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Chapter 4 - Key Terms E-mail (p. 105) - means of transmitting messages over communicationnetworks.File transfer (p. 106) - means of transferring a copy of a file from onecomputer to another on the Internet.Groupware (p. 106) - software that enables group members to worktogether on a project, even from remote locations, by supporting groupdecision making, information processing, and simultaneous file access.Calendars, documents, e-mail messages, databases, decision-makingtools, and meetings are popular applications.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 4 - Key Terms (Cont.)Instant messaging (IM) (p. 105) - Internet protocol (IP)-basedapplication that provides real-time text-based communication betweenpeople using a variety of different device types, including computer-to-computer and mobile devices. Intranet (p. 105) - network that looks and acts like the Internet butis comprised of information used exclusively within a company and isunavailable to the general public via the Internet.Mobile worker (p. 116) - workers who work from wherever they are.Offshoring (p. 120) - foreign outsourcing.

(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 4 - Key Terms (Cont.)RSS (Web feed) (p. 106) - structured file format for porting data fromone platform or information system to another.Social networking site (p. 106) - web-based service that allows itsmembers to create a public profile with their interests and expertise,post text and pictures and all manner of data, list other users withwhom they share a connection, and view and communicate openly orprivately with their list of connections and those made by others withinthe system.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 4 - Key Terms (Cont.)Telecommuting (p. 116) - work arrangements withemployers that allow employees to work from home, at a customer site,or from other convenient locations instead of coming into thecorporate office.Unified communications (p. 105) - suite of products that provides aconsistent, unified user interface and user experience across multipledevices and media types.Video teleconference (p. 105) - set of interactive telecommunicationtechnologies that simultaneously allow two or more locations tointeract via two-way video and audio transmissions.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 4 - Key Terms (Cont.)Virtual teams (p. 122) - two or more people who work togetherinterdependently with mutual accountability for achieving commongoals, do not work in the same place and/or at the same time,and must use electronic communication technology to communicate,coordinate their activities, and complete their teams tasks.Virtual private network (VPN) (p. 105) - network that primarilyuses public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, toprovide remote offices or traveling users access to a central organizational network.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 4 - Key Terms (Cont.)Virtual world (p. 106) - electronic environment that visually mimicscomplex three-dimensional physical spaces where people can interactwith each other and with virtual objects and where people arerepresented by animated characters called avatars.Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) (p. 105) - method for takinganalog audio signals (i.e., those used in phone calls) and turning theminto digital data that can be transmitted over the Internet.Web logs (blogs) (p. 106) - online journals that link together into avery large network of information sharing.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 4 - Key Terms (Cont.)Wiki (p. 106) - software that allows users to work collaboratively tocreate, edit, and link web pages easily. Wikis are especially good forsupporting multimedia content, keeping track of multiple revisions of a document, and collaborating on writing a document.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.FOR YOUR HOME STUDY:Chapter 11 - Key TermsBig data (p. 341) - techniques and technologies that make iteconomical to deal with very large datasets at the extreme end of the scale.Business analytics (p. 327) - the use of quantitative and predictivemodels as well as fact-based management to drive decisions.Business intelligence (p. 327) - a set of technologies and processes thatuse data to understand and analyze business performance.Data (p. 330) - specific, objective facts or observations.Data mining (p. 339) - the process of analyzing data warehouses forgems that can be used in management decision making.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 11 - Key Terms (Cont.) Data warehouses (p. 338) - collections of data designed to supportmanagement decision making; sometimes serve as repositories oforganizational knowledge.Explicit knowledge (p. 334) - knowledge that can be easily collected,organized, and transferred through digital means such as a memorandumor financial report.Externalization (p. 334) - articulating and thereby capturing tacit knowledge through use of metaphors, analogies, and models.Evidence-based management (p. 341) - an approach in which evidence andfacts are analyzed as the first step in decision making.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10Chapter 11 - Key Terms (Cont.) Folksonomy (p. 335) - an ad-hoc codification system created by users. Information (p. 330) - data with a context.Intellectual capital (p. 328) - knowledge that has been identified, captured, and leveraged to produce higher-value goods or services orsome other competitive advantage for the firm.Intellectual property (p. 328) - allows individuals to own their creativity and innovation in the same way that they can own physical property.Knowledge (p. 331) - mix of contextual information, experiences, rules, andvalues. It is richer and deeper than information and more valuable because someone has thought deeply about that information and added his or her own unique experience, judgment, and wisdom.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 11 - Key Terms (Cont.) Knowledge capture (p. 335) - the continuous processes of scanning,organizing, and packaging knowledge after it has been generated.Knowledge codification (p. 335) - the representation of knowledge ina manner that can be easily accessed and transferred.Knowledge generation (p. 335) - all activities that discover new knowledgewhether such knowledge is new to the individual, the firm, or the entire discipline.Knowledge management (p. 327) - the processes necessary to generate, capture, codify, and transfer knowledge across the organization to achieve competitive advantage.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 11 - Key Terms (Cont.) Knowledge transfer (p. 335) - involves transmitting knowledge from one person or group to another and the absorption of that knowledge.Social analytics (p. 342) - a set of tools developed to measure the impact of the social IT investments on the business.Socialization (p. 335) - the process of sharing experiences; occurs through observation, imitation, and practice. Tacit knowledge (p. 332) - knowledge that is personal, context-specific, and hard to formalize and communicate; consists of experiences, beliefs, and skills. Tagging (p. 335) - users list key words that codify the information or document at hand, creating an ad-hoc codification system.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 1 - Key TermsBusiness diamond (p. 34) - identifies the crucial components of anorganizations plan as its information/control, people, structure, andtasks Business strategy (p. 27) - a plan articulating where a business seeksTo go and how it expects to get there.Collaboration (p. 33) - using social IT to extend the reach ofstakeholders, Both employees and those outside the enterprise walls. Cost leadership (p. 28) - when the organization aims to be the lowestcost producer in the marketplace.Differentiation (p. 29) used by organization to qualify its productOr service in a way that allows it to appear unique in the marketplaceChapter 1 - Key Terms - (Cont.) Engagement (p. 33) - using social IT to involve stakeholders in thetraditional business of the enterprise.Focus (p. 29) - allows an organization to limit its scope to a narrowersegment of the market and tailor its offerings to that group ofcustomers.Hypercompetition (p. 31) - the speed and aggressiveness of theMoves and countermoves in any given market create an environment inWhich advantages are rapidly created and eroded.Innovation (p. 33) - using social IT to identify, describe, prioritize,And create new ideas for the enterprise.IS strategy (p. 36) - the plan an organization uses to provideInformation services.

Chapter 1 - Key Terms - - (Cont.) Information Systems Strategy Triangle (p. 24) a framework that Relates business strategy with IS strategy and organizational strategy.Managerial levers (p. 35) - variables used by decision makers to effectchanges in their organizations.Mission (p. 26) - a clear and compelling statement that unifies anorganizations effort and describes what the firm is all about.Organizational strategy (p. 34) - the organizations design as well as thechoices it makes to define, set up, coordinate, and control its workprocesses.Social business strategy (p. 33) - a plan of how the firm will use socialIT, aligned with organization strategy and IS strategy.Strategy (p. 26) - a coordinated set of actions to fulfill objectives,purposes, and goals. The essence of a strategy is setting limits on what thebusiness will seek to accomplish.Chapter 2 - Key TermsCustomer relationship management (CRM) (p. 59) - a tool tooptimize the processing of customer information . Co-opetition (p. 65) - is the strategy for creating the best possibleoutcome for a business by optimally combining competition andcooperation.Enterprise resource planning (ERP) (p. 59) - a tool that automatesfunctions of the operations activities of the value chain.Information resources (p. 47) - the available data, technology, people,And processes available to perform business processes and tasksChapter 2 - Key Terms - (Cont.)IT asset (p. 47) - anything, tangible or intangible, that can be used byA Firm in its processes for creating, producing and/or offering itsproducts, goods or services. (i.e. IT infrastructure).IT capability (p. 47) - something that is learned or developed overTime for the firm to create, produce or offer it products.Network effects (p. 48) - the value of a network node to a person ororganization, it increases when others join the network. (i.e. e-mail)Rather than use production costs to guide the determination of price,information products might be priced to reflect their value to thebuyer.Chapter 2 - Key Terms - (Cont.) Resource-based view (RBV) (p. 59) - competitive advantage comesFrom the information and other resources of the firm.Strategic alliance (p. 64) an inter-organizational relationship thataffords one or more companies in the relationship a strategicadvantage.Supply chain management (SCM) (p. 59) - an approach to howcompanies source materials for operations.Web 2.0 (p. 47) - potential resources that are available to the firmas a service, but that are not necessarily owned by the firm.

Chapter 5 - Key TermsAgile processes (p. 142) - designed with the intention of simplifyingredesign and reconfiguration.Business process management (BPM) (p. 146) - a well-defined andoptimized set of IT processes, tools, and skills.Business process reengineering (BPR) (p. 143) - radical processredesign.Customer relationship management (CRM) (p. 154) - a set ofsoftware programs that support management activities performed toobtain, enhance relationships with, and retain customers.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 5 - Key Terms (Cont.)DMADV (p. 144) - an improvement system used to develop new processesor products at Six Sigma quality levels. Stands for define, measure, analyze, design, verify.DMAIC (p. 144) - an improvement system for existing processes fallingbelow specification and looking for incremental improvement. Stands for define, measure, analyze, improve, control. Dynamic processes (p. 142) - agile business processes; processesthat iterate through a constant renewal cycle of design, deliver, evaluate,and redesign.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 5 - Key Terms (Cont.)Enterprise resource planning (ERP) (p. 151) - designed to seamlesslyintegrate information flow throughout the company. Modules include:manufacturing, accounting, human resources, and sales.Horizontal integration - looking beyond individual business processesand considering the bigger, cross-functional picture of the corporation. Supply chain management (SCM) (p. 156) - Web-based technologythat allows the supply chains of a companys customers and suppliers to belinked through a single network that optimizes costs and opportunities forall companies in the supply chain.Middleware (p. 153) - software used to connect processes running on oneor more computers across a network.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 5 - Key Terms (Cont.)Process (p. 139) - an interrelated, sequential set of activities andtasks that turns inputs into outputs.Process perspective (p. 139) - keeps the big picture in view and allowsthe manager to concentrate on the work that must be done to ensure theoptimal creation of value.Silos (p. 138) - self-contained functional units that are useful for severalreasons.Six-Sigma (p. 144) - a data-driven approach and methodology foreliminating defects from a process.

(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Silos are self-contained functional units that:optimize expertise and training.avoid redundancy in expertise.are easier to benchmark with outside organizations.utilize bodies of knowledge created for each function.make it easier to understand the role of each silo.

23Chapter 5 - Key Terms (Cont.)Total quality management (TQM) (p. 143) - incremental,continuous process improvement.Workflow (p. 145) - a series of connected tasks and activities done bypeople and computers that form a business process.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 10 - Key TermsAgile development (p. 306) a group of software development methodologies based on iteratively developing systems in small stages and then testing the new code extensively.Direct cutover (p. 304) - conversion in which the old system stops running as soon as the new system is installed.Joint applications development (JAD) (p. 309) - a version of RAD orprototyping in which users are more integrally involved with the entiredevelopment process.Mashups (p. 311) - web apps that combine other apps to create a new app.Object (p. 309) - encapsulates both the data stored about an entity and theoperations that manipulate that data. (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 10 - Key Terms (Cont.)Open sourcing (p. 310) - the process of building and improving freesoftware via an Internet community. Open source software (OSS) (p. 310) - software released under a licenseapproved by the Open Source Initiative (OSI). Parallel conversion (p. 304) - conversion where the old system runs alongside the new system.Project (p. 290) - a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a uniqueproduct, service, or result. Project manager (p. 295) - ensures the entire project is executedappropriately and coordinated properly.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 10 - Key Terms (Cont.)Project management (p. 292) - applying knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities in order to meet project requirements.Project management office (PMO) (p. 294) - a department responsible forboosting efficiency, gathering expertise, and improving project delivery.Project stakeholder (p. 290) - the individuals and organizations that are eitherinvolved in the project or whose interests may be affected as a result of project.Prototyping (p. 307) - a type of evolutionary development for of building systems where developers get the general idea of what is needed by the users and then build a fast, high-level version of the system at the beginning of the project.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 10 - Key Terms (Cont.)Rapid applications development (RAD) (p. 308) - an interactiveprocess in which tools are used to drastically speed up thedevelopment process.Systems development life cycle (SDLC) (p. 303) - a traditional toolfor developing information systems or for implementing softwaredeveloped by an outsourcing provider or software developer.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 12 - Key Terms Accessibility (p. 365) - the ability to obtain the data.Accuracy (p. 364) - the correctness of information; assumes realimportance for society as computers come to dominate in corporate record-keeping activities.Cookie (p. 361) - a text message given to a web browser by a web server.Green computing (p. 357) - concerned with using computing resourcesefficiently. Identity theft (p. 366) - crime in which the thief uses the victimspersonal informationsuch as drivers license number or Social Securitynumberto impersonate the victim.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 12 - Key Terms (Cont.)Information ethics (p. 352) - the ethical issues associated with thedevelopment and application of information technologies. (Martinsons and Ma)Privacy (p. 359) - the right to be left alone. (Warren and Brandeis)Property (p. 365) - who owns the data.Social contract theory (p. 354) - places social responsibilities on corporatemanagers to consider the needs of a society.Stakeholder theory (p. 352) - managers, although bound by their relation tostockholders, are entrusted also with a responsibilityfiduciary or otherwisetoall those who hold a stake in or a claim on the firm.Stockholder theory (p. 353) - stockholders advance capital to corporatemanagers, who act as agents in furthering the stockholders ends.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 6 - Key TermsArchitecture (p. 169) - provides a blueprint for translating businessstrategy into a plan for IS.Bring-your-own-device (BYOD) (p. 177) - employees bringtheir own devices and connect to enterprise systems.Capacity-on-demand (p. 177) - the availability of additional processingcapability for a fee.Centralized architecture (p. 173) - everything is purchased,supported, and managed centrally via a data center to eliminatethe difficulties that come with managing a distributed infrastructure.Client (p. 175) - a device or software program that requests data and sometimes instructions from another software program, usually running on a separate computer. (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 6 - Key Terms (Cont.)Cloud computing (p. 183) - an architecture based on servicesprovided over the Internet. Consumerization of IT (p. 177) - the drive to port applications topersonal devices and the ensuing issues to make them work.Decentralized architecture (p. 174) - The hardware, software,networking, and data arranged in a way that distributes the processing and functionality between multiple small computers, servers, and devices, relying heavily on a network to connect them together.Enterprise architecture (p. 180) - the blueprint for all IS and its interrelationships in the firm.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 6 - Key Terms (Cont.)Infrastructure (p. 169) - everything that supports the flow andprocessing of information in an organization, including hardware,software, data, and network components.Peer-to-peer (p. 176) - allows networked computers to shareresources without a central server playing a dominant role.Platform (p. 172) - an infrastructure or an underlying computersystem.Reuse (p. 174) - relatively small chunks of functionality available formany applications.

(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 6 - Key Terms (Cont.)Scalable (p. 188) - how well an infrastructure component can adapt toincreased, or in some cases decreased, demands. Server-based architecture (p. 174) - a decentralized architecture that uses numerous servers often located in different physical locations. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) (p. 174) - applications delivered over the Internet.Standards (p. 188) - rules or principles.TOGAF (p. 182) (The Open Group Architecture Framework) - a methodology and set of resources for developing an enterprise architecture.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 6 - Key Terms (Cont.)Utility computing (p. 184) - computing infrastructure available whenneeded in as much quantity as needed.Virtualization (p. 183) - a virtual infrastructure where software replaces hardware in a way that a virtual machine or a virtual desktop system was accessible to provide computing power.Web-based architectures (p. 176) - architectures in which significanthardware, software, and possibly even data elements reside on the Internet.Web services (p. 175) - services delivered over the Internet.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 6 - Key Terms (Cont.)Wireless (Mobile) Infrastructure (p. 176) - allow communication from remote locations using a variety of wireless technologies (e.g., fixed microwave links, wireless LANs, data over cellular networks)Zachman Framework (p. 182) - determines architecturalrequirements by providing a broad view that helps guide the analysis ofthe detailed view.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 - Key Terms(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 7 - Key Terms (Cont.)Business-IT Maturity Model (p. 198) - a useful tool forunderstanding the differences in capabilities.Business technology strategist (p. 206) - the strategic businessleader who uses technology as the core tool in creating competitiveadvantage and aligning business and IT strategies.Chargeback funding method (p. 223) - charging individuals,departments, or business units based on actual usage and cost.Chief Information Officer (CIO) (p. 206) - the senior-most executive in theenterprise responsible for technology vision and leadership for designing,developing, implementing, and managing IT initiatives for the enterprise tooperate effectively in a constantly changing and intensely competitivemarketplace.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 7 - Key Terms (Cont.)Corporate budget funding method (p. 225) - the costs fall to thecorporate bottom line rather than levying charges on specific users orbusiness units.Dashboard (p. 221) - provides a snapshot of metrics at any givenpoint in time.Economic value added (EVA) (p. 216) - accounts for opportunity costsof capital to measure true economic profit and revalues historical costs togive an accurate picture of the true market value of assets.IT portfolio management (p. 213) - evaluating new and existingapplications collectively on an ongoing basis to determine which applicationsprovide value to the business in order to support decisions to replace, retire, orfurther invest in applications across the enterprise.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 7 - Key Terms (Cont.)Net present value (NPV) (p. 216) - calculated by discounting thecosts and benefits for each year of the systems lifetime using thepresent value factor calculated each year as 1/(1+ discount rate) year.Return on investment (ROI) (p. 216) - Percentage rate thatmeasures the relationship between the amount the business gets backfrom an investment and the amount invested.Total cost of ownership (TCO) (p. 228) calculation that includes all costs associated with technical support, administration, training, and system retirement. (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 8 - Key TermsArchetype (p. 242) - a pattern from decision rights allocation.Business continuity plan (BCP) (p. 250) - an approved set ofpreparations and sufficient procedures for responding to a variety ofdisaster events.Centralized IS organizations (p. 238) - bring together all staff,hardware, software, data, and processing into a single location.COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology)(p. 253) - an IT governance framework that is consistent with COSOcontrols.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 8 - Key Terms (Cont.)Decentralized IS organizations (p. 238) - scatter components indifferent locations to address local business needs.Federalism (p. 240) - a structuring approach that distributes power,hardware, software, data, and personnel between a central IS groupand IS in business units.Governance (p. 237) - making decisions that define expectations, grant authority, or ensure performance.IT governance (p. 241) - specifying the decision rights and accountabilityframework to encourage desirable behavior in using IT.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 8 - Key Terms (Cont.)ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) (p. 255) - aset of concepts and techniques for managing IT infrastructure, development, and operations that was developed in the United Kingdom. Review board (p. 249) - a committee formally designated to approve, monitor, and review specific topics; can be an effective governance mechanism.SarbanesOxley Act (SoX) (p. 251) - enacted in the U.S. in 2002 toincrease regulatory visibility and accountability of public companies and theirfinancial health.Steering committee (p. 249) - an advisory committee of keystakeholders or experts that provides guidance on important IT issues.(c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 3 - Key Terms Assumptions (p. 90) - unobservable since they reflect organizationalvalues that have become so taken for granted that they guide organizationalbehavior without any of the group members thinking about them.Beliefs (p. 90) perceptions that people hold about how things are donein their community.Culture (p. 89) a set of shared values and beliefs that a group holdsand that determines how the group perceives, thinks about, and appropriately reacts to its various environments.Decision right (p. 78) - indicate who in the organization has the responsibility to initiate, supply information for, approve, implement, andcontrol various types of decisions.Chapter 3 - Key Terms - (Cont.)Enacted values (p. 90) - the values and norms that are actuallyexhibited or displayed in employee behavior.Espoused values (p. 90)- explicitly stated preferred organizationalvalues.Flat organization structure (p. 81) - has less well-defined chain ofcommand.Hierarchical organization structure (p. 80) - an organizational formbased on the concepts of division of labor, specialization, spans of control,and unity of command.Chapter 3 - Key Terms - (Cont.)Networked organization structure (p. 82) characteristically feelflat and hierarchical at the same time.Matrix organization structure (p. 82) - workers are assigned to twoor more supervisors in an effort to make sure multiple dimensions ofthe business are integrated.Observable artifacts (p. 90) physical manifestations such astraditional dress, symbols in art, acronyms, awards, myths and stories toldabout the group, rituals, and ceremonies and so on.Chapter 3 - Key Terms - (Cont.)Organizational strategy (p. 78) - includes the organizations design,as well as the managerial choices that define, set up, coordinate, andcontrol its work processes.Value (p. 90) - reflect the communitys aspirations about the waythings should be done.