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Key points1. Palatability is more than a matter of
taste. Palatability depends on feedback.2. The body has built-in wisdom. Feedback
changes preferences automatically.3. I never tried it but I don’t like it. Animals
try new foods cautiously to avoid poisoning.
4. Skin versus gut. Gut defenses protect us from poisoning and skin defenses protect us from physical harm.
PalatabilityPalatabilityPalatabilityPalatability
A New A New Definition of Definition of PalatabilityPalatability
A New A New Definition of Definition of PalatabilityPalatability
Palatability is the relationship Palatability is the relationship between food flavor and between food flavor and feedback from nutrients and feedback from nutrients and toxins, determined by an toxins, determined by an animal’s physiological animal’s physiological condition, a food’s chemical condition, a food’s chemical composition, and an animal’s composition, and an animal’s experiences with the food.experiences with the food.
Palatability is the relationship Palatability is the relationship between food flavor and between food flavor and feedback from nutrients and feedback from nutrients and toxins, determined by an toxins, determined by an animal’s physiological animal’s physiological condition, a food’s chemical condition, a food’s chemical composition, and an animal’s composition, and an animal’s experiences with the food.experiences with the food.
Nutrients Increase Nutrients Increase PalatabilityPalatability
Nutrients Increase Nutrients Increase PalatabilityPalatability
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Nutrients Increase PalatabilityNutrients Increase PalatabilityNutrients Increase PalatabilityNutrients Increase Palatability
Conditioning Group 1Conditioning Group 1 Group 2 Group 2
odd daysodd days apple+water maple+water apple+water maple+water even dayseven days maple+nutrient apple+nutrient maple+nutrient apple+nutrient
Testing : choice between apple and mapleTesting : choice between apple and maple
Conditioning Group 1Conditioning Group 1 Group 2 Group 2
odd daysodd days apple+water maple+water apple+water maple+water even dayseven days maple+nutrient apple+nutrient maple+nutrient apple+nutrient
Testing : choice between apple and mapleTesting : choice between apple and maple
Energy Increases PalatabilityEnergy Increases Palatability Energy Increases PalatabilityEnergy Increases Palatability
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What are calories?What are calories?What are calories?What are calories? Calories are little units that measure how Calories are little units that measure how
good a particular food tastes. Fudge, for good a particular food tastes. Fudge, for example, has a great many calories, example, has a great many calories,
whereas celery, which is not really a food at whereas celery, which is not really a food at all but a member of the plywood family, all but a member of the plywood family,
provided by mother nature so that we would provided by mother nature so that we would have a way to get onion dip into our mouths have a way to get onion dip into our mouths
at parties, has none.at parties, has none. - Dave Barry- Dave Barry
Calories are little units that measure how Calories are little units that measure how good a particular food tastes. Fudge, for good a particular food tastes. Fudge, for
example, has a great many calories, example, has a great many calories, whereas celery, which is not really a food at whereas celery, which is not really a food at
all but a member of the plywood family, all but a member of the plywood family, provided by mother nature so that we would provided by mother nature so that we would have a way to get onion dip into our mouths have a way to get onion dip into our mouths
at parties, has none.at parties, has none. - Dave Barry- Dave Barry
Toxins Decrease Toxins Decrease PalatabilityPalatability
Toxins Decrease Toxins Decrease PalatabilityPalatability
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Endophyte-Infected Tall FescueEndophyte-Infected Tall FescueEndophyte-Infected Tall FescueEndophyte-Infected Tall Fescue
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Inta
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ControlControl
Ergotamine (1.12 mg/kg BW)Ergotamine (1.12 mg/kg BW)Ergotamine
Dose Ergotamine
Dose
Toxins Limit IntakeToxins Limit Intake
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.75% LiCl
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.75% LiCl
0% LiCl
1.5% LiCl
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Intake is CyclicIntake is CyclicIntake is CyclicIntake is Cyclic
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Postingestive FeedbackPostingestive FeedbackPostingestive FeedbackPostingestive Feedback
deficit adequate excessdeficit adequate excess deficit adequate excessdeficit adequate excess
palatabilitypalatability palatabilitypalatability
NutrientsNutrients•energyenergy•proteinprotein•mineralsminerals
NutrientsNutrients•energyenergy•proteinprotein•mineralsminerals
ToxinsToxins•alkaloidsalkaloids•terpenesterpenes•tanninstannins
ToxinsToxins•alkaloidsalkaloids•terpenesterpenes•tanninstannins
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Changes in preference are Changes in preference are automaticautomatic
They are not cognitive nor They are not cognitive nor (at times) rational(at times) rational
Changes in preference are Changes in preference are automaticautomatic
They are not cognitive nor They are not cognitive nor (at times) rational(at times) rational
Flavor allows animals to Flavor allows animals to discriminate between discriminate between foods.foods.
Feedback tells the body Feedback tells the body whether a particular food whether a particular food flavor is useful or harmful.flavor is useful or harmful.
Flavors apart from feedback Flavors apart from feedback are neither palatable or are neither palatable or unpalatableunpalatable
What is the purpose of flavor?What is the purpose of flavor?
Which is more Which is more important feedback or important feedback or
mom?mom?
Which is more Which is more important feedback or important feedback or
mom?mom?
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Feedback Feedback vsvs Mother Mother
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Mom eats + LiClMom eats + LiCl
LiCl DoseLiCl Dose
Mom eats Mom eats
Mom averseMom averseMom averse + LiClMom averse + LiCl
How do they discriminate How do they discriminate among different foods?among different foods?
But grazing ruminants eat But grazing ruminants eat hundreds of different plant hundreds of different plant species.species.
Herbivores don’t eat that Herbivores don’t eat that many foods in a mealmany foods in a meal
Herbivores don’t eat that Herbivores don’t eat that many foods in a mealmany foods in a meal
100 species/ha100 species/ha5 species = 65% of diet5 species = 65% of diet7 species > 10% of diet7 species > 10% of diet
100 species/ha100 species/ha5 species = 65% of diet5 species = 65% of diet7 species > 10% of diet7 species > 10% of diet
Novel-Novel-Familiar Familiar
DichotomyDichotomy
Animals sample novel foodsAnimals sample novel foodsAnimals sample novel foodsAnimals sample novel foods
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Lambs sample familiar foods with novel flavorsLambs sample familiar foods with novel flavors
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Novel Food VideoNovel Food VideoNovel Food VideoNovel Food Video
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Familiar-Novel DichotomyFamiliar-Novel Dichotomy Familiar-Novel DichotomyFamiliar-Novel Dichotomy
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Rye - novelRye - novelRye - novelRye - novel
Corn – prior illnessCorn – prior illnessCorn – prior illnessCorn – prior illness
AlfalfaAlfalfaAlfalfaAlfalfa
BarleyBarleyBarleyBarley
OatsOatsOatsOats
LiClLiCl
Novelty is key but other Novelty is key but other factors play a role:factors play a role:
Generalization (Does the food taste Generalization (Does the food taste like another food?)like another food?)
Prior experience (Did it make the Prior experience (Did it make the animal sick in the past?)animal sick in the past?)
Amount eaten (Did it make up the Amount eaten (Did it make up the bulk of the animal’s diet?) bulk of the animal’s diet?)
Timing (What was the last food Timing (What was the last food eaten?)eaten?)
Can herbivores Can herbivores learn to use learn to use medicines?medicines?
OxalateOxalateToxicosisToxicosisOxalateOxalateToxicosisToxicosis
Tannin Toxicosis
Tannin Toxicosis
GrainAcidosis
GrainAcidosis
PolyethyleneGlycol
PolyethyleneGlycol
DicalciumPhosphateDicalciumPhosphate
Physiological States
Physiological States
MedicinesMedicines
BentoniteBentonite
Sheep learn to take their medicineSheep learn to take their medicineSheep learn to take their medicineSheep learn to take their medicine
Control – Medicines Control – Medicines not paired with not paired with
illnessillness
Treatment- Medicines Treatment- Medicines paired with illnesspaired with illness
Making the bad Making the bad taste goodtaste good
Polyethylene Polyethylene glycol binds to glycol binds to
tannins…tannins…
Polyethylene Polyethylene glycol binds to glycol binds to
tannins…tannins…
……alleviating alleviating their aversive their aversive postingestive postingestive
effectseffects
……alleviating alleviating their aversive their aversive postingestive postingestive
effectseffects
Cattle fed Cattle fed polyethylene polyethylene
glycol… glycol…
Cattle fed Cattle fed polyethylene polyethylene
glycol… glycol…
……eat more eat more sericeasericea
……eat more eat more sericeasericea
PEG Increases Intake and Preference for PEG Increases Intake and Preference for SericeaSericea
PEG Increases Intake and Preference for PEG Increases Intake and Preference for SericeaSericea
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PEGPEG no PEGno PEG
Cattle trained Cattle trained to eat a variety to eat a variety
of weeds…of weeds…
Cattle trained Cattle trained to eat a variety to eat a variety
of weeds…of weeds…
. . . by reducing . . . by reducing novelty and novelty and providing providing positive positive feedbackfeedback
1. Know your weed1. Know your weedNutrientsToxinsNutrient/Toxin
Interactions
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
2. Use the right animals2. Use the right animalsYoungFemaleHealthyManageable
Number and Temperament
3. Build on how animals 3. Build on how animals learnlearnReduce the
fear of new things
Make the unfamiliar seem familiar
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
4. Test animals in trial 4. Test animals in trial pasturespasturesSmallContains a
variety of forages
Making the Good Making the Good Taste BadTaste Bad
Training to AvoidTraining to Avoid Vineyards Orchards Forest Plantations Poisonous Plants(not feasible in most cases)
Training to avoidTraining to avoidThe understory must be familiarOnly avert to NOVEL FOODS Animals must have free access to salt.Dose with LiCl after eating novel food.Make certain animals have plenty of
alternatives to eat when grazing areas that contain the target plant.
Don’t mix trained animals with animals that eat the target plant.
The Skin and The Skin and Gut Defense Gut Defense
SystemsSystems
Skin and Gut DefensesSkin and Gut DefensesSkin and Gut DefensesSkin and Gut DefensesAll organisms have evolved All organisms have evolved
coping mechanisms for detecting coping mechanisms for detecting nutrients and protective nutrients and protective
mechanisms to keep from mechanisms to keep from becoming nutrients. becoming nutrients.
- John Garcia- John Garcia
All organisms have evolved All organisms have evolved coping mechanisms for detecting coping mechanisms for detecting
nutrients and protective nutrients and protective mechanisms to keep from mechanisms to keep from
becoming nutrients. becoming nutrients.
- John Garcia- John Garcia
Taste, smellTaste, smell
Not all cues are paired with all Not all cues are paired with all consequencesconsequences
Sight, Hearing, Touch, SmellSight, Hearing, Touch, Smell
Skin - Physical Skin - Physical Harm Place Harm Place
AversionAversion
Gut - Nausea Gut - Nausea Food aversionFood aversion
Skin and Gut DefensesSkin and Gut DefensesSkin and Gut DefensesSkin and Gut Defenses
When toxicosis occurs after When toxicosis occurs after eating black mice, hawks eating black mice, hawks
avoid black avoid black andand white white mice, but...mice, but...
Hawks avoid only black Hawks avoid only black mice if a distinct taste is mice if a distinct taste is
added to black mice.added to black mice.
When toxicosis occurs after When toxicosis occurs after eating black mice, hawks eating black mice, hawks
avoid black avoid black andand white white mice, but...mice, but...
Hawks avoid only black Hawks avoid only black mice if a distinct taste is mice if a distinct taste is
added to black mice.added to black mice.
A field of barleyA field of barley
NeuralNeural Convergence Convergence
NeuralNeural Convergence Convergence
The Wisdom of the Body!The Wisdom of the Body!
Skin and gut defenses operateSkin and gut defenses operate on different time on different time
Skin and gut defenses operateSkin and gut defenses operate on different time on different time
SkinSkin
milliseconds to secondsmilliseconds to seconds
SkinSkin
milliseconds to secondsmilliseconds to seconds
GutGut
minutes to hoursminutes to hours
GutGut
minutes to hoursminutes to hours
Why do animals overingest Why do animals overingest poisonous plants?poisonous plants?
Why do animals overingest Why do animals overingest poisonous plants?poisonous plants?
Plant IssuesPlant Issues• • Toxin doesn’t Toxin doesn’t cause nausea.cause nausea.• • Toxin has no Toxin has no distinct flavor or distinct flavor or toxin levels not toxin levels not paired with changes paired with changes in flavor.in flavor.
Plant IssuesPlant Issues• • Toxin doesn’t Toxin doesn’t cause nausea.cause nausea.• • Toxin has no Toxin has no distinct flavor or distinct flavor or toxin levels not toxin levels not paired with changes paired with changes in flavor.in flavor.
• New places New places with familiar with familiar toxic plants.toxic plants.• StressStress• Starving Starving animals onto a animals onto a new food.new food.
• New places New places with familiar with familiar toxic plants.toxic plants.• StressStress• Starving Starving animals onto a animals onto a new food.new food.
We Set Animals Up For FailureWe Set Animals Up For Failure
Key pointsKey points1.1. Palatability is more than a matter of Palatability is more than a matter of
taste.taste. Palatability depends on feedback. Palatability depends on feedback.2.2. The body has built-in wisdom.The body has built-in wisdom. Feedback Feedback
changes preferences automatically.changes preferences automatically.3.3. I never tried it but I don’t like it.I never tried it but I don’t like it. Animals Animals
try new foods cautiously to avoid try new foods cautiously to avoid poisoning.poisoning.
4.4. Skin versus gut.Skin versus gut. Gut defenses protect us Gut defenses protect us from poisoning and skin defenses protect from poisoning and skin defenses protect us from physical harm.us from physical harm.
