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Reduction of single-use plastic :
Key to prevent plastic pollution in marine
environments
1
Hideshige TAKADA
Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (LOG)
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Dr. Hideshige Takada,
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,
Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Air Mail
International Pellet Watch Global Monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Using Beached Plastic Resin Pellets
2
Since 2005
http://www.pelletwatch.org/
Plastics from volunteers and NGOs in the world
Analysis for persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Feed the data back to the collaborators via e-mail
Releasing the results on web 4 http://www.pelletwatch.org/
Chemical
Analysis
Chemical
hazardousness of
marine plastics
Status of
Global
pollution
Volunteer-based activity : Increase in public awareness
regarding plastic pollution in marine environment
To provide basic information to assess the risk of
toxic chemicals in microplastics to scientists and
policy-makers
Tool to increase public awareness of plastic pollution
Global Monitoring of POPs in marine environments
Continuous increase in plastic production
Thompson et al., 2009
1933:Production of Polyethylene started.
8% of global oil production
4% : feedstock
4% : energy
CITARUM RIVER, INDONESIA
Photo from Dr. Charles Moore
MUMBAI, INDIA
Photo from Dr. Charles Moore
KAMILO BEACH
BIG ISLAND
Photo from Dr. Charles Moore
10
Marine organisms ingest plastics
Albatross
T/V Wakatake Maru (Hokkaido Pref.)
By-catch in driftnet
June-July 2003, 2005
Sampling area
40˚00’N−47˚30’N, 180˚00’
55˚30’N−58˚30’N, 178˚00’ E−178˚00’ W
Short-tailed shearwater from Northern pacific
Resin pellets
Fragments
of plastic
Fiber
Styrofoam Plastic sheets 1 cm n=41
Plastic sheets
9%
Styrofoam 1%
Fiber 5%
Fragments of
plastic
59%
Resin pellets
26%
Type and composition of plastics found in the stomachs of
short-tailed shearwater.
Short-tailed shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris
Various types of plastics were found in digestive tracts of the seabird
Yamashita et al. 2011
Plastics detected in digestive tract of short-tailed shearwater
0.1 g – 0.6 g per an individual
14
More than 180 species of animals are known to
have ingested plastic debris, including birds,
fish, turtles and marine mammals.
Physical impacts of the ingested plastics have
been reported for many species of organisms
(Wright et al., 2013).
Marine organisms ingest plastics
Plastics in Sea Turtle Plastics in Seabird
250
200
150
100
50
0
Plastic products contain additives :
Endocrine disrupting chemicals released from plastic
caps of mineral water bottles
World Cap 2012
DDTs PCBs
HCH
Plastics
・DDT and its metabolites such as DDE and DDD.
・DDT was used as insecticides
・Endocrine disrupting chemicals
・Industrial products for a variety of uses including dielectric fluid, heat medium, and lubricants.
・ Endocrine disrupting chemicals
・Insecticide
Plastics accumulate pollutants from seawater
ClnCln
CH
CCl3
Cl
Cl C
CCl2
Cl
Cl
CH
CHCl2
Cl
Cl
DDT DDE DDD
HH
H
HH
H
Cl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
Cl
PAHs
adsorption from ambient seawater
Concentration factor is estimated to be ~ 105 to ~106. 16
169
12 10
20
94
8
217
24
9 16
26
6
Vietnam
Japan
HK India
Thailand Malaysia
Indonesia
Australia
Italy
U.K.
Portugal
South Africa
Mozambique
43
416
Boston
Greece
International Pellet Watch : monitoring & increase of public awareness
Plastics carry hazardous chemicals in marine environments
141 Turkey
53
453
73
10
107
Singapore
7
Costa Rica
7
7
Chile
T T
294
253
94
Argentina
88
Ghana
Hawaii
85
Taiwan
2 China
51
297
16
7
Cocos
387
Brazil
143
Philippines
45 9
25
2746
France
9 0.74
1.49
Panama
314
7
St. Helena’s
43
0.01
Uruguay
131
573 Ohio
Israel
28
209
43
5 Sweden
94
112
Albania
17
33 38
73 41
605
San Francisco
32
Seattle
182
10 San Diego
341
Los Angeles
253
23
0.01 Henderson
Island
Concentration of PCBs* in beached plastic resin pellet (ng/g-pellet)
60
0.26
New Zealand
0.9 0.2 119
70
207
Ohio
New Jersey
30 265
8 47
73 63
11
Kenya
52
97
61
Transfer of chemicals
from ingested plastics
to biological tissue has
been confirmed.
Transfer of pollutants from ingested plastics to biological tissue
O
Br Br
Br
BrBrBr
BrBr
Br
Br
O
Br Br
Br
BrBrBr
BrBr
Br
BrAdverse effects on wild life
Threat to food security
Sea birds
Fish
Amphipod
3R is the key to solve the problems of plastics in marine environments
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Majority of plastics in marine environment is land-derived.
Disposable packaging is dominant item.
Reduction of input of single-use plastic from land is necessary.
3R
No single-use plastics
Reduce Reuse : non-reusable plastics
Recycle : consumes energy and emits CO2
No single-use plastic!
Majority of plastics in marine environment is land-derived.
Disposable packaging is dominant item.
Reduction of input of single-use plastic from land is necessary.
3R
unanticipated detection of toxic additives
due to recycling of hazardous additives.
(detection of toxic flame retardants in children toys)
Governmental regulation to reduce excessive plastic packaging
is required .