khalifat rasul Allah (successor to themessenger of God)

khalifa (successor, caliph)

the rashidun (rightly-guided caliphs):

632-634 Abu Bakr634-644 ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab644-656 ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan656-661 ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib

Map Link: The Muslim Conquests:

<http://faculty.polytechnic.org/gzetlian/images/maps/muslimconquestsmap.gif>

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636 Muslims defeat Byzantines at the YarmukRiver. Conquest of Syria follows

637 Muslims defeat Persians at Qadisiyya,take Ctesiphon. Gradual conquest ofPersia follows

642 Muslims complete conquest of Egypt

jizya (poll tax)

656-661 Caliphate of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib

661-80 Caliphate of Mu‘awiya ibn AbiSufyan, first of the Umayyad dynasty(until 750)

shi‘at ‘Ali (party of ‘Ali, Shi‘ites)

711-16 Muslim conquest of Spain, with aidof mountain Berbers

Jabal Tariq = Gibraltar

716-17 Last attempt to take Constantinople

732 Franks defeat Muslims at Tours

685-705 Caliphate of ‘Abd al-Malik

standardising Qur’an

qadis (judges)

discouraging conversion

use of Arabic

Sources of discontent:

mawali (non-Arab converts)

lifestyle of some caliphs

lack of dissemination of knowledge

680 Death of al-Husayn, son of ‘Ali and Fatima, and grandson of Muhammad, at Battle

of Karbala’

Sunnis (majority-form Muslims)

Shi‘ites:

Belief in imams (spiritual leaders)

Hidden meaning of Qur’an

744-50 Caliphate of Marwan II (“the Ass”)

c. 745 ‘Abbasids send Abu Muslim to Khurasan tofoment revolt

747 Abu Muslim initiates rebellion

749-50 ‘Abbasids defeat Umayyads in battle twice.Death of Marwan II and many other Umayyads.‘Abd al-Rahman escapes west

762 ‘Abbasids build new capital at Baghdad

Dome of the Rock/Qubbat al-Sakhra (bt. 691)

mi‘raj (night journey to heaven)

hijra (emigration)

‘Abd al-Malik (r. 685-705)

Ibn al-Zubayr (d. 692)

Mt. Moriah hajj (greater pilgrimage)

Abu’l-Qasim ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Abd Allahibn ‘Abd al-Hakam

Egyptian historian, from family famous forhistorical and judicial knowledge

Futuh Misr wa Akhbaruha - history of Muslimconquest of Egypt, N. Africa, Spain

Ibn ‘Abd al-Hakam (d. 871)

Al-Tabari (839-923)

Mukhtasar Ta’rikh al-Rusul wa’l-Mulukwa’l-Khulafa’