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Water Efficiency of Rootstocks: Soil and Pest Interactions
Kevin Fort, Andrew Walker Dept. of Viticulture and Enology, UC Davis
Photo: Mark Battany
The urban response to drought stress
Where do we begin? What do we already know about water use?
The VERY tight relationship between available water and yield
Grimes and Williams 1990
But is it really so simple? Complicating factors appear very quickly
O’Toole & Hsiao 1982
The complication of defining drought
Photo: Mark Battany
low input low storage variable intensity
Even detecting drought resistance can be a problem
Easlon and Richards. 2009.
The impact of roots
Can rootstocks help with drought resistance?
Williams. 2010.
Can rootstocks help with drought resistance?
Williams. 2010.
Can rootstocks help with drought resistance?
McCarthy et al. 1997.
Impacts on water use in a dry environment
Rootstock / nematode
interactions
The importance of pest resistance in water use efficiency
Effect of rootstocks...from a nematode-infested...vineyard. McCarthy & Cirami. 1990.
dry farmed, shallow sand on dense clay
Pest susceptibility = drought susceptibility
McCarthy & Cirami. 1990.
Planning for nematode resistance, to increase water use efficiency
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California “strain specific”
An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California
BEST RESISTANCE: GRN 1-5
*stable resistance at high temps *are dagger nematode resistant
*better lesion and citrus nematode resistance
*GRN1 also resists ring nematode
An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California
BEST RESISTANCE: GRN 1-5
1616C & Freedom:
aggressive species and strains can reduce their effectiveness
An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California
BEST RESISTANCE: GRN 1-5
1616C & Freedom:
aggressive species and strains can reduce their effectiveness
Ramsey:
very good (but vigor issues)
An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California
BEST RESISTANCE: GRN 1-5
1616C & Freedom:
aggressive species and strains can reduce their effectiveness
Ramsey:
very good (but vigor issues)
Dog Ridge
good (but vigor and propagation issues)
An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California
BEST “MODERATE RESISTANCE”: 5BB
An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California
BEST “MODERATE RESISTANCE”: 5BB
1103P
not very resistant, but outgrows damage
An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California
BEST “MODERATE RESISTANCE”: 5BB
1103P
not very resistant, but outgrows damage
Riparia Gloire
now considered to have medium-high resistance (as good as 101-14, and
maybe even better)
An update on the previous root knot nematode resistance recommendations
Bettiga. 2003. Wine Grape Varieties in California
BEST “MODERATE RESISTANCE”: 5BB
1103P
not very resistant, but outgrows damage
Riparia Gloire
now considered to have medium-high resistance
The remaining “lows”:
still low
Rootstock / salinity interactions
Photo: Mark Battany
Why salt matters in water use efficiency osmotic effect
toxic effect
Pure water
Membrane
Salt
The problems yield reduction
quality reduction
Maas. 1993.
More problems yield reduction
quality reduction accurate phenotyping
Col 1 vs Col 2
% Necrosis + Leaf Loss, 55-57 days (8 wks) (pooled total individuals, +/- 1 stdev)
% to
tal s
tem
leng
th
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
RamseyRiparia
ThompsonFr Colombard
Where we started... troubleshooting the phenotype
A workable assay Derived from a root study
“Magic” ingredients: fritted clay, herbaceous cuttings
Taxonomically “wide” screening: Claire Heinitz
Super-excluders and hyper-accumulators
The current assay higher throughput
less space better data
The current assay
A parallel assay: season-long and
grafted
An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks
BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru
*when assayed as chloride exclusion
An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks BEST SALT TOLERANCE:*
140Ru
NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE? Vitis girdiana Vitis acerifolia Vitis arizonica
Vitis doaniana may be even better
An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks
BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru
NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE?
Vitis girdiana Vitis longii
Vitis arizonica
Excellent: Schwarzmann
St. George
An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks
BEST SALT TOLERANCE: 140Ru
NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE?
Vitis girdiana Vitis longii
Vitis arizonica
Excellent: Schwarzmann
St. George
But note the mediocre to poor nematode resistance
of these stocks
An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks
BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru
NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE?
Vitis girdiana Vitis longii
Vitis arizonica
Excellent: Schwarzmann
St. George
(currently under examination...)
Intermediate???????
110R, 1103P, Riparia Gloire, many more
An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks
BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru
NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE?
Vitis girdiana Vitis longii
Vitis arizonica
Excellent: Schwarzmann
St. George
Intermediate??????? 110R, 1103P, Riparia Gloire, many more
Low end of
intermediate: Ramsey
(Salt Creek)
An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks
BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru
NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE?
Vitis girdiana Vitis longii
Vitis arizonica
Excellent: Schwarzmann
St. George
Intermediate??????? 110R, 1103P, Riparia Gloire, many more
Low end of intermediate:
Ramsey (Salt Creek)
Poor:
Own-rooted V. vinifera
An update on salt tolerance in rootstocks
BEST SALT TOLERANCE:* 140Ru
NEW AND BETTER SALT TOLERANCE?
Vitis girdiana Vitis longii
Vitis arizonica
Excellent: Schwarzmann
St. George
Intermediate??????? 110R, 1103P, Riparia Gloire,
many more
Low end of intermediate: Ramsey
(Salt Creek)
Poor: Own-rooted V. vinifera
Terrible:
44-53 (a “hyperaccumulator”)
Can we breed for more drought
resistant roots?
Traditional “mass selection” theoretically possible practically impossible
Can we breed for higher water use
efficiency?
What trait(s) to breed for?
Can we breed for higher water use
efficiency?
“physiological trait selection”
Growth rate: slow growth,
small final leaf area
Phenology: short season
Root traits: depth (average angle),
root length density, root strength,
cavitation resistance, cavitation re-filling
Shoot traits: epicuticular wax,
osmotic adjustment
Root : shoot ratio
Pest / disease resistance
Can we breed for higher water use
efficiency?
“physiological trait selection”
Growth rate: slow growth,
small final leaf area
Phenology: short season
Root traits: depth (average angle),
root length density, root strength,
cavitation resistance, cavitation re-filling
Shoot traits: epicuticular wax,
osmotic adjustment
Root : shoot ratio
Pest / disease resistance
A whirlwind tour of root phenotyping in the Walker lab
Root angle capture
Rice Uga et al. 2011.
Adventitious roots from herbaceous cuttings
Riparia Ramsey
Rooting angles from 1- and 2-season field-grown vines
Hydroponic characterizations
Single root analyses
Potted vine root architecture well-watered and drought/salt stressed
Rhizotrons: Joaquin Fraga well-watered and drought stressed dynamic, non-destructive analysis
1. root : shoot ratios 2. root architecture 2. carbohydrate storage 3. performance
New and improved field studies
Descriptive and functional root biology
thanks to…
• E&J Gallo Winery • The California Grape Rootstock Improvement
Commission • California Grapevine Rootstock Research
Foundation • CDFA Improvement Advisory Board • California Table Grape Commission • American Vineyard Foundation • Louis P. Martini Endowed Chair funds