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8/3/2019 Key Grammar Points
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8/3/2019 Key Grammar Points
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Past tenses
Present tenses
Future tenses Conditionals
Passives
Reported speech
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We knowwhen it
happened
We dont knowwhen it
happened
It happenedbefore
something
else in thepast
Onesingular
eventPast Simple Present Perfect Past Perfect
For aperiod of
time
PastContinuous
N/A Past PerfectContinuous
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Habitual action: He walks everyday
Fact/Eternal truths: Hot air rises Unalterable plans: I leave on Tuesday Fixed schedules: The train leaves at 6p.m nstantaneous actions: Beckham scores! Performative verbs: I sayI believeI name this
ship Past actions in newspaper headings: Bush denies all
knowledge Historical/fictional present: Darwin presents
evidence. Past narrative: A man walks into a bar Descriptions with the verb to be: This is John, John is a
teacher Keywords: Normally, generally, every, often, usually
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Action occurring at the moment of speaking:Shes talking now
Temporary/habitual action: Im reading Catch22 this week
Persistent or habitual actions: Im alwayslosing things
Keywords:Currently, Now, Right Now, At themoment, always
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ncomplete past with for and since: Weve beenworking together for 6 years
To emphasize results vs. action: Ive cleanedthe house vs. Ive been cleaning the house
Sentence that use since andfor a period of timewhich:-
started in the past continued to the present
and will probably continue into the future.
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We arentsure
We are100% sureEvent is
planned
An eventbefore
another
event inthe future
One event Futuresimple
Going tofuture
Futureperfect
For aperiod of
time
Futurecontinuous
Presentcontinuous
Futureperfect
continuous
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Truth
Reality
Dreams
Regrets
If you heat ice, it meltsPresent simple, present simpleIf it rains, I will get wet
Present simple, future simpleIf I won a million euros, I would buyan islandPast simple, modal tense
If I had known earlier, I would havemoved to Slovenia soonerPast perfect, modal perfect
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Have a look at the following two sentences:-
1) They built the house in 1486
2) The house was built in 1486
The first sentence is active and the second is passive.
We use the passive structure when we are notconcerned with or it doesnt matter who did theactions. What is most important is the event itself.
We normally make passive forms of a verb by usingtenses of the auxiliary be followed by the pastparticiple of the verb.
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Tense Structure Example
Present simple Am/are/is + pp English here
(To Speak)Present continuous Am/are/is being + pp Excuse the mess, the house
(To Paint)
Past simple Was/were + pp I , but I went anyway
(To Not Invite)
Past continuous Was/were being + pp I felt as if I
(To Watch)
Present perfect Have/has been + pp Mary yet?
(To Tell)
Past perfect Had been + pp I knew why I
(To Choose)
Will future Will be + pp You when the time comes(To Tell)
Future perfect Will have been + pp Everythingby Tuesday (To Do)
Going to future Am/are/is going to be
+ pp
Who ?
(To Invite)
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There are two main ways of reporting peoples words, thoughts,beliefs etc
1) Direct speech We can give the exact words (more or less) thatthere said by using single quotation marks.
So he said, I want to go home, and just walked out. Did she say, What do you want? And then I thought, Well, does he really mean it?
2) Indirect speech Sometimes called reported speech, we canmake a speakers words or thoughts part of our own sentence,using conjunctions such as that and changing the pronouns, tensesand other words where necessary.
So he said that he wanted to go home, and just walked out. Did she just ask what I wanted? And then I wondered whether he really meant it.
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