l i k a k a n t e r j a d i s a n g a t p e s a t , b a i k o l e h l a k i - l a k i m a u p u n p e r e m p u a n , s e b a g a i m a s y a r a k a t m o d e m y a n g m e m p u n y a i c i r i g a y a h i d u p s e l a l u b e r g e r a k d i n a m i s u n t u k m e r a i h k e b u t u h a n d a n k e p u a s a n h i d u p .

T a h a p k e t u j u h d i s e b u t s e b a g a i t a h a p " m a s y a r a k a t s u p e r m a j u " ( s u p e r a d v a n c e d s o c i e t y ) , y a n g b a n y a k d i w a m a i o l e h a d a n y a t e k n o i o g i t i n g g i , t e m a s u k t e k n o i o g i i n f o r m a s i . P a d a s a a t i n i s a n g a t m u n g k i n b a h w a m o b i l i t a s p e r m a n e n s e m a k i n b e r k u r a n g d a n m o b i l i t a s n o n p e r m a n e n y a n g u l a n g a l i k a k a n m e n i n g k a t . T r a n s p o r t a s i d i g a n t i k a n d e n g a n s i s t e m k o m u n i k a s i y a n g s e m a k i n m a j u , s e h i n g g a o r a n g t i d a k p e r l u b e r p i n d a h t e m p a t u n t u k d a p a t b e r k o m u n i k a s i .

D a l a m k a i t a n d e n g a n t a h a p - t a h a p t r a n s i s i m o b i l i t a s i t u , p e n y u s u n a n k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e n g e l o l a a n p e r k e m b a n g a n k e p e n d u d u k a n p a d a R e p e l i t a V l l d a n s e t e r u s n y a p a l i n g t i d a k p e r l u m e m p e r b a t i k a n S ( l i m a ) k o n d i s i s a n g a t p e n t i n g y a n g a k a n b e r p e n g a r u h t e r h a d a p k o n d i s i m o b i l i t a s d a n p e r s e b a r a n p e n d u d u k p a d a s a t u - d u a p e r i o d e m e n d a t a n g . D i p e r k i r a k a n k c m d i s i k o n d i s i t e r s e b u t d a p a t m e m p e r c e p a t t e r j a d i n y a p r o s e s u r b a n i s a s i , s e h i n g g a p e r u b a h a n p o l a - p o l a m i g r a s i d a n m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k d i a t a s a k a n b i s a s a j a t e r j a d i d a l a m t e m p o y a n g s a n g a t c e p a t , k h u s u s n y a d i J a w a B a l i . K e l i m a h a l t e r s e b u t a d a l a h :

P e r t a m a , i n d u s t r i d a n p e r d a g a n g a n b e b a s y a n g s e g e r a a k a n m e n j a d i e r a b a r u b a g i b a n g s a k i t a , a k a n m e n d o r o n g p e n i n g k a t a n s a n g a t c e p a t t e r j a d i n y a m o b i l i t a s b a r a n g d a n m o b i l i t a s j a s a s e r t a m o b i l i t a s f a k t o r p r o d u k s i , t e r m a s u k t e n a g a k e r j a . P e r k e m b a n g a n k e a d a a n i t u a k a n m e n c i p t a k a n s u a s a n a y a n g k o n d u s i f p a d a m a s y a r a k a t s e c a r a l u a s .

3 6 8


s e h i n g g a a k a n m e n j a d i ' p u l l f a c t o r " b a g i m a s y a r a k a t s e c a r a l u a s u n t u k m e n j a d i b e r s i f a t i n d u s t r i m o d e m . P e n d u d u k d a n k e l u a r g a - k e l u a r g a a k a n s e r t a m e r t a b e r u s a h a m e n i n g k a t k a n k u a l i t a s h i d u p n y a s e h i n g g a a k a n

» t e r j a d i l a h " m o b i l i t a s s o s i a l " a t a u m o b i l i t a s f e r t i k a l s e c a r a u m u m , d a n a k a n t e r j a d i p e r u b a h a n p e m b a h a n d a l a m s t r a t i f i k a s i s o s i a l m a s y a r a k a t d e n g a n c i r i t e r b e n t u k n y a k e l a s m e n e n g a h y a n g l e b i h d o m i n a n . M e n i n g k a t n y a s t a t u s s o s i a l e k o n o m i m a s y a r a k a t t e r s e b u t a k a n m e n d o r o n g t e r b e n t u k n y a " g a y a h i d u p b a m " y a n g b i a s a n y a a k a n b e r c i r i k a n m o b i l i t a s y a n g t i n g g i , k h u s u s n y a p o l a m o b i l i t a s u a l a n g a l i k . K e a d a a n i t u a k a n t e r j a d i s e c a r a i n t e m a l ( d a l a m n e g e r i ) d a n i n t e m a s i o n a l .

K e d u a , r e v o l u s i d a l a m t e k n o i o g i i n f o r m a s i d i d u k u n g d e n g a n k e m a j u a n s a r a n a t r a n s p o r t a s i a k a n m e m b e r i k a n b e r b a g a i k e m u d a h a n b a g i m a s y a r a k a t k e l a s m e n e n g a h d a n k e l a s a t a s y a n g s e m a k i n b e s a r j u m l a h n y a , s e h i n g g a k e m u n g k i n a n a k a n m e n g h a m b a t t i n g g i n y a t i n g k a t m o b i l i t a s p e r m a n e n . M o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k s e c a r a n o n p e r m a n e n a k a n m e n j a d i s e m a k i n m e n i n g k a t k a r e n a o r a n g t i d a k p e r l u l a g i b e k e r j a d e n g a n m e n e t a p d i k o t a t e m p a t m e r e k a b e k e r j a , n a m u n c u k u p d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n k e m u d a h a n - k e m u d a h a n k o m u n i k a s i d a n t r a n s p o r t a s i .

K e t i g a , k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e m b a n g i m a n d a e r a h d a n p e m b a n g u n a n p e r d e s a a n y a n g d i l e n g k a p i d e n g a n p r o g r a m p e n a n g g u l a n g a n k e m i s k i n a n , t e r m a s u k G e r a k a n P e m b a n g u n a n K e l u a r g a M o d e m d e n g a n S u a s a n a K o t a d i D e s a ( B a n g g a S u k a D e s a ) , a k a n s e m a k i n d i g a l a k k a n . P r o g r a m - p r o g r a m t e r s e b u t d i a r a h k a n u n t u k m e w u j u d k a n k o t a - k o t a p e n y a n g g a y a n g m a n d i r i s e b a g a i ' b u f f e r - z o n e " b a g i p e r k o t a a n y a n g t e l a h a d a . B a h k a n d i u p a y a k a n a g a r d a p a t m e n i n g k a t k a n m o b i l i t a s b a r a n g d a n j a s a s e r t a d a n a d a n t e n a g a k e r j a u n t u k d a p a t m e n g a l i r k e d a e r a h p e r d e s a a n d i s e k i t a r k o t a - k o t a b e s a r d a n k o t a m e n e n g a h , s e h i n g g a d i h a r a p k a n a k a n d a p a t s e c a r a c e p a t m e m b e r i k a n h a s i l t e r b e n t u k n y a p e n d u d u k b e r c i r i p e r k o t a a n p a d a d a e r a h - d a e r a h p e r d e s a a n . K e b i j a k s a n a a n t e r s e b u t d i p e r k i r a k a n a k a n m a m p u m e n a h a n m e n g a l i m y a p e n d u d u k y a n g m a s i h d i p e r d e s a a n u n t u k b e r p i n d a h k e p e r k o t a a n , s e h i n g g a m o b i l i t a s a t a u m i g r a s i y a n g a k a n t e r j a d i d i h a r a p k a n a d a l a h n o n p e r m a n e n .

K e e m p a t , p e m b a n g u n a n k a w a s a n t i m u r I n d o n e s i a ( K T I ) y a n g a k a n s e m a k i n d i k e m b a n g k a n d e n g a n p e m b a n g i m a n i n f r a s t r u k t u r p e r d a g a n g a n d a n i n d u s t r i , t e r m a s u k u n t u k p e n g e m b a n g a n a g r o b i s n i s d a n a g r o i n d u s t r i , h a r u s l a h m a m p u m e n y e d o t t e n a g a k e r j a d a r i d a e r a h

3 6 9

Tjiptoherijanto

J a w a B a l i d a n m a m p u m e n a h a n k e l u a m y a t e n a g a k e r j a p e n d u d u k k a w a s a n i t u a g a r d a p a t m e m b a n g u n d a e r a h n y a . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , m i g r a s i p e r m a n e n d i h a r a p k a n a k a n m e n i n g k a t k e k a w a s a n t i m u r I n d o n e s i a d a n m i g r a s i n o n p e r m a n e n a k a n s e m a k i n m e n i n g k a t d i k a w a s a n b a r a t I n d o n e s i a , k h u s u s n y a J a w a - B a l i .

K e l i m a , p e n u r u n a n j u m l a h d a n p e r t u m b u h a n p e n d u d u k d i k a i t k a n d e n g a n p e r t u m b u h a n e k o n o m i y a n g b e r v a r i a s i a n t a r d a e r a h d a n a n t a r w i l a y a h , a k a n m e n i m b u l k a n a r u s m o b i l i t a s a t a u m i g r a s i t e n a g a k e r j a a n t a r k a b u p a t e n d a l a m p r o p i n s i d a n l u a r p r o p i n s i , d a n m o b i l i t a s a n t a r p r o p i n s i , b a i k p e r m a n e n m a u p i m n o n p e r m a n e n . J i k a m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k a n t a r d a e r a h i n i t i d a k d i w a s p a d a i d a n d i a r a h k a n d e n g a n s e g e r a , m a k a a k a n d a p a t m e n g a k i b a t k a n t e r j a d i n y a k o n s e n t r a s i p e n d u d u k p a d a d a e r a h - d a e r a h t e r t e n t u s e h i n g g a d a p a t m e n g a k i b a t k a n t e r j a d i n y a k e t i d a k s e i m b a n g a n p e r t u m b u h a n s o s i a l e k o n o m i i n t e r d a n a n t a r p r o p i n s i ( S u y o n o , 1 9 9 6 )

V. MOBILITAS PENDUDUK DALAM MENUNJANG P E M BANGUNAN D A E R A H

P a d a d a s a m y a m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k m e r u p a k a n s u a t u r e a k s i a t a s k e s e m p a t a n e k o n o m i p a d a s u a t u w i l a y a h . M o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k j u g a m e r u p a k a n r e f l e k s i p e r b e d a a n p e r t u m b u h a n d a n k e t i d a k m e r a t a a n f a s i l i t a s p e m b a n g u n a n a n t a r a s a t u d a e r a h d e n g a n d a e r a h l a i n n y a . P o l a m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k d i n e g a r a - n e g a r a y a n g t e l a h b e r k e m b a n g b i a s a n y a s a n g a t k o m p l e k s m e n g g a m b a r k a n k e s e m p a t a n e k o n o m i y a n g l e b i h s e i m b a n g d a n s a l i n g k e t e r g a n t u n g a n a n t a r w i l a y a h d i d a l a m n y a . S e b a l i k n y a d i n e g a r a b e k e m b a n g , b i a s a n y a p o l a m i g r a s i m e n u n j u k k a n p e m u s a t a n a r u s m i g r a s i k e w i l a y a h - w i l a y a h t e r t e n t u s a j a , k h u s u s n y a k o t a - k o t a b e s a r . D a l a m h a l i n i , t i n g k a t m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k t i d a k t e r l e p a s d a r i k a r a k t e r i s t i k s o s i a l e k o n o m i d a n s o s i a l b u d a y a d a e r a h y a n g b e r s a n g k u t a n .

K e t i m p a n g a n y a n g t e r j a d i a n t a r a s a t u d a e r a h d e n g a n d a e r a h l a i n n y a m e n y e b a b k a n p e n d u d u k t e r d o r o n g a t a u t e r t a r i k u n t u k m e i a k u k a n p e r g e r a k a n d a r i s a t u d a e r a h k e d a e r a h l a i n n y a . O l e h k a r e n a i t u d i l a k u k a n p e m b a n g u n a n d a e r a h d i a r a h k a n u n t u k l e b i h m e n g e m b a n g k a n d a n m e n y e r a s i k a n l a j u p e r t u m b u h a n a n t a r d a e r a h , a n t a r a d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n d a n d a e r a h p e r d e s a a n s e r t a m e m b u k a d a e r a h t e r i s o l a s i d a n m e m p e r c e p a t p e m b a n g u n a n k a w a s a n y a n g t e r t i n g g a l

3 7 0


s e p e r t i k a w a s a n t i m u r I n d o n e s i a ( K T I ) , d i s a m i n g i t u j u g a d i s e s u a i k a n d e n g a n p o t e n s i , a s p i r a s i , d a n p e r m a s a i a b a n p e m b a n g i m a n d i d a e r a h s e p e r t i d i a m a n a t k a n d a l a m G B H N 1 9 9 3 .

K e t i m p a n g a n d a l a m p e r t u m b u h a n d a n p e m b a n g u n a n d a e r a h y a n g m e r u p a k a n d a s a r m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k d a p a t t e r j a d i a n t a r w i l a y a h ( p r o p i n s i , p u l a u ) m a u p u n a n t a r a d e s a d a n k o t a . A d a n y a m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k d a r i d a e r a h p e r d e s a a n k e d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n m e n c e r m i n k a n p e r b e d a a n p e r t u m b u h a n d a n k e t i d a k m e r a t a a n f a s i l i t a s p e m b a n g u n a n a n t a r a d a e r a h p e r d e s a a n d a n d a e r a h p e r k o t a a n . S e l a m a m a s i h t e r d a p a t p e r b e d a a n t e r s e b u t , m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k a k a n t e r u s b e r l a n g s i m g ( B u d i T j a h y a t i . 1 9 9 5 ) .

S e s u a i d e n g a n t u j u a n y a n g t e l a h d i g a r i s k a n , p r o g r a m t r a n s m i g r a s i h a r u s s e l a l u d i k a i t k a n d e n g a n p e m b a n g u n a n d a e r a h . S e h i n g g a d e n g a n d e m i k i a n d a p a t d i k a t a k a n t r a n s m i g r a s i m e r u p a k a n b a g i a n y a n g i n t e g r a l d a r i s u a t u p o l a p e m b a n g u n a n d a e r a h s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n . O l e h k a r e n a n y a p r o g r a m t r a n s m i g r a s i d i l a k u k a n b e r s a m a - s a m a d e n g a n p e m b a n g u n a n i n f r a s t r u k t u r d i d a e r a h , p e m b a n g u n a n j a l a n j a l a n , p e m b a n g u n a n i r i g a s i , p e m b a n g u n a n p e m a s a r a n d a n b e r b a g a i b e n t u k p e m b a n g u n a n d a e r a h l a i n n y a . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n p e r l u s e l a l u d i u s a h a k a n t e r d a p a t n y a k a i t a n a n t a r a p r o g r a m t r a n s m i g r a s i d e n g a n k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i d a e r a h . S e h i n g g a p a d a d a s a m y a k e b i j a k s a n a a n t r a n s m i g r a s i d i t u j u k a n k e p a d a a g r o d e v e l o p m e n t a t a u s u a t u p e m b a n g u n a n p e r t a n i a n d a e r a h s e c a r a i n t e g r a l .

A g r o d e v e l o p m e n t y a n g b e r b e n t u k p e r t a n i a n c a m p u r a n y a i t u p e r t a n i a n b a h a n m a k a n a n , h a s i l p e r t a n i a n y a n g d a p a t d i p e r d a g a n g k a n d a n y a n g b e r b e n t u k p e t e m a k a n p e l u t e r u s d i k e m b a n g k a n . A g r o d e v e l o p m e n t s e b a g a i b a g i a n i n t e g r a l d a r i p e m b a n g u n a n r e g i o n a l d i m a k s u d k a n u n t u k m e m b e n t u k p u s a t - p u a t p e r t u m b u h a n d i l u a r P u l a u J a w a d a n B a l i .

P u s a t - p u s a t p e r t u m b u h a n y a n g s a t u d i u s a h a k a n s a m b u n g m e n y a m b u n g d e n g a n p u s a t - p u s a t p e r t u m b u h a n l a i n n y a , m e n j a d i k u t u b -k u t u b p e r t u m b u h a n y a n g m e m p a k a n a r e a - a r e a p e r t u m b u h a n d a l a m d a e r a h - d a e r a h t e r s e b u t . M e l a l u i p u s a t - p u s a t p e r t u m b u h a n d a n k u t u b -k u t u b p e r t u m b u h a n i n i l a h d i h a r a p k a n t e r j a d i s u a t u p e r t u m b u h a n e k o n o m i d i d a e r a h y a n g p a d a k e l a n j u t a n n y a d i p e r k i r a k a n m e m p u n y a i d a y a t a r i k t e r h a d a p p a r a p e n d a t a n g d a r i P u l a u J a w a d a n B a l i t e r s e b u t ( T j i p t o h e r i j a n t o , 1 9 8 5 ) .

371

Tjiptoherijanto

V I . K E M I S K I N A N DAN MOBILITAS PENDUDUK

D a r i s e k i t a r 1 7 9 j u t a p e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 0 , s e b a g i a n b e s a r p e n d u d u k n y a t i n g g a l d i p e r d e s a a n ( 6 0 , 1 % ) d e n g a n m a t a p e n c a h a r i a n d i s e k t o r p e r t a n i a n . P e t a n i d i I n d o n e s i a k h u s u s n y a d i J a w a m e m p u n y a i a r e a l t a n a h y a n g k e c i l . S e b a g a i g a m b a r a n d a r i 7 , 8 j u t a p e t a n i t a h u n 1 9 6 3 , s e b a n y a k 3 , 8 j u t a j i w a ( 4 9 % ) m e n g u s a h a k a n t a n a h d i a t a s 0 , 5 h a ( r a t a - r a t a 1 , 2 h a ) d a n s e b a g a i a n b e s a r p e t a n i ( 5 1 % ) m e n g u s a h a k a n r a t a - r a t a 0 , 2 7 h a t a n a h p e r t a n i a n . T a n a h p e r t a n i a n y a n g d i m i l i k i p e t a i u y a n g s u d a h s e m p i t i n i a k a n m a k i n l e b i h m e n y e m p i t l a g i k a r e n a a d a n y a s i s t e m w a r i s a n ( M u n i r , 1 9 8 1 ) .

M e n u r u t M e n t e r i T r a n s m i g r a s i d a n P e r m u k i m a n P e r a m b a h H u t a n , p e n y e b a b k e m i s k i n a n d i J a w a a d a l a h k a r e n a p a d a t n y a p e n d u d u k , s e b a l i k n y a d i l u a r J a w a p r o s e s i t u t e r j a d i k a r e n a j a r a n g n y a p e n d u d u k . M a s a l a h i n i h a r u s d i j a w a b d e n g a n t r a n s m i g r a s i . S e b a g a i c o n t o h , a k i b a t d a r i p a d a t n y a p e n d u d u k , j u m l a h p e t a n i g u r e m ( t a k p u n y a I a h a n ) d i J a w a d a l a m w a k t u 1 0 t a h u n ( 1 9 8 3 1 9 9 3 ) m e n i n g k a t d a r i 7 . 4 0 3 . 0 0 0 m e n j a d i 8 . 0 9 7 . 0 0 0 j i w a , a t a u 6 9 , 8 4 p e r s e n d a r i 1 0 , 9 4 j u t a j i w a t o t a l p e t a n i g u r e m ( K o m p a s s 2 5 M e i l 9 9 6 ) .

A d a n y a i n v o l u s i d i s e k t o r p e r t a n i a n d a n m a s u k n y a t e k n o i o g i k e p e r d e s a a n m e n y e b a b k a n p e n g g u n a a n t e n a g a k e r j a m a n u s i a b a n y a k d i g a n t i k a n o l e h t e n a g a m e s i n . S e b a g a i c o n t o h u n t u k m e n g o l a h t a n a h m e n g g u n a k a n t r a k t o r , m e n u m b u k p a d i d i g a n t i k a n d e n g a n m e s i n h u l l e r . A k i b a t n y a k e s e m p a t a n k e r j a d i s e k t o r p e r t a n i a n s e m a k i n s e m p i t .

A d a n y a k e k u r a n g - g a i r a h a n p a d a s e k t o r p e r t a n i a n d i p e r d e s a a n i n i m e n y e b a b k a n d e s a k a n k u a t b a g i t e n a g a k e r j a a t a u y a n g m e n g a n g g u r u n t u k p i n d a h k e s e k t o r n o n p e r t a n i a n a t a u p i n d a h k e k o t a .

B e r d a s a r k a n d a t a - d a t a y a n g a d a , u s a h a p e m e r i n t a h u n t u k m e n u r u n k a n k e m i s k i n a n m e m m j u k k a n h a s i l y a n g c u k u p s i g n i f i k a n . P a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 0 d i p e r k i r a k a n a n g k a k e m i s k i n a n d i I n d o n e s i a m e n j c a p a i 6 0 % a t a u 7 0 j u t a p e n d u d u k ( W o r l d B a n k , 1 9 9 0 d a l a m M a n t r a , 1 9 9 6 ) . A n g k a t e r s e b u t m e n u r u n m e n j a d i 4 0 , 1 % a t a u 5 4 , 2 j u t a p a d a t a h i m 1 9 7 6 d a n t e r a k h i r p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 3 s e c a r a d r a s t i s t u r u n m e n j a d i 1 3 , 7 % a t a u 2 5 , 9 j u t a p e n d u d u k .

P e n u r u n a n j u m l a h p e n d u d u k m i s k i n t e r s e b u t a d a l a h s e b a g a i p e r w u j u d a n u s a h a - u s a h a p e m b e r d a y a a n m a n u s i a a g a r t e r b e b a s d a r i b e l e n g g u k e m i s k i n a n , b a i k m e l a l u i b e r b a g a i p r o g r a m s e p e r t i p r o g r a m

3 7 2

• K ) » . - • - r , . I — .,| •


b a n t u a n k r e d i t , p e m b a n g u n a n p e r t a n i a n , p e n g a d a a n i n f r a s t r u k t u r , t e r m a s u k p r o g r a m y a n g s a a t i n i s e d a n g d i j a l a n k a n y a i t u I n p r e s D e s a T e r t i n g g a l ( I D T ) .

S e j a l a n d e n g a n u p a y a p e m e r i n t a h u n t u k m e n g e n t a s k a n k e m i s k i n a n , a d a t u j u h t a r g e t g r o u p y a n g d a p a t d i e n t a s k a n m e l a l u i p r o g r a m t r a n s m i g r a s i . K e t u j u h t a r g e t g r o u p t e r s e b u t a d a l a h :

a . B u r u h t a n i , p e t a n i y a n g t i d a k m e m p u n y a i I a h a n ;

b . P e t a n i g u r e m , y a i t u p e t a n i - p e t a n i y a n g m e m p u n y a i I a h a n d i b a w a h s e p e r e m p a t h e k t a r ;

c . N e l a y a n m i s k i n d a n b u r u h n e l a y a n . ;

d . P e n g a n g g u r , j u m l a h n y a c u k u p b a n y a k t e r m a s u k p e n g a n g g u r a n y a n g t e r s e l u b u n g ;

e . K e p a l a k e l u a r g a p u t u s s e k o l a h ( d r o p o u t ) ;

f . B u r u h m i s k i n d i k o t a - k o t a ; d a n

g . P e r a m b a h h u t a n .

M e n u r u t h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n d a r i D e p a r t e m e n . T r a n s m i g r a s i d a n P P H , s e l a m a 4 t a h u n b e t u r u t - t u r u t s e j a k t a h u n 1 9 8 9 s a m p a i t a h u n 1 9 9 2 , d e n g a n m e n g g i m a k a n i n d i k a t o r t e r t e n t u m a k a r a t a - r a t a k e s e j a h t e r a a n p a r a t r a n s m i g r a n m e m a n g l e b i h b a i k d a r i r a t a - r a t a p e t a n i a t a u p e n d u d u k p e r d e s a a n d i I n d o n e s i a , b a h k a n r a t a - r a t a p e t a n i d i P u l a u J a w a . J i k a p a d a t a h u n p e r t a m a s e b e s a r 5 5 % t r a n s m i g r a n m e m p u n y a i r a t a - r a t a p e n d a p a t a n d i a t a s g a r i s k e m i s k i n a n , m a k a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 9 2 m e n i n g k a t m e n j a d i 7 7 % ( A h m a d , 1 9 9 4 )

V I I . P E N U T U P

S a m p a i d e n g a n t a h u n 1 9 9 0 a r u s u t a m a m i g r a s i I n d o n e s i a m a s i h t e t a p d i d o m i n a s i p a d a l i n t a s a n J a w a - S u m a t e r a s e p e r t i p a d a b e b e r a p a p u l u h t a h u n y a n g l a l u . W a i a u p u n d e m i k i a n , t e l a h m e n u n j u k k a n a d a n y a s e d i k i t p e r g e s e r a n k e a r a h u t a r a d a n t i m u r s e p e r t i k e K a l i m a n t a n , M a l u k u d a n I r i a n J a y a . K e c e n d e r u n g a n p e r u b a h a n a t a u p e r g e s e r a n i n i b e r k a i t a n e r a t d e n g a n p o l a k e b i j a k s a n a a n p e m e r i n t a h y a n g b a r u , d i m a n a l o k a s i - l o k a s i t r a n s m i g r a n d a n p e m b a n g i m a n s e m a k i n b a n y a k d i k e m b a n g k a n k e d a e r a h - d a e r a h u t a r a d a n t i m u r . D i p e r k i r a k a n a r u s m i g r a s i p a d a m a s a

3 7 3

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b e r i k u t n y a a k a n s e m a k i n b e s a r k e a r a h t e r s e b u t , j i k a p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i d a n t r a n s p o r t a s i t e r u s d i k e m b a n g k a n d i d a e r a h - d a e r a h u t a r a d a n t i m u r t e r s e b u t .

A r u s u t a m a m i g r a s i a n t a r a J a w a d a n S u m a t e r a t e r j a d i k a r e n a k e d u a p u l a u i n i d a r i s e g i e k o n o m i d a n s a r a n a t r a n s p o r t a s i r e l a t i f l e b i h k u a t , d i s a m p i n g s e c a r a h i s t o r i s p e n g i r i m a n k e l o m p o k - k e l o m p o k t r a n s m i g r a n m e m a n g d i m u l a i d a r i J a w a k e S u m a t e r a s e j a k t a b t o n 1 9 0 5 .

B e s a m y a p r o p o r s i p e n d u d u k m i g r a n p a d a m a s i n g - m a s i n g p r o p i n s i d i I n d o n e s i a b e r k a i t a n e r a t d e n g a n k o n d i s i o b y e k t i f d a r i m a s i n g - m a s i n g p r o p i n s i t e r s e b u t . P r o p i n s i y a n g b a n y a k t e r d a p a t t r a n s m i g r a n c e n d e r u n g m e m p u n y a i p e n d u d u k m i g r a n y a n g l e b i h b e s a r . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , t r a n s m i g r a s i d a p a t d i k a t a k a n s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u i n d i k a t o r , a t a u k e k u a t a n y a n g m a m p u m e n g t m d a n g a r u s m i g r a n a n t a r p r o p i n s i y a n g l e b i h b e s a r k e l u a r J a w a .

P r o p i n s i - p r o p i n s i y a n g m e m p u n y a i b a n y a k k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i d a n b u d a y a j u g a m e n y e b a b k a n d i p r o p i n s i - p r o p i n s i t e r s e b u t b a n y a k m e m p u n y a i p e n d u d u k m i g r a n . D a l a m s k a l a n a s i o n a l , p r o p i n s i y a n g b e r p e n d u d u k m i g r a n d e n g a n d o m i n a s i t r a n s m i g r a n t e r l i h a t p a l i n g m e n o n j o l d i P r o p i n s i L a m p u n g . S e d a n g k a n D K I J a k a r t a m e m p a k a n p r o p i n s i p a l i n g m e n o n j o l p e n d u d u k m i g r a n n y a s e b a g a i a k i b a t p e s a t n y a k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i .

D e n g a n d e m i k i a n p e r s e b a r a n p e n d u d u k a k a n l e b i h b e r h a s i l a p a b i l a d a e r a h - d a e r a h t r a n s m i g r a s i l e b i h d i k e m b a n g k a n k e w i l a y a h - w i l a y a h p u l a u d i b a g i a n u t a r a d a n t i m u r . S e j a r a h m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a t r a n s m i g r a s i t e l a h b e r p e r a n s e b a g a i t i t i k - t i t i k a p i y a n g m a m p u m e n g u n d a n g k e l o m p o k - k e l o m p o k t r a n s m i g r a n s w a k a r s a . S u d a h t e n t u d a l a m h a l i n i p e m b a n g i m a n e k o n o m i p u n h a m s d i l a k u k a n b e r s a m a a n d e n g a n k e b i j a k s a n a a n d a l a m p e n e t a p a n d a e r a h t r a n s n m i g r a s i t e r s e b u t .

K e b i j a k s a n a a n d i b i d a n g p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i y a n g m a m p u m e m b u k a k e s e m p a t a n k e s e m p a t a n k e r j a b a m s a n g a t m e n e n t u k a n a r a h d a n a m s m i g r a s i p e n d u d u k . A p a b i l a p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i y a n g d i l a k u k a n d i m a k s u d k a n j u g a s e b a g a i u p a y a u n t u k p e r s e b a r a n p e n d u d u k , m a k a p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i d a e r a h - d a e r a h y a n g j a r a n g p e n d u d u k n y a p e r l u m e n d a p a t p e r b a t i a n k h u s u s . P e r g e s e r a n a m s m i g r a s i y a n g l e b i h b e s a r k e u t a r a d a n t i m u r a n t a r a l a i n a d a l a h k a r e n a s e m a k i n m a j u n y a p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i d i d a e r a h - d a e r a h t e r s e b u t .

3 7 4

A : <


K e c e n d e r u n g a n m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k k e k a w a s a n t i m u r I n d o n e s i a i n i d i h a r a p k a n t e r u s b e r l a n j u t d a n p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i d i d a e r a h d a e r a h t e r s e b u t p e r l u l e b i h d i k e m b a n g k a n l a g i .

D e n g a n m e n g e m b a n g k a n p e m b a n g i m a n e k o n o m i , s o s i a l d a n b u d a y a d e r a h - d a e r a h d i l u a r J a w a , k h u s u s n y a d a e r a h - d a e r a h d i b a g i a n u t a r a d a n t i m u r , k o n d i s i a r a h m o b i l i t a s p e n d u d u k d a p a t d i r u b a h y a n g s e k a l i g u s m e m p e r b e s a r a r u s m i g r a s i k e s a n a . P e m b a n g u n a n d a e r a h y a n g l e b i h m e r a t a p a d a a k b i m y a d a p a t d i l i h a t s e b a g a i u p a y a y a n g s e s u n g g u b n y a u n t u k m a k s u d p e r s e b a r a n p e n d u d u k .

D a l a m j a n g k a p a n j a n g m i g r a s i p e n d u d u k d i h a r a p k a n m e m p a k a n s e s u a t u y a n g b e r l a n g s u n g d e n g a n s e n d i r i n y a , k a r e n a p e n d u d u k b e r g e r a k d a r i s a t u t e m p a t k e t e m p a t l a i n n y a s e m a t a - m a t a k a r e n a p o t e n s i d a n k e s e m p a t a n y a n g s e c a r a o b y e k t i f a d a . O l e h k a r e n a i t u , d e n g a n m e n g e m b a n g k a n p u s a t - p u s a t p e r t u m b u h a n s e r t a s a r a n a t r a n s p o r t a s i d a n k o m u n i k a s i d i b e r b a g a i d a e r a h , p e r s e b a r a n p e n d u d u k a k a n b e r j a l a n d e n g a n s e n d i r i n y a .

3 7 5

Tjiptoherijanto

K E P U S T A K A A N

A h m a d , R o f i q . 1 9 9 5 . K e b i j a k s a n a a n T r a n s m i g r a s i d i I n d o n e s i a . M a k a l a h d i s a m p a i k a n d a l v m p e n g a j a r a n p e l a t i h a n P u s a t S t u d i D e m o g r a f i I I F E - U I , t a n g g a l 9 O k t o b e r . J a k a r t a .

A n a n t a , A r i s d a n E v i N u r v i d y a A n w a r . 1 9 9 4 . P r o j e c t i o n o f I n d o n e s i a n P o p u l a t i o n a n d L a b o r F o r c e 1 9 9 5 - 2 0 2 5 . J a k a r t a : D e m o g r a p h i c I n s t i t u t e , F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f I n d o n e s i a , d a l a m b u k u M i g r a s i d a n D i s t r i b u s i P e n d u d u k d i I n d o n e s i a . J a k a r t a : K a n t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N .

A n a n t a , A r i s . 1 9 9 5 . T r a n s i s i M o b i l i t a s P e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a . D a l a m b u k u T r a n s i s i D e m o g r a f i , T r a n s i s i P e n d i d i k a n d a n T r a n s i s i K e s e h a t a n d i I n d o n e s i a . J a k a r t a : K a n t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N .

B i r o P u s a t S t a t i s t i k . 1 9 9 2 . P e n d u d u k I n d o e n s i a H a s i l S e n s u s P e n d u d u k 1 9 9 0 . S e r i S . N o . 2 . J a k a r t a .

. 1 9 9 3 b . P r o y e k s i P e n d u d u k I n d o n e s i a M e n u r u t P r o p i n s i 1 9 9 0 -2 0 2 5 . J a k a r t a .

. 1 9 9 6 . P e n g a r a h a n M o b i l i t a s P e n d u d u k D a l a m R a n g k a M e n y e i m b a n g k a n D a y a T a m p u n g d a n D a y a D u k u n g L i n g k i m g a n . M a k a l a h d i s a m p a i k a n p a d a R a p a t k o o r d i n a s i N a s i o n a l P e m b a n g u n a n K e p e n d u d u k a n , M a r e t . J a k a r t a : K a n t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N .

B u d i T j a h y a t i . 1 9 9 5 . M o b i l i t a s P e n d u d u k d a n P e n g a r u h n y a T e r h a d a p P e m b a n g i m a n D a e r a h . M a k a l a h d a l a m p e r t e m u m P O K J A P e n g e m b a n g m K e b i j a k s a n a m P e n g a r a h a n P e r s e b a r a n d a n M o b i l i t a s P e n d u d u k . J a k a r t a : K m t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N .

D e p a r t e m e n T r a n s m i g r a s i d m P e r m u k i m m P e r a m b a h H u t m . 1 9 9 4 . P e l u a n g I n v e s t a s i d i d a e r a h t r a n s m i g r a s i . J a k a r t a : P u s a t I n f o r m a s i D a e r a h T r a n s m i g r a s i , D i r e k t o r a t U s a h a E k o n o m i .

G a r i s - G a r i s B e s a r H a l u a n N e g a r a I 9 9 3 - I 9 9 8 . J a k a r t a : S i n a r G r a f i k a . K a n t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k m / B K K B N . 1 9 9 2 .

U n d m g - U n d a n g R e p u b l i k I n d o n e s i a N o . 1 0 t e n t m g P e r k e m b a n g a n

3 7 6


K e p e n d u d u k a n d a n P e m b a n g u n a n K e l u a r g a S e j a h t e r a . J a k a r t a .

K a s t o . 1 9 9 5 . K o n d i s i D e m o g r a f i d a n P e m b a n g i m a n I n d o n e s i a . P i d a t o P e n g u k u h a n J a b a t a n G u r u B e s a r F a k u l t a s G e o g r a f i U n i v e r s i t a s G a d j a h M a d a p a d a t a n g g a l 2 5 S e p t e m b e r d i Y o g y a k a r t a .

Y u d o h u s o d o , S i s w o n o . 1 9 9 6 . K e p a d a t a n P e n d u d u k d i J a w a S u d a h d i A t a s A m b a n g B a t a s . K o m p a s , 8 : 1 - 4 , 2 5 M e i .

M a n t r a , I d a B a g o e s d a n N a s r u d d i n H a r a h a p . 1 9 9 3 . A n a l i s i s P e r k e m b a n g a n K e p e n d u d u k a n M e n u r u t S e n s u s P e n d u d u k 1 9 9 0 ,

D i n a m i k a M o b i l i t a s I n d o n e s i a . K e r j a s a m a K a n t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n d a n L i n g k u n g a n H i d u p d e n g a n P u s a t P e n e l i t i a n U n i v e r s i t a s G a d j a h M a d a . Y o g y a k a r t a : P u s a t P e n e l i t i a n U n i v e r s i t a s G a d j a h M a d a . j

. 1 9 9 6 P e m a n f a a t a n I n d i k a t o r K e p e n d u d u k a n d a l a m P e r e n c a n a a n P r o g r a m P e n g e n t a s a n K e m i s k i n a n . M a k a l a h d i s a m p a i k a n d a l a m R a k o m a s P e m b a n g u n a n K e p e n d u d u k a n p a d a b u l a n M a r e t . J a k a r t a : K a n t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N .

M u n i r , R o z y . I 9 8 I . P e r t u m b u h a n P e n d u d u k d a n H u b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n M a s a l a h K e t e n a g a k e r j a a n d i S e k t o r P e r t a n i a n . D a l a m b u k u P e n d u d u k d a n P e m b a n g u n a n E k o n o m i . J a k a r t a : B i n a A k s a r a .

R e n c a n a P e m b a n g u n a n L i m a t a h u n k e V I I 9 9 4 / I 9 9 5 - I 9 9 8 / I 9 9 9 . B u k u I I I . J a k a r t a : B a p p e n a s .

S u y o n o , H a r y o n o . 1 9 9 6 . P o k o k - P o k o k S a m b u t a n P a d a S e m i n a r P e n u l i s a n A n a i i s a M o b i l i t a s P e n d u d u k , M e i . J a k a r t a : K a n t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N .

T j i p t o h e r i j a n t o , P r i j o n o . 1 9 8 5 . B e b e r a p a T o l o k U k u r K e b e r b a s i l a n P r o g r a m T r a n s m i g r a s i : S u a t u G a g a s a n . D a l a m b u k u S e p u l u h W i n d h u T r a n s m i g r a s i d i I n d o n e s i a I 9 0 5 - I 9 8 5 , E d i t o r S r i E d i S w a s o n o d a n M a s r i S i n g a r i m b u n . J a k a r t a : U l - P r e s s .

. 1 9 9 5 . P e m b a n g u n a n P e r s e b a r a n P e n d u d u k D a l a m P J P I I . M a k a l a h d a l a m K e l o m p o k K e r j a P e n g e m b a n g a n K e b i j a k s a n a a n P e n g a r a h a n P e r s e b a r a n d a n M o b i l i t a s P e n d u d u k . J a k a r t a : K a n t o r M e n t e r i N e g a r a K e p e n d u d u k a n / B K K B N .

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C o n t r i b u t o r s t o T h i s I s s u e

A h m a d , S i r a j u d d i n

B a s r i , M u h a m m a d C h a t i b

H u l u , E d i s o n

S y a f a ' a t , N i z w a r

T j i p t o h e r i j a n t o , P r i j o n o

Researcher, I n s t i t u t e f o r E c o n o m i c a n d S o c i a l R e s e a r c h , F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f I n d o n e s i a , J a k a r t a .

Researcher, I n s t i t u t e f o r E c o n o m i c a n d S o c i a l R e s e a r c h , F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f I n d o n e s i a , J a k a r t a

Lecturer, F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c M o m m e n s e n U n i v e r s i t y , M e d a n .

Researcher, C e n t e r f o r A g r i c u l t u r a l - S o c i a l a n d E c o n o m i c R e s e a r c h , B o g o r .

Minister Assistant, M i n i s t r y o f P o p u l a t i o n R e p u b l i c o f I n d o n e s i a , J a k a r t a .

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