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Silvia Giovanna Avataneo
Key aspects of raw materials in the automotive sector Applications monitoring and substitution trends
CRF Group Materials Labs – FCA Research Center
Bruxelles,
8 November 2017
Index
■ CRF brief overview
■ Automotive composition monitoring: IMDS
■ Critical Raw Materials on automotive
applications - Outlook on PGM and REE
■ What could became potentially critical in the
future?
Mission
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 3
Materials composition monitoring
Detailed composition monitoring has been a
big challenge since the latest fifteen years,
following the legislative evolution related to
the product:
• Directive 2000/53/CE
(RRR type approval, Heavy metals ban)
• REACH Compliance
• CLP Compliance
• Conflict Minerals
• Critical raw materials
• Biocides
• Ethical Issues
….
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 4
Fulfillment of Legal requirements with lowest
efforts
Quick and effective feedback between Suppliers & OEMS
Easy overview on chemicals in parts
Efficient management of a huge amount of data
From Paper to Electronic Data
In 1999, 7 OEMs decided to develop one common collection tool
Web based Standardized Quantitative report Computerization
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 5
IMDS – A unique success story
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
For the first time ever, it provided a standardized and analyzable report
format throughout the whole supply chain.
Today, almost all European, American, Japanese and Korean as well as
several major Chinese car manufacturers are members of IMDS.
6 Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017
IMDS – A unique success story
7 Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017
Furthermore, the IMDS is managing today:
– 444,279 registered users
– 114,609 active users
– on average 1,600 concurrent users
– 66,578,944 Material Data Sheets
– 11,000 Substances reported
MDS (material datasheet) structure
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility 8
Structure of a part
(according to BOM)
Used materials
(incl. material categories)
Weights of the components
and materials
Substances (esp. all
substances of concern)
Concentration of the
substances within materials
Critical Raw Materials: automotive exposition
Heavy Rare Heart Elements
Iron
Niobium Antimony
Natural Graphite Magnesium
Light Rare Heart Elements
Germanium Indium
Gallium Cobalt Fluorspar
Silicon Metal Beryllium
Platinum Group Metals Phosphate Rock
Borate
Magnesite
Tungsten
Coking Coal
Chromium Natural Rubber
Tantalum
Aluminum
Manganese Hafnium
Tin Molybdenum Lithium
Copper
Gypsum
Tellurium Titanium Talc
Feldspar
Rhenium
Bentonite Clays
Perlite Gold
Scandium
Diatomite
Barites
Pulpwood Selenium Potash
Bauxite Zinc
Silica Sand Nickel
Vanadium
Economic Importance
Su
pp
ly R
isk
Sawn softwood
Limestone
Silver
Critical Raw Materials as EC defined
applied on a average car
Sub-critical Raw Materials significant for the
automotive sector (quantity or strategic)
Raw materials falling under other
legislation supply chain related (conflict
minerals)
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 9
Iron
Lithium
Aluminum Zinc
Bauxite
Copper
Heavy Rare Heart Elements
Niobium Antimony
Natural Graphite Magnesium
Light Rare Heart Elements
Germanium
Gallium Cobalt
Platinum Group Metals
Borate
Tungsten
Chromium
Indium
Beryllium Silicon Metal
Tantalum
Gold
Tin
Tungsten
All Group vehicles are 95% recoverable by weight and 85% recyclable by weight.
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 10
Materials monitoring: average composition
Critical Raw Materials: automotive exposition
average data evaluated as % on total CRM weight per vehicle
All CRM used on average ICE vehicles represent less than 1% by weight.
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 11
PGM – Ree main applications
Catalytic Converter Pl, Pd, Rh (coating)
Cerium – dioxide (washcoat)
Airbag Sensor Yttrium (ceramic)
Neodymium (PCB)
Palladium (PCB)
Lighting Cerium-dioxide (glass)
Neodymium (PCB)
Palladium (PCB)
Brake line Gadolynum (Aluminum coating)
Air Conditionig Yttrium (ceramic)
Palladium (brush) Transmission
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Dysprosium
(NdFeB magnet)
Cluster
Instruments Praseodymium
Neodymium
Dysprosium
(NdFeB magnet)
Palladium (PCB)
Locks kit Neodymium titanate
(PCB)
Fuel system Lanthanium oxide
(Fe2O3Magnet)
Palladium (conductive glass)
Windscreen
capacitor Lanthanium oxide (Ceramic)
Controllers Neodymium titanate (PCB)
Palladium (PCB)
Seatbelts Pl, Pd, Rh (bridgewire)
Sensors Palladium (Contact wires)
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 12
Ree main applications
Ree automotive applications are scattered into several different parts, with an average weight
that rarely exceed the gram [g].
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 13
Average FCA data for ICE vehicles
Ree management
Ree prices peak in 2010 – 2011 originated a significant economical relapse on vehicles cost.
Magnet and catalyst Ree components prices had a significant increase during 2016
As a consequence, we aim for:
- Substitution: we are active in research on magnetic materials with low rare earth content
- Recycling: Identify recycling opportunities for most significant applications (magnets)
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 14
PGM – catalytic converter
Automotive catalytic converter represent the major PGM industrial use, counting for an average
50% of the current PGM applications.
Activities focus on PGM optimization into coating composition without affecting catalytic
performances.
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility 15
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Automotive
Jewellery
Chemical
Petroleum
Electrical/Electronic
Glass
Medical/Dental
Other
Investments
Rhodium (Oxford, 2015)
Palladium (NAP, 2016)
Platinum (WPIC, 2016)
Criticalities: Future trends
Energy storage/Energy recovery Li Ion Batteries/ Alternative Propulsion/Supercapacitors /Thermoelectric modules
Graphene applications Innovative lubricants, functionalized composites
Materials availability Raw materials availability at the requested purity grade, at affordable costs Supply chain sustainability issues
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 16
Substances of Concern appropriate management Reach, Clp, Biocides SoC substitution
Critical Raw Materials: Future applications
• Energy accumulators: Lithium, Cobalt, high purity Graphite,
• Permanent Magnets: Cobalt, Neodymium, Dysprosium, Praseodymium,
• Leds and O-leds: Gallium, Indium, Hree, Iridium in Leds,
• Phosphors: Lanthanum, Cerium, Neodymium, Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium,
Terbium, Erbium, Yttrium
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 17
European Projects
Rare-earth free permanent magnets for electric
drives.
GA 686056
Low cost and green technologies for PGMs recovery
from spent automotive catalysts
GA 730224
Cobalt-free high voltage (5V) lithium ion batteries
GA 653331
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017 18
Raw materials for low-carbon energy and mobility – November 8th, 2017
Silvia Giovanna Avataneo
Email: [email protected]
19