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Key Planning Factors for Waste Sector in
Developing Countries
ISWA Beacon Conference
Strategic Waste Management Planning
Novi Sad, Serbia
10 December 2009
Presentation Topics
• Overview – Waste management in developing countries
• World Bank
- Who we are
- What we do in waste management
Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Waste collection point
Waste Generation Rate
* Assumed population of 1.0 million.
• Cities with a population of 1.0 million or more in developing countries: 296
Income Level
Generation Rate
(kg/capita/day)
Generation*
(tons /day)
Low 0.5 500
Medium 0.7 700
High 1.6 1,600
Waste Composition
Material Low Medium High
Food 40-85% 20-65% 20-50%
Paper 1-10% 15-40% 15-40%
Recyclables 4-25% 5-26% 11-43%
Fines 15-50% 15-50% 5-20%
Moisture 40-80% 40-60% 20-30%
Income Level
Waste Collection
• Collection rate varies significantly
- Uncollected waste in urban areas: 30-60%
- Population w/ no service: 50%+
• Equipment – variety of vehicles used
- Out-of-service equipment: up to 80%
Conakry, Guinea
Amman, Jordan
Kabul, Afghanistan
Recycling
• Waste pickers – informal recycling at collection points / disposal sites
• Estimated 15 million waste pickers in developing countries
• Children and women, often work as pickers
• Waste picking – unhealthy work environment
• CDM methodology under development
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Conakry, Guinea
Treatment
• Options – Aerobic composting, waste-to-energy, other
- Waste composition / moisture (food waste, precipitation)
• Methane avoidance (CDM)
Cairo, Egypt
Quantity: 375 tpd (current), 1,500 tpd (future)
CDM status: Validation
Lahore, Pakistan
Quantity: 300 tpd (current), 1,000 tpd (future)
CDM status: Validation
Waste Disposal – Open Dump
• Open dumping with uncontrolled fires is norm in most developing countries
• Public health and environmental hazardous
• Lack of regulatory authority / enforcement
• Cost of development and operation of a landfill
• Bank loans: Dump closure and development of landfill
Conakry, Guinea
Daily quantity: 500 tons
Waste Disposal – Engineered Landfill
• Regional landfill to achieve economies-of-scale
• Siting
• Design: Site design, bottom liner, leachate management, slopes
• Operations: Waste compaction, cover
Amman, Jordan
Daily waste received: 3,000 tpd
Composition: high % food waste, high leachate generation
CDM status: Validation
World Bank
• Founded 1944 for post-war reconstruction
• Role to alleviate poverty in developing countries
- Poverty: earn less than $2 per day
• Organization
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
- International Development Association (IDA)
- International Finance Group (IFC)
- Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
- International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
World Bank – Municipal Waste Management
• Loans
- Technical / operational, institutional, financial, capacity building
- Project examples (pipeline, current, recently completed)
o Belarus
o Brazil
o China, Tianjin
o Columbia
o Jordan, Amman
o Maldives
o Morocco
o Uzbekistan, Tashkent Tianjin, China (Shuangkou Landfill)
• Carbon finance (CDM) Daily Waste Quantity Received: 1,300 tpd
• Technical Assistance»
World Bank, Carbon Finance
• Initiated carbon finance program 1999 to stimulate market
• Trustee of 12 Funds / Facilities for governments and firms
• Carbon Finance Unit contracts to purchase emission reductions for Fund / Facility members
• Carbon payment tied to certified performance
- Operations revenue
- Contributes to sustainable operation
- Mitigation of climate change
CDM
• Methodologies approved by the UNFCCC (CDM EB)
- Approved methodologies
o Landfill gas capture / treatment (flare, energy recovery)
o Methane avoidance: Aerobic composting, anaerobic digestion,
incineration, RDF as fuel
o Aerobic landfill
o Energy recovery, additional ERs - displacement of fossil fuel energy
- In Development, Recycling
• Methodology conditions include:
- Baseline: GHG emissions, absence of action
(Business as Usual).
- Additionality: ERs that would be achieved
with project
o Barriers – Investment, technical, common
practice
CDM Registered Projects
(mid-November 2009)
• Total CDM registered projects: 1,894
• Registered CDM municipal solid waste projects: 137
- 7.2% of total
- Landfill gas: 123 projects
- Region
- LFG -13 projects
- Methane avoidance – 0 projects
• LFG projects in validation: 145
Durbin, South Africa
LFG power generation / flare facility
CDM registration: December 2006
CDM Registered Projects - Region
(mid-November 2009)
Country Registered Request Registration
Armenia 1 -
Egypt 1 -
Georgia 1 -
Israel 4 -
Jordan - 1
Morocco 1 -
Syria 2 -
Tunisia 2 -
UAE 1 -
TOTAL 13 1
CDM (Carbon Finance) Project Cycle:
World Bank
• Project Idea Note (PIN)
• Letter of Intent (LOI)
• Project Design Document (PDD)
• Validation
• Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA)
• Registration
• Verification / Certification
Veolia Environmental Services - Alexandria, Egypt
Borg El Arab landfill
LFG flare
CDM registration: December 2006
PDD: Estimate of Potential LFG Gas Capture
• Gas generation potential
- First Order Decay (FOD) model
o Waste composition
o Ambient temp. / precipitation
o Methane correction factor
• Gas capture rate
Amman, Jordan
Leachate pond, base of cell
Leachate, moisture in food
waste
CDM LFG Project Performance –
PDD Forecasts vs. Verification Results
• Reported ERs to forecast ERs (PDDs): 58.4% (2007)
- Positive trend: 40.9% (2006)
• Over expectation factors, high capture rates, high k value, Lo
- Especially early projects
• Under performance, high leachate levels (moisture, food waste)
World Bank – Tianjin, China; Landfill Gas
• Tianjin: 5th largest city in China (population: 11.2 million)
• Loan
- Landfill financed by Bank, part of Urban Environment Loan
- First modern, engineered landfill in Tianjin
- Operations begun: 2001
- Site receives 1,300 tpd
• Carbon Finance
- PDD est. ERs: 913,108 tCO2e (7-year crediting period)
- Project registration: August 27, 2008
- Monitoring Report / 3rd party verification, 4th quarter 2009
- Buyer: Spanish Carbon Fund
TCEEE – Municipal agency joint venture
LFG to electricity project
CDM registered: August 2008
Shuangkou landfill - Tianjin, China
World Bank – ECARU (Cairo, Egypt); Composting
• ECARU private company / project stand alone activity – no Bank loan
• Carbon Finance
• - PDD est. ERs: 502,204 tCO2e (7-year crediting period)
• - Project in validation
• - Buyer: Carbon Fund for Europe
ECARU
Aerobic composting
CDM status: Validation
Quantity: 375 tpd (current); 1,500 tpd (future)
Cairo, Egypt
World Bank – Brazil, Caxia Economica Federal
• Brazil: 250 municipalities with population of > 100,000
• Caxia: Second largest public bank in Brazil
• Loan objectives
- Dump closures
- Investment in treatment facilities and engineered landfills
• Carbon finance
- Program of Activities (PoA), bundled
projects rather than individual projects
• Technical assistance
Novagerar – Nova Iguacu, Brazil
Adrianopolis landfill
LFG flare, facility to generate electricity
CDM registration: November 2004
World Bank - Urban Methodology (Future)
• Fastest growing source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
- Est. 70% of GHG emissions occur in cities
- 296 cities in developing countries with populations of 1.0 million or more
• High level of economic growth with very large population inflow
- 50% of world’s population lives in cities
• Inadequate level of engagement in CDM
• Carbon finance potential facilitate low-GHG development in
cities
• Key sectors
- Waste: Solid waste and wastewater
- Transport: Public and private
- Energy: Renewable and energy use (efficiency)
Additional Information
• General
- World Bank’s Carbon Finance Unit: www.carbonfinance.org
- World Bank’s Urban Solid Waste Management: http://go.worldbank.org/A5TFX56L50
- 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 5: Waste
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol5.html
- UNFCCC's CDM: http://cdm.unfccc.int/index.html
• Selected Large-Scale Methodologies
- LFG - ACM0001, Consolidated baseline and monitoring methodology for landfill gas project activities
http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_AM_BTH14FSTZKN0WN9PBDUG9D2U83HXBQ
- Methane Avoidance (Composting, Other) – AM0025, Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste
treatment processes
http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_AM_PJSD36RRF6X16OA7CSTR7H38OXVJTG
• Selected Small-Scale Methodologies
- LFG to Power - AMS-III.D, Grid connected renewable electricity generation
http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_AM_PHPV5WESACMBTJ2YY54GAJYSIEI3HD
- LFG - AMS-III.G, Landfill methane recovery
http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_AM_341FT628YO0PX9D2BW9IDMHSTPY139
