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RtLb;emIleRkayv ij
én
erOgd ¾Esnex øacpSamYy
2
CUncMeBaHb‘un n I Priya´
sUPIn I n igsuv D Æn a kUn RsITaMgBIrrbs;´
3
“m in Em n RK an ;Et C aerOg Ed l F øab ;m an B it b :ueN ÑaHeT
Et C aerOg Ed l h Ys B IB it eT AeT ot C aerOg Ed l F øab ;m an B it
l ay n igG n us S av r Iy ¾rbs ;G ñk n iB n § ”
eL G ug t ul s þy
Leon Tolstoi
4
m at ik a
*G arm Ök f a
*b uerk f a : s þIB In is S it Ex µren ARs uk ) ara Mg (1 9 5 6 -1 97 5 )
1 -Ed n d IC aT Is k áar:
2 -k 1 5
3 -en Aeragc Rk
4 -eB T ü7 5
5 -t aex µA
6 -b wg Rt Eb k
7 -d IR k h mT Is g Ç wm c ug eR k ay
8 -G ñk n wgb eg áIt k Un en Ak ñúg T uk çev T n a
9-l aeh Iy d IR k h m
10-P ñMeB j eRk am eG o gs arI
1 1 -Cn eP os x øÜn k ñúg Rs uk É g
12 -eT AP Um ik MeN It v ij
13 -T Yl Es øg (s 2 1 )
*k f aeR k ay
*s ax a1 : bB a¢Iray n am Ex µrm k B Ib reT s Rt Uv eKs m øab ;en AT Yl Es øg B IEx ems a 1 97 5 d l ;Ex mk ra 1 97 9
*s ax a2 : bB a¢Iray n am Ex µrm k B Ib reT s Rt Uv eKs m øab ;en Ad IR k h m *s ax a3 : bB a¢Iray n am n ay T ah an Ex µrm k B Is h rd æG aem rik Rt Uv eKs m øab ;en AT Yl Es øg B IEx ems a 1 97 5 d l ;Ex m k ra 1 97 9
5
G arm Ök f a
`:ncabepþImsresres[vePAenHtaMgBIézáEdl`:nrtecjputBIkm¬úCa.KWenAedImqñaM1980. manmUl
ehtuZM>BIrEdl:nCMrujo`bgºÚrTwkexµAenAelIRkdasBN(s edIm|IniTanBIGtItkalEdl`:nqøgkat .
Cabfm eBlenaHxøÜn`RtUvkarcaM:cedIm|IniyayR:bGñkdéTBIGVI>Edl`eTIb:nCYbRbTH . mYyvijeT[t
`eC]za CaParkic©` EdlmansMNag:nenArseKarBdlviJÃaNkÎ&nÆGñkEdlEcksæaneTA.QrelIktþaTaMgBIr
enH `k*cab´sresrTaMgyb TaMgézáeBlNaEdleBlevlaGnueRKaH . eBlsresrcbehIy `:nZUrkñúg
citþ . `:nykeTAtm,lTukenAkñúgbNÑal&ypÞalxøÜn` . eBlevlaecHEtknøgeTA . `:nbnþqakCIvit
dUceKdUcÉg dUcCakargarciJ©wmRKYsar mitþPkþi Ganes[vePA .l.
enAqñaM1999 sUPInIkUnRsIbgrbs` enAeBlrkes[vePAenAbNÑal&y k*:nRbTHeXIjes[vePAEdl
`minTane:HBum¬ . nag:nykmkGancbehIyk*sYr` “: ! etIkUnEdn EdlenAkñúg <<GñknwgekItkUnkñúg
TukÎevTna >> Ca`ß/ ” . enAqñaM2005enH nagmanGayu26qñaM ehIymanbriJÃabR&txagc|ab nigeTIbEter[n
cbeZVICaGñkÉkeTsxagsiTÆimnusS ehIyCaCMnYykarsaRsþacarüenAsklviTüal&y Namur.
ÉcMENkmYyeT[t, suvD¿na, ekItenARb)ucEsl GayuCit22qñaM kMBuger[nxagesdðkic© . nagminTan
s<alRsukkMeNItrbsCIdUnCItanageT .
20qñaMknøgputeTA … mankarpøasbþÚr nigvivtþn¾eRcInNasenAkñúgsklelak . karcUlcitþ, kar
niym, KMnit, rbbneya:y xøH:nEkERb xøHeT[tk*rlay:teTAehIy . k*b¨uEnþGVIEdlminGacbþÚr:nKW
“karBit” “sc©Zm( ” ZatuCaCMerAéndYgcitþmnusS .
es[vePA “RtLbemIleRkayvijéner]gd*EsnexøacpSamYy ” manGayuCag20qñaMehIy k*buEnþer]gCak
EsþgmYyenHEdlGñkniBnÆkMBugrsranmanCIvit nigCasakSI rsenACadrabkñúgstism|CJÃ;rbsGñkslBI
søab´ . eBlevla:nCYybnæyesckþIcukcabkMuoQWxøaMgeBk EtvaminGaceZVIoCasHes|Iy:neLIy .
shCIvin`Edl:nputCIviteTAehIy EdlmanbJ¢IraynamenAxageRkayes[vePAenH minRtUvoeKbJ©b´CIvit
d*GyutþiZm(EbbenHeLIy . ÉcMENkxøÜn` EdltakEtges[vePAenHeLIg KµanKuNsm|tþiGVIelIsBYkeK
EdlBlICIviteTAk*eTEdr . GñkEdleKdkykCIviteTAk*mindwgmanmUlehtuGIV:nCaeKsmøab ÉGñkenArs
k*mindwger]gGI:nCaxøÜnenAmanCIvit . sUmoeQµaHGñkEcksæaneTAsæitenACanic©kñúgviJÃaNsg<mmnusS .
karviPaKénRbvtþisaRsþQrelIRTwsþI minGacCMnYskarr¨ayr¨abCakEsþgrbsBYkGñk:nrsenAeT .
skÎIPaBEdleKykmklatRtdagCaÉksarmYyd*sMxanbMputedIm|ICaCMnYyoGñkGacylrbbExµrRkhmtam
ry;vasnaénbuK<lnimYy>Edl:nrsenAkñúgrbbenaH . rbbExµrRkhmmaneKalbMNgkMeTcbuK<l eRBaH
BYkeKminRBmTTYlylRBmza eKminGacksagsg<mmYyedayrIkray:neT ebIbuK<lnimYy>EdlCasmaCik
enAsg<menaH RtUveKCiHCanemIlgay eZVI:bdUcstVZatu . kñúgn¥H rbbkumµúynisþ nigrbbhVasIus
ÉkPaBKña KWeKbM:tesrIPaBrbsmnusS .
`KµaneKalbMNgsresres[vePARbvtþisaRsþeT . EtTisedAénes[vePAenHKWer[brabBIkarlagxYr
karkMeTcbuK<l karxøac TukÎevTna kareRskXøan kareQøaHRbEkkKña enAeBlEdleKykmnusSeTAdak
6
kñúgmnÞIrXMuXaMg ehIyeZVITaruNkmµ . `eqø{tbgºajza enAeBlevTna eyIgGacRbRBwtþGMeBIEdlenAeBl
ZmµtaeyIgex¬ImreGIm . `bgºajoeXIjza manGñkxøHedayOkasniym ßedaykarlagxYrk|tKñaÉg .
`elIkóTahrN¾BIenHbnþic BIenaHbnþic edIm|IoeXIjza kñúgbuK<leyIgmñak>mankarRbTajRbTgKña ehIy
mnusSmñakmanGtþsJÃaNxusKña .
maner]gniTanmYy niyayBIRbtikmµmnusSEdlmanviC¢aCIv;xusKña enAeBleXIjrUgPñMd*sÁat enA
kNþaléRBeRCAmYy . GñkCMnYjeBl:neXIj eKnwkeXIjcgsgsNðaKaredIm|IBYkeTscr. emecarbøneK
nwkeXIjkEnøgsáatlÁGacyk«v¨aneKlYc:nmklakTuk . ÉGñksµwgsµaZ KatzaCakEnøglÁ sMrabKat
BicarNaEvgqáay:nRsYl GtmannrNarMxan .
enAkñúges[vePAenH `:nelIktMekIgvirPaBrbsKñaeyIgmYycMnYn Edlkøahanh)anRbqaMgnwgBYkExµr
Rkhm . GñkxøHeKlYcrt GñkxøHeT[teZVIXatxøÜnÉg . CIvitBYkGñk:tbgeTA enACaGmt;kñúgRBlwg` .
edIm|Isresres[vePAenH `:nyktamkMNtCaeRcInEdlPriya`:nktTukyagsáat BImYyézá
eTAmYyézáeBlenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbsExµrRkhm EdlKatmansMNagGacecHlak:nrhUtdlsBVézá .
eRkayBIkUnRsIeyIg`ekItenAcugqñaM1978 rbbExµrRkhmcabZUrbnþicehIy edayeKRtUvkarBYkeyIgEdlenA
rs eTACMnYsBYkeKsmøabeTAehIy . CIvPaBeyIgk*cabZUrRsalTaMgkarhUbcuk TaMgkarrsenA . eBlenaH
ehIyEdl`cabeZVIkMNtkñúgkUnes[vePA`eLIgvij . edayQrelIkMNt`enH elakGñkGannwgGanvK<
“PñMeBjeRkameG[gsarI ” nig “CneP[sxøÜnkñúgRsukÉg ”.
CaTIbJ©b `sUmsEmþgnUvGMNrKuNd*RCaleRCAcMeBaH Esmeralda Luciolli, Janine Masse,
Paul Branquart, Philippe Paquet et Francis Pirson EdltaMgBIyUrmkehIy Etg:nCYyelIkTwkcitþ`
edIm|I sresres[vePAenH . CamYyenHEdr es[vePAenHRbEhlminTan:necjeT ebIsinNaCa Henri
Locard min:neXIjsMeNAztcmøg (copy)enApÞH Steve HedernaRkugLúgd¾ ehIyebIsinCarYmCamYy
Steve Heder nig David Chandler Kat:nCMruj`oe:HBum¬Caes[vePA . CaTIbJ©bkñúgry;eBld*lM:k
Edr edIm|IrkkEnøgRbsUtes[vePAenH ebIsinCaKµankarKaMRTeday«tlkÎxNÐrbs Sylvaine Pasquier
EdlmanCMen]yagmutmaMelIes[vePAenH . edaysarkarnwkeXIj kar:ns<al kar:nCYbniyayCamYy
mitþrYmTukÎrbs` :nrYmcMENkCYyo`sresr . es[vePAenHCasñaédrbseKTaMgGsKñaEdlmancMnYneRcIn
`minGacrabGs . edaymanmUlehtuepSg> GñkxøHmincgoeKs<aleQµaHCasaZarN; . `eKarBesckþI
sMerccitþenH . RbvtþisaRsþRsukExµr enAminTancbeT ehIysg<mCnóRkidðGtTTYlkarpþnÞaeTas enArs
manCIvitenAeLIy .
GñkEdl:nCYy` :nrabGan` ß:nCYb` BlICIvitelIBakkNþalpøÚvknøgmkenH suTÆEt:nrYm
cMENkksag` `sUmsEmþgnUvóbkarKuN rhUtdlputCIvit .
7
b uerk f a
s þIB In is S it Ex µren ARs uk ) ara Mg (1 9 4 6 -1 97 5 ) kñúgkMLúgstvtSTI20knøgmkenH yuvCnExµrk*dUcCayuvCnttiyelakepSgeT[tEdr RbeTs:raMgCa
nimtþirUbénkarcMerInlUtlasxagvb|Zm( nigviTüasaRsþ . Rsuk:raMgCamatuPUmiénGñkkvIniBnÆ TsSnviC¢a
nigGñkR:C\aZM>d*l|Il|aj . ehIyGñkdwknaMnigbJÃvnþenAelIsklelakmYycMnYnZMsuTÆEtZøab:nTTYlnUv
karGbrMenARbeTs:raMg . yuvCnExµreBlenaH EtgepþatstiGarmµN¾eTARkug:rIs ehIyEtgRsémcgeTA
er[genARbeTs:raMg eRBaHBYkeKmanCMen]za kar:nmksikSaenARsuk:raMg pþllTÆPaBoeK:neRkbCJ¢k
nUvcMeNHviC¢arwgmaMeRCARCH CaktþaoeKGacksagRbeTsCati:nlÁeTAGnaKt . yuvCnExµrmYycMnYntUc Edl
manraynamxageRkamenHmanP&BVsMNag:nsMerckþIsgÏwmTukenHmuneK rYmman; CYn eC]n, CYn CMu, CYn mumµ
eG[ sIcU¨v, jwk sYg, Epøk qay nigEym sarug . GñkTaMg7nakenH :nmkdlRsuk:raMgenAExemsa qñaM
1946 KWeRkaysRg<amelakelIkTI2bnþic . sUmbJ¢akpgEdrza enAsm¥aH minTanmanmeZüa:y
eZVIdMeNIrtamGakasdUcsBVézáenHenAeLIyeT . BYkRkumnisSitExµrEdl:nGaharUbkrN¾mker[nenARsuk
:raMgelIkdMbUgenH RtUveZVIdMeNIryagyUrtamk:l . eKRtUvCiHk:lBIéRBnKr RbeTsev[tNam eq¬aHeTA
maksI (Marseille)RbeTs:raMg . cMeBaHeKmñak> eKmanmenaseJ©tnaGaeLaHGal&yRsukNas zVIt|itEt
eKZøabEbkBIRsukkMeNItmþgehIyk*eday . EtkarEbkelIkTI1mindUcelIkenHeT . kalenaHeKEbkeTAer[n
enAhaNUy edayRsukExµrminTanmanmhaviTüal¥AeLIy .
mkdl:rIs BYkeKTaMgenaHRtUveKoeTAsMNakenAeKhdðan«NÐÚcinenAbUrIGnþrCatisklviTüal&y.
s m aK m n is S it Ex µr
:nmkdlRsuk:raMgPøam nisSitExµrTaMg7nakenH:nmUlmtiKñabeg,ItsmaKmmYyEdleKoeQµaH
za “smaKmexmr;nisSit ”. eG[ sIucUv EdleRkaymkkøayeTACaGñkdwknaMd*l|Il|ajénKNbkSRbCaZib
etyü RtUv:ne:HeqñatoeZVICaRbZansmaKmexmr;nisSitenH . Kat:neZVICaRbZanrhUtdlqñaM1950 .
CaelIkTI1ehIy EdlmansmaKmExµrenAbreTs . eKalbMNgKWCYyóbtæmÖKñaeTAvijeTAmkedIm|Ioer[n
BUEk tamsuPasit “enApÞHmþayTIéT enAéRBmþayEtmYy ”. smaCiksæabnikEdleyIg:nCYb :nrMlwk
oeXIjeLIgvijBIkalEdlBYkKatmkdlRsuk:raMgGsCagBakkNþalstvtSeTAehIyenaH buEnþvahakdUc
CaenAzµIdEdl . BYkKatrMePIbnigmanemaTnPaBNas ehIyxitxMeZVIyagNakMuoGaC\aZr:raMgemIlgayExµr
pÞúyeTAvijbgºajoeXIjza kUnExµrCamnusSmansmtæPaBRKbrKan mincajeKeT .
kñúgTisedAenHEdr eyIg:nbeg,ItRBwtþibR&tmYyoeQµaHza “exmr;nisSit ”. RBwtþibRt&enHecjpSay
BIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM . GtæbTEdleyIgsMerccuHpSay epþateTAelIkarcaM:c EdlCatMrUvkarGñkecHdwg edIm|I
ksag nigkarBarRbeTsCasMxan . eBlenaHedayRbeTs«NÐa nigcin :nÉkraCümunkm¬úCa eyIgyk
bJºaEdlRbeTsTaMgenHCYbRbTH eTAqøúHbJ©aMgbJºakm¬úCaenAGnaKt BIkarxVHvisVkrenARbeTs«NÐa nigRbeTs
8
cin rYmTaMgbJºaGkSrsaRsþ RbvtþisaRsþ vb|Zm( sil|; suxaPi:l .l. RBwtþib&RtenHmin:nelIkyk
bJºaneya:y mkniyayedaycM>eT . eyIgykvb|Zm( nigkarGbrMCasMxan . ehIymüageT[t “smaKm
exmr;nisSit ” min:nRbkanykmaK(aneya:yGVIc|asR:kdeT . eKRKanEtylKñac|asza mñak>suTÆEtCa
GñkesñhaCati cgoCatikm¬úCa:nÉkraCüBIGaNaniKm:raMg .
GñkEdl:ncYlrYmkñúgbTBiesaZn¾CaRbvtþisaRsþenHmñakeT[t :nGHGagedayemaTnPaBza “eRkay
mkedayseg,teXIjBYkGñkTTYlxusRtUveKhdðan«NÐÚcin tubEtgpÞHenHtamreb[byYnd*suTÆsaZ ehIy
KµanGVImYyoExµr niglav bgºajzaCapÞHrbsxøÜnesaH eyIgk*sMerccitþQbeZVIBiZIbuNücUlqñaMExµr enAeKhdðan
teTAeT[t . enHminEmnCaer]gtUctaceT vaCabJºaGayuCIvitCati CabJºavb|Zm( CabJºaEdlTakTgnwg
GtþsJÃaNCati eRBaHbJºaCativarebHmindacBIbJºavb|Zm( .
bnÞabBI:nQbeZVIbuNücUlqñaMenAeKhdðan«NÐÚcinmk eyIg:ner[bcMeZVIenAkEnøgepSg . eZVI:n
BIrdg BIrqñaMCabKñaedayeCaKC&y .
k*buEnþenAeBler[bcMcUlqñaMExµr qñaMTI3 eyIgmanbJºa . emAsay kñúgfan;KatCatMNagnisSitExµr
enAKN;kmµaZikareKhdðan«NÐÚcin :nsuxcitþnwger[bcMeZVIbuNücUlqñaMExµrenAeKhdðan«NÐÚcinvij . Kat
sMercenHedayGtþenam&t Gtman:nsYreyablnisSitExµreT KWemAsayKateZVIeRkamkarbgÎMrbsrdðaPi:l
:raMg . KN;kmµaZikareKhdðan«NÐÚcinmansmaCik4nakKWExµr lav yYn nig:raMg.eyIgminGacylRBm
TTYlykkarbgÎitbgÎMEbbenH:neT . dUecñHsmaKmexmr;nisSit k*Ebk:kKñaCaBIrRkumenAmunkarer[bcMeZVI
BiZIbuNücUlqñaMExµrenAqñaM1951 .
GñkxøHeT[t:nGHGagza karEbk:kCadMbUgenAkñúgcMeNamnisSitExµrenHRbEhlCamanmUlehtumk
BIeBlenaH mannisSitExµrzµI> eTIbmkdlRsuk:raMgbEnæmeT[t . BYkmkdlzµIenH dUcCasaLúts
(eRkaymkCab¨ulBt ) nig eG[g sarI maneKalCMhrxøaMgkøaCagBYkcas> . eG[gsarI eBlenaHmaneQµaH
l|Il|ajkñúgcMeNamnisSitnigyuvCnenAPñMeBj nigenARsuk:raMg . KateZVICaemdwknaM:tukmµenAqñaM1949
enAviTüal&ysIusuvtæi . sm¥aHCasm&ymanclnats)U BaseBjsklelak . Casm&yEdlRbCaBl
rdðRtUvGaNaniKmniymCiHCannaMKñabHe:reRkakeLIgTamTarÉkraCü . enATVIbGasIu sæanPaBRkLabcak
edaysarcinkumµúynisþdwknaMeday emA esTug:ndeNþImykGMNackankabcindIeKakTaMgmUlenAqñaM1949 .
RBwtþikarN¾enHCH«TÆiBlyagsem|ImenA«NÐÚcin eRBaHkgT&BcinkumµúynisþmkRKbRKgEdndI EdlmanRBM
RbTlCabnwgev[tNam CaktþaeZVIosRg<am:raMg-ev[tNam mankarpøasbþÚr . :raMgminGacykC&yCMnH
elIev[tNam:neT eRBaHBYkkumµúynisþcin CYykumµúynisþyYn . RBmCamYyenHEdr sPaBkarN¾skl
elakkanEtGnueRKaHdlclnats)URbqaMgGaNaniKmniymxøaMgeLIg . enAkñúgRbeTs:raMgxøÜnÉg man
clnats)URbqaMgnwgGnþraKmn¾:raMgenAGasIuGeKñy¾ k*mankanEtxøaMgpgEdr .
enAeRkambriyakasd*EsnpulpusenH eZVIoTwkcitþyuvCnExµrEdlmansµartIesñhaCatitaMgBIyUrmk
ehIyenaH kanEtmutmaMEzmeT[t . eKCYbKñaCECkBiPakSad*BuHkeRJ¢alelIbJºaneya:y GtþsJÃaNCati
vb|Zm( RbvtþisaRsþ . TaMgGsKñamUlmticg:nÉkraCüBI:raMg TaMgGsKñacgomankarEkTRmgpøasbþÚrkñúg
sg<m . etIedIm|IdeNþImÉkraCüBI:raMg eyIgRtUvts)UGavuZ ßGhwgSa / edIm|IpøasbþÚreKRtUvkarEkTRmg
bnþicmþg> ßk*eRbIZm(ekþAtampøÚvkat eZVIbdivtþn¾ / edIm|IdUrsg<mo:nrIkcMerInTanGarüRbeTs eKRtUvbþÚr
9
rcnasm&¬nÆmun ßk*reb[bKitmun / eKRtUvsMrbTMen[mTmøab karKitKUr tamrcnasm&¬nÆénsg<m ßpÞúyeTAvij
ksagrcnasm&¬nÆsg<mtamTMen[mTmøab karKitKUr EdlCaCMen]rbsExµr / etIeyIgRtUvEkTRmg ßeZVI
bdivtþn¾ / etIesrIPaBbuK<l nigesrIPaBCati GñkNaZMCagGñkNa / etIKitrMedaHCatimunKitesrIPaBbuK<l
ßk*eZVIoeTAesµIKña /
cemøIyénsMNYrTaMgenH vaeZVIomankarmincuHsMrugKña . GñkxøHmanninñakar “eqVg” ÉGñkxøHeT[tman
ninñakar “sþaM” GñkxøHeT[tenAkNþal . BYk “eqVg” :nykkarts)UedayGavuZCacMENkmYyd*sMxanedIm|I
QaneTArkÉkraCü .
cabBIqñaM1950mk nisSitExµr:nmkdlRsuk:raMgyageRcIneT[t . RbEhlyagtic20nak . Rkum
7nakmkBIhaNUy CMnandMbUgeK :nRbKlkardwknaMoRkumekµg>CMnaneRkaykankabsmaKm . smaCik
smaKmmancMnYnkanEteRcIneLIg> . GñkdwknaMsMxan>eBlenaH manCaGaTi ; ekg v¨ansak, ex[vsMpn
h)U yn, eG[gsarI, saLútsr nigCYn mumµ . BYkeqVgenH:nkankþabsmaKmnisSitExµrenAqñaM1951 EdlCa
qñaMmankare:HeqñatCasklenARsukExµr . h)U yn :nRtUveRCIserIsoeZVICaRbZansmaKmnisSitExµrbnþ
BI vNÑ mUlIvNÑ EdlZøabRtUv:neKcatTukzaCamnusSTnPøn suPaBrabsar maneKRsLajrabGaneRcIn.
Éh)Uyn k*maneKekatsresIr eKarBeRcInNasEdr ebIeTaHbICaKatmanninñakareqVgniym EtBYksþaMk*
eKarBKatEdr . eKcatTukKat CamnusSkøahan esµaHRtg mancMeNHviC¢a cUlcitþGan minrakñúgkarkarBar
ótþmKtiRbqaMgGMeBIGyutþiZm( BukrlYy CYyykGasarBYkGñkEdlRtUveKemIlgay . enAqñaM1975 h)U yn
:nRbqaMgyagdacxatkarCemø{sRbCaBlrdðecjBIPñMeBj . Kat:nTayTukza BYkExµrRkhmEdl:n
eRbIGMeBIéRBépSelIRbCaCn minGacrs:nelIsBIbIqñaMeT . KatRtUvBYkbulBtsmøab taMgBIedImdMbUgén
rdðGMNacrbseKemø¨H .
eRkamkardwknaMrbs h)U yn smaKmnisSitExµr:neZVIskmµPaBRbqaMgnwgGaNaniKmniym:raMg
kanEtxøaMgkøaEzmeT[t ehIyykeKalCMhrKaMRTkarts)UedayGavuZenAkñúgRbeTseRkamkardwknaMrbssWug
gukzaj . smaCiksmaKmmYycMnYnRtUv:nbJ¢ÚneTAkñúgRbeTs edIm|IcUlrYmCamYy sWug gukmiuj kñúgsmrPUmi
kñúgeKalCMhrBRgwgnigBRgIkmaK(aÉkraCüecjBIev[tNam . eRkaymkBYkEdl:neTAcUlRbLÚkTaMgenaH
manCaGaTi ; es[g Gan, ém man, r¨at sMeG]n nigsaLútsr mankarxkcitþCaxøaMg edayenAkñúgéRB eXIj
BYk sWug gukmiuj enH enAEtrNbyYnxøaMgeBk ehIyminRBmRbKlParkic©GVIsMxanoBYkeKTTYlxusRtUveT
pÞúyeTAvij sWug gukmiuj emIlRsalBYkeK ehIyokarkMbiukkMbukeZVICaGñkdwkCJ¢ÚneTAvij . enA:rIs
rdðaPi:l:raMg:nRbkasbiTsmaKmnisSitExµrnaqñaM1953 . nisSitExµr:nykpøak “Rkumsil|;RbéBNI”
edIm|IbnþskmµPaBsmaKmteTAeT[t .
10
s h P aB n is S it Ex µr
shPaBnisSitExµr cabkMeNItenAézáTI16 vicäika qñaM1956 . CasmaKmnisSitEdlmanninñakar
“eqVg”. cabepþImPøam beg,ItKN;kmµaZikarbeNþaHGasnñmYy edIm|Ie:HeqñaterIsKN;kmµaZikarnayk
smaKm . shPaBnisSitExµr EdlehAkatza G)uy eGI ka (UEK) man«TÆiBlxøaMgNas kñúgcMeNam
nisSitExµrnaeBlenaH . edayeKTTYls<alza smaKmenHmankarer[bcMxagsg<mkic©edIm|ICYynisSito
kanEtmanRbsiTÆPaBehIysmaCikPaKeRcInsuTÆswgEtCaGñkmansIlZm(lÁ xMer[nsURtx¬gx¬s mkBIsala
ZM>enARsuk:raMg .
RsbninñakarenHEdr shPaBnisSitExµrRtUv:neKcatTukzamaneKalCMhrneya:yRtwmRtUvc|as
las køahan smRsbnwgesckþIeRskXøancg:nrbsyuvCnExµreBlenaH . sUm|IEtBYkminh)anecj
muxKaMRTCacMhk*eKKaMRTedaylakel[mEdr . GñkKaMRTminecjmuxmYycMnYnxøacmankarsgswkBIrdðaPi:l
dUcCapþacGaharUbkrN¾rbsBYkeKCaedIm . buEnþCaCMerAcitþ eKKaMRTBYkEdlmankarcattaMglÁ sÁatsÁM
maneKalCMhrc|aslas ehIyGacmanlTÆPaBCYyeKeBleKRtUvkaroCYy .
enAkñúgn¥H smaKmnisSitEdlKaMRTedayrdðaPi:lPñMeBjzVIt|itEtmanviZankarRKbRKank*min
GacRbNaMgRbECgrkkarKaMRT:ndUcsmaKmshPaBnisSitExµrEdr . RbiyPaBrbsshPaBnisSitExµr
enAmanmUlehtuCaeRcIneT[t . sMxanKWmhaCnemIleXIjza BYkenHCaBYklÁbuEnþRtUveKeZVI:beday
GyutþiZm( . smaCikmYycMnYnZMk*maneQµaHl|Il|ajmankitþinam mhaCns<alTUTaMgRbeTsmanCaGaTi
CYn mumµ ExµrTI1 EdlecjBIsalaBhubec©keTs (Ecole Polytechnique) enARsuk:raMgd*l|Il|aj
ehIyKatCabNÐitrUbsaRsþmuneKbgÁsEdr . Kat:ncMNayeBlCYyóbtæmÖExµreRcInCMnanedIm|ImanOkas
cUler[nsURt . bJÃvnþmYycMnYncatTukbNÐit CYn mumµ CaebtikP&NÐCatiEdlenAmanCIvitrsenAeLIy.
ÉcMENkex[v sMpn GtItGñkdwknaMsMxanrbssmaKmshPaBnisSitExµr kalenACanisSitKatBMu
maneQµaHl|Il|ajelIseKelIsÉgeT . buEnþbnÞabBI:ncUlRsuk eQµaHrbsKatk*man»sUrl|Il|aj
TUTaMgRbeTsEtmþg . eKTaMgGsKñacatTukKatCamnusSsÁatsÁM suPaBrabsar ehIyRtUveKeZVI:bdUcCa
bUlIsRsatexaeZVI:bKatenAPñMeBjCaedIm .
v g S m :ak S eL n In
CaTIbJ©bkarmanRkumsñÚlEdlmaneQµaHza vgS makS eLnIn k*CaktþasMxanmYyCMrujoshPaB
nisSitExµr manCIvitrwgmaMnigmaneQµaHl|Il|aj . vgSmakS eLnIn mankMeNItenAqñaM1951 . TisedA
énsmaKmsmáatenH KWsikSaRTwsþIsg<mniym . smaCiksæabnikenH maneQµaHdUcteTA ; eG[gsarI
ekg v¨ansak, sU yNÑar¨a, sun esn, CYn mu¨mµ, CYn R:siTÆ, Ok saKun, ém man, tUc eP]n, CI KwmGan
rat saem]n . vgSm¨akS eLnIn CaGg<karsñÚlsmáat . eKminoGñkepSgeRkABIsmaCikvgS makS eLnIn
dwgza mansmaKmenHeT ehIymankic©RbCMukñúgmYyGaTitümþg .
11
eG[gsarI edIrtYsMxanCageKkñúgenAvgS makS eLnIn . KatEtgP\akralRBwkmuneKmunÉg . Kat
emIlxusRtUv catEcgRKbvis&yTaMgGs . óTahrN¾ hamminoemIles[vePANaepSg eRkABIes[vePA
bdivtþn¾ ßk*edIrelgesIcepþspþas . saLútsr EdleRkaymkCabulBt minsUvskmµdUceG[gsarIeT .
enAqñaM1956 ex[vsMpn bnþkic©karCMnYs eG[g sarI enAeBl eG[g sarI cUlRsukExµrvij . GñkZøab´
s<akeG[g sarI eBlenaH niyayza KatCamnusSmanvin&yx¬s EtCamnusSEdlmanTsSn;yleXIjza
Gñkman GaC\aZr bg> ßcas> eZVIGVIk*RtUvrhUt .
eRkayBIex[vsMpn RtLbcUlRsukvij enAqñaM1956 CYn mumµ :nRtUvEtgtaMgoTTYlxusRtUvvgS
makS eLnIn rhUtdlRtUveG[g sarI sMercbJÄbeTAvijenAqñaM1971 . evC¢bNÐit Giun sUkan RtUv:nEtgtaMg
oeZVICaRbZansmaKmshPaBnisSitExµr enAqñaM1957-59 . KatCaGñkmanRbCaRbiykñúgcMeNamnisSit
CamnusSsamJÃ minerIseGIg mineqµIgéqµ manTsSn;TUlay . GMLúgeBlEdlKateZVICaRbZanshPaB
nisSitExµr ehIybnÞabmkeT[teZVICaRbZanrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCaenARsuk:raMg Kat:nrYmcMENkyag
sMxankñúgkareZVIoclnaTaMgBIrenH mankitþinaml|Il|aj EdlCaktþaoQaneTArkC&yCMnH .
Kat:nTTYlmrNPaBenAéRBPñMmYynaxaglic RbeTskm¬úCa enAqñaM1979 . edIm|IGUsTajocUl
KaMRTxøÜn eG[g sarI niyayR:b zaed CakUnRbusrbs Giun sUkan za kal Giun sUkan minTancUlRsuk
Kat:nxMXatkMuocUl .
qñaM1960-70 tUc xaMeD]n RtUv:nTTYlnaTICaGñkdwknaMshPaBnisSitExµrGsry;eBlyagyUr.
KatmkdlRsuk:raMgenAqñaM1954 nigTTYlsJÃab&RtbNÐitrUbsaRsþ nigCasmaCikénviTüasæanCatiRsav
RCavviTüasaRsþRsuk:raMg . xagneya:y KatmanninñakarsMruHsMrYl . enAeBlExµrRkhmekþabGMNac
enAkm¬úCa KatRtUveKcabykeTAeZVITaruNkmµ ehIysmøabenATYlEsøgCamYy vNÑa CaPriyarbsKat. BYk
ExµrRkhmecaTKatza cUlesGIuGa (CIA)pg kaehSeb (KGB)pg . eBlKatminRBmsarPaBtamcMNg
EdlBYkeKcg:n Duc emKukTYlEsøg :nsresredayRbmazemIlgayKat elIlixittUcmYycuHézáTI20
Exemsa qñaM1977yagdUecñH ;
{elaktUc xaMeD]n,
elakCaGñkR:C\viTüasaRsþ elakRCabehIy KWRkwtüRkmvabJ©aMgyagc|aslas TaMgKuNPaB
TaMgbrimaN GMBIdMeNIrCakEsþgc|aslas .
cMeBaHesckþIraykarN¾EdlelakcgRkgeLIg etIRtwmRtUvßGt /
sUmelakBinitüsareLIgvij ehIycgRkgo:nRtwmRtUvedayGnueRKaH .
edayeKarBcMeBaHviTüasaRsþ
Duc
20-4-77} xageRkamenHCakardkRsgBIesckþI “sarPaB ” EdlbNÐit tUc xaMeD]n :nsresredaypÞaléd
eRkamTaruNkmµd*éRBépSrbs Duc nigédeCIgrbsKat .
12
{…hilsinKI RsukhVaMgLg RbEhlenAqñaM1953 -1955 . kaehSeb :nTakTgCamYymitþ
sYg sIueK]n enA:rIs tamry;bkSkumµuynisþ:raMg enAqñaM1962 .
enAkNþalqñaM1964 `:nTTYl1500RhVg BIsgBIEyr hIVlIb edIm|IykeTACYydlnisSit
EdldacGaharrUbkrN¾ kñúgTisedAonisSitTaMgenHmanplRbeyaCn¾enAkñúgshPaBnisSitExµr edIm|I`
mankmøaMgeRcInsMrabbMeBjEpnkarN¾ykGMNacenAkm¬úCa eTAézáeRkaydUckaeseb:nelIkeLIg .
enAqñaM1965 `nigCYn mumµ :neTACYbPñakgarkaesebCati:raMgmñak eQµaH bUlLÚr¨g edIm|IsYrmti
ENnaMrbskaehSeb cMeBaHmaK(aEdleyIg`RtUvedIreTAeT[t eRkayEdlrdðRbharenA«NÐÚeNsIu :nbgºaj
yagc|asza “maK(aRbCaZibetyüCati” edIm|IykrdðGMNaceTABMurYceT[t . karCYbenHmansgBIEyr
hVIlib naMeTApg . bUlLÚr¨g R:bza kaehSebmanmtiza :nCabkSkumµúynisþ«NÐÚeNsIubraC&y mkBIniym
ebkaMgeBk cMENkÉenAkm¬úCa pøÚvRbCaZibetyüCati CapøÚvEtmYyEdlRtUvedIr .
enAqñaM1965 `, CYn mumµ, sYg sIueK]n :nTiet[ndlbkSkumµúynisþ«NÐÚeNsIu zamkBIbkSenHTakTg
CitsñiTÆCamYybkSkumµúynisþcin eTIbRtUvexÞcedayBYksWhatUyagenH . `niyayenHKWpSayTsSn;kaehSeb.
enAcugqñaM1965 Ebn ezagGan CanisSitenAmUs<Ú :nTTYlParkic©BIkaehSebmkCYb`, CYnmumµ
nigsYg sIueK]n enARbeTs:raMg edIm|IniyayGMBIkarcaM:cénkarbeg,ItbkSmYyeQµaH “bkSkumµúynisþkm¬úCa”
edIm|IdwknaMkarts)UrbsRbCaCnkm¬úCa . Kat:nbbYl`, CYn mumµ nigsYg sIueK]n ocUlCasmaCik
KN;mCÄwm .
enAedImqñaM1963 kñúgTisedAonisSitExµrbMerIneya:ysUev[tedayRCYtRCab `ENnaMoeKósSah¾
Ganes[vePATsSnavdþIsUev[t ósSah¾emIlkunsUev[t emIlkaEst TsSnavdþIbkSkumµúynisþ:raMg EdlCa
bkSKaMRTsUev[tTaMgRsug . RBmCamYyenaH `k*GbrMnisSitkm¬úCaoeXIjsUev[txøaMgBUEk eC]nel]nxag
viTüasaRsþ onisSitExµrxøacminh)anTbTlnwgsUev[teBlNasUev[teZVIGnþraKmn¾enAkm¬úCa .
kñúgTisedArkCMnYyBIbreTs edIm|ITakTajcitþnisSittamsmÖar;oeKenACamYyshPaBnisSitExµr
ehIyk*eyageTAtambNþaMkaesebpg `:nTakTgCajwkjab´CamYyGg<karyuvCnkumµúynisþ:raMg Biess
CamYyeQµaH sgBIEyrhVIlIb edIm|IoeKCYyCasmÖar; Caluykakdl` . Gg<karyuvCnkumµúynisþ:raMg
Edl:nTTYlkarENnaMBIkaehSeb :nCYy`enAqñaM1963 RbEhl3000RteNat . sgBIEyrhVIlIb
:nR:b`za ebIRtUvkarGVI o`mkTakTgnwgKat BIeRBaHCMnYyenH KWCaCMnYyEdlKatkanpÞaltamkar
ENnaMBImUs<Ú .
enAedImqñaM1964 `:nopSaykñúgRBwtþibR&tshPaBnisSitExµr nUvGtæbTCaeRcInEdlsresIrdl
maK(aykGMNactam “RbCaZibetyüCati ” edIm|IonisSitExµrRbqaMgnwgTsSn;bdivtþn¾RtwmRtUvEdlzayk
GMNactamhwgSaneya:ynigGavuZ .
enAkNþalqñaM1964 bnÞabBImankarsgS&ymkyUrehIy `k*:ndwgza mitþ CYn mumµ nig sYgsIueK]n
k*CaPñakgarkaesebreb[b`Edr . kaehSeb:nTakTgCYn mumµ kalKateTARbCMusnñisITRkumRbwkSasnþiPaB
sklelak .
enAedImqñaM1970 KN;kmµaZikarnaykshPaBnisSitExµr:nCYbRbTHnwgPaBsµúKsµajCaxøaMg . BYk
nisSitEdleTIbecjBIRsukExµrdwknaMeday Guin suPaB nig v¨an BInI :nTamTaromankarpøasbþÚrzñakdwknaM .
13
nisSitTaMgBIrrUbenH kalenARsukExµrZøabeZVICaKN;dwknaMsmaKmTUeTAénnisSitExµr dwknaMeday PUk qay
EdlmanninñakarCitcineb¨kaMg . Guin suPaB nig v¨an BInI cgeZVIosmaKmshPaBnisSitExµr nigclna
ts)UkñúgRsuk maneKalCMhrdUcKña kñúgkarts)UenAkñúgRbeTs . edayEcktMNagenAkñúgKN;kmµaZikar
naykmincuHsMr¨ugKña k*manEbkCasmaKmBIr … } . eRkayrdðRbhar18mIna1970 nisSitPaKeRcInsuxcitþlubbM:tGtþsJÃaNrbsxøÜn edIm|IcUlrYmeZVI
CasmaCikrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCa Edlmansemþcneratþm sIhnu CaRbZan . eRkayBI eG[g sarI
mkkankþabExµrbreTs rNsirSóbkrN¾bMerImhicätarbseG[g sarI .
14
Ed n d IC aT Is k áar: enAeBlEdl`cabepþImsresres[vePAenHCnrgeRKaHrablannak:n:tbgCIvitrbsxøÜneTAehIy
enAelIEdndIdIkm¬úCaCaTIsk,arrbs` .
eBl`nwker]genHeLIg `sþayeGIyEsnsþay minKYrNaeLIyRsukeyIgCYbRbTHnwgTukÎevTnad*mha
exøacpSadlzñakenHesaH . `sþay ehIyQWcabedaysarkalenaH `manCMen]za rbbzµInwgGacsþarkm¬úCa
omanesærPaBQaneTArkkarrIkcMerInkñúgbUrNPaBEdndIEdlCaktþasMxan eRBaHCaGayuCIviténkm¬úCaeTA
GnaKt .
edaycaMminePøc eBlenaH `eXIjnisSitbJÃvnþExµrEtgEtmUlmtiCaÉkcänÞ dUcCaeKsresrza ;
“OmatuPUmiExµrCaTIesñha
rUbBitsgºarEckmin:n
kUnExµrRbusRsIRKbrUbR:N
karBarkMuxanesµICIvit “
kMNaBüXøaeXøagxagelIEdlpSaykñúgRBwtþibR&tnisSitExµrenARsuk:raMgeBlenaH CaskÎIPaBbgºaj
oeXIjGMBITwkcitþesñhaCatirbseK . TsSn;viTU:raMgmñakeQµaH mugEtg (Montaigne) kñúgstvtSTI15
:nniyayza “mnusSelakEtgEtePøItePøIn xVHkarBicarNaelIbJºaGnaKt” . eBlenaHGVI>EdlCaGtItkal
min:neZVIo`ykcitþTukdakeLIy .
Exkk,da CaExmYyénrdUvekþA nigCaExvisSmkalenARsuk:raMg . ZatuGakasekþAlµm . emXex[v
Rsgat . RBHGaTitürHyagRtcHRtcg . rukÎCatiébtgex[vRsgat . RbCaCnRkug:rIsd*eRcIn:ncak
ecjeTAelgvisSmkalenAtameqñrsmuRTßenAelIPñMÉtamtMbnnana tamcMNgcMNUlcitþrbseKmñak> .
sMrabrUb` ézámYyénExkk,da1976 CaézáEdl`RtLbcUlRsukExµrvij . `:nXøatecjBIRsukExµr
Cag10qñaMehIy . karEdl:nrsenARsuk:raMgyUrEbbenH :neZVIo`RsLajRsukenHRBmTaMg:ncg
cMNgmitþPaB CamYymitþPkþiCaeRcIneT[tpg . munézáRtLbmkRsukvij `RtUv:nmitþPkþienA:rIs nigenA
tamextþnanabbYlCbel[gCajwkjab edIm|IlaKñaCacugeRkay . CakarBitehIy müag`manTwkcitþrIkray
edaynwkeXIjza bnþiceT[t`nwg:neTACanTwkdIRsukkMeNItCYbCMuPriya ÓBukmþay nigmitþPkþiTaMgGsrbs`
eLIgvij . pÞúyeTAvij `manTwkcitþeRk[mRkMGaeLaHGal&yRsuk:raMg mitþPkþi RKYsar:raMg Edl`Etg
:nTakTgrabGandUcRKYsarpÞalGsry;eBleRcInqñaMknøgmkenH .
`eTAdlRsuk:raMgenAcugqñaM1965 . eBlenaH`manGayu20qñaM . enHCaelIkTI1ehIyEdl` :n
CiHynþehaH ehIyk*CaelIkTI1Edr Edl`:neZVIdMeNIrecjBIRbeTskm¬úCa . `RtUveTAbnþviC¢axagesdðkic©
nigviTüasaRsþneya:y . eBlCaneCIgelITwkdIRbeTs:raMgPøam `P\akxøÜndUceTIbrlwkBIdMeNk eday
sarEteXIjbs©wmRbeTs mankarlUtlaseC]nel]nRKbvis&yhYsBIkarsµanrbs`TaMgRsug . `man
GarmµN¾za kalBIenARsukExµr`eRb[bdUcCarsenAkñúgBiPBmYyEdlXøatqáayBIcrnþBiPBelak EdlkMBugEt
vivtþn¾eTAmuxyagel]n . enARsukExµr `eRb[bdUcCakJ©ajeckrsenAeRkamRteLak ßdUckEg,benAkñúgGNþÚg
emIleTARteLak ßGNþÚgyagtUc EdlxøÜnemIleXIjEtEpñktictYc sµanzaCaBiPBelakTaMgmUl .
15
enARsuk:raMgenHEdr `:nCYbnisSitExµrCaeRcInEdlGñkxøHeKeZVIskmµPaBneya:y edIm|IesrIPaB
nigRbCaZibetyü dUcKñanwgnisSitsJ¢atiepSg>eT[tEdr . `k*:neqø{teBlTsSnatMbnepSg>enARsuk:raMg
nigRbeTsCitxagmYycMnYn . `seg,teXIjenAelITwkdId*RbNitmankarer[bcMrdð:ld*QøasévQrelIeKal
karN¾nItirdð eKarBesrIPaBmnusStaMgBIelIdleRkam . edayehtuEtCaktþaeZVIomanGMeBIyutþiZm(kñúgsg<m
:nCMrujoRbeTsenHlUtlaskñúgsg<melIRKbvis&y ; CIvPaBRbCaBlrdðx¬gx¬s RbB&nÆGK<isnIxVatExVg
TwkmasIunmanGnam&y cracrTaMgpøÚveKak pøÚvTwk nigpøÚvGakasBaseBjxVatExVgRKb´Rcklºk EsnxusKñaqáay
GVIemøHeTBIRsukExµreyIg . KWTwkdId*RbNitRbkbedayvb|Zm(nigCIvPaBd*RtcHRtcgenHehIyEdlCaRsuk
kMeNItrbsGñkniBnÆ TsSnviTU GñkR:C\CaeRcIn Edl`:nTTYl«TÆiBl nig:ns<aledayZøab´:nGan
niger[nsURtGMBIsñaédrbsGselak .
kalBIenARsukExµr `minEdleTATsSnaRbeTsCitxageT ehIysUm|IEttMbnnanaenAkñúgRbeTskm¬úCa
d*tUcmYyenH k*`s<alticCagRsuk:raMg ßRsukGWr¨ubepSgeT[tqáayNas .
enATIRkug:rIs `:ns<alRBwtþikarN¾ExósPa qñaM1968 . CMnanenaHenARsuk:raMgk*dUcenARsuk
epSg>eT[telIsklelakEdr yuvCnnignisSitnaMKñaeZVI:tukmµswgEtralézá edIm|ITamTarcg:nsg<mzµI .
RBwtþikarN¾d*reg<aHreg<IenARsuk:raMgenH eKoeQµaHza “bdivtþn¾ExósPa ”. `:neXIjRBwtþikarN¾enHpÞal
EPñk RBmTaMg:ncUlrYmRbLÚkCamYyeKEzmeT[tpgeBlenaH . GVIEdleZVIo`cabGarmµN¾CageK KWkar
ts)Umti ótþmKti karBarGñkRkkñúgsklelakedayminRbkanBUCsasn¾rbsBYkyuvCnTaMgenaH . edIm|Icg
yl `xitxMsþabeKCECkEvkEjkEbkBBuHmatBIRTwsþIepSg> ; mUlZnniym, sg<mniym, RbCaZibetyü
esrIPaB… `xitxMGanes[vePAsþIBI makS, Ggeh<l, tukkWvil (Tocqueville), kamuy (Camu), sak
(Sartre) .l. briyakasd*puspulenH:nCH«TÆiBlmYycMnYnNaEdrmkelIrUb` . `manCMen]elITsSn;
mYyEdlzaRbeTsRkIRkegIbminrYcedaysarmUlehtumkBIkarCiHCanekgRbvJ&©BIGaNaniKmniym nigcRk
Btþiniym . ehIyedIm|IoRbeTsCatirIkcMerIn eKRtUvEtrMedaHCatiBIBYkCiHCanmnusTaMgenaH . eBlenaH`taMg
xøÜnCaGñkeqVgcMerIneC]nel]n k*buEnþ`min:ncUlCasmaCikbkSkumµúynisþ:raMgeT ßk*taMgxøÜnzaCaCn
kumµúynisþEdr eRBaH`minTanRCHRsLH . zVIt|itEtmaneKalCMhryagenHk*eday k*`:nsMerccitþcUlCa
smaCikshPaBnisSitExµr (UEK) EdlCasmaKmnisSitmanninñakareqVgniymenARsuk:raMgnaqñaM1970 .
enAeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr `:nsMerccitþcUlCasmaCikrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCa (FUNK) Edlmansemþc
neratþm sIhnu CaRbZan . eBlenaH `:ncUlrYmcMENkbeg,ItKN;kmµaZikarKaMRTesckþIEzøgkarN¾5x
cuHézáTI13 mIna 1970 rbssemþc neratþm sIhnu CamYyelak sarinqak, canyUr¨an, v¨anBInI nig
nisSitExµrmYycMnYneT[t .
munézáecjdMeNIrmanmitþPkþixøHXatxøÜn`ocaMbnþiceT[tsin . sIumug CnCati:raMg EdlmanedIm
kMeNItCVIv (Juive) manbgbÁÚn:n:tbgCIvitCaeRcIn CMnansRg<amelakelIkTI2 :nR:b `kMuoRbzuy
RbzanoesaH . RbBnÆKat lucsIu CaCnCati:raMgdUcKatEdr manmenaseJ©tnaRsLajExµr eRBaHKat
mankMeNItenAéRBEvg sm&yGaNaniKm:raMg eBlÓBukKateZVIkarenAkmú¬Ca .
`:nCYbCneP[sxøÜnmñakEdleTItnwgeKcrYcputBIRsuk . KatniyayR:bza manGMeBIéRBépStaMg
BIBYkExµrRkhmcUlkanGMNacmk . buEnþ`xMtaMgcitþminRBmeC]TalEtesaH . `ecHEtKitza vadUcCahYs
16
ehtueBk eRBaHmanExµrÉNadaccitþeZVI:bCatiÉgdUecñH . `ylza RsukEdleTIbEtecjputBIsRg<am
d*kacsahavdUcCaRsukExµr rEmgRtUvkareBlevlamYyry;ZM edIm|IpSHpSarCatieLIgvijyagR:kd . dUcenH
kñúgry;eBlbeNþaHGasnñ vaEtgEtmankarxVHxat elIselaH sgswkKñaeTAvijeTAmkxøHec[sminputeT.
karlM:kEdlbNþalmkBIkarxVHxat ßkarRBatR:sbgbÁÚn ÓBukmþay EtgEteZVIomanPaBRcbUkRcbl
kñúgsg<mxøHCaminxan . k*buEnþGVIEdlsMxan KWGñkdwknaMbdivtþn¾CamnusSecHdwgsÁatsÁM køahan RsLaj
Cati nigRsLajRbCaCnBitR:kd . dUecñHeKKµanKMeragkarN¾edIm|IeZVI:b kabsmøabCatiÉg dUcBYkCn
eP[sxøÜnecHEtzaorYcEtBImatenaHeT . CneP[sxøÜnEtgEtmanninñakarbMepøIskarCakEsþgBIRsukEdlxøÜn
eTIb:nrtecj edIm|IoeKylza mankarrMelaPbMBanelIsiTÆimnusSEmn .
ehtudUecñHehIy`minRBmTTYls<alza mankareZVI:bRbCaCnÉgedayectnaKitCamunenaHeT .
bJºamYyeT[t RsukeyIgvaRkrehmrham . ebIRsukRk ehIyeyIgmincUlRsuk ßrtecalRsuk vaCaGMeBI
kMsakNas . `suxcitþRTaMRTcMeBaHkarlM:kxVHxat eBlNa`mansgÏwmza ézáeRkaysg<mCatieyIgnwg
:nrIkcMerIn eC]nel]nCabnþbnÞab . `RtUvEtcUlRsukvij . RtUvEtRtLbcUlmkrYmrsCamYyPriya nig
RkumRKYsar`vij .
ézámYyeBl`kMBugeZVIdMeNIrtamreTHePøIg manCnmñaksYr`za “caMGg,aleTIbÉgcUlRsukvij/” sMNYr
enHeZVIo`QWk|alNas . `minGacbnþkarrsenArbs`enA:rIsyUrteTAeT[teT . `xµasxøÜnÉgNas.
rsenARsYlEtmñakÉg TukoRbBnÆ RKYsar bgbÁÚnxøÜnevTna vaminRtwmRtUveT . dUc nYn eX]n sresr
za rsenAedayGtKitCatiÉg rsenAGtn&yeT . RbeTseTIbecjBIsRg<am RtUvkarviPaKTanrbskulbuRt
kulZItaExµrRKb>rUb . Parkic©d*ZánZárenAcaMeyIg . sRg<amva:nsabRBYsvinaskmµ enARKbvis&yTaMg
Gskñúgsg<m . pllM:kénsRg<am vaexøacpSaNas mnusSRbmaN1lannakRtUvsøab´ßBikar… RKab´
Ebkeb52 va:neZVIoxUcbrisæanGsCaeRcInkEnøg . RbCaCatiExµrRtUvrgTTYlnUvkareZVI:b emIlgay
«tRtaRbNIBIsMNakcRkBtþiGaemrik . eyIgRtUvcabksagEklMGeLIgvij enARKbvis&yTaMgGs . enAkñúg
sµartI` eyIgminRtUvKitrvlcMeBaHCneP[sxøÜn4-10nak CagKitRbCaBlrdðeyIgenATUTaMgRbeTseT .
CneP[sxøÜn eKcrkrYcxøÜn edIm|IsuPmg<lpÞalxøÜn . BYkeKminGaNitGasUrCatieKeT .
bnÞabmk `:nCYbRsþImñakeT[tEdleTIbrtecjBIRsuk . nag:nniyaybriharGMeBIéRBépSEdlnag
:nTTYlrgeRKaHBIsMNakBYkGñkdwknaMzµI . nagza enARsukExµr eTANamkNaTalEtsMuc|abeKedIr .
XøanTalEtsMuc|abeK eTIbeKohUb . »sUrdUecñH`minGaceC]:neT . ExµrÉNak*citþGaRkkezøImexµA Gt
mnusSZm(kñúgxøÜnyagenH . niyaydUecñHdUcCamYlbg,acExµrRCuleBk . eT ! `minGaceC]:neT . Gñk
niyayGaRkkBICatiÉgdUecñH manZatumindUc`eT . `suxcitþrsenARklM:kkñúgfan;CaGñkesñhaCati Ca
CagrsenARsYlehIyePøcCatiÉg . `manemaTnPaBekItmkCaExµrNas . RbCaCneyIgd*GgGackøahan
h)anBuHBarkarlM:kRKbEbbyag edIm|IkarBarkitþiysCatirbsxøÜn . eKsuxcitþRk EtrsenAkñúgPaBézøzøÚr
minoeKemIlgayeLIy . RbCaCatikm¬úCa CaCatimYyEdlZøab´manRbvtþisaRsþd*ruger]g sMbUrsb|aydUc
sm&yGg<rCaskÎIPaBRsab . EteRkaymkeyIgRtUv:n:kRs)ubcuH GnzymYyCMnanehIymYyCMnaneT[t
rhUtesÞIrEtRtUv:tbgGsBIEpnTIsklelak . «LÚvenHRbCaBlrdðExµr elak:nP\akrlwk eRkakeLIg
rYmsamK<IKñaCaZøúgmYy edIm|Iksagsg<mCatieLIgvij o:nruger]gdUcsm&yGg<r . elakeTIbEtdeNþIm:n
17
C&yCMnHCaRbvtþisaRsþelIcRkBtþiGaemrik dUecñHelakGacmansmtæPaBRKb´RKan edIm|IkþabvasnaxøÜneday
xøÜnÉg ksagsg<mCatiodUcGarüRbeTs . kñúgfan;`CakUnExµr `RtUvEtcUlrYmcabBIeBllM:kenHeTA
edIm|IrYmcMENksæabnaCatieLIgvij .
CakarBitmancMNucmYycMnYnEdleZVIo`mankþImnÞilsgS&ysµúKsµajkñúgstiGarmµN¾ manCaGaTikar
:jepøagcUlTIRbCMuCnbNþalomankarxUcxatTaMgCIvitmnusS nigsmÖar; . eBleXIjrUbztCnrgeRKaH
mþg> tamTUrTsSn¾ ßtamkaEst eZVIo`manesckþIGaNitGasUr ehIyecHEtsYrxøÜnÉgza eKminRtUveZVI:b
GñksøÚtRtgdUecñHesaH . etIedIm|IykC&yCMnH eKRtUvEtRbRBwtþGMeBIGsIlZm( minKb|IßyagNa / ebHdUg
`vaeqøIyza minRtUveT k*b¨uEnþxYrk|al`vaxMbRg,abeTAvij edayykelsza eZVIsRg<amEtgEtmanmhnþray
ec[sminrYceLIy .
eBlmanGarmµN¾sµúKsµajmþg> `EtgEtykTsSn;GnaKtmkeZVICaRtIvis&y edIm|IbM:tesckþI
mnÞilsgS&y . BYkEdl`Zøabs<al Edl:neTAeXIjsPaBCakEsþgpÞalEPñkenAkñúgRsuk k*minEdl
beJ©jGakb|kiriya ßsJÃaNamYyo`ylza mankarkabsmøabéRBépSenaHeT . pÞúyeTAvijeKEtgEt
:nbgºajBIkarxMRbwgERbg sRsaksRsaMedaysµR&KcitþrbsbgbÁÚnkñúgkarvaysMrukksagRbeTs . sUm|IEt
GñkdwknaMkMBUl k*eKEtg:nsresIrclnaksagCatieLIgvijrbskm¬úCaRbCaZibetyüEdr .
`minEdl»sUrbgbÁÚnNamñakEdl:necjmkehIy xSwbexS{vR:beyIgza minTanRsYleT kMuGal
cUlEtpÞúyeTAvijeKEtgGMBavnaver[bcMCMrujobgbÁÚn kUnRbBnÆeKcUlRsuk . `Kitza ebIeKR:boRKYsareK
RtLbcUlRsuk :nn&yza eKmankarTukcitþTaMgRsugehIy :nCaeKsMerccitþeZVIdUecñH .
tMNagGg<kareTABIRsukdUcCaeG[gsarICaedIm eKEtgEt:nGHGagehIyGHGageT[tza eKCaGñk
esñhaCati RsLajGMeBIyutþiZm( dUecñHeKminGaceZVI:bRbCaCneT . eKza eyIgRtUvecHEckmitþ EcksRtUvo
:nc|aslas kMuRsBicRsBil . BYkEdlmanmnÞilsgS&y CaBYkminTukcitþelIRbCaCnÉg xVHemaTnPaB
Cati . CaBYkman«TÆiBlbreTsmkRKbdNþb . CaBYkmanZatu mUlZn bJÃCn.
RBwtþikarN¾xøHeT[t eZVIo`manPaBsµúKsµajxøaMgeLIg . ézá17 emsa 1975 eBl:n»sUrviTüú
:raMgpSayza eKCemø{sRbCaCnecjBIRkugPñMeBj `nwgeXIjeBlenaH `kMBugCiHLanCamYymitþmñakenACit
TenøEsn eyIgTaMgBIrnaklanmatza minEdlmannrNaeTAbgÎMomnusSrablannakecjBITIRkugPñMeBj
yagemcGIecH . eyIgnwkza CadMNwgPUtkuhk . bJºamYyeT[t KWkarsMercmincayluy eyIgminyl
RsbeT . EteRkaymkedayeyIgeC]s)b´NaseTAehIy eyIgcaMEteC]kareXasnarbseG[gsarI . Kat
GHGagza CaviZankarbeNþaHGasnñ eBalKWeyIgykGñkRkecjBITIRkugedIm|IedaHRsaybJºaes|{gmYyry;
sin ehIybnþicmþg> eyIgnwger[bcMoGñkRsukmanCIvPaBCaZmµtaeLIgvij .
“ÉgmanEdlTTYlsMbuRtBIb)unnIßeT / ” sIumugsYr` . `RKvIk|alzaeT . sIum¨ug Katza karN¾enH
minEmnCaer]gZmµtaeT . Katbnþza enARsuk:raMg kalBYkhIuEtør (Hitler) RKbRKg k*enAmanb¨usþi
éRbsNIy¾Edr . cuHÉgGacBnül:neT RsukÉgsRg<amcbehIy enAEtGtmansMbuRtTMnakTMngKñaeT[t
vaminZmµtaeT RsukmYyGtsMbuRt Gtcayluy GtpSardUecñH . `TalRckrkGIeqøIyeTAmitþ`minrYc .
`k*manmnÞilsgS&yxøÜnÉgEdr . CaBiesstaMgBIb)unnI cUlmkRsuk:t `GtEdl:nTTYlsMbuRtGVImYy
sresredaypÞalédKatmko`esaH . GVI>Edl`:nTTYlKWBYkmkeZVIebskkmµenAbreTseKEtg:nZana
18
za mitþeyIgeTABIbreTs rYmbJ©ÚlTaMgPriya`pg rsenAedaysuxsb|ayenAviTüasæanCatiKruekaslüRkug
PñMeBj . bJºamYyeT[t KWTMnakTMngkm¬úCa nigev[tNam . eyIgecHEtsYr ehIysYreT[tza etIclna
bdivtþn¾km¬úCa rNbev[tNamßGt / eyIgsuxcitþGsGIk*GsEdr oEteyIgminrNbev[tNam ehIy
GackarBarbUrNPaBTwkdIrbseyIg:n . eG[gsarI :nBnülR:beyIgza karrMedaHPñMeBjo:nmun
T&Bev[tNamcUlykéRBnKrKWedIm|IkMuohaNUy mkQøanBaneyIg edayykelsza mkCYyrMedaHPñMeBj.
ÉkarcabXatnava Mayaguez enAQUgsmuRTes[m k*manTisedAdUcKñaEdr KWeyIgcgbgºajyYnza eyIg
minGnuJÃatoyYnmkrMelaPEdnsmuRTeyIgeT .
mYyybmunnwgecjdMeNIr `:nsresrsMbuRtlamitþd*CitsñiTÆ`mñak . “ézáEsÁk`nwgeLIgynþehaH
RtLbcUlRsuk`vij `RbEhlCaKµanvasnanwg:nCYbmitþenAeBlqab>xagmuxenHeT ”. ézáenaH `:nla
kEnøgEdl`RsLajcUlcitþedaysar:nZøab:nrsenACag10qñaMknøgmkehIy . `:nedIremIlCacug
eRkay kEnøgEdl`cUlcitþCageKenATIRkug:rIs . `lamitþPkþi nigRsukEdl`:nmkrsenA edayGYl
edImk . enAmatemRtU GUedGug `:n»sUrGñkcMer[gmñak eRc[gbTcMer[g Azanavour sþIBIPaBRseNaH
RsukkMeNIt . KatrMlwkeTsPaB RKYsar mitþPkþi PUmikMeNItrbsKat . `nwkeXIjPUmikMeNIt` `Rsk
TwkEPñkdUckUnekµg . TwkEPñkvahUrZøakmkedaymindwgxøÜn edayTbElgCab KWvaZøayecjBIebHdUgEdl
GaeLaHGal&yRsukkMeNIt ehIyEdl`xMRbwgTbGseBl10db´mkehIy .
lixitenHRbEhlCasMbuRtcugeRkayrbs`ehIy . `eqø{tOkaspøÚvbtCIvit`enH bJ¢akomitþRCab
eT[tza dUcCaécdnüNasEdl`mkcabkMeNItenAelITwkdImYydMutUcmYyeQµaHehAza “km¬úCa”. cgßmin
cg kñúgfan;`Edl:nZMdwgkþIenAkñúgsg<mCatienH `manKuNsm|tþi nigkgVHxatdUcCnrYmCati`epSgeT[t
Edr . `CanimµitrUbénRbCaBlrdðmYyEdlxkcitþCabCanic© edayeBldwgkþIeLIg eXIjRbeTsrbsxøÜnZøab´
ruger]g ZøakcuHdundab rYmkanEttUceTA>minecHcbminecHehIy GseBl7stvtSmkehIy . mitþGñkGan
RbEhlCariHKn`za cUlcitþEteTArkkEnøgNamanTukÎedayxøÜnÉg k*buEnþtamBiteTA `mindUecñHeT `cg
sb|ayrIkraymansuPmg<ldUceKdUcÉgEdr . ehIy`mincgCYbRbTH nwgTukÎevTnaeT . EtTukÎevTnaEdl
ZMbMputEdl`minGacRTaM:n KWeBlNa`eXIjRbCaBlrdðsøÚtRtg RtUveKbgÎMorsenAkñúgkarGtXøan Rbmaz
emIlgay .
knøgmkmandMNwgBIkñúgRsukrbs`xøH eZVIo`manmnÞilsgS&y ehIymanTegVIxøHEdl`minGacTTYl
yk:n eRBaHvapÞúyRsLHBIótþmKtiénCIvit` k*buEnþeTaHCayagNak*eday `eC]yagmutmaMza mnusSCMnan
`RtUvEth)aneZVIBlikmµedIm|IExµrCMnaneRkay:ns<alesckþIézøzøÚr dUcRbCaCatieKepSgeT[t .
XXX eBlecjdMeNIrkanEtxitCitmkdl . enAÉRBlanynþehaHhSaldWeh<al manGñkdMeNIrENn
Nantantab . GñkxøHesø{kBakcgRkvatk EtPaKeRcInmansemø{kbMBakRsalsMrabeTAvisSmkal . ÉRkum
eyIgEdlRtUveZVIdMeNIrcUlRsukeBlenaHmanKñaTaMgGs40nak . taMgBIézá17 emsa 1975mk manExµr
enAbreTsrabBannakehIy Edl:neZVImatuPUminivtþn¾ .
19
munecjdMeNIreyIgRbKlluykaksmÖar; ßGñkxøHeT[tCIvPaBZUrZasµ&RKcitþlkpÞHsEm|g RTBü
sm|tþiEdlxøÜnmanRbKlCUnrdðGMNaczµI . dUceKEtg:neZVItaMgBIdMbUgmk ézáeLIgynþehaHmþg> eyIgEtg
RtUv:neKesñIocuHhtæelxaenAelIesckþIEzøgkarN¾mYysMrabBYkGñksarBt(manGnþrCati . xøwmsarénGtæbT
enHRtUv:neZVIeLIgedayshkarICitsñiTÆrbseG[gsarI EdlCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvExµrenAbreTs . esckþIEzøg
énGtæbTenaHmann&yyagdUecñH : eyIg`dUcmancuHhtæelxaxageRkamenH CanisSit kmµsikSaCn rdðkar
eyaZa CaGtItCneP[sxøÜnEdlRtUv:neKcabbgÎMomkeP[sxøÜnenAGWr¨ub nigshrdðGaemrik kñúgkal;eTs;
énsRg<amQøanBancRkBtþiGaemrikRbqaMgnwgkm¬úCa :nsMerccitþRtLbcUleTAkanmatuPUmikm¬úCaRbCaZib
etyüvijézáenHEtmþg . sUmbJ¢akCaóLaßkza karsMercvilRtLbculeTAmatuPUmivijenH :neZVIeLIg
edayKµankarek[bsg,tbgÎitbgÎM KMramkMEhgGVITaMgGs . ehIyRBmCamYyenH k*minEmneZVIeLIgkñúgsPaB
RbjibRbjabtkRkhlxVHBt(man ggwtggl pÞúyeTAvij karsMerccitþrbseyIg`enH:neZVIeLIg
eRkayBI:neZVIkarBicarNalÁitlÁn zøwgEzøgRKbRCugeRCay ehIyCaBiess bnÞabBI:ndwgBt(manc|as
las BitR:kd Edl«tRbEkk:n BIkarrIkcMerIn mhaelatepøaH mhaGs©arü enARKbvis&yénkm¬úCa
RbCaZibetyü taMgBIézárMedaHCaRbvtþisaRsþ17 emsa 1975 .
CnmansuqnÞ; eK:neXIjRCYtRCabc|aslasNasehIyeK:nTTYls<alrYcCaeRscnUvsmiTÆipl
d*ZMeZg EdlCasñaéd nigeTBekaslü d*mhimaénRbCaCnkm¬úCad*GgGackøahan . dUecñHehIyBYkCnman
suqnÞ;GsTaMgenaH elakminqálGVITaMgGsBImUlehtuEdlCMrujoCnCatiExµrenAbreTsnaMKñaRbjabRbjal
sRsaksRsaMcUleTAkanRsukkMeNItrbsxøÜnvij .
shKmn¾GnþrCati EdlEtgEtKaMRTRbCaCnkm¬úCa kñúgeBlCYbRbTHnwgkarlM:k nwgc|as
CamanemaTnPaB bItiesamnsS eRtkGbGrsresIrcMeBaHkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü . CamYyKñaenHEdr cRkBtþi
Gaemrik nigbriva EdlEtgrkSaTuknUvKMnMuKMuKYn sgswk QñanIscMeBaHRbCaCnkm¬úCa EdlmanesckþIkøahan
h)ants)URTaMRTcMeBaHRKbkarlM:ksBVEbbyag edIm|IdeNþImykC&yCMnHrbsBYkeK . QrelIGMeBIKMuKYn
d*GaRsUvenHehIy :nCatamry;k|almasIuneXasnabMBkbMBul júHjg e:kR:s rbsBYkeK eK:n
nwgkMBugEtdMeNIrkaryagskmµRKbeBlevla edIm|IbMéPøkarBit ykRtUvzaCaxus ykexµAzaCas Rbmaz
emIlgay nigGñkdwknaMkm¬úCa kñúgTisedAkMeTckm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü .
kareXasnabMBkbMBulenH manTisedAc|aslasNas KWedIm|IomtiCati nigGnþrCati PanRcLM
manCMen]za enAkm¬úCasBVézá manGMeBIéRBépS smøabrg<aldUcBYkeKGHGagR:kdEmn .
ebIdUcBaküeKza GñkdwknaMrdðGMNacsBVézá CaRkummnusS “pþackaréRBépS ” “cegÁ{tcgÁlRCul
niym ” ß “eXareXAniym ”.l.nig.l. EmnenaH etIeKGacBnül:neT zaetIyagdUcemþc:nCa
RbCaCnkm¬úCaGacdeNþImC&yCMnH:nyagqabrh&sRKbvis&ydUecñH / etIeKGaceC]:nßeTEdlzaRbCaCn
mYyEdlRbwgERbgts)UyagsVitsVaj RbqaMgnwgGMeBIGyutþiZm( CiHCan nwgTTYlTukÎesaknadkmµRKbEbbyag
enAeBlEdl:nGMNac ehIyRtLbCaykGMeBIEdlxøÜnsÁbex¬ImenaHmkRbRBwtþxøÜnÉgeTAvij / BYkeyIg`mYy
cMnYn Edl:nRtUvemTahanRbtikiriyabgÎMoeLIgnavartecalRsukézárMedaHCati17emsa1975 RtUveKbJ¢Ún
eTAdakenAkñúgCMrMuCneP[sxøÜnenAshrdðGaemrik ehIy:nTTYlnUvsRg<amcitþsaRsþd*BisBul nigkarRbmaz
QñanIsedaypÞalxøÜn . BYkeyIgxøHeT[t RtUv:neKykeTAecalenAkñúgCMruMCneP[sxøÜnenARbeTsézLg
20
eyIg:nylc|aslasNas nUvkarRbDiter]grbsmasIuneXasnarbsBYkcRkBtþinigbriva . enACMrMuCn
eP[sxøÜneKminrujranwgTijmnusSedIm|IoRbDiter]gEdleKcg:n nigeZVIrUbztEkøgkøaybnøMmtiCati nigGnþr
Cati .
eZVIenA:rIs ExTI7 qñaM1977
XXX enAkñúgv¨alIs`manPYymYy exaGavexµABIsMrab nigmugmYy zñaMduHeZµj sab)U es[vePAsresrmYy
cMnYn es[vePAGan ehIyCaBiesszñaMeBTüd*eRcIn manCIvCati, KInIn, eNv¨aKIn .l. BitEmnEteKza min
:cykeRcIn Et`xMyk tamEdlGacykeTA:n .
eBllaKñacugeRkay ; -sresrmkelgkMuxan !
-:TminGIeT! caMCYbKñaézáeRkay
-bnþiceT[tCYbKñaenAPñMeBj !
ynþehaH ehaHeLIgsMedAeTATIRkugeb¨kaMg . taMgBIézá17 emsa 1975mk eKRtUvEtqøgkattam
ebkaMg edIm|IeTAPñMeBjtamynþehaH . rdðGMNaczµI bgÎMosæanTUtnanaenAPñMeBjbiTTVar . elIkElgEt
sæanTUtmYycMnYndUcCacin ev[tNam lav Kuy: . kñúgcMeNamGñkeZVIdMeNIrTaMg40nakelIkenH manGñk
eZVIdMeNIr4nakEdleKykcitþTukdakCaBiessdUcCamanGñktMNagsæanTUtcinmkCUndMeNIr . kñúgcMeNam
smaCikTaMg4nakrbsRKYsarenH elakyayex[v mancMNasCageK . KatmanTwkmuxRsgUtRsgat
esø{kBakdUcRsþIcas>ExµrKYroeKarB . BitEmnEtKatmanv&ycMNas EtragkayKatenAmaMTMngCaGñkman
suxPaBlÁ . KatCamnusSRsKtRsKM minsUvniyaysþIeT . KatCamatarbseG[gZIriTÆ rdðmRnþIRksYg
sg<mkic© Priyarbs eG[g sarI EdlCaóbnaykrdðmRnþI nigCardðmRnþIRksYgkarbreTs km¬úCaRbCaZib
etyü . enAGmelakyay mankUnRsIKatBIrnak . eG[g ZIr¨at mancMNasbnþicehIy GayuRbEhl
40qñaM . KatCasaRsþacarümZümsikSa . KatGtmanRKYsareT . suxPaBminGnueRKaH TwkmuxRBYy
KatEtgEttÁÚjBICmáWQWk|al . Gakb|kiriyarbsKathakdUcCasµúKsµajminRsLHkñúgcitþ EdldUcCaeZVI
dMeNIrcUleTARsukvijTaMgeTIsTal . kUnRsImñakrbselakyay CaPriyaelakRsIzun . KatCamnusS
RsKtRsKMsøÚtbUtdUcmþay . EteBlenHebIemIlBIeRkAeXIjhakdUcCaKatmanesckþIxVlxVayminRsYlbunµan
EdrkñúgpøÚvcitþ . eKminGacsnñidðan:nza KatmanTwkmuxRsgUtRsgatdUecñHedaymUlehtuGVIc|aslaseT .
eKmindwgza KatxVlxVaydUecñHedaysarKatkMBugmanTukÎesakedaysBbþIKat ßk*edaysarKatsµúKsµaj
RBYycitþminRCHRsLHkñúgkarcUlRsuk ßedaysarktþaTaMgBIrenHpSMKña . elak RsI zun sVamIKateTIbTTYl
mrNPaBenARkugEb)LaMg (Berlin) kalBIeBlzµI>enH edaysarCmáWebHdUg . elak RsI zunKateZVITUt
saZarNrdðExµrRbcaMRbeTsGaløWmgxagekIt . bgbÁÚnRsI>rbseG[g ZIriTÆ TaMgBIrnakenH ebItameKdwg
KµanRbkanneya:yxagNac|aslaseT . ehIyelakRsI RsI zun enAmanCMen]elIBuTÆsasna yag
mutmaM . KatykZatubþIKatmkCamYyedayKatniyayzñm>GMBIKMeragrbsKatodwgzaeBleTAdlRsukPøam
KatnwgnimnþRBHsgÏsURtZm( eZVIbuNübJ©úHsBsVamIrbsKatenAectiy¾mYyedIm|IoKatsMrak:nsuxsanþtam
RbéBNIRBHBuTÆsasna . kUnRsIelak RsI zun enAekµg> minsUvCaniyayGVIEdreBlenaH . nagbg
eTIbEtcUler[nenAmhaviTüal&y manTwkmuxRsgUtRsgat . RbEhlCanagcUlRsukedaysarRKYsarbgÎM ß
21
k*nwkGaeLaHGal&ykarsikSaenA:rIsmindwg . ÉbÁÚnRbusnagBIrnakeT[tenACMTgenAeLIy minTaner[ncb´
mZümsikSaenAeLIyeT ehIyhakdUcCabeNþayxøÜntamEtvasna . kUnc|grbselak RsI zun eQµaH
RsI caneZ]n er[nenAmU¨s<Ú. eKCasmaCikshPaBnisSitExµrenAsUev[tehIymanninñakarneya:ylMeG[geTA
xagsUev[tdUcnisSitmYycMnYnenAmUs<ÚeBlenaHEdr . caneZ]n minsæitenAkñúgcMeNamGñkeZVIdMeNIrézáenHeT .
KatecjBIsUev[teTAkanebkaMgCayUrmkehIy edIm|IeTAenAEk|reG[gsarI EdlRtUvCamarbsKat . tam»
sUreBlenaH KateTAdlRsukExµryUrmkehIy .
GñkGg<úyenAekAGIeRkayRKYsarelakRsIzun manRKYsarGtItsmaCiksæanTUtExµrenALahavanRbeTs
Kuy: . éh Kwms)ag maDZMx¬s TwkmuxsÁatsÁM GayuRskr` KatZøab´er[nenAsUev[t ehIyCaGtItsmaCik
smaKmshPaBnisSitExµrenAmUs<ÚdUccaneZ]nEdr . `Zøabs<alKatyUrmkehIy . KatCamnusSsøÚtbUt
Nas . PriyaKatmanINa KIrIv¨at CaGtIttaraÉkPaBynþExµr kalCMnansemþcsIhnu . manINa Ca
buRtIrbshYtsm|tþi GtItÉkGK<raCTUtExµr enAGg<karshRbCaCati . `ZøabeXIjKatenAkñúgkuntaMgBIKat
enACakumarIemøH . ézáenHCaelIkTI1Edl`:neXIjKatedaypÞalEPñk . ehIyeXIjza KatmansRms
CagenAkñúger]gPaBynþeTAeT[t . kñúgdMeNIreTARbeTskm¬úCa Katesø{kBaksMBtexµA GavexµA dUcyuTÆnarI
bdivtþn¾ k*b¨uEnþsmÖsSrbsKatk*enAEtelceZøadEdl . Katminvay#kCataraÉk kacrag EtCamnusSZmµta
dUceKdUcÉg . manINa nigéh Kwms)ag mankUnRsImYyGayuRbmaN6qñaM mansmÖsSdUcmþaynagEdr.
enAeBleZVIdMeNIr éh Kwms)ag nigmanINa nig` niyayKñataMgBIecjBI:rIs rhUtdleb¨kaMg . eyIg
niyayBIkaleyIgenAer[nsURtenA:rIs mUs<Ú Lahav¨an .
eyIgrMlwkkaleyIgenABIekµgenAPñMeBj . BImitþPkþieyIgEdlmYycMnYncUlRsukExµreTAehIy . enA
eBlenaHenAelIGakas eyIgGt:nKiteXIjesaHza enHCaelIkcugeRkayehIyEdleyIgmanOkas
sMeNHsMNalKñaEbbenH .
eZVIdMeNIrCMnaneyIgézáenHEdr manekµg>enACMTgmYyRkumEdlÓBukmþayBYkeKsµ&RKcitþbJ¢ÚnocUl
Rsukmun. GñkxøHkMBuger[nenAbfmsikSa xøHcUlmZümsikSa eKsuxcitþpÁakkarer[nsURtenAbreTs edIm|IcaM
eTAer[nenAkñúgRsukExµrvij .
KYrktsMKalmYyeT[tEdrza kñúgcMeNamGñkeZVIdMeNIrCamYyeyIgeBlenH manGtItnayTahan
Canx¬s nignayTahanmYycMnYn . enHCaelIkTI1ehIy EdlmanTahaneRcInyagenH . mYyPaKZMeK
mkBIshrdðGaemrik . enAkñúgcMeNamenaHmanCaGaT¥ Kwm eP]kem]g Exµrkm¬úCaeRkam CaGñkCMnajkar
xagreTHtg . ehg tayemg nayTahanCanx¬smankMeNItBIRsukCamYy` .l. BYkGtItkgT&Bexmr
PUminÞTaMgenH manGñkxøHCaGtItkmµsikSa nigGñkxøHrtecjBIRsukExµrenAézáTI17 emsa 1975 .
nayTahanTaMgenH suTÆEt:nGanes[vePA “dMeNIreq¬aHeTATisxaglic ” rbs nYn eX]n ehIy
eKsµR&KcitþRbKlxøÜnedIm|IkarBarRBMEdnExµr .
enAcMNtGakasyandðanebkaMg eyIg:ncuHBIynþehaHeRkamRBHGaTitüekþAEhg . eyIgdwgzaCa
ézáres[lehIytamemagenAebkaMg . bnÞabBIeKEqkrklixitqøgEdnbnþicmk eyIgTaMgGsKña k*:necjBI
Gakasyandðan . enAxageRkAyuvCnBIrnak tMNagsæanTUtExµrcaMTTYleyIg . TaMgBIrnakmanGayu
RbmaN20qñaM BakGavsWmIédxøIBN(s ragdUckUnsisSBIedIm . mñakragx¬sbnþic maneZµjxagmuxdg,ÚvsIu .
22
KatCamnusSbiunR:C\ . mñakeT[tragtUcRsEGmragsøÚtbUteZVImuxPøWs>bnÞabBIniyaysMeNHsMNalbnþic
mk yuvCnkgT&BRsYcTaMgBIrk*:nGeJ¢IjRKYsar éh Kwms)ag eLIgLanehIydwkecjeTA:t . ÉcMENk
RKYsareG[gsarI eG[g ZIriTÆ RtUvRksYgkarbreTscin GeJ¢IjoeTAsMrakenAvimanTTYleP\{v .
ÉcMENkBYkeyIg :nnaMKñaeTAsMrakenAsNðaKarmYyenACitcMNtGakasyan . eRkayBI:nsMrak
bnþicmk `nigmitþrYmdMeNIrbIbYnnakepSgeT[t k*:neTAkansæanTUtExµrtamkarKYrsm . enAtampøÚveyIg
eXIjmankgCaeRcInlayLMnigLankaMmIjúgrabminGs . enAsgxagpøÚvecjBIsNðaKar manpÞHxøHTab
xøHx¬s dUceyIgZøab:neXIjtamTUrTsSn¾ eBlRbCaCnRkugeb¨kaMgTTYleP\{vrdðcin . eyIgcabGarmµN¾
eXIjmansYnbEnøCaeRcInRbkbedayzñallÁ> ehIybkkøinCIrksikmµ eZVIo`nwkeXIjsYnbEnøcinenAk|al
zñlRkugPñMeBj kal`enABItUc . `KµancabGarmµN¾GIBiesseT kal:neXIjGaKarsæanTUtExµrenA
ebkaMgPøam . k*b¨uEnþeBledIrcUlkñúg `xkcitþeRBaHxVHkarer[bcMtubEtgsÁatsÁMsmCasæanTUt . `min:n
eXIjkariyal&y ßkEnøgTTYleP\{veT edayeKnaM`eTAbnÞb:yEtmþg . mantumYyragRTEvgmnusS6ß
7nak kMBugGg<úybriePaK . GñkeZVI:ycin ecHniyayExµr ragcMNasbnþicehIy . enAcugmÎagtuenA
kEnøgCaGZibtI eKsMKaleXIj eBC Qag ÉkGK<rdðTUtkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü RbcaMRbeTscinRbCamanit .
KatmanmaDtUcRkGaj Es|kBBaledayekItPøW skxøI ehIyeBlKatniyay ecjeZµjmas . Katman
kMeNItmkBIkMBgcamZøab´eZVICaRKUbeRg[n CaGñkts)UeCIgcas . eBlKatniyay reb[bdUcelakeTsna
RKU:ZüayodMbUnµanmanBYkBuTÆbris&T . eKeXIjPriyaKatkMBughUb:yEdr buEnþKatGg<úyqáayBIbþIKat .
KatmanragZMCagbþIKatCaGñkmansacRsEGm sÁat .
hUb:ybeNþIrÉkGK<rdðTUteBCQag eZVIóeTÞsnambeNþIr GMBIsPaBkarN¾bc©úb|nñenAkm¬úCa Edl
kMBugEtmankarvivtþn¾cMerInelatepøaHRKbvis&y pÞúyBIkareXasnae:kR:srbscRkBtþi nigBYkesrIniym.
Katza sUm|IEtelaknayk CU eGnLay k*:nTTYls<alza Kat:nvaytémømindlkMriténC&yCMnHén
bdivtþn¾km¬úCa . enAsæanTUtenAkm¬úCaenH KµanbuK<likGñkeZVIkarEdlkalBIedImZøabCabuK<likTUt ßCabuK<
likRksYgkarbreTseT . ehIyeRkAeBCQan EdlZøabeZVIRKUbeRg[nbfmsikSakalBIsm&ysg<m smaCik
epSgeT[t suTÆCayuvCn ßk*Cakumar . mYycMnYneZVIkarCaGñktubEtglMG “décodeur” . kargard*man
sar;sMxanCageKenAkñúgsæanTUtkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü KWBYk décodeur . BYkeKsñÚldacxatminsMruHsMrYl
CamYyxµaMg ehIyBYkeKCaT&BRsYcénsæanTUt .
Katk*:nsYr`Edr hakdUcCacgdwgza enAelakxaglic eKylyagemcBIkm¬úCasBVézá . `eqøIy
R:bKatza CaTUeTA eKGtyleyIgeT ehIyGñkEdlZøabKaMRTeyIgBImun eKTamTaroeyIgGnuJÃatoeKcUl
eTATsSnaRsukeyIg edIm|IoeKeXIjnwgEPñk eTIbeKGacKaMRTeyIgeT[t:n . eBCQag eqøIytbmk`vijza
BYkenHmanZatuCaRbtikiriya nigesrI . ehIyeyIgQbRtUvkarBYkvaehIy . bdivtþn¾eyIgvaelatepøaH
hYsBIkaryldwgrbsBYkGsenaHehIy .
eyIg:nsñakenARkugebkaMgBIrézá . bnÞabBIynþehaHcakecjBIcMNtGakasyandðanebkaMgmYy
ry;eBlmk GñkbMerIelIynþehaHR:b´eyIgza eyIgehaHdlelIRsukExµrehIy . eyIgTaMgGsKñarMePIb
Nas ehIyxMeGIttambgÁÜjynþehaHemIlTwkdImatuPUmiCaTIesñharbseyIg . eyIgeXIjbwgbYr Tenøsab
TenøemKg< éRBRBwkSa valERs valcMkar énkm¬úCa . eyIgeXIjminc|asCaGVIR:kdeT k*b¨uEnþeyIgeZVICa
23
eXIjkñúgstiGarmµN¾ . eyIgxMsmøwgemIl . ebIeTaHbICaemIlmineXIjc|asnwgEPñk k*c|askñúgxYrk|al
Edr KWeXIjPøWERsxVatExVgRtg BuHCaRkLacRtg< . kEnøgxøHeT[teXIjCareNþAbuncegÁrCabKñadUcreNþA
GMEbknMRKk . eyIgnwkza enHBitCasñam B52ehIy . KitdlenH eyIgcgkMhwgnwgcRkBtþiGaemrik
EzmeT[t . eyIgxMsmøwgemIlBIelIynþehaH eXIjbgbÁÚneyIgkMBugnaMKñasRsaksRsaM vaysMrukeZVIcMkar
edayrIkray edIm|IksagRbeTsdUceK:nsresrkñúgRBwtþibR&trNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCa . eyIgKitza bnþiceT[t
eyIgnwgeTArYmcMENkkabdICamYyeK . eBlkMBugBinitüemIledayrMePIb TidðPaBénRsukkMeNItCaTIesñha
BIelIGakas `:nKiteTAdlRbCaCnExµrRkIRk EdlRtUveKeZVI:bCiHCanRKbCMnan . `nwkeXIjpÞaMgcmøak
énR:saTGg<r briyayGMBICIvPaBksikrExµrCMnanedIm . `eXIjExµrrab´BanqñaMmkehIy maneTBekaslü
ecHéqñRbDitCareTHeKa ng&<l keNþ{v nigóbkrN¾ksikmµd*eRcIneT[t minKYrNarhUtdleBlenH reb[b
rsenArbsksikrExµrenAEtdEdlGtmankarpøasbþÚrdUcsg<meKepSgeT[tenAelIsklelakesaH . `nwk
eXIjza edaysarRbCaBlrdðExµrPaKeRcInenAEtevTnaRketakyak yagdUecñHehIy :nCaRsukExµrrYjkan
EttUceTA> BIstvtSmYyeTAstvtSmYy rhUtdlesÞIr:tBIEpnTIBiPBelakdUcsBVézá . RbCaCatiExµr
minGaccuHeRkam:taleRCACagenHeT[teT dleBlehIyeKRtUvegIbeLIgvij .
GñkbMerIelIynþehaH jjwmjEjm huczasEdlmans,rRKab´ nignMtUc>mkoeyIgmþgeT[t hak
dUcCacgrenÆInoeyIgyktamcitþ . k*buEnþeyIgkMBuger[bcMxøÜncuHBIelIynþehaH CamYykþIrMePIbéRkElg eday
Cit:nCanelITwkdIkm¬úCa ehIymin:nnwkeXIjyks,rRKabBInarIGUEtscinenH . ynþehaH:nrMltmasIun
enAcMNtGakasyandðanGnþrCatieBaZicintug . eyIgRkeLkemIltambgÁÜc munnwgeRkakQr . dUcCaGt
eXIjmnusSesaH . sáatQwg . eyIgcuHBIelIynþehaHRkeLkemIlehIyRkeLkemIleT[t ErkgmanbgbÁÚn
mitþPkþi mkTTYl . yagehacNask*eKoBt(maneTARbBnÆkUnÓBukmþayeyIgEdr BIkarmkdlrbseyIg.
`rkemIlehIyemIleT[t GteXIjnrNamñakEdl`s<almkTTYl`TalEtesaH . KµanbgbÁÚnRKYsarGñk
dMeNIrNamñakmkcaMTTYleyIg dUceyIgsµanTukesaH . eKk*Gt Égk*Gt . esµIPaBKñaTaMgGs . `RkeLk
emIleTATisxageCIgRBlanynþehaH `nwkeXIjkalBICagdbqñaMmun RKYsarbgbÁÚn mitþPkþi` :nmkQr
CMuKña CUn`eLIgynþehaHeTATIRkug:rIs . `nwkeXIjsmþIÓbuk`mun`eLIgynþehaH “emckUnÉgdaccitþeTA
EmnETnehIy/ ”. taMgBIézáenaHmk RKbeBl`cuHBIynþehaHmþg> eTaHbICaenARsukNak*eday k*`Etg
mansrésjakecalEPñkeTATisxageCIgéncMNtynþehaH Erkg:neXIjÓBukmþay nigbgbÁÚn mitþPkþi`.
k*buEnþ«LÚvenH eBl`RtLbmkCanTwkdImatuPUmi`vij `GteXIjnrNamñakesaH . briyakasenH
eZVIo`xkcitþZøakezøImRbm¨at P&yj&rGsebHdUgBIkñúgxøÜn . `emIlehIyqálza CaeBaZicintug ßk*minEmn
eBaZicintug/ kñúgcitþGrNasebIRbsinCakarBit ynþehaHcineKykeyIgmkdakenARsukmYy epSgeRkABI
eBaZicintugRsukExµr . munenHbnþicenAelIGakas TwkmuxeyIgrIkray emIleTsPaBRsukExµredayesamnsS .
ynþehaHcas>mYycMnYnxUcTukecalkNþalval . `xMBinitüemIlmþgeT[t `eXIjedayxkcitþzac|asCa
eBaZicintugehIy . eyIgeXIjbuK<likRbmaN20nak PaKeRcInCanarIesø{kBaksMBtexµAgavexµA mñak>
manTwkmuxRsKtRsKM . ehIysUm|IeBleyIgeTACit k*GtmanjjwmKYrsmdUcGñkeZVIkarcaMTTYlGñkdMeNIr
ZmtµtaeT . eKhakdUcCamankarxøacRbugRby&tñer[g>xøÜn . mkdlkEnøgEqksMbuRt mannarIRbmaN
24
10nak TwkmuxesøksøaMg :nTaryklixitqøgEdnBIeyIg . eKemIledayrh&srhYn ehIye:HcUlkñúg
keJär rYcR:bza “caMézáeRkayGg<karovij ”.
eyIgemIlmuxKñaeTAvijeTAmk GthamateqøIytbeTAnarITaMgenaHvijeT . eyIgylc|asNas
zaeKyklixitqøgEdneyIgenHrhUtehIy minEmndUceKPUtkuhk “caMézáeRkayGg<karovij ” enaHeT.
putkEnøgEqksMbuRt `CYbmitþ hak sagLaynI visVkrBImUs<Ú GtItRbZansmaKmnisSitExµrenA
sUev[t eRkaymkeZVIkarCamYyeG[gsarI . kalBIedImKatmanninñakarxagsUev[t . `GrNaseday:n
CYbKat . `sgÏwmza KatnwgpþlBt(manmko`xøH EtKatGtniyayGVITaMgGs RKanEtemIlmuxehIy
THsµa` rYcedIreTA:t . `KµanTaMgeBlharmatsYrdMNwgBIpaedt RbBnÆKatEdl`Zøabs<altaMgBIenA
RsukExµrenaHpg . paedt eBTüBImhaviTüal&yRkugmUs<Ú CanarIskmµxagneya:ytaMgBIRsukExµremøH .
`kMBugEtKitxøÜnÉg BicarNacgylBIGakb|kiriyacEmøkrbsLaynI k*RsabEteXIj QIg kukhYr
visVkrmkBIeqkUsøÚv¨aKI edIrmkdl . `Kitza RbEhlCaLaynI eKePøc`ehIyemIleTA eRBaHeyIgxanCYbKña
Cit5qñaMeTAehIy müageT[teyIgminEdlCitditKñapg . `s<al paedt RbBnÆKatCags<alKat . CamYy
kukhYr mñakepSgeT[t eyIgs<alKñaCitdit . EmnRKanEtRkeLkeXIj` KatjjwmBIcmáay . minEmn
jjwmERskehAeQµaHrakTakdUcmuneT . EtjjwmdUcsm&ybdivtþn¾ eZVIo`Tukcitþza yagemck*KgmanGñk
xøHeK mindUrEdr . KatbnþdMeNIryagel]nmkrk`dEdl . k*buEnþdleBlCYbKña GtmancabédObKña
dUcBYkmakZøabrab´GanKñaBImuneT eKRKanEtTHsµa` ehIysYr “suxsb|ay / caMCYbKñaézáeRkay” rYck*bnþ
dMeNIreTAmuxeT[teTA .
LaynI nigkukhYr `Gt:nCYbGñkTaMgBIrenAézáeRkayeT . KatRtUvBYkExµrRkhmykeTAeZVITaruN
kmµrYcsmøabenATYlEsøg .
`enARsLaMgkaMgmYysnÞúH ecalEPñkemIlRBlanGakasyandðaneBaZicintug Edl`:neXIj
CacugeRkay kalBI10qñaMmun . `Kµanseg,teXIjGVIdUcBImun Edlo`cabGarmµN¾za `ZøabeXIj ehIy
ZøabmkTIenHCajwkjabkalenABIekµgesaH .
eXIjmanZugdakTwkekþA nigEvkdYsTwk nigEkvmYycMnYndakenAedaydMu> . `nwkeXIjsalaqan
enACnbT .
ecjeRkAGaKar `RkeLkemIleTsPaBdUcCaKµanGVIpøasbþÚreRcIneT . GñkdMeNIrcinEdlCiHynþehaH
CamYyeyIg BakGavs eKeLIgLandwkeP\{veTA:t . ÉcMENkBYkeyIgTaMg40nak eKorgcaMeKmkdwktam
Lan . enAtampøÚveyIgeXIjeyaZaekµg>RbkbedaykaMePøIgenAelIsµaedIryaml|at yUr>eXIjLankaMmIjúg
mYyebIk . bnþicmk`k*eXIjsUhug . eyIgdwgza KatCasñÚlbdivtþn¾ . eQµaHBitR:kd saLútZIya
kµÜyrbssaLúts (bulBt) Kat:necjeTAeRkARbeTsCajwkjabGmsemþcsIhnu ßeG[gsarI . BitEmn
EtKatmanv¥Aekµg ehIyGt:ner[nsURtGMBITMnakTMngGnþrCatik*eday k*eKoKateZVICaGK<elxaZikar
RksYgkarbreTs :nn&yza bnÞabBIeG[gsarImk KWKatCaGñkcatEcgemIlxusRtUvenARksYgkarbreTs
EdleKehAkatza “b1 ” . eBlKateTAebskkmµenARsuk:raMgmþg> eyIgEtgnaMKatedIrkMsanþemIlRkug
:rIs . Katqálza emck*eyIgecHRTaMenARsukeKyUremøH . KatEtgeqø{teZVIkargarstiGarmµN¾eyIgoeXIj
GMBIkarrIkcMerInlUtlasrbsbdivtþn¾ . KatGtmaneXIjGVIKYrocabGarmµN¾esaHenAGWr¨ub sUm|IEtTenøEsn
25
k*eRb[beZ[bCamYyTenøemKg<min:npg . KatbgÁabza TenøEsnvatUcRcmiuc ÉTenøemKg<vaZMsem|Im .
eyIgyleXIjza KatniyayRCul cegÁ{tcgÁlCatiniymRCuleBk k*buEnþeyIgGteqøIyeTAKatvijeT eRBaH
GñkminEdls<alGVIeRkABIRbeTs EtgEteXIjmanEtGjRKanebIdUecñHÉg . eBlenaH KatmanGakb|kiriya
søÚtbUt ecHKYrsmNas . BaküniyaysþI CakUnGñkZøabmanBUCGMbUr . enAbreTsKatEtgEtbMpusoeyIg
cUlRsuk o:nrh&skalNalÁkalhñwg . ehIyKatEtgEtniyayehIyniyayeT[tza eBlNa “BYkbg
eTAdlRsuk caM`naMbg>edIrelg emIlRsukeyIg ”.
edaymanTMnakTMngCamYyKatlÁ ehIyedaymankic©snüazaeBleyIgmkdlRsukKatnwgnaMeyIg
edIremIlRsukyagenH eBleyIgCYbKat eyIgGrNas eRb[b:neXIjTUkeTARsgeBlCitputédenAkñúgTwk
mineXIjeRtIyeXIjRcaMgenAÉNa . `er[bsÞúHeTAObKat . enAbreTseBlNaeyIgCYbKat eyIgEtg
ObCanimµitrUbénmitþPaBrwgmaM . Katk*EtgsÞúHmkObrwtCamYyeyIgEdr . EtenAelITwkdIkm¬úCa eBleXIj
eyIg KatminRbjabRbjalmkrkeyIgeT . eyIgsÞúHeTArkKat EvkédcgObKat EtKateZVImindwg ehIy
beJ©jTwkmuxesµI . eyIgGakGncitþ eRBaHKatminRKanEtminObeyIgdUcenARsuk:raMgeT sUm|IetelIkéd
KatmkcabédeyIgk*KatmineZVIpg . KatsYrrk«v¨ansMrabRksYgkarbreTs . bnÞabmkKatniyaycgÁúl
R:bza mitþenAxagenaH caMnaMBYkbg>ÉgeTAPñMeBj . niyaydUecñHrYc k*Katk*ecjeTA:teTA edaymin:n
laeyIgmYymatza “caMCYbKñaézáeRkay ” ß “caMbnþiceT[tKatnwgmkykeyIgedIremIlRsuk ” eLIy.
eyIgenAQrmYyry;ehIyRkeLkrkemIlkeJärdaklixitqøgEdn . eKykeTA:t . GsmaneBl
RtLbeRkay . manEteTAmux EteyIgmindwgeKoeyIgeTATINaeT . `eLIgRsalxøÜn GssgÏwmrlIg.
emIlmuxmitþrYmdMeNIrEdlmkCamYyKña xkcitþGssgÏwmdUcKña . eyIgyMminecj ERskminekIt .
eyIgeXIjeBaZicintugkanEtryIkryakeLIg . `minRbdUccMNtynþehaHRsukExµreTAvalynþehaH
enARsukGWr¨ubeT Et`nwkeXIjeBaZicintugEdl`Zøabs<al vamindUcesaH . mnusSmñaTaMgRbusTaMgRsIEdl`
CYb vamindUcRbCaBlrdðExµrEdl`Zøab´s<al ß:nrkSaTukkñúgGarmµN¾`esaH . sUm|IEtBYkGñkEdl`ZøabCYb
enAbreTszµI>enHeT[tesat k*eKdUrGsGakb|kiriya GtdUckaleKeTAbreTsesaH . müageT[tbuK<lik
GñkeZVIkarenAcMNtynþehaH hakdUcCamnusSmkBIBiPBmYyepSgEdl`minEdls<al . eKniyayPasaExµr
dUc`Emn buEnþGakb|kiriya BaküsmþIeK hakdUcCaKµanGVIdUc`esaH . taMgBIreb[beKeZVIkar semø{kbMBak
rhUtdlreb[bniyaysmþI k*mineZVIoeyIgmankarkkekþAesaHeLIy .
`nwkGnusSavrIy¾kal`enABIekµg . kalenAer[nmZümsikSa `cUlcitþCiHkgmkelgEbkcan CamYy
mitþPkþi CYnkalhYseTAdlkMBgknÞÜt . eBlRtLbmkvij eyIgcUlcitþmkemIleKeZVIdMeNIrecjcUlenA
RBlanynþehaHeBaZicintug . eyIgEdlminZøabs<albreTs ecHEtnwkeXIjGs©arüNas EdleKeLIg
ynþehaH ehIyehaHehIrBIRsukmYyeTARsukmYyeT[t . eXIjeKeZVIoeyIgRsém . EbkcanCaRsukERsman
edImetñat GñkERseZVIs, RsI>bukRsUv dUcKñaebHbitnwgrUbcmøakBIdUnta . ÉeBaZicintug ynþehaHRbtikmµ
el]n cMNayeBleTAhugkug qabCagCiHLaneTAes[mrabeTAeT[t . PaBTMenIb nigcasburaN zµInigcas
ynþehaHnigreTHeKa karel]neTAmux nigkaredIrzyeRkay . OmatuPUmi ! ObdibkS ! OkarvivtþénmnusS
elak. enHCakarRsemIRsémrbs` ßk*CakarBit . `xMRkeLkeTAemIlenAkEnøgmYyEdlxYrk|al`:n
caMza kalBIedImenATIenH manpÞHmYyEdl`Zøabmkelg . Et`mineXIjeKhdðaneZVIBIeQIRbkek|}gEdl
26
vaditCabkñúgstiGarmµN¾`enHeT . `sYrxøÜnÉgza pÞHenHvamanBitR:kdEmn ßmYyvaRKanEtCakarRsemI
Rsémrbs` / .
eKehAeyIgoeLIgLan . CakamIejENtkJ©asmYyEdl»sUrdUcLansm&yedIm . sMbknigmasIun
makGndUcKña . eKdwkeyIgeTAkanTIRkugPñMeBj . Lanbdivtþn¾dwkeyIg ebIkyWt>tampøÚveBaZicintug
d*sáatRCgMKµanmnusS . enAelIcieJ©ImzñlTaMgsgxagpøÚv yUr>eyIgeXIjmnusSesø{kexµABakexµAedIrCaRkum
4-5nak enACitKMnrexµacLan EdlmanesµAduHh)MuB&TÆ . pÞHsEm|geXIjeBareBjedaysPaBryIkryak
PaKeRcIn:kEbkbgÁÜj emIlswgEtmineXIjkñúgcMeNamrukÎCatiZMtUcEdlhakdUcCaRbNaMgKñaTRnÞanyk
kEnøgedIm|IeZVIoGVIEdlekIteLIgedaysarsñaédmnusS exÞcxÞIeTAvij . `nwkeXIjTIRkugEdleKTukecalkñúg
RbvtþisaRsþ KWeRb[bdUcPñMeBjEdl`kMBugeXIjenHÉgRsab .
LanebIkbeNþIr `xMemIlsgxagpøÚvbeNþIr . `nwkeXIjBImun `ZøabeZVIdMeNIrtampøÚvenHralézá
mankg mUtU Lan ebIkbrG)UrG hUrEhr . «LÚvpøÚveBaZicintug mansPaBsáatQwg . GñkRkk*mineXIj
Gñkmank*mineXIj eyIgeXIjEtpÞHGtmnusSenA . mkdlhYseragcRktm|ajbnþic `RkeLkrkemIlpÞHbg
` EdlsgenAxageqVgéd . kalsRg<am5qñaM ÓBukmþaybgbÁÚn`CaeRcInrsenAkñúgviLaenaH . `eRt[mrk
emIlehIyemIleT[t mYyEPøtenaH`eXIjpøÚvcUlpÞHesµAduHs)ubRTub . sYnc|arxagmux rukÎCatitUcZM duHeBj
TwkeBjdI dUcpÞHeKepSgeT[tEdr . `kMNtkñúgcitþza ÓBukmþay bgRbusTI1 nigPriya kUnKat2nak
bÁÚnRsI` nigbgbÁÚn kµÜyepSgeT[t EdlZøabrsenAkñúgpÞHenHmunPñMeBjZøakkñúgédExµrRkhm «LÚvGtenATIenH
eT[teT . etIKateTANaGs / `RBYy:rmÖnwkeXIjmindwgCayagemceT . `nwkeXIjdlsnþisuxRKYsar` .
enAtampøÚvGñkbrLandwkeyIgeKenAesá{mGtniyaysþIGVITaMgGs taMgBIecjBIeBaZicintugmk . `cabsgS&y.
`emIleXIjKatElgdUckal`nwksµanenAbreTseT[tehIy . `RbwgnwkKitedIm|Ioyl . `Kitza GñkebIkLan
enHRbEhlCaKatTukBYkeyIgEdleTIbmkdlRsuk CaBYkminsÁatsÁM RtUvRbugRby&tñehIyemIleTA :nCa
eZVIoKatmanGakb|kiriyaEbbenH . `nwkeXIjza `xusZMehIy . `nwksþayeRkay minKYrNaeLIy
ePøIdUecñHesaH . `nwkeXIjbgRbusTI1rbs` Kat:nXat`mþgehIymþgeT[t buEnþ`enAEtminRBmsþab .
bg`Katza `manmuxsøÚtbUtKYroRsLaj Et`xusBIbÁÚnKatepSgeT[t ecHEtEbkeqVg minecHenAesá{m
cgEtTUlEpndImñakÉg . Xat`Elg:n KatpþaM`oRby&tñ eRBaHKatmindwgCakEsþgvayagem¨cR:kdeT
k*buEnþKatza RsukeyIgsBVézávaminRsYleT .
sPaBkarN¾Edl`eXIjtaMgBICandIRsukExµrvijmk eZVIo`eC]za GVIEdlGñkeP[sxøÜnniyayKWCakar
BitTaMgGs . KitdlenH `:kTwkcitþ GssgÏwmTaMgRsug emIleXIjexµAGsrlIg . `RkeLkeTAelIemX
xMrkGVImYymkkmøacitþeLIgvij . `lYgxøÜnÉg caMemIlsin . RbEhlCaGñkdwknaMeKmanKMeragGIEdl`yl
min:n . RKanEteXIjbnþicbnþÜc eZVIkarvinicä&yPøamdUecñHvaminRtUveT . Gg<kareKniyayRtUvehIy .bJºasMxan
RsukeyIgKWksikmµ . ebIeyIgGacedaHRsaybJºaenH:nRsukeyIgnwgrIkcMerIneTAGnaKtminxaneLIy.
LanecHEteTAmux . GñkbrLanenAEtGtniyayGVICamYyeyIgdEdl . KatminecHExµreTßyagemc /
ézáenH`:neRKagTukzaCaézámYyBiesssMrabCIvit eRBaHCaézáEdl`:ncUlmkdlRsukkMeNIt`
vij . «LÚvézáBiessenH vaBiessEmn buEnþminEmnCaTivaBiessCaRbvtþisaRsþénCivit` dUc`:nKitTuk
27
enaHeT . minEmnCaézásb|ayrIkrayEdl:nmkeXIjRsuk CYbCMuRKYsarbgbÁÚnEdl`:nrgcaMCag10qñaM
mkehIyenaHeT . BYkeK:nlYcbøn`ykézáEdlRtUvEtrIkrayokøayeTAézád*CUrctdUecñHeTAvij .
minKYrNaesaH GñkEdl:necjeTARsuk eXIjdUecñHehIyKµaneZVIsJÃaNamYyoeyIgdwg . Et
pÞúyeTAvij eKenAEtelIkTwkcitþGnÞgeyIgcUlRsuk . `nwkeXIj enAeBlzµI>enH eBlelakkattamRkug
:rIs semþc sIhnu RBHGg<:nRbkasKaMRTenARKbkal;eTs; nigRKbTIkEnøgdlbdivtþn¾ nigrdðGMNac
km¬úCaRbCaZibetyü .
eyIgminyleRBaHvahYsBIkarsµan . `emIlmux éh Kwms)ag, marIna emIleXIjKñaehIy eyIgk*
dakEPñkeTAvij eyIgGt:nhamatniyayGVITaMgGs . minKYrNaeLIy eKeZVI:beyIgdUecñHesaH . BYkeK
mkdlmuneyIg eKeXIjdUceyIgEdrßeT / ebIeXIjdUceyIgGIcwgehIy emck*GñkEdl:necjBIRsukeKGt
eZVIsJÃaGIodwgesaH . emck*enAEtGMBavnavoRbBnÆkUn mitþPkþimkeT[t .
`cgERskyM . emXekþAEcs RsLHeZg . Gav`esImejIseCaKdUcRtUvTwkePø{g . `emIleTA
sgxagpøÚveXIjTidðPaBdEdl pÞHTukecalGtmnusSenA pøÚvGtmnusSedIr esµAduHBaseBj eZVIorlubpøÚvcUl
pÞHnimYy> . `emIlpgeZVIkareRb[beZ[bnwgrUbPaB Edl`:nkMNtTukkñúgGarmµN¾`pg . nwkeTAvatwg
k|aleBk `RkeLkeTAelIemX . emXlºelºv ex[vRsgat . `nwkeXIjeBl`emIlemXkalenABIkumar
CamYyÓBuk` . Katza kñúgvalvdþisgSar sgÎaKµanGVIeT[gTateT . `GtylGIeTkalenaH . Et«LÚvBakü
enHvaRtUvEmn . `KiteXIjeBl`CYbKatCacugeRkay enAeBaZicintugmþgeT[t . `nwkeXIjmþay` . `
RskTwkEPñk . `nwkza eZVIemc:nCYbRKYsar bgbÁÚn`bnþick*`GscitþEdr .
`eXIjbkSITaMghVÚgehIryagqáayelIGakas . `nwkza BYkeKmansMNagNasmansøabGacehIr
:n . ebI`mansøabdUceK `nwgehIreTA:tPøam . buEnþmansemøgmYyecjBIxøÜn`xSwbR:b`za “lµmdwgxøÜn
ehIyGaePøI lµmecHEckkarBitnigkarylsbþiehIy ÉgcUlcitþEtrsenAtamkarRsém smmuxÉgehIy! ”.
LankamIjÚENt :nQbenAmatTVarénGaKard*ZMmYy . `s<alza GaKarenHkalBIedImCaviTüa
sæanbec©keTsmitþPaBExµr-sUev[t . sMNgenH KW RKuteqv GK<elxabkSkumµúynisþsUev[t pþlCaCMnYy
zVaysemþc neratþm sIhnu . eKoeyIgcuHBILanehIyedIrcUleTAkñúgGaKarenaH . enABImuxeyIgeRkam
GaKarTI1EdlkalBIedImCalMenAsMrabBYksaRsþacarüsUev[t eyIgeXIjmanmnusSmYycMnYn hakdUcCakMBug
emIleyIgedIrtMrgeTABYkeK . dleBleyIgedIreTAkanEtCit eyIgeXIjeKmñak>esø{kBakexaGavexµArEhk
ryIkryakdUcknÞb . eyIgs<alzaBYkeKsuTÆEtmkBIbreTs . eyIgP\akxøÜneRBItZøakezøImKþúk esÞIrxülKsnøb
:tsµartI EteyIgxMRbwgjjwmeTAeK ehIyeKhakdUcCajjwmtbmkeyIgvijminecj . eyIgEbkKñaminTan
:nmYyqñaMpg emIlKñaswgElgs<aleTAehIy . hYsBIkarsµan Kitmindl . mñak>s<mslEtEs|k nig
qÁwg . z¬leLIgpt GñkxøHeLIgragekag xøHekItCmáWEs|kdMe¶ ekItERsg ekItPøW xøHeZµjeLIgexµA xøHeT[t
RKh)ub . `nwkeXIjrUbztBYkhSIv (Juive) slBIsøabkalBIsRg<amelakelIkTI2 . mñak>manGakb|kiriya
dUcCamnusSmkBIPBmYyepSgeT[t EbøkRsLHBIkalEdleyIgZøabs<al . GñkERsBIedIm KatKµanrUbrag
dUecñHeT enHdUcmnusSecjBIfannrkGJ©wg .
kalBIenARsuk:raMg eKR:bzaBYkeyIgmkbreTs eKoeTAsMrakenAviTüasæanKruekaslü . viTüasæan
KruekaslüEdl`Zøabs<alsæitenACitvimanÉkraCü . «LÚvenH`dUcCaElgylGIGsrlIgehIy . mñak>
28
manTwkmuxmaM . eKElgecHjjwmrYsrayehIy . ebIecHjjwmk*GtjjwmecjEdr EteKxMeZVItamsMbk
eRkA . ehtuGVIk*mñak>pøasbþÚrrUbPaBrh&semøH / GñkxøHmaDmaMCakILakr «LÚvkøayxøÜndUcmnusSCitdacxül
eTAvij .
`ecHEtKnemIlERkgeXIjPriya` . k*buEnþ`GtTanrkeXIjeT . `smøwgemIl rkmitþPkþiCitsñiTÆ
ERkgeKGacR:b`odwgGVI:nxøH . `mindwgCaGñkNaGacR:b´`:n . BImunmanGñkCitdit Et«LÚvdUc
minc|asesaH . `rkemIlnrNamñakEdlmanTwkmux bJ¢akza `GacniyayCamYyeK:n . emIlcuHemIl
eLIg `enAEtminh)an . caMemIlsPaBkarN¾bnþiceT[tsin eRBaHeZVIminRsYlxøacxusq<g . GñkEdl`CYb
GtmannrNah)anniyaydUcmuneT . eKeZVIoeyIgylza eKmincgoeyIgmankarTakTgeKdUcBImuneLIy.
eRkaymkeTIbetyIgdwgza “smUhPaBCaEPñkmñas ” eKtamdanemIlKñaeTAvijeTAmk . mYysnÞúHeRkaymk
`RkeLkeXIjPriya`BIcmáay Katk*emIlmk`vijEdr . `nwksgÏwmza KatRbEhlCanwgedIrmkrk`ehIy
eRBaHBYkeTIbmkdl eKocaMenATIenH . EtRKanEteXIjmYyEPøt Katk*bnþdMeNIrCamYyRkumKat:teTA .
`xkcitþehIykanEtxVlEzmeT[t .
eKR:boeyIgedIreTAkEnøgmYyEdlmantueRcIner[bCaCYr> . TIenaHCakEnøghUb:ysmUhPaB .
enACitkEnøghUb:ysmUhPaB mancRg,an:ysmUhPaB . mancRg,anZMb>bI . elIcRg,anBIrmanxÞHetñat
enABIelIePøIgBuHkeRJ¢alhuyEpSgRTub . GñkeZVI:ysuTÆEtRsI> . tamPasabdivtþn¾ eKoehARsI>za “narI” .
narI4-5nak kMBughanbEnø ßeZVIenHeZVIenaHenAkñúgcRg,an . GñkTaMgenaHsuTÆEtBYkEdl`Zøabs<alBImun k*
buEnþeBleXIjeyIg eKminmkrakTaksYrsuxTukÎGITaMgGs . `RKanEtemIlmuxeK ehIyk*Gth)ansYrnaMGVI
Edr eRBaHeXIjzaeKmincgoeyIgniyayesrICamYy . “eha”enACamYyeyIgrhUtkñúgfan;KatCaRbZanmnÞIr
EdlcattaMgeLIgeday “PMu” . kalenA:rIs `Zøabs<alKat . kalBIedImKatZøaber[nenAshrdðGaemrik
xagbec©keTsciJ©wmstV . RtLbcUlkm¬úCavij KatRtUv:nEtgtaMgeZVICacaghVagmnÞIrciJ©wmstV CMnYy
Cbunpþlokm¬úCaCMnansemþcsIhnu niglnnl . kñúgfan;KatCaGñkbec©keTsciJ©wmstV enAeBlenaH
KatminEdlecjmuxeZVIneya:yeT . KatCamRnþIZmµtamYyrUbEdlRsLajmuxkarCaCMnajrbsxøÜn . eBl
enaHKatmanragRkGajmaM ehIyEtgmanesckþIrIkray TnPønCabCanic© . «LÚvrUbPaBenHvadUrGsehIy.
KatdUcCaBssk manEs|kzµIRKbelIqÁwg muxeLIgpt GseZµjmux . PriyaKat Guin supun CabÁÚnrbs
evC¢bNÐit Guin sUkan . CanarIEdlZøaber[nBUEkEdr edayKatmansJÃabR&tvisVkrbec©keTs ehIys<al
mnÞIrk15enHc|asNas eRBaHKatCaGtItnisSitvisVkrenATIenHEtmþg EdlkalBIedImeQµaHehAza “viTüasæan
bec©keTsmitþPaBExµr-sUev[t ”.
eKR:bodwgza enAkñúgmnÞIrk15enH eyIgGacedIr:nTisxagt|ÚgdlrbgenAtambeNþaymhavizI
PñMeBj eBaZicintug . TisxaglicGacedIrdlrbgGaKarmYyEdleKsµanzaCamnÞIrCYsCuleRK]gPaBynþ
CMnankm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü eRBaHeBlxøHeKGac»sUrsemøgkunEdleKbJ©aMgsakl|g . TisxageCIg BIrEx
dMbUg eKGacedIr:nEtRbmaNémÖEmRtBIGaKarbueNÑaH . EtdleRkaymkeT[t eKoeyIgeTAkab´q,aredImeQI
eZVIesµA ruHerIpÞH sMGatdI edIm|IeZVICasYnbEnø nigeZVIERs . BIeBlenaHmk enATisxageCIg eyIgGacedIrdlpøÚv
reTHePøIg ebIKitCacmáayRbEhl500EmRt BIkEnøgeyIgenA . ÉxagekItvij eyIgGacedIr:nRtwmEtGaKar
TI2 . eyIgminGacedIr:nhYsBIenHeT . GaKarZMxagekIt EdleKhameyIgminoedIreTACitenaH kalBI
29
edImeLIyCaGaKarviTüasæanbec©keTsmitþPaBExµr-sUev[t . BIedImkUnsisSmker[nRtUvcUltampøÚvenH Edl
manpøaksresrGkSrZM>dakza “viTüasæanbec©keTsmitþPaBExµr-sUev[t ”. «LÚvpøakenHeKdkecj:tehIy.
kñúgCMnanExµrRkhm kEnøgenHCaTIsñakkarsalaneya:yrbsGg<karbdivtþn¾ Edlman Pum CaGñkTTYl
xusRtUvsalaneya:yrbsbkS .
sYr eha xMtaMgxøÜnKatCamnusSzµI . TaMgragkay esø{kBak Gakb|kiriya hUbcuk niyaysþI
suTÆEtzµITaMgGs . KatbgkRkma . niyaydUckmµaPi:lExµrRkhm xøaMgkøadacxat minRsBicRsBil
minsRmuHsRmYl . KatQbeRbIBaküza “`sMuniyay” EtCMnYseday “eyIg`sMueZVIóeTÞsnam” . “`”Ca
buK<lniym É “eyIg” CasmUhPaB . dUecñHedayGg<kardakEpnkarkMeTcbuK<lniym eyIgRtUveRbIBakü
za “eyIg`” vij .
Gg<karcattaMg “ehar” omkENnaMeyIgRCYtRCabBImaK(aneya:yEdleyIgRtUvGnuvtþn¾ . Katniyay
za <<edayyktamKMrUkarlHbgrbsRbCaCnkm¬úCaCaTIesñharbseyIg EdlQrelImaK(aÉkraCüm©askar
xøÜn TIBwgxøÜn xøÜnkankabvasnaedayxøÜnÉg eyIgk*:nsMercvaysMrukbg,beg,InplenAkñúgmnÞIrrbseyIg edIm|I
o:nRKbRKanxages|{gGahar kMuoenACaTmánrbsGg<kareyIg . taMgBIeyIg:nsMercGnuvtþn¾EpnkarEdl
Gg<kar:nENnaMdakcuHenHmk eyIg:nsMerclTÆplKYrCaTIemaTn;PaB. enACMuvijGaKarenH eyIg:nBYtéd
KñavaysMrukkabKasykzµecj edIm|IrMedaHykdImkbg,beg,Inpl . eyIg:ndaMbEnøRKbmuxdUcCa saLat
és¬ Rtsk nenag RtLac eXøak .l. eyIgnwgxMerI pÞHcas>ecjoGs edIm|ImanOkaseZVIBlkmµ
ltdMxøÜneyIgo:neTACaCnbdivtþn¾pg nigbg,beg,Inpl edIm|IÉkraCüm©askarN¾ QbCiHCanRbCaCneyIg
eT[tpg . sMukMuePøcza rhUtdlsBVézáenH eyIgEdlCabJÃCn minTanGacrsenAedayÉkraCü m©askarN¾
enAeLIyeT . eyIgenARtUvkarkaróbtæmÖBIRbCaCn edIm|IciJ©wmkarhUbcukRbcaMézárbseyIg>> .
enAeBlEdl “ehar” kMBugsURtemer[noeyIgsþab `ecalEPñkenACMuvij` . kalBImunGaKarTaMgBIr
enHman5Can eZVIeLIgmYycMENksMrabosaRsþacarürusSIúEdlmanebskkmµmkkm¬úCakñúgRkbx&NÐshRbtibtþi
karExµr-sUev[t rsenA ÉmYycMENkeT[tCazñaker[n . hYsBIenHbnþicmanGaKarmYyeT[tEdlmanragsÁat
CagenH CamnÞIrcatkar nigsal Amphitheâtre . xageRkayqáayBIenH manbwgRBlwt ehIyhYsBIbwg
enH enAmanpÞHmYycMnYnsgeLIgenACitpøÚvreTHePøIg . enAmuxGaKarTaMgenHkalBIedImmansYnc|arRbkbeday
p,aRKbmux ebIRkeLkemIleTAkñúgTwk eKeXIjmanp,aQUk edImRBlwt EdlEpøp,aRKbrdUv . k*b¨uEnþ«LÚvenH
eyIgGteXIjmanp,aeT[tehIy . eyIgeXIjmanzñaldaMbEnøRKbmux . sUm|IEtTIlanelg:lTH k*eK
ykeZVICakEnøgdaMbEnøEdr . beg<aldakés| eKdaMnenag ßRtLac emIleTARssbMRBgmanEpøBaseBj .
ÉCYrsENþkeRTIgk*duHlÁNasEdr . eKeXIjmanGñkkMBugEteRsacdakCIelx1 . ehar sURtemer[nbnþ
za “eyIgKasedImeQIGtRbeyaCn¾ecjGsehIy . eyIgxMsMrukdaMEtbEnøbg,ar nigedImeQIoplykmk
hUb:n . ÉkEnøgeZVIkILaeyIgKasrMelIgecalesÞIrGsehIy . ralézáeyIgeZVIBlkmµtaMgBIRBlwmdl
yb . eZVIBlkmµk*dUcCahatkILaEdr eRbIkmøaMgdUcKña . dUecñHehIy:nCaGg<kareyIgQbomankILacMNay
kmøaMgecal«tRbeyaCn¾ . kñúgsg<mbdivtþn¾eyIg eyIgmñak>eZVIkILaralézá . vaxusKñaRtgkEnøgeyIg min
cMNaykmøaMgBlkmµRbjayKñarttam:ldUcBImun . ebIézáNakarRbkYtkILaGULaMBik eKsMercomankar
RbkYtRbNaMgKñasÞÚgRsUv km¬úCaRbCaZibetyüeyIgnwgcUlrYmoc|asCa:nemdaymas ”.
30
eyIgnaMKñasþabmitþeharrbseyIgsURtemer[n eZVIkargarstiGarmµN¾eyIgedaysáatesá{m Gth)an
sYr Gth)anRbEkk ßlanmatGVITaMgGs . bnþiceRkaymk enAkEnøghUb:ydEdl eyIgRkeLkeXIj
kumareyaZaBIrnakedIrtRmgeTArkkEnøgEdleyIgTukv¨alI . mñak>s¬aykaMePøIgenAelIsµa esÞIrEtcgGUsdI
edIredaysáatesá{m . ekµgTaMgBIrGayuyageRcIn16qñaM . kumarTaMgBIr CakumareyaZa . eK:nmkCYb
eharR:bza Gg<karoBYkeKmkEqkv¨alIBYkeyIgeTIbmkdl . eKedIrmkCiteyIg EteKGtemIlmuxBYkeyIg
eT rYceKcabebIkv¨alIEqkemIl«v¨aneyIg . v¨alIxøHeKyk«v¨anecjGs . v¨alIxøHeT[t eKykecjxøH .
eKEqkmþgmYy> eday«tmanniyay ßsYrnaMGITaMgGs . eKEqkeXIjv¨alIRsI> maneXIjGavRTnab
exasøIb ykmkBIRsuk:raMg eKhakdUcCamindwgzasMrabykmkeZVIGI . eKykviTüú masIunztsemøg
masIunztrUb eRkABIenHeKebIkes[vePAemIl . EtedayCaPasabreTs eKRbEhlCaminyleT . buEnþeK
ykes[vePAGanxøHEdr k*b¨uEnþeKminykTaMgGseT . eKykeTATukedIm|ITukmUr:rI ßk*sMrabykeTAkit
Gacm¾ . `eC]za ebIRbsinNaGg<karoykes[vePA tamZmµtaeKykTaMgGsehIy eKminEmnykxøH TukxøH
dUecñHeT . eyIgemIlmuxKñaeyIg EdleTIbmkBIbreTsdUcKñaeTAvijeTAmk . eyIgxwgxøaMgNas . ézáenH
CaézámYyEdl`kalmunmkdl :nKitTukza CaézáEdl`nwg:nsb|ayrIkrayCYbCMuRKYsarenAkñúgRsuk
kMeNItrbs`eLIgvij pÞúyeTAvijvakøayeTACaézámYyEdl`mincgonrNamñakCYbRbTHesaHeLIy .
EqkeqrcbsBVRKbehIy kumareyaZak*naMKñaeTAvijedayminePøcnaMykeTACamYynUv«v¨anmYycMnYn
EdleKcatTukzaCa “«v¨ansgS&y ”. eyIger[bcMdak«v¨aneyIgeTAkñúgv¨alIvij ehIyenArgcaMkEnøgdEdl
xSwbsYrKñaeTAvijeTAmkza “eKoeyIgeZVIGIeT[tehIy ”. mþgeT[t eyIgdwgxøÜnza eyIgzyeRkayvijElgekIt
ehIy . manGñkeZVIdMeNIrmkCamYy`mñak:nxSwbR:bza kalenAeBaZicintugKat»sUreyaZamñak niyay
edayemaTnPaBza “Gg<karBUEkNas ebIcg:nBINacUlRsukehIy TukCaenATVIbNak*Gacxabmkvij
:nEdr ” »sUrdUecñH eyIgrwtEtGssgÏwmxøaMgeLIgEzmeT[t . GVI>EdlZøabKitBImun varlayGsrlIg .
enAbreTseyIgcatTukBYkeyaZa zaCaBYkkøahan h)anlHbgCIvitedIm|IkarBarCati nigRbCaBlrdð . dl
eBlmkeXIjCakEsþg eyIgZøakezøIm xkcitþ . eKminEmnCavIrbursEdleyIgEtg:n»sUr dUckalenAeRkA
RsukeT .
esckþIGssgÏwmmYyeT[t KW`sYrxøÜnÉgmþgehIymþgeT[t etIBYkEdl`s<al ehIyxøH`catTukCa
mitþPkþi Edl:nmkeXIjkarBitCakEsþgdUecñHehIy emc:nCaeBlCYbenAeRkARbeTs eKenAEtCMrujoBYk
eyIgcUlRsukeT[t / etIeKenAEteC]RCHRsLH TaMgTsSn; TaMgstiGarmµN¾Emn ßk*eKbgÎMxøÜnoeZVIdUecñH/
mYyvijeT[tBYkGñkEdlcUlRsukmun` CaBiessBYkEdlcaMTTYlBYkeyIgmkdlzµI eKmñak>man
critEbøkxusBImunRsLH etIeKdUrEmnßk*eKRtUvEteZVIdUecñH / GVIEdlcEmøkGs©arüEzmeT[tenaHKWGakb|kiriya
rbsb)unnI Priya`Etmþg . `mkdlyUrEdrehIy enAEtmineXIjKatmkrk` . `mkzµIminh)anedIrreht
rhUteT . eKminoeyIgedIrehIrtamcitþeLIy . munenHbnþic`:neXIjKatBIcmáaymYyEPøt . eXIjKat
edIrCamYyeKÉg . KatgakmuxemIlmk` TwkmuxesµI ehIyk*bnþdMeNIreTAmuxeT[teTA . KµansJÃaNamYy za
mannrNmñako`dwgza eKrIkrayeday:nCYb`esaH sUm|IEtPriya` k*`dwgza Katminsb|aycitþnwg
eXIj`eT . `eXIjKateLIgs<m `nwkPøamsþayeRkayminKYrNaeLIy elIkTwkcitþocUlRsukesaH .
31
eBlsáatbnþic `edIrBIr-bICMhanecjeTAenAeRkamedImGMBilmYyenAxagliceq[gxageCIgénGaKar
EdleKoeyIgenAcaM . ZatuGakasenAEtekþAEhgdEdl zVIt|itEtézáeRCyUreTAehIyk*eday . `emIlnaLikar
éd emag5láacemagenAPñMeBj . ZatuGakaskanEtekþAyUr køinsÁúykanEtocMhaysÁúymut . ÉruyexµAZM>
CaruyeramGacm¾vaehIrBaseBj . BYkvabeJ©jsemøgxøaMgkøaenAEk|rbg<nbdivtþn¾ . bg<nTaMgenHeKeZVIBI
eQICab´>KñaputBIdI ehIydakZugsaMgRTBIeRkam . lamkeKykeTAlayepH eZVICaCIrelx1 . Twkenam
CaCIrelx2 . eRkayBI:nEbrmuxeTATIZøaxagpøÚveBaZicintug `cabGarmµN¾eXIjkumartUc>mYyRkumkMBug
júaM:y . manRsþImñakenAemIlxusRtUv . zVIt|itEtKatkatskxøIkþI esø{kBakexµAdUceKdUcÉg ehIys<m
Cagmun `enAEts<alKatc|as . `dwgza KatCa “can ” cUlRsukCiHynþehaHCamYyb)unnI . eBleXIj
Kat `GrNas k*sÞúHeTAsYr EteBlKateXIj` KatEbrCaeZVImineXIjeTAvij .
-emcsuxsb|ayeT / (`sYrKat)
-suxsb|ay! (KateqøIytbmkvijyagkMbut edIm|Io`dwgza KatmincgbnþniyayKñateTAeT[teT)
`eXIjdUecñHminGscitþ eRBaHZøab´s<alKñayUrmkehIy k*sYrbEnæm
-suxsb|ayEmnETn / GtmancgniyayGICamYy`eT / (`sYrKatbJ¢ak )
-emccgdwgGIeT[t ebI`za`suxsb|ay (KateqøIymkvijedaykMbut)
-sUpanenAÉNa / (`sYrdMNwgBIsVamIKat)
-ecjeTA:tehIy (KateqøIy)
-ecjeTANa:t / `sYreT[t
-`Gtdwg, KateqøIy
kalenA:rIs RKYsareyIgTaMgBIrCitditKñaNas . enAeBlTMenr eyIg:nCYbKñaCajwkjab .
sUpan bþIKatCavisVkrecjBIsalad*l|ImYyenARsuk:raMg ehIykalBIsg<mKatCacaghVageZVIRtakT&renA
kMBgesam .
eRkayenHbnþic b)unnI :nmkCYb` . eBlKatmkCit `rMePIbeBkcgsÞúHeTAsñiTÆsñalKatdUceyIg
manTmøabeZVIkalBImun . buEnþKateZVIo`ylza Rby&tñeKcaMemIleyIg . eyIgGth)anbHBalKñaeT ehIyQr
enAqáayBIKña . bnÞabBI:nsYrsuxTukÎRKYsareyIgenAbreTs b)unnI sYr`za etI`manhUb:yo:neBj
eBaHßeT / `eqøIyza `elbminrYc . Katxkcitþ ehIyR:bo`xMelbeTA bnþiceT[teKElgoBYkmkdlzµI
hUb:yehIy ehIymkhUbbbrrav>dUcRKb´Kña . xan:n:yhUbyUrKatXøanNas . “RsémeXIj
:y`RskTwkmat ” Katniyay . »sUrKatniyaydUecñH `GYledImk k*buEnþ`EdlminTandleBlGt
dUcKat Kitmin:ndleT .
KatsYr`eT[tza etI`maneqø{tyknM:raMgnigs,rRKabBIk:lehaHmkxøHeT /
-ykmkbnþicbnþÜc . Gtdwgza RtUvkarGJ©wg, `eqøIy
-xMsnSMsMécTukxøÜnÉgxøHeTA kMuEckcayoGsBIxøÜn manbunµank*minRKanEdr ehIyEckminRsYl
c|asCaRcENnKñaeT[t . BIrbIézáeT[txøÜnÉgRtUvkarehIy . eKmanR:boeTAenAÉNaehIyßenA /
-eKGtTanR:bpg . emceKGtoeyIgenACamYyKñaeTßyagemc /
32
-mindwgeKsMercyagemceT buEnþeKoeyIgeTAenACamYyKñaßenAEbkKña eyIgRtUvEteZVItameK . kMuTam
Tar kMusMNUmBr ßesñIsMuGIeRkABIeKdakoeyIgeZVItamoesaH . sþabeKeTAebIeKoeyIgeZVIGI eZVIhñwgeTA
GteZVIecH eZVIdwg eZVIxVlGVITaMgGs . Gg<kareKcaMév¨CMhreyIg . ebIkalNaeyIgminsþabeK eKzaeyIg
TnRCay ßyagenH yagenaH . ebIeKoenAEbkKña k*enAEbkKñasineTA . ebIeKoeyIgenACMruMCamYyKña
vaRKanebINaseTAehIy . emcminBi:keBkeTßyagemc / buNÑwgRTaM:neT /
-Bi:kvaBi:kehIy . RTaM:nßmin:n eyIgGtmanGIerIseRkABIRTaMeT . eyIgxMRTaMdUceKdUcÉg.
`cgyks,rRKaboKat k*buEnþKatR:bolakTuksin kMuoeKeXIj . KatR:b`bEnæmza enA
TIenHeKykrUbPaBCaZM . kMuniyayelIkdI kMuniyayykédRctceg,H dUc`manTmøab . eKzaCaGakb|kiriya
Tahancas . RtUver[nsURteZVIGakb|kiriya edIrehIr hUbcuk dUcksikr . :nn&yza eZVIdUcBYkExµrRkhmtMrUv
oeyIgeZVI . karmintÁÚjEtÁr sµartIhñwgnrbsRbBnÆ` eZVIo`P\akEmnETn . eRBaHKatminEdlKitKUr
neya:yeT . KatcUl FUNK edaysareKÉgcUl k*cUltameKtamÉgb¨ueNÑaH ehIyKatcUlRsuk
edaysar`CMrujKatBIeRkay . «LÚvdleBleXIj` KatGtmanbenÞas tÁÚjEtÁrGVITaMgGs EtpÞúyeTAvij
KatxMelIkTwkcitþ`eTAvij . enHCaGakb|kiriyamYykøahanRTaMRTcMeBaHkarlM:k d*KYros\bEs\g . ebI`
CaKatvij `minCaRTaMRTkarlM:kdUcKat:nßGteT .
ézácablicbeNþIr> emXk*GnekþA . bnþicmþg>eKeXIjBYkBlkrnaMKñacUlBIkardðanenACMuvijmnÞIr.
`mindwgeKeTAeZVIGVIxøHeT . EtGñkxøHxøÜnTTwkeCaK GñkxøHeT[tRbLakPkBIk|aldleCIg htehvTnelVIy
TwkmuxCamnusSGssgÏwm . `nwkeXIjkal`ZøabeXIjBYkeKBImun ehIy`ecHEtsYrxøÜnÉg ehtudUcemþc
:nCaBYkEdl:nrs ß:neRkbCJ¢ksæannrkenHehIy EbrCaeTACYyxagGg<karykbgbÁÚn mitþPkþixøÜn
ocUlmkeZVIGVIeT[t / `mineC]zaBYkGñkEdleyIgCYbenAbreTs eZVIedaymaneKalbMNgsgswk cgeZVI:b
eyIgeT . eKPUtPrkuhkedaysuTÆcitþ / ehIy`k*mineC]za eKeTAek[gKreyIgBIbreTs ßBIPñMeBj edayeK
bgÎitbgÎMeT . eRBaHeRkaymkdlqñaM1979 eBlPñMeBjZøakehIy GñkdEdlenAxMeTAeK[gKreXasnao
mitþPkþixøÜncUlmkbMerIGg<kardEdl .
BYkeyIgTaMg40nak eKminTanbJ¢aoeTAenAÉNaeT . eKoeyIgqabhUb:y oehIysin . Twkmux
mñak> EbrCaRsLaMgkaMgrkylminTaneXIj . GñkxøHBYnyM . KµannrNamYyesIcecjeT[teLIy . kumarI
kUn manIra KIrIv¨at yMTamTareTA:rIsvij . ÉmþayxMlYgkUn . éh Kwmsag CaÓBukenAesá{m smøwgemIleTA
dImindwgzaemc . KatxSwbza KatZøabs<alRbeTssg<mniymCaeRcIn ehIyZøabenARsukcin RsuksUev[t
enAKuy: KatminEdlsµanRsukeyIgGIxuseKTaMgRsugyagenHesaH . eTaHCaÓBukmþayxMlYgyagemc k*
nagenAEtyMTamTareTAenACamYyCIdUnvijdEdl . CIdUnnag elakRsI hYt sm|tþi Kat:nsMerccitþenA
:rIs mincUlRsukvijeT .
enAeBlCithUb:y eKcakceRm[gbdivtþn¾ kMdrbriyakas Edlmann&y “RbCaCnkm¬úCa taMgBI
rMedaHmkmansuPmg<l rsenAkñúgsg<mzµI km¬úCaRbCaZibetyü eKTaMgLayrsenAedayesrI manhUbcuk
RKbRKan mansemø{kbMBaksmrmü edaysarGg<karbdivtþn¾d*mhaPøWsVag mhaGs©arü ”. bTceRm[geK
ebIkyag» hakdUcCaeKcgoeyIgylza sæannrkEdleyIgkMBugqøgkatenH ebIsinCaeyIgemIleXIjza
33
CasæannrkenaH eyIgmanelakTsSn;xus EtebIeyIgemIleXIjzaCasæansYK(dUcbTceRm{grbsGg<kar
eTIbeyIgmaneKalCMhrRtwmRtUv .
kEnøghUb:y manmnusSmkCYbCMuKñaehIy . kñúgfan;eyIgCaGñkeTIbmkdlzµI eKer[bcMtu:y
edayELkBIsmaCikénmnÞIrepSgeT[t . eyIghUb:yCarbbeP\{v . eyIgman:y nigmºÚbBIrmux ; smør
m¢ÚrRtkYn nigqap,aRBlwt . eyIgeXIjGñkhUb:ytuCiteyIg hUbbbrmanBN(exµARBIk . eyIgdwgxøÜnza
BYkeKRkeLkmkemIleyIgGñkmkdlzµI hUbmYy>edayRskTwkmatCMnYs .
muncabepþImGñktMNagGg<kar:nEzøgsunÞrkzaTTYlsVaKmn¾eyIgyagOLaßk “Gg<karbdivtþn¾Edl
esñhaeyIgRKb>Kñad*mhima :neZVIBlikmµebHBImat ebHBIk edIm|Ier[bcMCbel[gTTYlBYkeyIgEdleTIb
nwgmkdlzµI . kñúgkarév¨lukedIm|IsMercEpnkar3 etanmYyhikta bgbÁÚneyIgkñúgshkrN¾ecHRTaMRTkar
lM:k GtmantÁÚjEtÁrGVITaMgGs . kMuePøcza eyIgTaMgGsKñacUlRsuk edIm|Imker[nsURtBIbgbÁÚnksikr
nigkmµkr . `sgÏwmza mitþEdleTIbEtmkdlzµI nigGbGrsaTrvaytémøx¬s nUvsNþancitþd*Bisidðrbs
Gg<kareyIgEdler[bcM:yCbel[gbgbÁÚnenH ”.
eyIgGg<úysþabsunÞrkzaedaysábsáat . enACit`ekµgCMTgmñak:nlanmatza smørenHZMukøinGIk*
GaRkkemøH / smørenHGtmansacRtIRsseT . kalenAbreTs ÓBukKatEtgniyayza RsukeyIgsMbUrRtI
Nas . CakarBitehIy smørenHGtmanGIdUceyIgZøabhUbBIedImeT . smørm¢ÚrRtkYndakRbhuk EdlZMukøin
sÁúyKYroex¬Im . RbhukEbbenHeKrk:nenAtampÞHGñkPñMeBjTukecal . yUr>eyIgRbTHeXIjdMuEs|kRtIR: .
`sµanRbehleg[tRtIR:EdleKerIs:nehIyemIleTA .
`eqøIyR:bvijza “xMhUbeTA ebIhUbsmørmincUl hUbqaeTA”. hUb:yrYcPriya`mkCit`xSwbsYr
za “`hUb:n:yb¨unµancan/ ” `eqøIyza “:nmYycanGtXøan”Katza“cabBIEsÁkeTARtUvxMhUbo:nyag
ticBIrcaneTIbZnrYc . xMjúaM:yeTA enATaneBleKohUb bnþiceT[teKohUbbbrdUceKdUcÉgehIy eBl
enaH:ndwgxøÜnsþayeRkay eBlman:yminxMTTYlTan . yUrNasehIyEdl`xan:nhUb:y . »sUrEt
:yRskTwkmat `Rsém:n:yhUbmindwgqáajyagemceT ”. KatniyayBaküenHedaymanTwkmuxrlIg
relag .
smþIenHeZVIo`GYledImk rkniyayecjminrYc . tamBit:yEdleKoeyIgTTYlTanenH min
cMCa:yeT . zabbreQµaldUcRtUvCag . ÉGg,reT[tesat k*manlayRKabRsUvyageRcIn ehIyman
KuNPaBGnNas .
ybbnþicmk eKR:b`oykv¨alIeLIgeTACanTIbIénGaKarCabnwgerag:y . bnÞbenHkalBIedIm
eKsgsMrabBYksaRsþacarüenA . «LÚúvenHeKoBYkeyIgEdlKµanRKYsarsMNakenAkñúg3 ß4nakkñúgmYybnÞb .
mkdlbnÞb´ `dakxñgelIERkedk emIlBidan emIlGMBUlEmRtEdlmanExSePøIgryIkryak . cabepþImraRtI
TI1kñúgRsukeyIgvij . enABidan ExS GMBUlePøIg manstVmmgrabminGsecamePøIg . hakdUcCavaRbNaMg
KñaelgCamYyePøIg GñkNaBUEkCageK bHePøIgmuneK GñkhñwgRKanebI . stVxøHeT[tminTan:neTAdlePøIgpg
k*RtUvCIgck nigEzøn EdlmanBaseBj Rt:ksIuCacMNI . eXIjdUecñH`eRb[beZ[bnwgvasnaBYk` Edl
xMmkBIbreTs minKYrNaeLIy eyIgeZVIdUcstVmmgdUecñHesaH . `dwgxøÜnza `minGacvilzyeRkay:neT.
`cabepþImrsenAkñúgkarXMuXaMg EdlRtUvhatrsenA KµanGtItkal KµanGnaKtkal .
34
BYkGñkdwknaMExµrRkhm cattukkarEdleKGacxabBYkeyIgcUlRsuk:n CaC&yCMnHrbseK . ebIeK
dakTisoeyIgmkehIy enARKbRcklºkeCIgemXÉNa k*eKxabRsUbykmk:nEdr . BaküxabRsUbenH
CaBaküeKeRbIkñúger]gburaN . GñkmanbuNükabminmut dutminecH dUcGg<karGaceZVIGVIk*:nEdr . eKRsUb
eyIgdUcmasIunbUmsMramRsUbZUlI . mYyvijeT[t`nwkeXIjeBlcuHBIynþehaHenAeBaZicintug . GtmannrNa
eTATTYl . mnusSmñaTaMgRsI TaMgRbus esø{kBakexµA . `ZøabeXIjtamrUbzt EtdleBlmkCYbpÞal
ZøakezøImkþúk RBWk|alcgZøakBIsµa . enAtampøÚveBaZicintugsáatQwg . pÞHbgRbus`eLamB&TÆedayrukÎCati
BaseBjesÞIrEtKµanpøÚvcUl . `nwkeXIjsmþICneP[sxøÜn Edl`mineC]kalenA:rIs . `nwkeXIjBakü
rbseG[g sarI Edl`xMeC] “enAPñMeBj RbCaCncabcUlmkrsenAPñMeBjvijCabeNþIr>vijehIy ” . GVI>
Edl`:neXIjrhUtdleBlenH KµanGVICaZmµtaesaH .
xülRtCak:nbkcUltambgÁÜcrMePIy> . RkeLkemIleTAeRkAybggwtQwg hakdUcCaenAkNþal
éRBsáatRCgM . `xMepÞ{gRtec[kERkg»sUrsemøgGVImYy . sUm|IEtEq,k*Kµan»sUrRBusEdr .
EsÁkeLIg RBlwmRsag> `»sUrsemøgCYg . bnþiceRkaymk tambgÁÜc `RkeLkeXIjeKer[bKña
CaCYr> tammuxRBYj . bnþiceRkaymk eK»sUrsemøgeKarBTgCatikm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü .
QamRkhmeqÁA RkalenAelIRbzBI QamEdlBlI rMedaHRbCaCn Qamkmµkr ksikr bJÃCn
QamyuvCn yuvnarI bdivtþn¾ …..
bnÞabmkeT[t eKk*naMKñaedIrCaCYr>tamRkumedIm|IeTAvaysMruktammuxRBYj EdlGg<kardako . eyIg
GñkmkdlzµI eKminTanoeZVIGVIeT . eKTukoeyIgkþabsPaBkarN¾:nsin eTIboeTAvaysMrukCamYyeKÉg.
`nwkeXIjcgkaehVTwkedaHeKa nMbu&gCamYyTwkXµMú Edl`manTmøabhUbenARsuk:raMg eBlP\akBIdMeNkenA
eBlRBwkmunnwgecjeTAeZVIkar . eBaHvakUr»sUrRKUk> . eyIgGtmanGIdakeBaHeT kMuzaeLIydlnMb&ug sUm|I
Et:ykkk*GtmanEdr .
eKeTAeZVIkarsáatGs `RkeLkemIleTApøÚveBaZicintugmþgeT[t . `nwkeXIjkalBIedIm eBlRBwkdUecñH
`eTAjúaMbbrQamRCUk ßKuyTav TwkedaHeKa CamYymitþPkþi . `nwkeXIjmnusSkuHkr eZVIdMeNIrtampøÚv.
enAelIcieJ©Imzñl eKdaklk«v¨anBaseBj . nwkeXIjRBHsgÏnimtþbiNÐ:Rt . `nwkxøÜnÉgza «LÚv
enHpSark*Gt GñkeZVIdMeNIrk*Kµan enHCasg<mzµIß / etInrNaeLIycgrsenAdUecñH /
sµúKsµajkñúgxYrk|al `cuHeTAeRkam . `nwkeXIjyaycas>mYycMnYn eZVIkarkMbuikkMbukCitcRg,an
:y . elakyay Giun sYr` eKg:neT/ `eXIjKatragcasCagmuneRcIn skkatxøI z¬alpt .
TwkmuxdUcCamnusSmanTukÎZán GssgÏwm . kalenA:rIs `EtgEtniyayelgCamYyKatCajwkjab.
KatCamnusSmansuxPaBrwgmaM minEdlQWGVIeT . BitEmnEtKatmanv&ycMNasehIyk*eday EtKatenA
rwgbwug ragRsLHx¬s dMeNIrRtgPøwg sacragmaM . sVamIKatCaGtItecAhVayextþ . k*buEnþedayGP&BV man
eRKaHzñakcaksæanecalKatCayUrNasmkehIy . taMgBIsVamIKatsøabeTA Kat:nbI:cEzrkSaGbrMkUn
KatTaMg8nak o:ner[nsURtcbcugcbedImRKb´>Kña . eKkRmeXIjRKYsarExµrNamYymansMNagGaco
kUner[n:neCaKC&ydUcRKYsarKatEdlTaMgGsKña catTukzaCaBUCer[nBUEk . edayELkCagenHeTAeT[t
RKYsarKatminEdleZVIßkCakUnnamWunGIeT pÞúyeTAvijeKmñak>suPaBrabsar manótþmKtix¬s RsLajkar
35
sÁatsÁM . elakyayGiun minEdlTMnasCamYykUnKateT . KatCaGñkRsLajkarer[nsURt EtKatminCaGñk
KitKUrneya:yGImaMTaMgduckUunKateT .
eBlsRg<amqñaM1973 Kat:neP[sxøÜnmkenARsuk:raMgCamYykUn>Kat . edImqñaM1976 Kat:n
RtLbcUlmkRsukvij . «LÚvenH eRkABIkUnRsIKatmñak KatmindwgkUnepSg>eT[tenAÉNaeT . elakyay
Giun k*dUcCayay>ta>epSg>eT[tEdr KatlM:kcitþxøÜnKatpg KatGaNitGasUrkUnecAKat nigBYkekµg>
EdlKateXIjevTnapg . KatecHEtKitkñúgcitþza er[nsURtecHdwgbuNÑwgEdr minKYrcaje:keKmkevTna
dUecñHesaH . eBlCYbKat zVIt|itEtKatmankarRbugRby&tñxøHkñúgkarniyaysþI k*KatmanGakb|kiriyaCa
mUldðandUckalBImun . BYkExµrRkhmeKzaKatcasRCulEkElg:nehIy . elakyay:ner[brabGMBI
RBwtþikarN¾epSg>EdlKat:neXIjtaMgBIKatcUlmkdlRsuk . tU hughYt nisSitmkBIRsuk:raMgmñak :n
elatBIbgÁÜcCanTIbIsmøabxøÜn . `s<alKatc|asNas KatmkBI Bordeau. “hak ” visVkr
XøaneBk hutbbrkMBugBuH EbkRkBHsnøbGtdwgxøÜn eKdwkykeTAeBTü . «LÚveKmindwgsøab ßrseT /
xøHeKza RkBHKatZøay RbEhlCasøab´ehIyemIleTA .
tamBt(man manmnusSeRcInnakNas GssgÏwmcgsmøabxøÜn . GñkxøHeT[tTamTareTAeRkARsuk
vij . Gg<kardwkykeTA:tCabnþbnÞabtaMgBIézá15ZñÚ 1975 EdlCaézáelIkTI1 ExµrenAbreTscabepþIm
cUlRsukvij . dlRsukdMbUg eKminTanoeZVIBlkmµeT ehIyeKo:yhUb . KW:n:yhUbmYycMEGt
mYyézáBIreBl ; ézáRtg nigláac . eKhUb:yCamYynigsmømYymux . Cajwkjab TUeTAKWsmøRtkUn.
GMbilmanoEzm kñúgGaTitüTI1 . eRkaymkeKElgomaneT[tehIy . ÉbEgÁmvij dMbUgeKos,rsRKab´
sMrabhUbCamYyTwkEt . eBlxøHeKoGMeBA . CamYyKñaenH 3ß4ézá eKbbrs,rmþg . rbbBiessenH
eKpþlo2GaTitüsMrabTTYlGñkmkdlelIkTI1 . kñúgeBlenaHEdr Gg<karpþl:y nigmºÚbRsab . eRkay
mkGg<karRbKloBYkmkBIbreTs ÉkraCüm©askardaMsørxøÜnÉg .
elakyay:nbEnæmeT[tza BYkmkdlelIkTI1enH mundMbUgeKminTanoeZVIBlkmµeT eKTuko
TMenrsin . buEnþeKeZVIkarksagstiGarmµN¾bnþicmþg>oRCHRsLHxøÜnÉg . eKbMpustamclnaepSg>o
ecjBIkñúgBYkEdlmkBIrbreTsdUcKña . eKeZVIomanGñkP\akrlwk TamTareZVIkargarBlkmµ . eKodwgxøÜn.
luHdleXIjeKoenAesá{m k*resHresaHkñúgcitþ . GñkxøHenAsux GñkxøHeT[tGpSúkenAesá{mminekIt k*naMKña
cabepþImCMrHesµA e:ssMGatCMuvijCMruH dMdIeZVIzñaldaMbEnø dUcCaés¬ saLat éqzav el¬A ebge:H xÞwm
RmH Rtsk RtLac eXøak .l.
mnÞIrk15 k*dUcCamnÞIrepSg>eT[tsMrabdakbJÃvnþ sæitenAeRkamkarRKbRKgpÞalrbsKN;mCÏwmbkS
kumµúynisþkm¬úCa . CMnanenaH eyIgmin:ndwgeRCAdlmøwgeT eKRKanEtR:beyIgza BYkeyIgsæitenAeRkam
karTTYlxusRtUvrbsGg<karbdivtþn¾ . ex[v sMpn CaGñkkþabBIelI . ÉGñkkþabpÞalmanBIrnakKW Pum nigexan .
Pum mantYnaTICaRbZanmnÞIGbrMneya:y . manragTabRkGaj bebrmatesþIg BUEkniyay
ragrh&srhYn . manBYkeyIgmkBIbreTsmYycMnYnZøabs<alKatBIsg<mcas eKzaeQµaHKatEmnETn KW
“emA exmnYn ” GtItnisSitenAviTüasæanbec©keTsmitþPaBExµr-sUev[tBImun . `cgdwgza edayKatZøab´
eZVICanisSitenATIenHBImunmk etIsBVézáKatmanstiGarmµN¾yagemc kñúgfan;KatCaGñkRtYtRtaBYkeyIgmk
BIbreTs /
36
kalenAsm&ysemþc sIhnu KatCamnusSsøÚtbUtNas . minedIrelgepþspþaseT eRBaHKatCa
nisSitcMerIn manninñakarxageqVg . Katk*CaGñkdwknaMmYyrUbénsmaKmnisSitkm¬úCad*l|Il|ajEdlman
Pukqay CaRbZan .
«LÚvenHKatesø{kBakexaGavexµA bgRkma BakmYkkatibdUckmµaPi:lepSg>eT[tEdr . Katmin
EdlniyayGVITakTgBIGtItkalrbsKateLIy . KateZVIrUbPaBTukdUcCaKatmkBIvNÑ;GZn minEdls<al
CIvitnisSit ßZøaber[nsURt . KñaeyIgEdlZøab´s<alKatBIedIm Kat:nehAeTAR:bkMuoniyayza Zøab´
s<alKatBIsg<m . KatCasmaCikmCÏwmbkS. Katzabdivtþn¾km¬úCael]nCagGal:nI nigcineTAeT[t.
ÉshkarIrbs “Pum ” eQµaH “exan ” . eyIgmindwgza KatmaneQµaHBitR:kdyagemc ehIymanedImkMeNIt
mkBINac|aslaseT . KatRbEhlCaCnCatiPaKtic ehIyminEdl:ner[nsURtelIsBIbfmsikSaeT.
enAmnÞIrk15 “exan ” manParkic©TTYlxusRtUvxageXana nigBt(man . :nn&yza KatCaGñkCMnYykarrbs
Pum edIm|InaMBaküGg<karmkGbrMeyIg .
CadMbUg Pum nigshkarIKat “exan ” nigeyaZamYycMnYn EdlkñúgenaHmankumareyaZamYycMnYnZM
pg CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvBYkeyIg . eKykGaKarkNþalénviTüasæanbec©keTseZVICamnÞIrcatkarCMrMu nigkEnøg
eKsñakenA . eyIgGñkmkBIbreTsminGacedIrkatGaKarBYkeKeZVIkarenHedayKµankarGnuJÃat:neT .
mnÞIrk15manmnusSRbEhl200naksñakenA . cMnYnenHmancuHmaneLIg . cuHedaysarmanGñkecj
CabnþbnÞab . cMnYnGacekIneLIgedaysarmanGñkeTIbmkdlzµIBIbreTs . kñúgcMeNamGñkCabkñúgmnÞIrk15enH
maneBTü visVkr Gñkrdðkar Tahan nignisSit .l. PaKeRcInKµanninñakarneya:yc|aslaseT eK
cUlmkRsukedaysarcgCYbRKYsar ßedaysarminecHrsenAbreTs . mYyPaKbICaGñkKaMRTrNsirSrYbrYm
Catikm¬úCadUcrUb` . BYkGñkmkdlmunR:b´eyIgza Gg<karykBYksmaCikrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCa oeZVICa
emRkum emBYk EtbnþiceRkaymk eKTukesµI>Kña ElgKitzaCaGtItsmaCik r.r.C.k ßGteT[tehIy edIm|I
cattaMgCaRkumCaBYk . BYkeyIgRtUveKcattaMgtamGayuCaRkum . kñúgRkumnImYy> mansmaCikRbmaN20
nak . ehIyRkumnImYy>EckCaBYk BI3 eTA7nak .
manRkumdUcteTA ;
-RkumdaMbEnø daMsENþk:y daMeBat
-RkumciJ©wmstV
-RkumeZVI:y
-Rkumsib|kmµ
-RkumbeRg[nGkSr
-RkumemIlkumar .l.
kmµviZIkñúgmYyézámandUcteTA ;
-emag5RBwk dlemag12ézáRtg ; kargarBlkmµ
-emag12 dlemag13 ; :yézáRtg
-emag13 dlemag17nig30naTI ; kargarBlkmµ
-emag18 ; :yláac
37
-emag18nig30naTI dlemag19nig30naTI ; RbCMuCIvPaB Tiet[n sV&yTiet[n
-emag19nig30naTI dlem¨ag21nig30naTI ; kargarsg<mniym
EdlehAza “kargarsg<mniym ” KWkargarBlkmµ eRkABIkargarsñÚl . CakargarEdleKcmøg
tamkargarkumµúynisþdUcenAsUev[t . eBalKWkargarBlkmµbEnæmBIkargarZM>EdlGg<kardakcuHoeyIgeZVI
kñúgmYyézá> .
mþayEdlenAmankUngaenAe¶edaH GacbMe¶kUnenAeBlkMBugeZVIkar . kumarEdlmancMnYn40nak
EckCaBIrRkum . TarkGayuticCag3qñaM RtUvsæitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbsBYkEm¨kumar . ekµgEdlZM
CagenH KN;mnÞIr:ncattaMgomanGñkTTYlxusRtUvxagvb|Zm( KW:nn&yza bgºatbeRg[nkumar . eK
bgºatbeRg[nkumarkñúg1ézá2emag . eKnaMoelg oer[neRc[gcMer[gbdivtþn¾ . eKGbrMminokumareCrKñaß
eQøaHKñaeT . CamYyKñaenH kñúgmYyézá>kumarRtUveZVIBlkmµ dUcCae:slagsMGatRTugRCUk o:yRCUk
:yTa daMés¬ saLat eRsacbEnø . eKoBYkvam©askar manrgbEnø3 rg . kumark*RtUvcUlrYmRbCMuTiet[n
s&VyTiet[nCamYyBYkkumarKñava dUcmnusSZMEdr . sUmbJ¢akza kumarmanrbbhUbcukRKanebICagmnusSZM .
BYkeK:nbbrxabCagbbrmnusSZM . BYkmnusSmanv&ycas GayuelIsBI60qñaMeLIgeTA eKminbgÎMoeZVI
BlkmµeT . yay>CYyemIlkumar CYyeZVIbEnø .l. ÉcMENkta>vij eXIjPøameyIgKYroexøaccitþ GaNit
GasUrKat minKYreLIyykKatmkeZVI:bdUecñHesaH . BYkta>TaMgenH manCaGaTi elak QUk em¨gemA
GñkCMnajkarxagKruekaslü nigCamRnþIGg<kar UNESCOd*l|Il|aj Zøab:nedIryagsMxanCabeg<alkñúg
vis&yGbrMCatiExµrtaMgBI:nÉkraCümk . elakbNÐit Pug tun nayksklviTüal&yPUminÞkm¬úCa . mYyézá>
eKEtgeXIjBYkKatEsgTwk ykeTAEckBlkrtamkardðan .
mYyGaTitüeRkaymk `cabemIleXIjézáNak*dUcézáNaEdr . `xitxMBinitüer[nsURteZVIdUceKdUcÉg .
ézáenHeK:no`erIkEnøgedkeTAkanbnÞbmYyEdlmanERKZMGaceKg:nBIrnak . mitþPkþi`xøH zVIt|itEtrsenA
edaylM:kyagenHk*eday k*enAecHelgesIcEdr . eKcMGn`za bnþiceT[teKomitþ:nenACamYyRKYsar
mitþvijehIy . `xMeZVIkMuoeKemIleXIjza`GrRCuleBk . tamZmµtataMgBI:nmkdlTIenH enAeBlyb´
munnwgekg `Etgyk Biscuit Edl`enAslmkhUbmYydMu . EtybenH`mineZVIdUecñHeT `caMb)unnI Priya
` . bnþiceRkaymkKat:nmkdl . Katza eKeTIbnwg:nR:bKatGM:jmiuj .
-bgKatenAEtsMerccitþRtLbmkvijGIcwgß / KatsYr
-emIleTAec[sminrYceT, `eqøIy
bg KWRKYsar rs sarin . rs sarin CasVamIrbsbgRsI b)unnI . KatCacaghVagRkumh)un
GakascrN¾sIuvilkm¬úCa . eRkamrbbsaZarNrdðExµr rs sarin, Priya nigkUnKatTaMgbInak :neTArsenA
Rkug:rIs eRBaHKatRtUv:neZVItMNagGakascrN¾km¬úCaenARsuk:raMg . KatnigRKYsarTaMgGs nwgRtUv
RtLbcUlRsukvijenAeBlxagmuxyagxøIenH . eRkayBI:n»`bJ¢akza tam`emIleTA Katc|asCanwg
minGacec[sBIRtLbmkvijeTenaH b)unnI mankarxkcitþ dUrTwkmuxPøam zVIt|itEtKatR:b`za Kat:neRt[m
stiGarmµN¾ehIyk*eday . Katza eyIgmindwgeZVIdUcemþcekIteT beNþaytamvasnaeTA . eyIgminGac
eZVIdUcemþcekItdUecñHEmn eRBaHeyIgKµanmeZüa:yodMNwgeTAKatvijeT .
38
kalenA:rIs mþgeT[t`minEdlnwksµanmþgNaesaH zasæanPaBRsukExµrvapþackarEbbenH ehIy
CaBiess`minEdlnwkeXIjza eKykBYkeyIgmkXMuXaMgdUecñHesaH . enARsuk:raMg `:nGanes[vePA
<<RseNaHRBlwgExµr >> sñaédrbs Guit sarin EdlniTanBIGVIEdlKat:neXIjpÞalEPñkenAkñúgtMbnRKb´
RKgedayExµrRkhm . es[vePAmin:nbgºajBIGMeBIkMNaceXareXA pþackarrbsExµrRkhmeT . ehIy
Bt(manEdlGñkniBnÆniyay eZVIo`eBlenaHylza CakarZmµtaeRBaHkñúgsPaBkarN¾sRg<am . müageT[t
`dakcitþeC]søbeTAehIy ElgmanlTÆPaBBicarNao:nRKbRCugeRCay .
edayELkCamYyb)unnI `CaGñkxusTaMgRsug eRBaH`enHÉgEdlCaGñkcgoKatcUlRsuk . KatCa
saRsþacarüenAviTüal&yRBHsIusuvtæi . kñúgrbbsaZarNrdðlnnl Kat:nGaharrUbkrN¾rdðaPi:l:raMg
eTAbnþviC¢aEpñkGkSrsaRsþ kñúgTisedAeZVIniekÎbTBIRsþIExµr . kñúgcitþKatcgenAer[nteTAeT[tedIm|IeZVIkarRsav
RCavo:ncgcugcbedIm dUc:nKMeragTuk . k*buEnþ`:nBnülKatoe:HbgecalkarsikSaedIm|IcUlmk
CYyksagRbeTs . eBlenaHKatminRCHRsLHbunµaneT NamYyKatkMBugBüa:lCmáWminTansHes|Iy
eBTüKatoenAcaMbnþiceT[tsin . Katnwkkñúgcitþza yagehacNasebIcUlk*cUlTaMgBIrnakCamYyKña . k*
buEnþGg<karcgoKateTAmundUcRKYsarbgbÁÚneyIgmYycMnYneT[t ebIeKsMNUmBrehIy eyIgmineZVItamxøacGñk
TTYlxusRtUvRksYgkarbreTsbkRsayza yagenHyagenaH . dUecñH`k*CMrujoKatcUlmun .
ybeyIgCYbKñaCadMbUgenH b)unnI minniyayBITukÎesakrbsKateT pÞúyeTAvijKatxMelIkTwkcitþ`kMuo
GssgÏwmeBk . eday`bgÎMeBk Kat:nniyayRtYs>BIkarEdlKat:nCYbRbTHtaMgBIeyIg:nEbkKña .
eBlmkdlk15eKnaMcUleTAeRkamGaKadUcKñaebHbiTeBl`mkdl . mYyRsbkeRkaymkeKmkerIv¨alIs
RtYtBinitü rYcdlláaceKEckbnÞboenAKWbnÞbmYyenAbIßbYnnak . eBlenaHeK:nodwgza GñkkþabKW
ex[v sMpn . bnÞabBIex[vsMpn manGñkkþabpÞalBIrnakeT[t KW Pum nig exan . dUcsBVézáenHEdr. b)unnI
dUcKatEtgZøab:neZVIBIyUrmkehIy :neZVIkMNtesÞIrer[gralézánUvkUnes[vePAsresrmYyEdlKato`Gan
ebI`cgokanEtc|asEzmeT[t .
raRtITI1EdleyIg:nmkenACamYyKñaenH eyIg:nbnþniyayxSwb>rhUtdlyb´eRCA . eyIgxitxM
minniyayBIkarlM:kEdleyIgkMBugrsenA . vaminRsYleT eRBaHvaecjmkedaysV&yRbvtþi. k*buEnþeyIg
xitxMelIker]gcasenARsukExµrBIedIm ßenARsuk:raMg eBlv¨akgenAeqñrsmuRT …ßézámux eBleyIg:nCYb
CMuRKYsar bgbÁÚnenAeBlGnaKt . eyIgminGacERskyMrkeKmkCYyeT . KµannrNaGacCYynrNaeT.
mñakykEtR:sGayuer[g>xøÜn . eyIgxMniyayyker]gmkkmøacitþeyIg . enAÉeRkAyrbggwtsáatQwg.
RBwkeLIg b)unnI :nykGavkRtgemA esTug mYymko` . CaGMeNayrbs hIug suxum munnwg
RtUvGg<karykecjBIk15 . huIg suxum KatpþaMobg:nsuxsb|ay ehIydakcitþonwgn . hIug suxum
KatCasaRsþacarüenAmhaviTüal&yRkugjÚvyk shrdðGaemrik . taMgBIqñaM1970mk KateZVICatMNag
rNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCaenAshrdðGaemrikCamYyédKUKatmñakeT[teQµaH muk savuD mRnþIGg<karshRbCaCati
enAbUrIjÚvyk . edaysarKatmanTMnakTMnglÁCamYyclnaRbqaMgsRg<amGaemrikaMg Kat:nrYmcMENk
yagZMCYyrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm¬úCa enAelIqakGnþrCati . eRkaybdivtþn¾:nC&yCMnH Kat:neZVIdMeNIr
mkemIlRbeTsKat ehIynwgRtLb´eTACYbCMuRbBnÆkUnKatvijenAjÚvyk k*b¨uEnþCaGusl `:ndwgeRkaymk
39
za mitþ hIug suxum nigmuk savuZ eKykeTAdakehIyeZVIXatenAmnÞIrXMuXaMgTYlEsøg taMgBIézáKatecj
BIk15mkemøH . sMubJ¢akza BYkExµrmkBIshrdðGaemrikTaMgGs RtUveKykeTAsmøabdUcKatEdr .
ksagstiGarmµN¾ ; edIm|edaHRsaybJºasµúKsµajEdlekItmaneLIgenAkñúgmnÞIr edaysareyIg
Xøan eyIgcg:nesrIPaBniyaysþI edIrehIrdUccitþeyIg . cgGg<karoeyIgRbCMuCIvPaBRbcaMézátamry;
karTiet[nsV&yTiet[n . eKTiet[nsV&yTiet[ntamry;RbCMuCIvPaBkñúgBYkralézá ehIyNaézáeKRbCMuRkummþg>
kñúgmYyBYkman3 -4nak . kñúgmYyRkummanBIrßbIBYk .
kñúgkarRbCMuCIvPaB Tiet[n sV&yTiet[nRbcaMézáenH eKkMNtoQrelIeKalkarN¾3 xdUcteTA ;
neya:y, stiGarmµN¾ nigcattaMg .
1-neya:y ; eKsg,telIParkic©kargarBlkmµRbcaMézá . eKomñakraykarN¾za eZVIkargartaMgBIRBwk
dlláacenH:nlÁßeT / ykcitþTukdakßeT / :nsMercEpnkarrbsGg<karßeT / eyIgRtUvsarPaBmux
Gg<RbCMuza etIeyIgeZVIkar:nsMercpllÁ edaysarmUlehtuGI / ßebImin:nlÁvij edaysarmUlehtu
GIEdr / mñak>RtUvh)anTiet[nxøÜnÉgCamunsin . sYrxøÜnÉgza etIeXIjKuNsm|tþi KuNvibtþißkarxVHxat
yagNaxøH rYcehIydakxøÜnosmUhPaBßsmaCikGg<RbCMuepSgeT[tksagxøÜn .
2-stiGarmµN¾ ; eKTiet[n sV&yTiet[n elIEpñkstiGarmµN¾ ßcitþsaRsþ . eKomñak>BinitüxøÜnÉg ehIy
osmUhPaBCYyBinitüGMBIeKalCMhrstiGarmµN¾mñak> cMeBaHbdivtþn¾ . eyIgRsLajbdivtþn¾ ßrevIrvay
eTArkCIvPaBsg<mcas . kñúgEpñkksagstiGarmµN¾ eKosar;sMxaneTAelIkarvaykMcatEpñkkmµsiTÆi Edl
CaktþaedIm|IksagxøÜn kMcatkMEGlsg<mcasRbtikiriya buK<lsYntY . EpñkkmµsiTÆienH eKEckCaBIreT[t
<<kmµsiTÆirUbI ßkmµsiTÆismÖar; >> nig <<kmµsiTÆiGrUbI ßkmµsiTÆielakTsSn; >> .
+kmµsiTÆismÖar; ßkmµsiTÆirUbI KWeKminRtUvmansmÖar;GIVelIsRbCaCneT . :nesckþIza RtUvCMruHo
Gs oslEtexaGav2kMebør EdleKza dUcRbCaCnTUeTA . rbsrbrsmÖar;TaMgb¨unµanelIsBIenH Edls¬ay
ykmkBIbreTs EdlenAslRtUvCMruHCUnGg<kar . CaTUeTATaMgGsKña CMruHexaGavrga viTüú masIunzt
CaedImRsYlCagkarlHbgekrmtk(BIÓBukmþay dUcCamaseBRC cieJ©{n .l. eTaHCayagenHk*eday
bnþicmþg> TaMgGsKñaRtUvbgÎMcitþRbKloGg<karTaMgGs . k*buEnþdlGskmµsiTÆismÖar;ehIy Gg<kareZVI
sRg<amkMcatkmµsiTÆiGrUbIeT[t KWRbqaMgelakTsSn;minbdivtþn¾ . edIm|IomanemaTnPaBbdivtþn¾ KWmñak>RtUv
ecHemIleXIjdUcGg<karmYyryPaKry . ebIKµanhUbeyIgzasMbUr ebIminqáaj eyIgzaqáaj dUcGg<kar
dakTis .
enAeBlRbCMuTiet[nsV&yTiet[n eKbMpusovayocM>ksagoxøaMgosIuCMerA . tamkarENnaMeKmin
omankareqøIyqøgKñaeT sUm|IEtGñkksagenHCaGVIk*eday k*samIxøÜnEdlRtUveKksag TTYlsarPaByk
edaysuPaBrabsar . eKk*hamkMuomankarKMuKYnKña mkRtLbsgswkKñavijeT . karCakEsþgmaneBlxøH
:tuPUtenHmanCaer]y> EteKxMbRg,abedayeRbIZm(ekþA .
óTahrN¾ “k” ksag “x”za eZVIkarminlÁ yWtyav mineKarBGg<karvin&y . ebIeTaHbICakarTiet[n
enHminBitk*eday k* “x”minRtUveqøIyRbEkktbeTA “ k ” vijeT . pÞúyeTAvijeBlmitþ “k ” ksagmitþ “x ” cb´
ehIy mitþ “x” xMeZVITwkmuxjjwm ehIyEzøgGMNrKuNmitþ “k ” EdlxMCYyksagxøÜn . karRbCMuenHRtUvenA
eRkamkarRbugRby&tñrbsRbZanRkum ßRbZanBYk EdlmanPar;naTICaRbZan Gg<RbCMuTiet[nsV&yTiet[n.
40
RbZanGg<RbCMuRtUvecHdwknaMkarRbCMukMuosmaCikkñúgRkummankareqøIyqøg ßeQøaHRbEkkKñaoesaH . CaTUeTA
eKseg,teXIjza karGbrMstiGarmµN¾ tamry;Tiet[n sV&yTiet[n EdleKehABaküRsYlsþabza “lag
xYrk|al ” enH GacbNþalecjCalTÆplBIryagpÞúyRsLH . müagomnusSElgTukcitþxøÜnÉg vaybenæak
xøÜn edayxitxMCMnHelIxøÜnÉg . BYkTaMgGsenH eKcatTukzaedIrpøÚvRtUv ksagxøÜn:ntameKalCMhrEdl
Gg<karbMBak . müageT[tnaMomnusSeXIjexµAggwtGssgÏwm . ecjCa:tuPUtCakEsþgeRkaykarRbCMu
GbrMneya:ymþg> eKeXIjGñkxøHxitxMbMeBjParkic©o:nkanEtRbesIr xitxMeKarBvin&ykanEtmutmaM . É
GñkxøHeT[t sµúKsµaj KµankmøaMgeZVIkargarZøakGsTwkcitþ eLIgmuxeRk[m Elgh)anemIleKÉg . GñkTaMgenH
eKehAza manCmáWstiGarmµN¾ . eRkABIkarGbrMoksagxøÜntamRbCMuCIvPaBRbcaMézá Tiet[ns&VyTiet[n
Epñkneya:y stiGarmµN¾ kmµsiTÆimenaseJ©tna .l. Gg<kar:nebIkvK<sikSaoeyIgTaMgGsKñaer[nsURt
edIm|IBRgwg nigBRgIkTsSn; nigeKalCMhrbdivtþn¾o:nkanEtrwgmaM .
vK<sikSaeKKµankMNtCamun zaetIRtUveZVIb¨unµandgkñúgmYyqñaMeT . tamseg,teKeZVIeRcInelIkeRcInsar
eyagetAtamkalNaEdl <<Pum >> eKylzacaM:c . óTahrN¾ eBlEdlmanGñkcUlmkBIbreTsmk
dlzµI .
enAkñúgk15 kñúgry;eBl8Ex EdleyIg:nrsenA Gg<kar:ner[bcMvK<sikSa4dg . eRkABIvK<sikSa
eKmaner[bcMsnñi:t6Exmþg edIm|IsrubcMNucexSay cMNucxøaMg TaMgkargar stiGarmµN¾ nigcattaMgknøg
mk nigdakEpnkarzµI . ebIrabtaMgsnñi:teBleyIgenAmnÞIrk15 kñúgry;eBlCitmYyqñaMenH maner[bcM
karRbCMuZM>5dg .
enAk15 vK<sikSaelIkTI1 :nRtUver[bcMenAExZñÚ 1975 manmnusS80nakcUlrYm ehIyeZVIbIézá .
2ExeRkaymk eKer[bcMeZVICaelIkTI2 . CaCMnanEdlBYkmkCMnan b)unnI eTAcUlrYm . enAkñúges[vePAkMNt
rbsKat b)unnI :nsresrza <<eyIgTaMgGsKña80nak :ncUlrYmvK<sikSaenAézáTI2Ex2qñaM76 . eyIg:n
er[nÉksarbIkñúgbIézáenH . mYyRBwker[nÉksarmYy . ex[vsMpn mkóeTÞsnamoeyIgsþab . ÉRBwkTIbI
edaymankic©karrvl ex[vsMpn Gt:nmkeT eKo Pum EdlmaneQµaHBitR:kd emA xaMen]n CMnYsvij.
xøwmsarénÉksarrbsex[vsMpn nigemA xaMen]n manCaGaT¥ ; sþIBIRbvtþiénkarts)UrbsRbCaCnkm¬úCa .
eKsg,tza TINamankarCiHCan TIenaHmankarts)U . enAsg<mcasCIvPaBRbCaBlrdðmankarlM:ketak
yak xVHmux xVHeRkay edaysarkarCiHCan ekgRbv&J©rbsBYkQµÜjkNþal . karCiHCanmanRKbTIkEnøg
TaMgTIRbCMuCn TaMgCnbT . óTahrN¾enACnbT QµÜjkNþaleRcInCaBYkcinlkTMnijoExµr> ebIGñkNa
KµanluyTijeT cineKbNþako . dleBlRbmUlpl cineKykTaMgedIm TaMgkarR:k .l. dUecñHehIy
:nCaBI1qñaMeTA1qñaM CIvPaBYksikrRkkanEtetakyakeLIg CMBakQµÜjkNþal sgminecHGsminecHehIy
tkUntecA . ex[vsMpn :nniyayGMBIesdðkic©énkm¬úCa . enAkñúgtMbnrMedaH kñúgsm&yts)U5qñaM . Katsg,t
BiessenAqñaM1973 . kalenaHesdðkic©manlkÎN;Cardð nigÉkCnxøH edayGg<karGnuvtþn¾maK(arNsirS .
vK<mYyeT[tniyayBITsSn;GnaKténkarksagRbeTs . KMeragGg<karKWeZVIksikmµoeTACaksikmµ
sm&ykñúgGMLúgBI10eTA15qñaM ehIynwgQanokøayeTACaRbeTsósSahkmµkñúg15eTA20qñaM edayQrelI
ksikmµCamUldðan . GaccatTukza manlkÎN;CaRbeTsmanksikmµsm&y enAeBlEdleRbIeRK]gm¨asIun
41
75%ehIynigeRbIGK<isnITUTaMgRbeTs . edIm|IQaneTAdlsg<mzµI ksikmµsm¥H RtUvQrenAelIsmUh
PaBvUbnIykmµ .
enAeBler[nvK<sikSaelIkTI1enH eKTukézáres[lTaMgbIézá edIm|IGñkcUlrYmeZVIBakB&nÆ . kareZVIBak
B&nÆenHmann&yza bnÞabBI:nsþabóeTÞsnamrbsex[vsMpneBlRBwkehIy eKEckBYkGñker[nsURtCaRkum>
man10nakkñúgmYyRkum . eRkABIvK<sikSaZM> eKenAmaner[bcMeZVIskmµPaBepSg>eT[t edIm|IBRgIk nigBRgwg
eKalCMhrrbseyIg .
-miTÞIg ; eyIgTaMgGsKñataMgBImkdlk15 :ncUlrYmeZVImiTÞIg2dg . elIkTI1 enAEx2qñaM1976
edIm|IRbqaMgnwgskmµPaBYk:lmayaeKºs (Mayaguez) Edl:ncUlrMelaPEdnsmuRTkm¬úCa.bnÞab´mkeT[t
enAEx2enHEdr manmiTÞIgmYyeT[t edIm|IRbqaMgnwgkarTmøabRKabEbkrbsGaemrikenAes[mrab . bnÞabmk
enAEx4 eyIgmanRbCMuBiess edIm|IsþabviTüúnUvesckþIEzøgkarN¾rbssemþcsIhnu sMucUlnivtþn¾ . sþabcb´
ehIy Gg<karsYrza etImanmtiyagNa / KµaneXIjGñkNaniyayeT manbriyakassáatKµanmtipulpus
nwgbeJ©jeT . eXIjdUecñH manBIrnak eLIgcabGarmµN¾za KaMRTGg<kar . cabBIézáenHmk eKseg,t
eXIjsPaBkarN¾kanEttwgEtgeLIg> . enAtamviTüú tamcMer[gkþI tamkareXasnakþI eKvayvNÑ;kanEt
xøaMgeLIg> .
enAeBlcUlqñaMExµr P¢abnigbuNüÉkraCüelIkTI1énkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü eK:neZVIbuNü3 ézáenAmnÞIr
k15 KWézáTI16-17-18 emsa 1976 . 10ézámunnwgR:rBÆbuNüenH Gg<karbMpusbMpuledIm|ITTYlGbGr
saTrbuNü KWeyIgebIkvK<vaysMrukoxøaMgkøaeZVIkargarBlkmµ . KW:nn&yza mñak>RtUvocMNayeBlemag
eZVIkaroeRcInCagmun .
buNücUlqñaMenH EdlRtUvnwgbuNüézáGg<karcUlPñMeBjEdr »zaGg<karnwgebIkoelgEl|gRbCaRbiy
dUcCaGg<új QUg TajRBR&t .l. buEnþdlézábuNümkdl eKhamminoelgeTAvij . ézábuNü:ncab´
epþImeLIg edaymankareKarBviJÃaNkÎ&nÆbuBVburs yuTÆCn yuTÆnarI Edl:nlHbgCIvitedIm|IbuBVehturMedaH
Cati nigRbCaCn . eyIgeKarBePøgCatikm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü eRkaymkeyIgGg<úysþaber]gbdivtþn¾ Edl
niTanedaytMNagGg<kar . sþabTukÎevTnakalsm&yts)UrbstMNagGg<karehIy eKoeyIgBakB&nÆxøÜneyIg
edIm|IBiniitüemIlxøÜnÉg edIm|IP¢abxøÜnnigclnats)U .
eKGacdwgzaetIesrIPaBvamantémøyagNa enAeBlEdleKykeyIgdakKuk KµansiTÆiGVITaMgGs .
taMgBIézáTI1 Edl`:nmkdl eKcabbJ©ÚleTAkñgmnÞIrk15 ehIyeKcab´ksagdUcmitþPkþi`epSgeT[tEdr.
enAkñúgmnÞIrk15enH bnþicmþg> BImYyézáeTAmYyézá `kanEtGssgÏwmeLIg> ehIyeXIjxøÜnÉg
kanEtdundabeTA . `emIleTAeXIjzaKµanGIGacTbTlCamYyGg<kar:neT . `KitzaRtUvEtbeNþaytam
vasna . eZVIGVIkMuoeKcabGarmµN¾sgS&y . enAeBlRbCMu ebIGacec[s:n kMueLIgniyay . kalNaeK
eRbIoeZVIGVImYy eZVIPøam minRtUvKitza eZVIeTA:nplßmin:npleT . dUecñH`minEdlRbEkk . pÞúyeTAvij
kalNaeKeRbIoeZVI `eZVIPøam .
b)unnI enAEtmanCMen]zasPaBkarN¾nwgRtUvEtmankarpøasbþÚrézáNamYyec[sminrYceLIy . karrs
enAEdlRbqaMgnwgZmµCatirbsmnusSEbbenH minGacrsenArhUteT . eyIgRtUvEtxMeZVIyagNaedIm|IkMuokar
GssgÏwmvamkRKbdNþbeyIg . eZVIkMuosPaBkarN¾CakEsþgvamkbiTmuxeyIg oeyIgElgemIleXIjBnøW
42
eTAGnaKt . eyIgRtUveZVIkMuosPaBkarN¾mkRKbdNþbeyIg RtUveyIgeZVICam©askarelIsPaBkarN¾vij.
buEnþenHCaRTwsþI ÉkarBitvijvamindUecñHeT . ZmµtamnusSeyIgeBlrsenAZmµta EtgEtePøcKitza etIGVIeTA
Casar;sMxanénCIvitrbsxøÜn / dleBlCYbóbsK<eTIbeyIgdwgxøÜneRkay . yagNamiuj eRb[b:nnwg
CIvit`sBVézá eBldwgxøÜneZVIGIElgekIt . RtLbeTAbreTsvij /eKQboeyIgmansiTÆiedIrehIr niyaysþI
tamcitþehIy . Gg<karminoeyIgeZVIdMeNIreTAbreTsvijeT . dUecñHeyIgenAslmanpøÚvEtmYy eTaHcgkþI
mincgkþIRtUvEtbgÎMxøÜnrsenAkñúgreb[benHteTAeT[t . Gg<kar:nR:beyIgza edIm|IrsenAsg<mzµIenH:nTal
EteyIgh)anGarkatlHbgvNÑ;edImrbseyIg ehIybMBakstiGarmµN¾bdivtþn¾rbsGg<kar . eyIgGsCMerIs
ehIy . eyIgRtUvEtedIrtampøÚvEdleKoeyIgedIr . eBlenaHeyIgElgc|asGVITaMgGs . eyIgElgdwgza
GVIeTACayutþiZm( / GVICaGyutþiZm( / GVIxus/ GVIRtUv/ .l. eyIgKitza CIvitGsn&y . eyIgGtGaceZVIGVI:neT[t
eT eTAmuxk*minekIt zyeRkayk*min:n .
enAkñúgxøÜn` mankarRbkYtRbECgKñaCabCanic© . KMnitmYyza edIm|IrsRtUveZVIdUceKÉg KMnitmYy
eT[tza `GsmanpøÚvedIrehIy ebIcgmankitþiysRtUvEtRbqaMgecjmux . enAeBlézá `xMeZVIkargardUceK dUc
Ég. eBlyb´munedklk `EtgEtxµasxøÜnÉg nwkeLIgminKYrNa`ZøakxøÜndUecñHesaH . kalenARsuk:raMg
`EtgRbkaneKalCMhrza mincuHjmnrNaedaybgÎMeT . «LÚv`køayxøÜnCaxøaceKCagBYkGamatüBIedIm
eTAeT[t . eBl`eXIjGñkTTYlxusRtUvmkCit `xMeZVICaRbwgERbgeZVIkaredIm|IoeKeXIjza `manstiGarmµN¾
RCHRsLH xMeZVIBlkmµEmn . eRb[bdUcCastV `xMeZVIGVITaMgGs edIm|Irs . `eTIbEt:nmkdlmYyEx
bueNÑaH `køayeTACamnusSmYyeT[tEdlKµanGVIdUc`BImuneT .
`minEdlh)aneZVIGVIoeKeXIjza `mineBjcitþnwgkarrsenAeRkamkarsg,trbsGg<kareT . zVIt|it
Et`dwgc|asza kargarEdleKo`eZVIenH minEmnCakargaredIm|IrYmcMENkksagRbeTseT . `emIleXIj
CakarKYroGssMeNIceBkNas EdleKyksYnc|arßTIlankILaeZVICaERsenAkNþalRkug . ebI`eXIj
dUecñH ehtudUcemþc:nCa`enAEteZVI / em¨ck*`enAEteTAekIblamkykmkeZVICIrelxmYy / ehtudUcemþck*`
eZVIhakdUcCa`manCMen] ehIyxMeZVIkartamEtGVIEdleKbJ¢a / ebIkalNaeKbJ¢ao`eZVIGVImYy `xMeZVIeday
ykcitþTukdakrhUtdl:nsMerc . ebIeBlNa`minGaceZVI:bdUc`cg `mankartUccitþxøÜnÉgpg P&ypg .
ebIkalNa:nsMerc `manemaTnPaBxøÜnÉg . etImUlehtuGI:nCao`manemaTnPaBBIGMeBId*EsnkMsak
yagenH / eRBaH`dwgc|asNas kic©karEdleKbgÎMoeyIgeZVITaMgbunµan vamin:nplGIeT / yldUecñH
ehIy em¨ck*`enAEteZVI /
ótþmKtiEdl`EtgxMEzrkSaehIyEdl`eC]zavarwgmaM EbrCaRtUvrlaysUnü bnÞab´BI`mkrsenAkñúg
mnÞIrGbrM . eKEtgniyayza kal;eTs;énRbvtþisaRsþeZVIomnusSkanEtxøaMgkøakøayeTACavIrburs . ÉcMeBaH
`vij kal;eTs;d*CUrctenH:neZVIo`ZøakxøÜnGsótþmKtirlIg . enAeBlRbCMukalNa RtUvTHédKaMRT
Gg<kar `THédKaMRT . kalNaeKoERsk “CeyaGg<karbdivtþn¾ !” `ERsk . kalNa`»eKniyaye:k
kuhk `eZVImuxhakdUcCaeC]edayxMsþabGth)anlanmatGVITaMgGs .
taMgBI`dwgkþImk `EtgEtKitza esrIPaBbuK<lRtUvEtenAeRkamesrIPaBsg<mCatiTaMgmUl . eKRtUvh)an
lHbgesrIPaBpÞalxøÜn edIm|IesrIPaBCatiTaMgmUl . Et«LÚvesrIPaBeyIgCamnusSk*Kµan esrIPaBk*Kµan.
43
TaMgBI:nrsCabenAmnÞIrenH `Kitza enHCakarylxusd*ZMbMputénCIvit`eRb[b:nnwgcMNgRbelamelak
rbselak:lhSak (Balzac) <<esckþIsgÏwmEdlminRtLbmkvij>> <<Illusions perdues>> .
etIsBVézáenHGVIeTACaTisedAénCIvit` / BImun`KitzarsenAedIm|ICYyCati nigRbCaBlrdðExµroman
CIvPaBézøzñÚrkñúgsg<mmYyEdlmanyutþiZm( «LÚv`CabkuneTANaElgrYc ts)UedIm|IbuK<lÉgminrYcpg . etI`
ts)UedIm|Irs / eZVIGVI>TaMgGsedIm|IoenAmandegºImdk / enHehIyßCaTisedAénmnusSelak ts)UedIm|Irs /
etImanGVIeTAvaBYnsmáMenAeRkayGakb|kiriyarbs`Edl`minGacemIleXIjßh)anykmklatRtdag:n/ `
mineC]za Gakb|kiriyaOkasniymEdl`man vaecjmkBIkarxøacEtmüageT Et`eC]za vamanGVImYyeT[t
EdleZVIoeyIgeZVIdUecñH . dUcCaza ebIeKGackarBarTwkdI:ndUceKzaEmn `gabk*gabcuHedIm|ImnusSCMnan
eRkayrsenA:nézøzñÚrkñúgbUrNPaBEdndIrbsxøÜn .
niyayeTAebI`GacecjeTAeRkARsukvij `mindwgCaGryagNaeT / `nwgeTAenAenA:rIsvij `nwg
eZVICYsCaGñkkaEst `sresres[vePA BiPakSaBITukÎevTnaénsg<mEdl`eTIb:neXIj . k*buEnþkarCakEsþg
vaenAEtCakEsþgdEdl . `Cab´enAmnÞIrk15ecjeTANaGtrYceT . enAeBlEdl`revIrvay `eKgemIl
BIdan . Priya`eKglkyagsábsáat . `RsémeXIjbnÞb´eyIgkalenAbreTs . ézáesAr¾CaézásMrak
eyIgeTAedIrelgenA Quartier Latin ehIycUleTAhUbmanéxVenAhag:yEdleyIgcUlcitþ . nwk
eXIjdlRtwmenH eZVIoRkBH`vakUrkanEtxøaMgeLIgehIyvaERskR:b`oQbKit«tRbeyaCn¾teTAeT[t ebIcg
rsRtUvEtrkGaharmkbMeBjRkBH . ebIKµanGIdakRkBHdUecñH `nwgkøayxøÜnCastVminxaneLIy . etI`eZVIGVI
k*ZøakxøÜnkñúgfannrkyagenH / kalBImun`minEdl:nBicarNao:nditdlzaGVIeTACakareRskXøan
EmnETn / eBleXIjrUbmnusSGtGahar `EtmankþIGaNitGasUr k*b¨uEnþ`mindwgzaXøanEmnETnenaHvayag
emcR:kdeT eBleyIgmanhUb eyIgeXIjGñkGt:yQWedaysarXøan eyIgmindwgzaKatQWyagemceT.
kalNaeKQWedaysarXøan KWeKQWTaMgeCIgTaMgéd eBjragkayTaMgGs . eBlxøHmatvaebIkElgrYc
eRBaHsrésvaElgeZVIkar . enAeBleRskXøanenH xøÜn`hakdUcCaEbkCaBIr . mYycgEtsøaboqab
edIm|IkMuorsyUrteTAeT[t vaevTnayUreBk . eZVIyagemck*ecjBITIenHminrYcEdr . mYyvijeT[toxMRTaMRT
edIm|IrsteTAeT[t c|asCaézáNamYynwg:nsuxvijminxaneT . `xMoGssmtæPaB edIm|IrsteTAeT[t.
nwkdUecñHeZVIo`mankmøaMgeLIgvij . `cabmankarTukcitþxøÜnÉg . xMrseLIgvij . `manPriyaenACit` .
`minRtUvbeNþayxøÜnsøabmñakÉgeT . nwkdleBlmansgÏwmdUecñH `mincgedllkeT . `nwkeXIjGVI>
lÁ>Edl`Zøabs<al mitþPkþiEdl`EtgRsLajrabGan RkumRKYsarbgbÁÚnEdlTukcitþ` . `minRtUveZVIoeK
xkcitþedaysar`eT . nwker]gTaMgGsenH eZVIo`mankmøaMgeLIgvij ehIyeZVIo`eKglkedayGtdwgxøÜn.
RBwkRBlwmeLIg b)unnI das`tic> eRBaHdlemageRkakeZVIkarehIy . `mincgP\akeT cglkteTA
eT[teRBaHkMBugeyasbþilÁ . `eyasbþieXIj`enA:rIs kMBuger[bjaMkaehVTwkedaHeKa nignMb&ug nig
TwkXµúM . enAmnÞIrk15 eKdakTisvaysMruktamkarENnaMrbsGg<karbdivtþn¾edIm|IsMercEpnkarQaneTA
<<ksikmµsm&y kñúgry;eBl15qñaM >> <<manRsUvnwgmanGVI>TaMgGs >> edIm|IsMercTisedAenH GñkTTYl
xusRtUvmnÞIrk15 :nsMercBRgIkTwkdIbEnæmenACitpøÚvreTHePøIg . edIm|IykdIdaMRsUveKRtUvruHerIpÞHmYycMnYn
ecal. pÞHTaMgenHCalMenArbsGñkRsukPñMeBjEdlRtUveKedjoecj eRkayBYkExµrRkhmcUlmkRKbRKg
PñMeBj. pÞHGsTaMgenH CaneRkameRcInEteZVI«dð ÉCanTI1eZVIBIeQI mansPaBryIkryakCagCaneRkameTA
44
eT[t . enACMuvijpÞHnImYy>eKseg,teXIjmanedImeQIhUbEpømYycMnYnEdlmanPaBhtEhveRBAHKµankarEz
rkSa .
Gg<kar:nRbmUlmnusS50nak ehIyEckCa4Rkum . `RtUveKoeTAenAkñúgRkumZanICamYysmaCik
9nakeT[t . smaCikmYycMnYnCaGtIteyaZalnnlmkBIshrdðGaemrik . eKeRcIndakeQµaHBYkenHza
<<BYkTahancas>> ßBYkGaemrik . Gg<karcatTukza BYkmkBIshrdðGaemrik CaBYkmYyEdlmanBYk
esGIuGabg,b´eRcInCageK . bnÞabBIBYkmkBIshrdðGaemrik BYkmkBIshPaBsUev[t k*Gg<karminTukcitþEdr.
eKcatTukBYkenHPaKeRcInCaBYkkaehSeb . ÉBYkmkBIRsuk:raMgCaTUeTAeKcatTukzaRKanebICagBYkmkBI
Gaemrik nigsUev[t . k*buEnþebIeTaHCayagNak*eday k*Gg<kareXIjza BYkmkBI:raMgmanBYkesGIuGa
kaehSeb Pñakgarsmáat:raMg .l. lakxøÜnEdr . dUecñHedIm|IQrelIsµartIRbugRby&tñ bdivtþn¾:nbMEbkBYk
mkBIGaemrik CaBiessBYkTahancasmuneK ehIyeKbMpusokUnTahanRbqaMgnwgemTahan ßRbBnÆRbqaMg
nwgbþI .l. Kwm ya CaGtItnayTahancm|aMgtaMgBICMnansemþcsIhnumk . kalBYkExµrRkhmeTAkankab´
kMBgesam eRkayézá17emsa1975 KatmansMNagrtrYcCamYyPriyad*enAekµgrbsKat nigkUngaeTA
ekaHév¨ . BIekaHév¨Kat:nCiHTUkeTAdlRsukéz ehIyBIézeTAshrdðGaemrik . edaynwkRsukeBk Katk*
sMerccUlRsukvij . k*b¨uEnþtaMgBI:nmkCabmnÞIrk15mk Kwmya minRtwmEt:nGg<kareZVI:bb¨ueNÑaHeT Et
RKYsarKatRtUv:n:kEbkeT[t . bnþicmþg>mankarbHTg<icKñaenAkñúgRkumTahancas . BYkenHeTaHCa
BUEkeZVIkaryagNak*eday k*Gg<karenAEtminTukcitþdEdl . CaTUeTAeKeRcInTTYls<alza BYkTahan
casBUEkRTaMRTkarlM:k ehIyBUEkeZVIkarNas .
cMENkÉenAkñúgRkum`vij PaKeRcIneyIgCaGtItnisSitmanGayuRbhakRbEhlKña . ZanIemRkum`
CaGñkxitxMeZVIkarNasehIyKatminEdlbgÎMonrNaeZVIdUcKateT eTaHCamankarhtehvyagNak*eday
k*KatEtgnaMmuxeZVIkaredayminEdltÁÚjEtÁr . edIm|IruHpÞHKateLIgdldMbUlmuneK . KateTAkEnøgEdlman
karlM:k manneRKaHzñak . KateZVIyagenHeRBaHKatmanCMen]za RtUvEteZVIdUecñHedIm|Iksagsg<mmYysÁatsÁM
eTAGnaKt . KatmanedImkMeNItBIRKYsarmYyEdlmanvNÑ;x¬s ehIyBImunminEdlKitKUneya:yGIeT .
EteRkayrdðRbharlnnl KatcabepþImKitneya:y ehIyKat:nesBKbBYk:raMg GñkcUlcitþbdivtþn¾
vb|Zm(enARsukcin . KatcabGanes[vePArbsRbZanemA . eBlxøHKatniyayza eyIgRtUvEth)anlM:k
h)anlHbgedIm|ICati eTIb:nxøaMgBUEk . cMeBaHKatPaBTnexSay sÞakesÞIr minRbyuTÆ KWCaKuNvibtþi
kMEGlsg<mcas . ZanI CamnusSkøahan suxcitþlM:kxøÜnÉg GtEdlrker]gGñkNa . edaysuxPaB
KatrwgmaMlÁpg ehIymanstiGarmµN¾RCHRsLHpg CaktþaeZVIoKatRTaMRTkarlM:k:nCageK . KatCa
mnusSmancitþTUlaylÁ ehIycUlcitþCYyseRg<aHeKÉg ehIyKatCaGñkósSah¾er[nsURt er[nBUEktaMgBI
ótþmsikSadlzñakbNÐitBIRsukExµr dlRsuk:raMg . KatEtgEtRtUveKcatTukzaCaGñker[nBUEk ehIysøÚtbUt
minév¨ßk . taMgBIKatcabKitneya:ymk KatEtgemIles[vePACaeRcIndUcCamakS eLnIn Ggeh<al
nigemACaedIm . k*buEnþKatk*dUcCabJÃv&nþExµreyIgPaKeRcInEdr minEdlcUlcitþGanes[vePANaEdlKat
catTukzaminEmnviTüasaRsþ ßk*Caes[vePARbelamelak«tRbeyaCn¾ . ralézáZanI xMQanmuxeZVIkar
eday«ttÁÚjEtÁr eTaHCamankarhtehvyagNak*eday . Katkab´dI KatErkCIr GVIk*KateZVIEdr Gtman
erIsetÁIgGVITaMgGs . KateZVIedayRCHRsLH . GñkNacgzaKatyagemck*zaeTAKatminEdlykcitþTuk
45
daksþabeT . KatxMksagxøÜnKat . KatmincUlcitþniyayedImeK . KatxMeZVIkaredIm|Ibdivtþn¾ dUckal
Kater[nsURt KatxMer[nedIm|I:nelx1 . eZVIkarCYybdivtþn¾:nyUryagNa bnæyeBlksagbdivtþn¾oxøI
bueNÑaH .
enAkñúgbriyakasEbbenH GñkeC]s)ub nigGñkeZVIoEtrYcxøÜnBIédenACamYyKña . eyIgeZVIkareday
sáatesá{m . eBlxøHeyIgeZVIkarZmµta eyIgenAEtRbugRby&tñ eyIgenAEtRbkanGg<karvin&y eTaHCaKµan
nrNaRtYteyIgk*eday . EteyIgGtTukcitþKña eyIgBinitüKñaeTAvijeTAmk kñúgKñaeyIgEdlmkBIbreTsdUc
Kña ehIyEdlsBVézákMBugEtmanTukÎdUcKña . sUm|IEtQaneCIgqøgkatpøÚvreTHePøIgeTArkxügEdlsMbUrenA
TIenaHk*GtmannrNah)aneTApg . eyIgsuxcitþRTaMGt EteyIgxøacminh)anbMBanGg<karvin&yeT . EmnETn
eTA hakdUcCaeyIgmñak>køayxøÜneTAGñkRtUveKeZVI:bpg eZVI:bxøÜnÉgpg .
eyIgruHerIpÞHodIenATMenredIm|IykeTAeZVIERs . mþgeT[teyIgnaMKñaeZVItamkarbJ¢aedayGtmanRbEkk
GVITaMgGs zVIt|itEteyIgminylza karkMeTcTIRkugPñMeBjedIm|IykdIeTAeZVIERsenH:npleLIy . ehIyebI
TukNaCaeKeRbIeyIgoeZVIrbgB&TÆxøÜnÉg k*eyIgminh)anRbEkkEdr .
ralézáenAtampøÚvreTHePøIg eBlCityb´eyIgEtg:neXIjBUmñakedIrmkBIPñMeBj . `niyayBIKatenH
eRBaHtaMgBImkCabenAmnÞIrk15enH eyIgminEdlmanOkasCYbnrNadUcKateT . KatR:beyIgza Kat
eTApÞHKatvij enACiteBaZicintug . KatcUleZVIkarRBlwmRsag>emøH eyIgminEdl:neXIjKateT eBl
RBwk . eyIgdwgza kalBIsm&ysg<mraRsþniym nigCMnanlnnl KatCaGñkbec©keTsxagpøÚvreTHePøIg
ehIyeRkayézá17 emsa 1975 KatCaGñkeZVIkarcasmYycMnYntUcEdlGg<karehAomkeZVIkarvij . ral
ézáeBlKatedIrmkeXIjeyIgkMBugeZVIkar KatEtgbgÁgdMeNIreqø{tniyayelgCamYyBYkeyIg . Katmin
h)anQbyUreT . eBlxøHKatyYrsacRCUkbICanmYydMuCamYypg . Katza KathUbEqÁtralézá . KñaeyIg
xøHzaKatCamnusSbg,er]g . eRkaymkGg<karQboeyIgTakTgesrIniymenHteTAeT[t ebIBMuenaHeT eKnwg
ykGñkEdlelµIsvin&yoeKTiet[n ksagBIbTesrIniym nigkarbMBanelIlkÎkarN¾ EzrkSakarsmáat .
CaeKalkarN¾ eKminGnuJÃatosmaCikénmnÞIrmYyTakTgnwgsmaCikénmnÞIrmYyeT[tedayesrIniymeT.
eKeZVIyagenH edIm|IkMuoxµaMgGaceqø{tév¨Gg<kar:n . BIrbIézáeRkaymk eyIgk*Elg:neXIjKatedIrelIpøÚv
reTHePøIgteTAeT[t .
enAevlaláacmYy BIrézáeRkaymk Gg<kar:nbJ¢aoykkmøaMg3 0nak edIm|IecjeTAeZVIebskkmµ
enAeRkACMrMu . `:nRtUveKerIseTACamYyeKÉgEdr . eKminR:beyIgza etIeKbJ¢ÚneyIgeTAeZVIGIeT EteK
hakdUcCaer[bRbugRby&tñNas emIleTAeXIjhakdUcCaebskkmµenaHmansar;sMxansem|ImNas . evla
emag6láac LankaMmIjúgmYy:ndwkeyIgcUleTAPñMeBj . BitEmnEtybcab´epþImggwtbnþiceTAehIykþI Et`
xMebIkEPñkRbugRby&tñemIleTsPaBPñMeBj Edl`:nEbkeTACag10qñaMehIy . LandwkeyIgebIkyag
el]nkatTIsþIkarKN;rdðmRnþI nigkatsæanIy¾rzePøIg . mkdlkEnøgenHeZVIo`nwkeXIjeBl`:nmkeXIj
TIenHCaelIkTI1CamYyÓBuk`enAeBlbuNüBakkNþalRBHBuTÆsasna enAqñaM1956 . `caM:nza kalenaH
manmnusSkkBaseBj «LÚvsUm|IEtmñakk*Kµanpg .
eyIgQrRbeRC[tKñayagENntantabenAkñúgLan Etmñak>xMBinitüemIlPñMeBj . nwkeTAPñMeBjkal
BIxøÜnZøabs<al . xülRtCakbkelVIy> . ÉenAtampøÚvLank*Gt mnusSk*Gt ehIypÞHmYy>hakdUcCa
46
ggwtQwgKµansJÃaNamYyzamanmnusSenAeT . yUreyIgeXIjmanePøIgGK<isnImYy . `RsémeXIjRsuk
ERs ßPUmimYydacRsyalenAeCIgPñMEdlKµanGK<isnIeTAdl . sPaBsáatQwgEbbenH eZVIo`RBWqÁwgxñg
eBl`nwkeXIjkalBImunenApSarzµI manmnusSBaseBjTaMgybTaMgézá . manhagtUcZMlk«v¨anRKbmux.
CitmkdlmnÞIreBTüRBHektumala RsabEt»sUrsñÚrd*EsncEmøkxøaMgeLIg>esÞIrEbkRtec[k . `cabGarmµN¾
dwgzaCasñÚreKvayzµ . CamYysemøgd*KYroRsek[rRtec[kenH `k*:n»sUrsemøgmnusSG)U>d*eRcInnak lay
LMCamYy . LanebIkeTAdl `eXIjmnusSCMuKñaedaydMu> bMPøWedayePøIgPøWtic> . `eXIjsuTÆEtekµgenAeday
dMu>tamRkumkMBugnaMKñavaybMEbkzµedIm|IykEdk . `mindwgCanrNaxøHeT ehIyBYkeKmkBINaeT EteRcIn
rabBannak naMKñavayzµ . GñkxøHmanjjÜrtUc>vayCJ¢aMg GñkxøHmanjjÜrZM>kMBugvayssrd*ZM> . BYk
manjjÜrZM>eKeZVIkartamRkum GñkNahtmñakeT[tmkCMnYs . `eXIjza zµssrZM>enHrwgNas TukCa
eKERskpg vaynwgjjÜrZM>xøaMgyagNa k*zµ:nrebHmþg>tic> mñak>EbkejIseCaK .
eyIgdwgzakEnøgenHBIedImmanviharRBHeys)Uvd*ZMCageKbgÁsenAkñúgRbeTskm¬úCa . eRkayBYkExµr
RkhmcUlPñMeBj:nbnþic BYkeK:ndakRKabEbkopÞúHkMeTcviharenHGsrlIg . eKeZVIdUecñHeRBaHeKcat
TukzaviharenHCanimµitrUbGaNaniKm:raMg . eKbJ¢ÚnBYkeyIgmkenHRbEhleKcgoeyIgeXIjmaK(adacxat
rbsGg<karbdivtþn¾ . BYkbgbÁÚnxøHemIlBYkeyIgdUcCastVcEmøkEdleKminEdls<al . eKCCIksYrmitþ
eyIgxøHEdlBakEv¨ntamIjÚbzaBakeZVIGI / TukCazaBakedIm|IemIlk*eKhakdUcCamincgeC] eRBaHeKKitza
BakEv¨ntaedIm|IhWuhatamsg<mcas . eTaHCayagenHk*eday k*BYkeyIgxMév¨zµdUcbgbÁÚneyIgepSgeT[tEdr.
eKzaedIm|IoxøaMg eyIgRtUvdakstiGarmµN¾dUcCaeyIgvaycRkBtþi nigGaNaniKm ehIyeyIgcgkMhwgnwg
cRkBtþi nigBYkRbtikiriya .
47
en AeragcRk
enAedImExvicäika qñaM1976 `:nRtUveKoeTAcUlrYmmhasnñi:tRbcaMqmasrbs'mnÞIrk15 . Gñkrs'
enAkñúgmnIÞrTaMgGs' cUlrYmkñúgkic©RbCMud*óLa#kenH edImÊIsrubdkBiesaZn¾karksaglt'dMxøÜnknøgmk TaMg
xagneya:ystiGarmµN¾ nigcat'taMg . snñi:tenHmanry;eBlBIréz∙ . CaeKalkarN¾kñúgry;eBl
RbCMuBIréz∙enH GñkcUlrYmmñak'>GacbeJ©jmti:nedayesrIedImÊIGg<karCMrHoGs'PaBsµúKsµajEdlekItman
eLIgenAmnÞIrk15 . k*b"uEnþCak'EsþgeyIgmanesrIPaBm"üagKWKaMRTGg<karb"ueNÑaH . sUmeqø{tbJ¢ak'pgEdrza
eBlR:rBÆsnñi:tBIréz∙enH manrbbhUbcukeRcInCagZmµtaehIyCamYyKñaenHeyIgk*minpþac'Qb'eZVIkargar
BlkmµEdr. k*b"uEnþpÞúyeTAvij eyIgRtUvnaMKñaxitxMeZVIBlkmµo:nkan'EtxøaMgkøaEzmeT[t . KWeyIgnaMKñaeRkak
BIRBlwmelIsBIéz∙Zmµta edImÊIeZVIkargarBlkmµ dUcCakargarErkTwk EzTaMdMNaM ehIyl∙aceLIgeRkayBIecj
BIsnñi:t k*eyIgRtUvvaysMrukbMeBjBlkmµpgEdr .
kñúgsunÞrkzabiTsnñi:t Pum RbZanmnÞIrGb'rMneya:yk15:nsMerceZVIomankarpøas'bþÚrenAkñúgmnÞIr .
PumEckGñkecjoeTAkan'kEnøgbI ;
-RkumTI1 eTAkan'mnÞIrk10 ßtaLI . mnÞIrtaLIsæitenAcm∙ayRbmaN10KILÚEm"Rt TisxagtÊÚgPñMeBj . mnÞIr
enHmankargarZM KWeZVIERsCasMxan' ehIyCasaxarbs'mnÞIrk15 EdlmanPum CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvEdr .
taLI EckCaBIrEpñkKW taLIxaglic nigtaLIxagekIt .
k-taLIxaglicsMrab'dak'BYkbJÃvnþ nisiSt nigGñkrdðkar nigeyaZaEdlPaKeRcInmkBIRbeTs:raMg .
x-taLIxagekItsMrab'dak'BYkbJÃvnþ nisiSt nigGñkrdðkar nigeyaZamkBIshrdðGaemrik. GñkmkBIbreTs
EdlBIedImenAtMbn'103kñúgextþRBHvihar mYycMnYnk*mkenAtaLIxagekItenHEdr kñúgenaHmanraCbuRtI rbs'
RBHGg<m©as'semþcneratþm sIhnu dUcCaRBHGg<m©as'kSRtiy¾ suriyavgSI nigRBHGg<m©as'kSRtiy¾ bTum bu:¢
nigsVamIrbs'RBHGg< KWRBHGg<m©as' sUCuRta GñkebIkynþehaHd*lÊIlÊaj .
-RkumTI2 PMu:nbJ¢asmaCikmYyRkumeT[teTAbMeBjParkic©lt'dMxøÚnenAksidðanrdðGg<C&y . Gg<C&yCatMbn'
mYymancm∙ayRbmaN 30KILÚEm"RtBIRkugPñMeBj sæitenAelIpøÚvCatielx1 PñMeBj-sVayer[g .
-RkumTI3 eyIgTaMgGs'Kñaman39nak' RtUvbMeBjParkic©enAeragcRk . Rbus35nak' nigRsI4nak' . kñúgRkum
TI3 enHman b)unnI nig`pgEdr .
munnwgecj PMupþaMoeyIglak'RbvtþirUb ehIyenARKb'eBlevlaTaMgGs'RtUveKarBmaK(arbs'Gg<kar
bdivtþn¾ suPaBrabsar er[nsURtBIvNÑ;GZn. zVItÊitEteyIgGñk:ner[nsURtEtminRtUvTukxøÚnzaCaGñkecHdwg
CagRbCaCn kmµkr ksikreT . ktþasMxan'kñúgrbbbdivtþn¾ minEmnbec©keTseT EtstiGarmµN¾ . eyIg
TaMgGs'KñamanesckþIrIkrayNas' edayRtUv:neKGnuJÃatoecjBICMruMk15enH. cMeBaHKñaeyIg esÞIrEt
TaMgGs'CaelIkTI1ehIy taMgBI:ncUlRbeTsmk :nRtUveKGnuJÃatoecjBImnÞIr CaBiesseTAeT[t:n
eTArYmsuxTuk¡CamYyvNÑ;kmµkrEdlCassrRTUgénsg<mzµI . GñkxøHsg¹wmza tamry;karbJ¢ÚnoeTAeZVIkar
enAeragcRkenH Gg<karqab'TTYls<al'smtæPaBrbs'eyIg . RbEhlbnþicmþg> eyIgcab'manesrIPaB edIr
ehIrCYbeKCYbÉg CaOkasGacoeyIgmanlTÆPaB esIubsYrBt(manBIÓBukmþay bgbÁÚn RkumRKYsareyIg
EdlrhUtmkdl'eBlenH eyIgGt'mandMNwgGVITaMgGs' . m"üageT[teyIgsg¹wmy"agmutmaMzakarrs'enA
eRkABImnÞIrGb'rM cÊas'CamanPaBZUrRsalRKan'ebICagkarGt'XøanEdleyIg:nCYbRbTHrhUtdl'sBVéz∙.
48
eyIgEtg»tamviTüúza enAtamshkrN¾nigeragcRk bgbÁÚnmanrbbhUbcuk3 dgkñúgmYyéz∙ . srubeTA
cMeBaHstiGarmµN¾eyIg eBlenaH ecjeTANak*RKan'ebICagenAk15Edr .
karEdlmanclnaecjBICMrMud*eRcInenH bNþaloKñaeyIgEdlmin:necjmankarxkcitþy"agxøaMg .
eRBaHCaTUeTAmñak'>eC]za enAkEnøgNak*RKan'ebICagk15Edr . dUecñHnrNak*cg'ecjEdr . ehIycMeBaHGñk
EdlKµaneQµaHecj eKsµúKsµajNas' eRBaHeKmindwgza ehtuGI:nCaGñkxøHeKoecj GñkxøHeKmino .
manmitþ`mñak'lan'mat'za eyIgminKYrnaMKñaKitoEbkkÊalGt'RbeyaCn¾eT eZVIEttameKbJ¢aeTAvacb'eTAehIy
ebIeKoeTANa eTAhñwgeTA Kit:nkarGI ebIeKoeTAehIy eyIgmincg'eTAk*RtUvEteTAEdr .
eKoeyIgeLIgLan Autobus ecjdMeNIrmkPñMeBjtammhavizIRBHneratþm tMrg'eTAkan'vimanÉkraCü .
enAsgxagpøÚvs∙at'Kµan mnusSedIreT . pÞHCaeRcInmansPaBs∙at'Qwg esµAduHs)ubRTub CasJ¦aodwgza
PaKeRcInKµanmnusSsMNak'enAeT . dl'viman ÉkraCü `nwkeXIjsYncÊarEdl`Zøab'edIrlMEhr . Lan
ebIktMrg'eTAkÊalzñl' . `nwkeXIjPUmisaRsþEdl`Zøab's<al' nwkeXIjk|alzñlEdl`ósSah¾edIrkat
kalenABIekµg .
Lank*QboeyIgcuHenAkEnøgmYyCabnwgmNÐlkumarkMRBa . BIedIm`minEdls<almNÐlkumarkMRBa
enHeT . RbEhlCaeKeTIbbeg,IteLIgeRkayeBl`ecjeTAbreTs . RkeLkeXIjPøam `mankarcabGarmµN¾za
brievNénmNÐlkumarkMRBaenH CaTIkEnøgKYroeBjcitþNasmanrukÎCatiepSg>duHrIkraldalyaglÁRbNit
p,acM: p,acMbIu CHkøinyagRkGUb eZVIo`nwkeXIjRsukExµrBIedIm .
enAmanp,aEdretI ! `nwkkñúgcitþ . enAminqáaybunµanBIedImp,a naTIZøaRsLH `eXIjeKykp,acMbIu
p,acM: halelIkenÞleRkamkMedAézá . eKBnüleyIgza eKeZVIyagenHedIm|ITukdwkecj ykeTAlkenA
hugkug nigswgºburI edIm|IykduløarTukTijRtakT&r . enAPaKxagt|Úg kñúgcMkareck eXIjmanRkdasluy er[l
BaseBjdI . eKzaluyer[lenHenAsltaMgBIeBlCenø{smk . `nwkzadUcCaminsm eRBaHeXIjRkdas
RkdasxøHmanrUbc|asenAeLIy .
emceTAeXIjluyeBjdIGIcwg / mansemøgmYysYr`BIeRkayxñg . `gakeRkayeXIj b)uner]n Edl`
Zøabs<alkalenACanisSit . KatCaGtItnisSitmkBIGaløWmg . Kat:ncUlRsuktaMgBImunézá17 emsa
1975 emøH . cUlmkdlRsukdMbUg KatenARBHvihar tMbn103 . zVIt|itEtKats<mCagkalenAbreTs
EtKatenAmanraMgmaMmYn rh&srhYsdEdl . mindUcBYkeyIgmkBIk15eT . »zaKateZVIkarenAmnÞIBiesaZn¾
EdlsæitenACitenH . KatEtgmkTTYlTan:yenAsalaósSahkmµer[gralézá . `minh)aneqøIyza
sþayluyGIeT . kalenAbreTs `nwkza bnþiceT[teKc|asCaebIkocayluydUcRsukeKepSgeT[tBaseBj
sklelakminxan eRBaH`mineC]za eyIgminGacGtcayluyEtmñakÉgeTArYceT . k*buEnþenAk15 Pmu
GñkGbrMeyIgeKR:b´c|asehIyza <<BYkcRkBtþinigBYkesrI cgoeyIgcayluy . etIeyIgRtUvcaydUceK
cgßyagemc / Gg<kareyIgGnuvtþn¾tambNþaMesµ{nC&y ebIsRtUveyIgcgoeyIgeTAsþaM eyIgminRtUveTAsþaM
tameKcgoeyIgeTAeT ebIeyIgqøat KWeyIgRtUveTAeqVg >> .
taMgBImkdleKGtoeyIgeZVIGVIeT . KñaeyIgxøHbeJ©jes[vePAbec©keTs EdlxøÜnminTanCMruHmkemIl .
GñkxøHedIrcuHedIreLIgdUcCaresHresaHkñúgxøÜn GñkxøHsmáMesá{menAelIERK . k*buEnþCarYm mñak>hakdUcCaman
sgÏwmeLIgvij . GñkxøHsgÏwmza RbEhleKykeyIgmkeRbIkarehIy eRBaHeKminGacksagRbeTsoeTAmux
49
:n edayminykGñkmanbec©keeTseTAeZVIkarenaHeT . ebIeKoeyIgltdMxøÜnEmn RtUvEtbJ©bézáNamYy
ebIoltdMksagxøÜnrhUt etIksagedIm|IGI /
enAézáRtg eKR:beyIgoeTAhUb:y . eKGter[bCYr ehIymñak>minRbjabRbjaleTArkqñaM:y
dUcenAk15eT . erag:yGtCJ¢aMg enACab´nwgcRg,ansæitenAkNþallanmNÐlkumarkMRBa Edlman
edImeQIZMCaeRcInKYroRtCakRtCMu . eyIgmansmørTwkmYymux qabEnømYymux :yhUbmYyEqÁt . :yehIy
manEpøeQITMuCabEgÁm . eyIgminEdlmansMNaghUb:yqáajGJ©wgeT taMgBIcUlRsukmk . ÉmIgGñkeZVI
:y rYsray GayuRbmaNCa40qñaM . KatzakalBIedIm KatenAEbkcan . mkCaeP\{vCMnaneyIgEdl
manbursBIrnak manedImkMeNItcinkataMgniyayExµrc|asRKanebI . Katza KatmanedImkMeNItmkBIsÁag.
Gg<karykKatmkPñMeBj eRBaHKatecHeZVImasIun . `eqø{tsYrKatBIsÁagekaHZM Katza«LúvdUrGsehIy .
`eqø{tsYrBIma`enAsÁag KatR:bza eKoKatecjBIRsukyUrmkehIy . :yrYc `eqø{tedIrykxül
rkkEnøgsáateRkamedIreQI sMrakeday`twgeBaHRCul hUb:yeRcIneBk . b)uner]n Kateqø{tmkCYb`
mþgeT[t . Katcgo`R:bKatoRtgza etIenAbreTseKmaneyablyagemcBIRsukeyIg / sMNYrenH
GñkmkdlmunEtgEtlYcsYrBYkGñkmkdleRkay ehIyCasMNYrEdleyIgBi:keqøIyNas . eqøIyyagemc
k*minRtUvcitþGñkcaMsþabEdr . eRBaHebIeyIgeqøIyza enAbreTseKGtyleyIg eKcgcUlmkemIlRsukeyIg
pÞalnwgEPñkeK GñksYrsMNYreKnwgykBaküesøakrbsGg<karmkR:beyIgvijza Gg<kareyIgrvlNas
minTaner[bcMRsukeyIgGacTTYleK:neT .
b)uner]n ; etIxøÜndwgza b¨ulBtCanrNaeT /
` ; `Gtdwgc|aseT
b)uner]n ; KathñwgehIysaLútsr . KatBUEkNas sUm|IEtcink*TTYls<alKatEdr . cinTukcitþKat
esµInwgelakRbZanemA . cincgbgÎMoeyIgcrcasnþiPaBCamYyshrdðGaemrikenAqñaM1973 . Etbgb¨ul
Bt KatRbkaneKalCMhrdacxat mincrcaminsMruHsMrYlminsnþism&¬nÆ . bgbulBt Katykesñ{t ZnC&y
mkGnuvtþn¾ . edIm|IdeNþIm:nC&yCMnH eyIgkMucaje:ksRtUvelgk|Ünva EteyIgRtUvovaelgtamk|ÜneyIg
vij . dleBlvaminZøabelgk|ÜneyIgvamYemA . ehIyebIkalNavamYemA vacajeRb[beyIgehIy . eRBaH
ehtudUecñHehIy :nCaeyIgdeNþImC&yCMnH:n . elaknaykCUeGnLay :nR:bbgeG[gsarI za eK
GacniyayBIbdivtþn¾km¬úCayagemck*:nEdr k*buEnþktþamYyEdleKRtUvEtTTYls<alKWkm¬úCaGacdeNþImC&y
CMnHEtkñúgry;eBl5qñaM . :nn&yza maK(amitþkm¬úCa KWRtwmRtUv .
`; cuHex[vsMpn eZVIGI /
b)uner]n ; tam`dwg KatminTanCasmaCikmCÄwmbkSkumµúynisþeT . ÉcMENkh)U yn, h)U nwm vij KatGt
mantYnaTIGVIsMxaneTenAkñúgbkS . semþcsIhnu KatminRBmshkarCamYyeyIg . semþcEbn nut Kat
dUcCaRsYlCag .
`minGacsnñidðan:nza etIb)uner]n KatniyayedaysarKatmanCMen] ßk*KatcgoeKeXIjza Kat
CaGñkesµaHRtg100% CamYyGg<kar . eBlKatniyayR:b` h)U yn RtUvb¨ulBteZVIXat:teTAehIy É
cMENkh)uy nwm kMBugmanbJºa . enHCaelIkeRkaybgÁsEdl`CYb b)uner]n . enAkñúgeBlenaH `minsUvEdl
50
:nCYbGñkEdlh)anniyaydUcKateT . zVIt|itEtKatxMbgºajkaresµaHRtgrbsKatyagenHk*eday k*eRkay
mk`eXIjeQµaHKatkñúgbJ¢IGñkEdleKykeTAsmøabenATYlEsøg .
enAézádEdlbnþiceRkaymk `»sUrsemøgmasIunLMRbW)taebIkcUlmk . `s<alGñkebIkKWelakCYn mumµ .
Katesø{kBakexaGavBN(kaKI eZVIo`kanEtcabGarmµN¾EzmeT[t eRBaHCaTUeTAeyIgeXIjEtmñak> esø{kBak
exaGavexµARKbkEnøg EdleyIgZøab:neTA . zVIt|itEtKats<m raghtehvCageBlEdl`Zøabs<alkal
enARsuk:raMg EtebIeRb[beZ[bCamYyBYkeyIgeXIjza KatenAmanrUbragkayenARKanebICag . enHCaskÎI
PaBbgºajoeXIjza KatmansuxPaBmaMmYnlÁ edaymansIlZm(rwgmaMkñúgkarsenA TaMgxagpøÚvkay TaMg
pøÚvcitþ . KatCamnusSer[nBUEkl|Il|aj ecHéqñRbDit suPaBrabsar minecHerIseGIgehIyCaGñkesñha
Catid*ótþúg<ótþmmñak ehIyEtgEtcMNayRKbeBlevla edIm|IkarBar nigksagRbeTs . enAkñúgTisedA
enHehIy Kat:nCYybNþúHbNþalyuvCnExµrmYycMnYnedIm|I:ner[nsURt .
ézáenHelakCYnmum cabédBYkeyIg sMeNHsMNalCamYyBYkeyIg dUcKatEtgZøab:neZVItaMgBIedIm
er[gmk . eyIg:nnaMKñaQrCMuvijKat edIm|IBiPakSaCamYyKatkñúgsPaBsñiTÆsñal . KatelIkTwkcitþeyIg eZVI
ostiGarmµN¾eyIg:neLIgmYykMrit . KatEckes[vePAsresrnigrbsmYycMnYnEdleyIgcg:n . Katza
RsukeyIgRkNas kMritvb|Zm(RbCaCnExµrenATabNas . kmµkrPaKeRcInGtecHGkSr . Katniyay
yagenHedIm|IkMuoBYkeyIgxkcitþ eBleTAdleragcRk . KatBnüleyIgbEnæmza eXIjyagenH eyIgmin
RtUvGssgÏwmeT EtpÞúyeTAvijeyIgRtUvEtxMBuHBaróbsK< eRBaHCaRsukrbseyIg . eyIgsMerccUlRsukenH
minxuseT RtUvehIy . Baküza <<RsukeyIgRkNas kMritvb|Zm(RbCaCneyIgenATab eyIgmñak>manRbeyaCn¾
sMrabCatieyIg CatieyIgRtUvkarGñkecHdwgedIm|IksageLIgvij>> CasmþIEdleyIgxan:n»taMgBIcUlRsuk
mk. pÞúyeTAvijeKEtgEtniyayza bJÃv&nþCabeJÃIEkÁk eyIgCaGñkCiHCanRbCaCn eyIgCamnusSGt:nkar.
enAkñúgbriyakasEbbenH eZVIoeyIgmansgÏwmeLIgvij . eyIghUbEqÁt GtmannrNamkbgÎM Gt
mannrNamktamdan KµanRkum KµanBYk KµanTiet[n sV&yTiet[n . enAkEnøgmYy `erIs:nes[vePA
<<lMenAcugeRkay>> niBnÆedayXun Rs)un . BitEt`ZøabGanehIyk*eday k*`sb|aycitþNasEdl:n
es[vePAenHmkGansarCazµI . eBlTMenr eZVIoTmøabcasrbseyIgvaerIeLIgvij . XunRs)un :neZVI
GtæaZib|ayd*rsrevIkGMBIsg<mExµrkalCMnansaZarNrdð GMeBIBukrlYy plvi:kénsRg<am .l. mnusS
CMnaneyIgcgomankarpøasbþÚrkñúgsg<m . Et`mineC]za eKTaMgenHcg:nsg<mEbbenHeT . `nwkeXIj
BYkEdl`Zøabs<al `sYrxøÜnÉgza BYkeKTaMgenHenAÉNa / BitEmnEtenAeBlenH eyIg:nZUrRsal
Emn buEnþ`KµanCMen]eT[teT . GVIEdl`:neXIjtaMgBI`QaneCIgcUlmkdlRsuk vahYsBIkarsµan.
CIvitenAk15 minxusGIBIsæannrkeLIy . `nwkGaNitmitþEdlbnþrsenATIenaH . zVIt|itEtmankarelIk
TwkcitþzaeyIgcUlRsukenHRtUvehIyk*eday ebIRbsineKo`manlTÆPaBsMerc:neRsccitþedayGtman
eRKaHzñak `c|asCasMerccitþecjBIRsukvijPøamedayKµanraErkkñúgcitþbnþicbnþÜceLIy .
rsenAeday <<esrI >> GtmanBlkmµ GtmanTiet[n sV&yTiet[n:nbIézá eyIgdUcCaEhlhal
resHresaHkñúgxøÜn . dUcCarsenAEbbGnaZibetyü . sMNaglÁ RTI ebghYt KñaeyIgmñakEdlman
stiGarmµN¾x¬sCageK :nENnaMeyIg “eyIgbnþrsenAEbbenHeT[tminekIteT caM:cRtUvrkkargarBlkmµ
51
eZVI . Gg<karTukoeyIgenATMenrEbbenHedIm|IsÞgemIlstiGarmµN¾eyIg . Gg<karcaMemIlza etIeyIgman
KMnitepþImP\akrlwkbuNÑa / eyIgenAEtmanZatucasCaGnuZn CiHCankargarBlkmµRbCaCneT[tßk*dUrehIy/
eyIgk*mUlmtiKñaesñIGñkTTYlxusRtUvrkkareZVI . edayykelszaBYkeyIgminGacenAesá{m mineZVIkar
CiHCanBlkmµbgbÁÚnkmµkr ksikreT . k*buEnþeKeqøIyR:beyIgvijza minGIeT bgbÁÚnsMraksineTA láac
enHGg<karnwgcabebIkvK<sikSasalaósSahkmµehIy . k*buEnþedayeyIgTamTareBk eKk*oeyIgCYycaMeck
rhUtdleBlcUleTArYmer[nsURt . dUc:nkMNtézárs[l vK<sikSasalaósSahkmµ:ncabepþImeRkam
GZibtIPaBrbs ecn Gn rdðmRnþIRksYgósSahkmµkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü . CaelIkTI1mYyehIyEdleyIg
:neXIjKat . BImuneyIgZøabs<alEteQµaHtamviTüú . KatCamnusSmaDRkGajtUcmaM . sm|úrs rh&srhYn
ehIycUlcitþniyayeRcIn . »sUreKza KatCaGñkts)UsmáatCamYy vn evt bg,bxøÜnkñúgclnakmµkr enA
TIRkugPñMeBjtaMgBI:nÉkraCübnþicmk . kñúgsunÞrkzaebIk ecn Gn :neZVIóeTÞsnamBIRbvtþiósSahkmµkm¬úCa
BIsg<mrhUtdlsBVézá ehIynigTsSn;GnaKtrbsGg<karkñúgTisedAksagkm¬úCaosMercEpnkarksikmµ
sm&yTMenIbedIm|IQaneTACaRbeTsósSahkmµ . ecn Gn ktsMKalR:beyIgza kalBIsg<mcas km¬úCa
Kµanneya:yBRgIknigBRgwgósSahkmµeT . rbbRbtikiriyaKµanneya:yÉkraCüm©askar xøÜnTIBwgxøÜn
kñúgneya:yesdðkic©CatieT . ósSahkmµZánk*eyIgmin:nykcitþTukdak ósSahkmµRsalnigmZüm
k*eyIgRBegIykenþIy . eyIgdwkplitplTaMgZM TaMgtUcmkBIbreTsesÞIrEtTaMgGs . taMgBIézárMedaHmk
Gg<karbdivtþn¾eyIgcabksagneya:yósSahkmµBI:tédTeTr . edIm|IeqøIytbnwgkarxVHxatrbsRbCaCn
kmµkr ksikr eyIgRtUvsMerczaetIeyIgksagGVICacMbg / eqøIynwgsMNYrenH Gg<kar:nsMercza neya:y
ósSahkmµkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyümanTisedACacm|gKWplitsmÖar;bg,beg,Inpl edIm|IeqøIytbnwgesckþIRtUvkar
xagvis&yksikmµ . eZVIyagenHedIm|Ioneya:yesdðkic©eyIgmanmUldðanrwgmaM QaneTAsMercEpnkarrbs
Gg<karksikmµsm&y kñúgry;eBl15qñaM . :neTAdlksikmµsm&yehIy RbeTseyIgnwgmanmUldðan
esdðkic©rwgmaM edIm|IQaneTARbeTsósSahkmµcMrugcMerIn sm|Úrruger]g dUcsm&yGg<r .
cabBIézáer[nsURtrYcmk eKk*oeyIgP¢ab´xøÜnnwgkmµkrRkugPñMeBjCabeNþIr> tamry;kargarBlkmµ
bg,beg,Inpl . ecn Gn :noBYkeyIgeTAeZVIERsBIrdgkñúgkMLúgeBl15ézáEdleyIgmkenAGbrMkñúgsala
ósSahkmµenH eZVIdUecñHGg<karGnuvtþn¾neya:yer[nbeNþIr eZVIkargarbg,beg,InplbeNþIr . EbkcanCa
tMbnvalERssMrabokmµkreragcRkdaMRsUv óbtæmÖxøÜn ÉkraCüm©askar xøÜnTIBwgxøÜn . enATIenaHeyIgeXIj
kmµkreRcInBannakmkeZVIkargar . eKmkeZVI10ézámþgkñúgRkbx&NðézásMraksg<mniym . eKGnuvtþn¾tamEbbézá
GaTitü kumµúynisþenAsUev[tCMnansæalIn . kñúgeBl:neTArYmBIrelIkenH `minh)anTakTgGñkNaeT .
eBlGaceZVIeTA:n `edIremIlERkg:nCYbRbTHbgbÁÚn ßmitþPkþiEdl`Zøabs<al . k*buEnþ`Gtmans<al
GñkNa ehIyk*minh)ansYreKEdr eRBaHxøaceKzaKµanGg<karvin&y . enAeBl:neTAeZVIERsenAEbkcanTaMgBIr
elIkenH eyIgsæitenAeRkamkarRKbRKgrbsecnGn . CamYyBYkeyIgKatminEdlRbkanßkoBYkeyIgdwgza
zaKatCaGñkZMdUceG[gsarIeT . k*buEnþpÞúyeTAvij eBleyIgeTAeZVIERsenAEbkcanTaMgBIrelIkenH KatEtg
EckmºÚboBYkeyIgTTYlTantamcMEGt . GnusSavrIy¾d*lÁEdleyIgcaMminePøc KW:nhUb:yRsYyRkGUb
CamYymºÚbeRcInmuxCamYyecnGn enAEbkcanCaBiessxeg[tRtIr¨s . eRkABIenAEbkcan eyIgbnþdaMeck
CMrHesµA sÞÚgRsUvenAkñúgbrievNsalaósSahkmµenARCugxagt|ÚgminCaqáayb¨unµanBIGtItmhaviTüal&yc|ab.
52
bnÞabmkeT[t eKoeyIgeTAe:ssMGateKhdðanEdlGtmnusSenA sæitenATlmuxsalaósSahkmµ . »
BaküccamGar¨amza eKoeyIger[bcMviLaGsTaMgenHedIm|ITukCakEnøgpSMdMeNk . eKhdðanTaMgenHCapÞH
sÞIlGaNaniKmrwgmaMlÁNas . manedImeQI p,aRKbmuxB&TÆCMuvij . ézámYyeBl`edIrkattampøÚveTAsMGat
pÞHGsTaMgenH `:neXIjBIcmáaymanmnusSmYyRkumedIrelIvizImunIvgSEdlGtmancracr . karEdleZVIo`
cabGarmµN¾xøaMg KWBYkTaMgenHesø{kBakexarwtceg,HnigGavsMrab´BakeKgBN(p,aQUkdUc>KñaehIymaneyaZa
5nakedIryam . eXIjPøam`sYrxøÜnÉgza CaGñkeTasß / k*buEnþexaGavzµIEcssÁatyag enHminGacCa
mnusSCabKukeT . bnþicmk`»sUrniyayExµr:yLaM>dUcCaCnCatiyYn . emIlmuxGñkniyay `P\akeRBIt ;
`Zøabs<alKateTetI ! pan v¨an: CaGtIttMNaghaNUy RbcaMRkug:rIs . ehIy«LÚvCaÉkGK<rdðTUt
saZarNrdðsg<mniymev[tNam RbcaMRbeTskm¬úCa. GñkedIrCamYy suTÆswgCashkarIKat . eXIjdUecñH
`xMlakmuxminoKateXIj . enA:rIs `ZøabCYbKatCajwkjab . `CYbKatcugeRkayenA:rIs CamYyecA
esg eRkayézá17 emsa 1975 . eRkayev[tNamxageCIgcUléRBnKreK:nQøanBankankabekaHExµrenA
QUgsmuRTes[mmYycMnYn . ecAesg Kat:nnaM`eTACamYyedIm|Itv¨aRbqaMgnwgGMeBId*GmitþenHbg,eLIgeday
rdðaPi:lRkughaNUy . enA:rIs BYkExµrCMnancasCag` ZøabniyayzakalBIedImpan v¨an: ZøabenA
PñMeBj kñúgfan;CaCnkumµúynisþ bg,bxøÜneZVICaGñklkEs|keCIgenApSarcas .
knøgmkzVIt|itEtmanbJºarkaMrkUsedaysarbJºaneya:yk*eday k*CarUbPaBeyIgenAEzrkSakar
KYrsmCanic© . buEnþenAeBlenH `dwgxøÜnza ebIBYkeyaZadwgza `Zøabs<alKat c|asCacatTukza `Ca xµaMg
minxaneLIy . ézáeRkay`dwgza TUtev[tNamenAminqáaybunµanBIsalaósSahkmµeT . eyaZamñakEdlZøab´
eZVICaGñkyamsæanTUtev[tNam:nGHGagza BYkTUtyYnenAPñMeBjGtmanGITTYlTanRKbRKaneT . hUbEt
rbskMb¨ug . ehIyBYkenHecHEtlYcebHdUgenACMuvijTUtGsminesÞIr .
XXX ézáenHCaézáEdleKer[bcMEbøkenAsalaósSahkmµ . manmnusSzµI>CaeRcIn manRbus manRsI eTIbEt
mkdl . emXRsLHlÁ xülbkelº{k> . ZatuGakasminekþAeBk minRtCakeBk . eBlézáRtg `edIreTArk
hUb:ydUcZmµta . edIreTACitdlerag:y eXIjmanyuvCn yuvnarIenABaseBjkMBugGg<úyhUb:y .
b)unnI :nxSwbR:b´`za ézáenHCaézáBiess BYkeyIgRtUvcaMobgbÁÚnhUbehIysin . BYkbgbÁÚnTaMgenaH
CaGtItyuTÆCn yuTÆnarI manKñaTaMgGs100nakeTIbEter[bcMBiZIGaBah¾BiBah¾ehIy eRkamGZibtIPaBrbs
ecn Gn RbZanKN;kmµaZikarósSahkmµCati . enHCaelIkTI1ehIy EdleyIg:neXIjpÞalnwgEPñknUv
reb[ber[bGaBah¾BiBah¾sm&ykm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü . kalenAbreTs `Zøab»sUrBaküccamGar¨amza Gg<kar
CaGñker[bcMkar ehIyCaGñksMercza GnuJÃat ßminGnuJÃat . eBlenaH`mineC]eT `zaenHCaBaküeXasna
e:kR:s emIlgayExµrEtbueNÑaH . BYkGñkeTIber[bkar:nKñaCabþIRbBnÆenH GtEdls<alKñaeTBImunmk.
eBlkar Gtman sacjati ÓBukmþay bgbÁÚn ßmitþPkþicUlrYmeT . dler[bcMehIy eKoeTAenACamYyKña
mYyybenAkñúgpÞHEdlBYkeyIger[bcMehIy.EsÁkeLIgmñak>eTAbMeBjPar;kic©enAtameragcRker[g>xøÜn.eday
sarnarIPaKeRcInCakmµkrtm|aj ÉbursCakmµkrsørEdk KWPaKticNasEdlBYkeKGacrsenACamYyKñaCa
RKYsar bnÞabBIbJ©bkargar . mñak>rsenAdUcZmµtatamGg<PaBer[g>xøÜndUcmuner[bkarEdr . yUr>Gg<kar
GnuJÃatoeTACYbKñamþgedIm|Io:nsMercEpnkarbeg,InRbCaBlrdðo:ndl15lannakkñúgqñaM2000.
53
ExsIha qñaM1976 . mYyExehIyEdl`:nmkdlRsukvij . eRkayBI:nsñakenAsalaósSahkmµ
15ézá eKk*:nnaMBYkeyIgTaMg39nakecjedIm|IykeTAdaktameragcRk . eyIg:nqøgkatPñMeBjmþgeT[t.
eBlevlahakdUcCaGteTAmuxesaH . PñMeBjmansPaBsáatRCgMdUcecarlYcesHdEdl .
dMbUgeKdwkBYkeyIgeTAeRkayRBHbrmraCvaMg . eKQbenAmuxekøagTVard7 TmøakKñaeyIgRbus>mYycMnYn
cuH. bnÞabmkeKQbenAd3 nigd4 EdlenAeRkayvaMgdUcKña . bnÞabmkeT[t LanebITmøakKñaeyIgCa
hUrEhrtameragcRk rhUtdlenAslEt9nak RsI4nak Rbus5nak . LanebIkhYspSarzµI tMrgeTAyk
pøÚveBaZicintug . bnþiceRkaymk eyIgeXIjk15 . `nwkeXIjmitþeyIgEdlCab´enATIenaHpg P&yxøaceK
ykeTAenAk15vijpg . nwkmYyEPøt Lank*ebIkeTAput . `rkemIlpÞHÓBukmþay`ZøabrsenAkalBIsRg<am
mþgeT[t . LanQbenAmuxeragcRkEdlmansresrGkSrZM>enAelIekøagTVarza <<eragcRktm|ajt1>>.
eKehAoRsI>TaMg4nakcuH . b)unnI emIlmkeRkay emIlmux` ehIyk*cuHBIelILaneTA . t1 CaeragcRk
tm|ajZMCageKenAPñMeBj . manRsI>kmµkresÞIrEtTaMgGs ehIykñúgcMeNamenaH 90% CakmµkrzµI Edl
minZøabeZVIkmµkrkalBIsg<mcas . kalsm&ysRg<amBYkkmµkrenATIenHCayuTÆnarI . 10% Cakmµkrcas
manRsI manRbuslayKña . eKCaGñkbec©keTskñúgeragcRk .
dakcuHrYcralehIy Lank*RtLbcUlPñMeBjvij ehIyEbrk|aleTATisxageCIg . dlsg,atmYy Edl
eKoeQµaHBIsg<mcasza KILÚEmRtelx6 Lank*QbenAeragcRkmYyEdlmansresrGkSrZM>za <<eragcRk
plitmasIunkinRsUvd2 >>. BYkeyIgEdlenAsleRkayeKTaMg5nakcuHTaMgGs .
eyIgnaMKñaedIrcUl . sáatQwghakdUcCaKµannrNadwgza BYkeyIgRtUvmkdlézáenHeT . sUm|IEtEq,BIr
EdleyIgeXIjenACitmatTVar vak*eZVImindwgEdr . sáatdUecñHeyIgqál . eRBaHnwksµanza RbEhlCaGg<kar
R:bza eyIgRtUvmkézáenHCaézáTI1EdleyIgcabepþImCIvitzµI CIvitvNÑ;kmµkr . hYsmatTVareXIjkumarmYy
Rkumesø{kBakreyréy kMBugGg<úyerammasIun . dleKeXIjeyIg ekµgTaMgenaHvaERskRBmKñaeLIg <<BYk
rNsirS ! BYkeP\{v BYkhVúgmkdlehIy>> . sERmkenHeZVIoeyIgP\ak . eyIgsµanza KµannrNadwgGtþ
sJÃaNeyIg «LÚvkarBitvaecjBImatkumar . BYkeKdwgza eyIgCaeP\{v eyIgCaBYkhVúg (FUNK) :nn&y
eyIgminEmnCaBYkmanvNÑ;lÁdUckmµkrÉeT[teT . EteKdakpøakeyIgCaBYkvNÑ;GnuCn CaBYkRbtikiriya
CaBYksg<mcas . eyIgxkcitþxusBIGVI>EdleyIg:nKitkalenAsalaósSahkmµ .
kumarmñak:nedIrnaMmuxeyIgeq¬aHeTAGaKamYyCabrbgpøÚv . cUleTAdleyIgeXIjtumYyEdlmanm¨asIun
Gg<úlIelxmYyenABIelI . CabnwgtumanERKEdkmYyenACabbgÁÜc . CJ¢aMgTaMgsgxagmanPaBkxVk .
enHCamnÞIrcatkarrbseragcRk . cUleTAdlkumarERsk <<bgeLgBYkeP\{vmkdlehIy>> . eLg»sUr
ehIyenAesá{m . mYysnÞúHk*lanmatedayemIleTAdIza <<bgsag RbZaneragcRkminTanmkdl. dak
:LÚenAÉeNHsineTA ehIyedIremIleragcRkbnþiceTA caMKatmk `oeKeTAehA>> .
eLgmanmaDtUc EPñkRseLv ragdUckUnecAcin . eLgniyaymkrkeyIgedayGtemIlmuxeyIgeT .
Gakb|kiriyaEbbenH mineZVIoeyIgmankarkkekþAesaH . ÉNaeTAkarKYrsmTTYleP\{vrbsExµr / `minEdl
nwksµanesaHza ézáTI1énCIvitvNÑ;GZnrbseyIgenAeragcRknwgCYbkaresaHGeg<IyyagenHesaH . eyIgTuk
:LÚkñúgkariyal&ytamsMNUmBrrbseLg rYcedIrecjeTATsSnaeragcRk . eyIg»sUresÞIrEbkRtec[k BIRKb´
54
TisTI . enHCasemøgEdleyIgRtUvrsenA . semøgEdk semøgmasIun niyaysþabKñaesÞIrmin» . eyIgcgedIr
eTArkkEnøgsáat eRBaHnwkeXIjza eBleKkMBugeZVIkar eyIgminKYreTArMxaneKeT . EteyIgmindwgedIreTA
tampøÚvNa eRBaHkEnøgNak*hakdUcCamanmnusSdUcKña . eyIgsMercedIrtampøÚvbeNþayrbgB&TÆeragcRk
eRBaHtampøÚvenHhakdUcCasáatCageK ehIyBIcmáayeXIjmanbwgEdlmanp,aQUk p,aRBlwt mansm¢sS
KYroRtCakEPñk . tampøÚveXIjkumarmñakkMBugtExSePøIgenAelIbeg<almYy . enABIeRkam kumarRbmaN10
nak kMBugQremIl . eyIgqál emck*beNþayoekµg>eZVIdUecñH / QUk saKun visVkrGK<isnI eXIjdUecñHcg
sÞúHeTACYy ePøckarRbugRby&tñlakkMuoeKdwgzaxøÜnCaGñkecHbec©keTs . k*b¨uEnþsÞúHeTACYyminTanpg ekµg
enaHk*ZøakBIelIbeg<al:teTAehIy . ekµgxøHERskyM . ekµgvaCYyseRg<aHKñava . vaEsgekµgrbYsykecjeTA
:t . hYsBIenHbnþic eyIgeXIjerag:yd*ZMragRTEvgmYyRbkedaysg,&sI CJ¢aMgeZVIedayrnatßsSI
kMBsRbmaNmYyEmRt . taMgBIeyIg:ns<alkarGtXøan eyIgEtosar;sMxanCasrésjakkEnøgNaman
mºÚbGahar . eBleyIgedIreTACit eXIjRsþI4nakkMBugeZVImºÚb . KatnaMKñaegIbmuxemIlmkBYkeyIgvij edayGt
mansYrnaMGVIeT . eyIgk*Gth)ansYrKatGIvijEdr . TaMgbYnnakmanGayuRskr>eyIg ehIyesø{kBakreb[b
sg<mcas . RsþImñakekµgCageK BakGavvalk . tamBitkalBIsg<mcas RsþIelgxøÜnesø{kBakyagemc
k*CakarZmµta Et«LÚvenHedayeXIjBYkKatGtesø{ksMBtexµA GavexµAdUceKeZVIoeyIgEbøkEPñk . eRkaymk
eyIgdwgza KatTaMgbYnnakCaPriyaRkumRKYsarrbskmµkrcas5nakEdleZVIkarenAkñúgeragcRk . KµanRsþI
enAkñúgeragcRkenH eRkABIRsþITaMgbYnnakenHeLIy .
edIrhYsBIerag:ybnþic nasarrtmktameyIgoeTAvij . mkdlmnÞIrcatkareragcRk eKR:b
eyIgoyk:LÚ eKnwgnaMeyIgeTAbgºajpÞHsMrakkñúgeragcRk . pÞHenACabmatpøÚvmanBIrCan . eKoeyIg
enACanTI2 . minEmnCapÞHsMrabmnusSenAeTebItamTMng . enACanTI2enHeBleyIgeLIgeTAdl eyIgeXIj
GtmanGVITaMgGs eRkABImanEtERKEdk4 dakenACab>Kña . kumarR:b´eyIgza ERKTaMg4enH TuksMrabBU>
EdlGtmanRKYsar . bnÞbmYyenaHsMrabBUEdlmanRKYsarehIy . BUmanRKYsarehIy KWrUb`enHEtmþg .
`cUleTAbnÞb <<BUEdlmanRKYsarehIy>> eXIjmanERKsMrabeKg:nBIrnak . mantumYyenACitTVarcUl.
bnÞbenHmanCJ¢aMgpþacBIERKmitþ`bYnnakeT[t edayCJ¢aMgx&NÐmYyx¬sCagk|al`bnþicCasJÃaoeXIjza
kalBIsg<mcaskEnøgenHCakariyal&yeZVIkar minEmnCabnÞbeKgeT . sPaBkarN¾EbbenH eKminGaco
rsdacEtÉgCabþIRbBnÆ:neLIy . eTaHCayagenHk*eday k*karEdleKomanbnÞbmYyEtÉgenH eZVIo`
manesckþIrMxankñúgcitþNas eRBaH`mincgoeKeZVIGVIBiessmkelIrUb`eT . `KµanGVIelIsmitþPkþi `4nak
epSgeT[teT . ehIymüageT[t kñúgcMeNameyIgTaMg5nak minEmnEt`mñakeTEdlmanRKYsarehIy QUk
saKun visVkrGK<isnImkBINgsIu k*manRKYsardUc`Edr . KatcUlmkRsukvijenH KWcgmkrkRbBnÆKat.
eBlnasarecjputeTA eyIger[bcMERKsMrak .
-cumehIyevIy :t«v¨anGsrlIg! san mitþkñúgRkumeyIgv&yekµgCageKlanmat . »sUrdUecñH eyIgk*
naMKñaRbjabebIk:LÚer[g>xøÜn . eyIgk*dwgza eBleKoeyIgedIrkMsanþemIleragcRk eKeqø{tOkasruHerI
Eqkeqr:LÚeyIgRKb>Kña ehIyeKlYcykzñaM naLikar nig«v¨aneyIgsMxan>mYycMnYneT[t EdleyIgxMlak
TukrhUtdlenH . QUk saKun sþayCageK eRBaHKat:t«v¨anEdlTijCakadUsMrab´oRbBnÆ nigkUnKat .
eyIgnaMKñasþaymYysnÞúH ehIyk*sMerccitþCaÉkcä&nÞzaminniyayonrNadwgeT . eyIgsuxcitþenAesá{m
55
ec[svagbJºa . eBlkanEtres[lbnþiceTAehIy `eqø{teTAranehal emIleTApøÚvPñMeBj kMBgqñaMg Edlman
sPaBsáatQwg . RkeLkemIleTATenøsabd*lVwgelVIy sáatQwgEdr . enACitRcaMg manTUkensaTmYy .
Okm¬úCaeGIy lÁemøHeT
mansÞwgTenø ex[vRsgat
bwgbYr éRBPñM …
`nwkeXIjPUmiRCugrmas RsukkMeNIt` . nwkGaNitxøÜn GaNitsg<mExµr minKYrNaeLIyeZVIepþspþas
dUecñHesaH .
eyIgcabepþImniyayKñaelg . mñak>hakdUcCaxkcitþedaycabepþImCIvitzµIenAeragcRk kñúgsPaBkarN¾
EbbenH . niyayKña:nbnþic k*eXIjnasarmkR:beyIgeTAhUb:y . eyIgedIreTAeraghUb:y . eTAdl
eXIjeragEdleyIgmkdlmunenHmanRsþI4nakkMBugeZVI:y «LÚvmanmnusSrabrynak eBjeragTaMgGs .
CaelIkTI1ehIyEdltaMgBImkdlRsukmk eyIgeXIjerag:ymanmnusSeRcInrynakdUecñH . eKTuktumYy
enACitmatTVar sMrabeyIgTaMg5nak . eBleyIgedIreTAdler[bGg<úy eyIgrwgxøÜnedayeXIjEPñkmnusS
EdleyIgminEdls<alTalEtesaH rabrynak kMBugEt:jepþatmkelIBYkeyIg . enAk15 `minEdlman
GarmµN¾EbbenHeT eRBaHsuTÆswgEtBYkEdleyIgZøabs<alBImun .
enAelItumansmømYycanZM nig:y5can dYsrYcCaeRscsMrab´BYkeyIgTaMg5nak . eyIgnaMKñahUb.
smømYycanhUbrYmKñaGtmanEzmeT ehIy:yk*GtmanEzmEdr . `nwkeXIjbIcaneT[tyagticeTIb:n
s,leBaH . eKza rbbkñúgmYyézáman400RkamsMrabmñak . 400Rkam GIk*:n:yticemøH / eyIgxkcitþ
NaseRBaHeyIgsµanza enAeragcRkeyIg:n:yhUbEqÁt . tamviTüúkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü enAeragcRk
nigshkrN¾ RbCaCnmanrbbhUbcuk3 dgkñúgmYyézá . enAÉenH ebIKitCaKuNPaB eyIg:n:yeRcIn
CagenAk15 EtenAk15eKykbEnømklaynigGg,rmYyRKab> EdleyIgGachUbmYyEqÁt . eyIghutbbr
ehIy eyIg:ntwgeBaH enAÉenH hUb:yrwg manEthUbehIy eBaHenAknøHRKEh)tdEdl .
hUb:yehIy eyIgRtLbmkpÞHeyIgvij . ÉBYkkmµkreragcRkcabbnþkargartammuxRBYjeKer[g>xøÜn
teTAeT[t . ÉBYkeyIgTaMg5nak eKminTanoeZVIGIeT láacézáTI1enH mñak>Gg<úy ßtMertxñgelIERKemIl
BidanpÞH BicarNaBICIvitzµIrbsxøÜn . RbEhl:nmYyem¨ageRkaymk eyIgeXIjmitþsag RbZaneragcRkeLIg
CeNþIrmkrkeyIg . mankumarmñakkanzaseBatesáarmkCamYypg . sanmanmaDZMRkGaj sÁat:t .
KatsMeNHsMNalKYrsmCamYyBYkeyIg . Katcgdwgza etIeyIgmanxVHxatGIeT . Katsb|aycitþNas
:nTTYlBYkeyIg . KatniyaybeNþIr GeJ¢IjBYkeyIgohUbeBatesáarbeNþIr . tamsanR:b´ kñúg
eragcRkd2enHmankmµkr400nak PaKeRcInenAekµg>enAeLIy suTÆEtBYkEdlenAGg<PaBCamYyKatkal
sm&yts)U5qñaM . kalenaHBYkKateZVIT&BenAtMbnbUBa(a . ézá17 emsa Gg<PaBKat:nRbyuTÆcUldeNþIm
TItaMgenH . BYkKatminEdlrsenATIRkugeT . eRkayrMedaH:nbnþic Gg<karRbKlParkic©oeZVIeragcRkenH
dMeNIrkareLIgvij . mundMbUgKatmindwgeZVIyagemceT . Gg<karoQrelIeKalCMhrÉkraCüm©askar xøÜnTIBwg
xøÜn k*naMKñaxitxMeZVIrhUtoeragcRkd2enHedIrbeNþIr>eLIgvijedaymankarCYyóbtæmÖBIkmµkrcasmYycMnYn
EdlZøabeZVIkarenATIenH . «LÚveragcRkenH edIr24emageTA24mag . TaMgGsKñaxMvaysMrukedIm|IsMerc
TisedArbsGg<karpþlmasIunkinRsUvoshkrN¾TUTaMgRbeTs . tamEpnkarGg<kar shkrN¾TUTaMgRbeTs
56
RtUvmanmasIunkinRsUvRKb>Kña . sBVézáenH eyIgminTansMercTisedAenH:nenAeLIyeT . ehIyeyIgenA
EtRtUveRbIkmøaMgBlkmµyageRcInedIm|IykeTAbukGg,r ciJ©wmsmaCikshkrN¾ . niyaybeNþIr Katdk
:rIkJ©bBIkñúgehae°GavKatbeNþIr . munnwgdkCkxøÜnÉg KatesñIrERkgelaeyIgcg:nEdr . dut:rI
rYcbWtmYyxSWt Katbnþ <<ralézáeRkABIkargarsñÚl eyIgmankargarsg<mniymCaRbcaMedIm|IóbtæmÖxøÜn .
eyIgbg,beg,Inplksikmµ daMbEnø ciJ©wmstV ciJ©wmRtIenAkñúgbwgeRkayeragcRk ehIykñúg10ézáeyIgsMrak
mYyézá . eyIgykézásMrakenHedIm|IeZVIkargarepSg> EdlcaM:csMraberagcRk . eyIgEckevnCabIEpñk;
kargarsg<mTI1 KWe:ssMGat er[bcMTukdakkñúgeragcRk nigkargarsg<mTI2KWeTAeZVIERsenAEbkcan nig
kargarsg<mTI3 KWeTAeZVIcMkarenAeRCaycgVar .
ZanI ; RbCMuCIvPaBkñúgmYyGaTitüb¨unµandgmitþ /
sag ; enAeragcRk eyIgcattaMgomankarRbCMuCIvPaBkñúgmYyGaTitümþg .
ZanI ; cuHBYkeyIg`RtUvRbCMutamEpñkCamYybgbÁÚnß /
sag ; RbCMudkBiesaZn¾kargartamRkumkargarCamYyeKÉg . EtRbCMuCIvPaBedayELk .
niyaydlRtwmenHehIyKatemIlmux`ehIysYr ;
bgeQµaHGI /
eh]g bg
sag ; bgÉgcasCageKEmneT /
` ; `GtEdlKitpg
sag ; tam`dwg bgÉgGayueRcInCageK dUecñH`catbgÉgoeZVIkarCaemRkumBYkbg>
` ; `GtEdlKit ehIyGt:neRt[mxøÜnGIcwgesaHbg . Zøab:nKitBImunmkza :nmkdl
eragcRkrMlayxøÜncUlCasmaCikRkumdwknaMedaykmµkrdUceKdUcÉg .
ZanI ; `KaMRTKat eyIgcgrMlayxøÜnCamYybgbÁÚn . mincgmanRkumdacBIbgbÁÚneT .
sag ; GtekIteT . `sMercGIcwgehIy . BYkbg>TaMg5nak manRkumCIvPaBCamYyKña . kñúgRkum
enH bgeh]geZVICaRbZan bgxagehñHeZVIGnuRbZan ..
KateTIbnwgcattaMgmitþ j oeZVICaGnuRbZan . jRbEkk EtKatsg,tza KatsMercehIy .
cattaMgCaRkumrYcehIy KatbnþedayniyaymYy> ehIyc|as> hakdUcCaKatcgoeyIgmñak> yl
GMBICMerAdYgcitþrbsKat . <<`TukcitþBYkbg> edIm|IelIktem,IgKuNPaBbec©keTsenAkñúgeragcRkenH . eyIg
xVHGñkmanbec©keTsRKbRKan edIm|ICYyoeragcRkenHedIr:nRtwmRtUv . BYkGtItyuTÆCn suTÆEtekµg> xVH
cMeNHviC¢a xVHbTBiesaZn¾ ehIyPaKeRcInGtecHGkSrpg . kalBImunBYkKatminEdls<alTIRkugeT>>.
»smþIenHeyIgP\akeRBIt eRBaHeXIjza KatbeJ©jnUvCMerAcitþKatoeyIgdwg . taMgBImkdlRsukmk
eyIgminEdl:n»sUrBIsMNakbgbÁÚnGtItyuTÆCnkñúgRsukniyayPasaEbbenHesaH . eyIgEtgEt»eK
niyayGYtBIkarecHdwg ÉkraCüm©askar mhaelatepøaH mhaGs©arü BIbgbÁÚnenAtamshkrN¾ eragcRk
nana . eyIgEtgEt:nTTYlnUvkarTiet[n. BYkbJÃCn CavNÑ;beJÃIEkÁk minRKanEtGt:nkarbueNÑaHeT
EtrsenAsMrabCiHCankargarBlkmµrbsbgbÁÚnkmµkr nigksikr .l. nig.l. »yUr>eTA eZVIoeyIg
ElgmansµartITTYlxusRtUv ElgTukcitþxøÜnÉg . beNþaytamvasna sMuEtmYyrs . BitEmnEteyIgnwk
57
eXIjsþayzaminKYrNaeKeZVIdUecñHk*eday k*CaTUeTAeyIgElgKitGIehIy . eyIgsMuEtmYyrs oeKeZVIGI eZVIeTA
sMxansMuEtkMuoeKsþIbenÞas:nehIy .
sagbEnæm << `RtUvkarshkarBIBYkbg> edIm|ICYyemIlkarxusRtUvxagvis&ybec©keTs>> . eyIg
eqøIyeTAvijRBmKñaza <<BYkeyIgGtecHdwgGIeTbg eyIg`mkenH edIm|Ier[nsURtltdMxøÜn >>.
sag ; `:ndwgBIRbvtþiBYkbg>GsehIy . BYkbg>mancMNeHeRCARCHNas mindUcBYkeyIg`eT.
eyIgGacksagRbeTso:nrIkcMerInlUtlaseTAekIt TalEtmanGñkmanbec©keTsmkcUlrYmcMENk>>.
`emIlmuxsagmþgeT[t edIm|IcgeXIj etIKatniyayedaHesµaHRtgdUczaEmnßyagNa / `eXIjza
KatmanTwkmuxminEmnCamnusSniyayPUtkuhkeT . eXIjyagenH eZVIo`Bi:kGarkatza etIRtUvyk
Gakb|kiriyadUcemþc edIm|IeqøIytbcMeBaHsuqnÞ;rbsKat . ebIniyayRtgeTAKatvij vaxusGg<karvin&y.
munecjBIk15mk PuM pþaMehIypþaMeT[t Rby&tñ RtUvlakRbvtþirUb kMueZVIoeKdwgzaxøÜnCaGñkecHdwg . bdivtþn¾
km¬úCadwknaMedaystiGarmµN¾ minEmnQrelIbec©keTseT . eyIgTaMgGs enAEtR:b´eTAsag vijza
eyIgGtmanecHGITaMgGs . sagxkcitþ GscMeNH k*TukbJºaenHmYyGenøIsin ehIybþÚrRbZanbT . Kat
cabepþImsYr`
sag ; RsukkMeNItbgenAÉNa /
` ; sÁagekaHZMbg
sag ; sÁag ßekaHZM /
`; ekaHZM
sag ; bgcgeTAelgRsukeT /
` ; cgbg
sag ; kalNaeyIgdwkmasIunkinRsUveTApþlCUnshkrN¾enAekaHZM caMR:b´oeKykbgeTACamYy .
niyaycbehIy Katk*odMNwglÁmk`bEnæmeT[t edaybJ¢akza dleBlsMrak10ézámþg Katnwgo
eKeTAykRbBnÆ`enAeragcRktm|ajmkCYb`enAd2 .
»sUrdUecñH `eZVIodwgza `GrKuNKat Etminh)anbgºajGakb|kiriyaoKatdwgza sb|ayhYsehtu
eBkeT .
ybézáTI1enH eBlEdlmitþPkþi`bYnnakeT[t kMBugeKglksáatQwgGseTAehIyenaH `nwkeLIgvij
nUvGVI>Edl`:nCYbRbTHtaMgBIecjBIsalaósSahkmµ rhUtmkdleragcRk . `nwkeXIjeBlb)unnI cuH
enAeragcRktm|aj eBlmkdld2 karsnÞnaCamYyRbZaneragcRk . `dakcitþxMbiTEPñkedk RsabEt
»sUrsMribeCIgmnusSedIrcUlkñúgbnÞb . `RBWqÁwgxñg sÞúHeTArkebIkePøIg RsabEtmansemøgmYy xSwb> <<kMu
ebIkePøIgGI `eTkMuxøac>> . `RsLaMgkaMgmindwgeZVIGVIekIt . <<`eQµaH ehg . `enAeragcRkenHEdr enApÞH
CabCamYyBYkbg>>> »sUrdUecñH `k*nwkeXIjyuvCnmñakEdlmanrUbPaBEbøkBIeK CabÁÚnrbsBYkkmµkrcas.
pÞH`nigpÞHKatGacedIrmkrkKñaeTAvijeTAmk:nedayqøgkatranhal . ehgza BIedIm munPñMeBjZøakeTA
kñúgkNþab´édExµrRkhm Kater[nenAviTüal&y . KatR:bdUecñHedIm|Ibgºajodwgza KatCaGñker[nsURtEdr
dUecñHeyIgmanbJºadUcKña .
-cuHbÁÚnÉgmkrkGITaMgybGIcwg / `sYrehg .
58
-BU`Katcgdwgza etIkµÜyKateQµaH d er[nenARsuk:raMg cUlRsukdUcBYkbgÉgEdrßGteT / ehg
niyaymkkan` .
`eqøIyR:bKattamTMngza`s<ald ehIyKatcUlRsukdUc`Edr ehIy«LÚvkMBugeZVIkarenAeragcRkmYy
enAPñMeBj . niyayrYc`sþayeRkay eRBaHCaeKalkarN¾eKhamminoeyIgniyaydUecñHeT .
-gab´ehIy BU`KatBi:kcitþgabehIy ! ehg óTanedayP\ak . emck*BYkbg>ykxøÜnmkeZVIkmµGIcwg/
-etIbÁÚnÉgoeTANa / enHCaRsukeyIg, `tb . eyIgcUlmkCYbCMuRKYsar mitþPkþi CYyksagCati .
-bgÉgCYbRKYsarenAÉNa / cgksagCatiyagemc / ehgsYrrenæInmk` .
`minh)ansarPaBR:behg za«LÚv`dwgxøÜn EtmindwgeZVIemc vaRCuleTAehIy . EtedIm|IykrYcxøÜn
`xMsURtR:bKatza «LÚvenHsPaBkarN¾RsukeyIgvaenAlM:kEmn EtGnaKteyIgnwg:nZUrRsal . eyIg
RtUvEtlHbg ltdMxøÜn edIm|IézáeRkayGacmanlTÆPaBrYmcMENk rYbrYmksagCatieLIgvij .
-ksagRsukorIkcMerIneTAmuxyagemcekIt ebIeKykkmµkrEdlecHeZVIkareTAeZVI:b bgÎMoeZVIERsenACnbT
ehIyykkUnGñkERsEdlGtecHGIesaH mkeZVIkmµkrvij, ehgbEnæm .
-eKer[nbnþicmþg>eTA KgEtecHeT (`tb)
-vaGteTArYceT . BYkbgÉgCaGñkecH emck*eC]GIcwgekIt / bgÉgminQWcabeT eKykBYkbJÃvnþeTA
eZVIERs ...(ehgbEnæmmk`)
-eKykeTAGbrMmYyry; ehIyKgEteKomkvijeT (`tbeTAehgeZVICadUcCahI)
-bgÉgdwgeT munBYkbgÉgmk eK:nR:bo`Rby&tñ kMuo`mkTakTg eRBaHeKza GnuCn bJÃCn
eTANamkNa ecHEteqø{teTArkKñaCanic© edIm|IvayRbharGg<kar .
EsÁkeLIg eKcatoBYkeyIgTaMg5nakeTAeZVIkar <<tammuxRBYj>> epSg>enAkñúgeragcRk . xøHxag
søEdk xøHeT[txagEpñkepSg> . ÉcMENk`EdlGtmanbec©keTsGVIxagsøEdk eKoeTACamYyBYkCageQI.
eragCageQIsæitenAxageCIgeragcRkd2 CabnwgrbgeragcRktm|ajt2 enATlmuxpÞHRbZansag eZVIBI
eQIRbkek|}g . RkumCageQImanKña3 2nak . RbZanRkumCageQIeQµaH sux ragRkGaj GayuRbmaN
Cag20qñaM . KatZøabbYsennkalBIsg<m . ekµgCageKenARkumCageK Gayu12qñaM .
RkumCageQIenAkñúgeragcRkd2 manPar;kic©cmøgGVI>TaMgGsEdleZVIBIeQIsMrabmasIunkinRsUv . eyIg
manmasIunGareQImYy . mYyGaTitümþg eyIgeTAcakGERgedIm|IeTAemIleragmasIunkinRsUvEdlenAslBI
sg<mcasenATIenaH . eTAeXIjehIy eyIgnaMKñavasykxñatedIm|IykméqñeZVIodUcKña . sux CamnusS
ecHKYrsm . KatmineRbIGaC\aeTkñúgkargar . KatminsUvniyayneya:yeT ehIyebIeBlNaKat
niyay KatbgºajoeyIgeXIjza KatTukb¨ulBt CaGñkR:C\ZM BUEkdUcRBHraCa . yUr>mþg eKebIkviTüú
oeyIgsþab . mintwgrwug eT[gTatdUckalenAk15eT . BitEmnEtviTüúbMpusoeZVIkarts)UvNÑ;ekþAKKuk
EtsuxminEdlykkarENnaMenaHmkGnuvtþn¾enAkñúgGg<PaBKateT . EtKathamkMuoTakTgGg<kar ßniyay
GVIeZVIob¨HBalGg<kar . `eXIjyUr> KatmanRbtikmµdakBYksmaCikKatmþg eRBaHekµg>eBlxøHniyay
bJäitbeJä{godwgza vaminsb|aycitþcMeBaHGg<kareT .
sux mankMeNItBIbUBa( . kalBIenAkumarKatcUlbYsenn . dleBlsRg<am KatswkcUleZVIT&B
kñúgGg<PaBEdlmansag RbZaneragcRkd2Caem . suxR:b`za BYkeyaZaeRkambJ¢akarrbssag:n
59
mke:HTItaMgenAeragcRkenH . Gg<karoBYkKatemIlsnþisuxeragcRk . BYkKatmkenATIenHedaymindwg
zaeragcRkenHeKplitGIeT . kumareyaZaminEdls<alTIRkug minEdleXIjePøIgGK<isnI minEdlbteCIg
kñúgbg<ncakTwk mindwgzaTUTwkkkeKeZVIsMrabdakGIeT . sUm|IEtmasIunkinRsUv KatmindwgzasÁIpg Katsµan
EtCaRTugsMrabciJ©wmRBab .
mundMbUgGg<karoeyIgyameragcRk bnÞabmkoeZVIkarsMGat ehIyCacugbJ©bodMeNIkaredIm|Io
eragcRkenHedIreLIgvij . edIm|IGacdMeNIrkar:n CadMbUgGg<kar:noBYkkmµkrcasEdlZøabmanbT
BiesaZn¾eZVIkarenAeragcRkenHcMnYn50nakmkCYy . dleyIgGacecHdMeNIrkarxøÜnÉg:nehIy Gg<kar
k*dkBYkenHCabnþbnÞabecjeTAvij . BYkkmµkrcasenAslEt5nakeT. mUlehtuEdlmincgokmµkrcas
enAeRcIn eRBaHkmµkrcasmankMEGlsg<mcaseRcIneBk manZatuesrIxVHGg<karvin&yeZVIomanbJºasµúKsµaj
kñúgeragcRk .
ralézáBYkeyIgTaMg5nak eZVIkardUceKdUcÉg . eyIgxMeZVImindwgmin»GVITaMgGs . xMdakxøÜnTukoeK
eRbI . eTaHCaeyIgsµúKsµajkñúgstiGarmµN¾kanEtxøaMgeLIg> k*eyIgenAxMRTaM . eyIgkanEtqabGsCMen]
eBleXIjeKbeNþayokumarkmµkreZVIkarenAmuxLsøEdkedayKµanGVIesaHedIm|IkarBarsuvtæiPaBrbseK . min
EdleXIjenARsukNaeKykekµgeTAeRbIeZVIdUecñHeT . eyIgEtgeXIjkmµkrmaneRKaHzñakedayrlakePøIg
Cajwkjab .
CamYyenH kñúgmYyGaTitümþgCamZüm eKEtgoLankaMmIjúgBIrebIkcUleTAPñMeBj edIm|IeTArkEdktam
eragcRkcas> ßtampÞHÉkCnEdlGtmanmnusSrsenA . km¬úCaRbCaZibetyüxVHEdkedIm|IksagCati .
karebIkLankaMmIjúgeTARbmUlEdkenH CakargarEdleKcgeTARKb>Kña . Gg<karminyknrNaepþspþaseT
KWeKerIsykBYkEdleKTukcitþ CaBYkkmµkrsñÚlbdivtþn¾rbsGg<kar . BYkeyIgeKminEdlehAocUlrYmeT .
eKzamuxgareTArkEdkenH ehAzaBYkeTArk <<ektnPNÐ >> . eBleTAmþg> müageK:necjBIeragcRkdUr
briyakas müageT[teKGacrkenHrkenaHtampøÚvedIm|IhUbEpøeQItampÞH eBlxøHeT[teKGacmansMNag CYb
rbsrbreRbIR:sdUcCaexaGav masR:k CaBiessnaLika . eKseg,teXIjBYkGñkecjeTArkektnPNÐ
Etmansemø{kbMBaksÁat>BIsg<m . eKeqø{tesø{kBakeBlenApÞH .
sUmbJ¢akza EdkEdleKrk:n eKykmksøenAkñúgLedIm|IeZVICaEdkEzbsMrabeZVIm¨asIunkinRsUv .
kalBIsg<mcas eragcRkenHKµanLsøEdkeT . eKeTIbsgehIyenAeBlzµI>enH . LenHmankMBsRbmaN
30EmRt CasñaédrbssagRbZaneragcRk . sag:neTAer[nsøEdkenARsukcincMnYn3 Ex . KatcmøgLenH
BIRsukcinmk .
Cajwkjyt|alkinmasIunkinRsUv EdleKplit:nBIeragcRkd2enH qabEbkeTAvijNas . eBlxøH
minTan:neRbIpg k*EbkxUceTAvij BIeRBaHeKKµank|ÜnxñatRtwmRtUvCarUbmnþedIm|IoEdksøeTACab minEbk.
LsøEdkeragcRkd2 søEdkRKbZun oEtrbsrwgdUcEdkeKe:HcUlkñúgLTaMgGs . lTÆpleBlxøHvarwg
Emn EtvaRsYy .
3GaTitüeRkayBI:nrsenACakmµkr eyIgcabZujRTan kanEtxøaMgeLIg> . mþgeT[t`minyleXIj
za eragcRkd2enHvamanGnaKteT cMENkÉrbbhUbcukk*kanEtdundabeTAdundabeTA . ÉBaküEdl sag
:nsnüaza o`CYbb)unnI10ézámþg ßeTAelgRsukeBlNaeKdwkmasIunkinRsUveTAekaHZM k*minTanmkdl .
60
sagKatQbniyayer]genHrhUt ehIy`k*minEdlsYrnaMGVITaMgGs . tamBiteTA `minEdlsUvmanCMen]
cMeBaHesckþIsnüarbssagenHeT .
`enAmanesckþIsgÏwmEtmYyKtedIm|IGacCYbPriya` KWkñúgOkasézásMrak10ézámþg . eBlenaHkmµkr
RKberagcRkenAPñMeBj eTAeZVIERsCYbCMuKñaenAEbkcan . EtenAEbkcan k*eyIgminGacCYbKña:neT[t eday
sarKatmanCmáWRKuncaj . enAeragcRktm|ajt1 eragcRkEdlb)unnI nigmitþKat3 nakeT[tenAeZVIkar
k*eKév¨sMrukxøaMgNasEdr . kargarkñúgeragcRkenHedIr24emag eTA24emag . enAt1enH kmµkr90%
suTÆswgEtCaRsþI CaGtItnarIT&Bmunézá17 emsa 1970 ÉGñkbec©keTs nigkmµkrcasmanEt10%bueNÑaH.
cMENkrbbhUbcuk mñak>TTYl:n400eTA500RkamkñúgmYyeBl ehIysmømYycansMrabbYnnak .
enAeragcRkd2 mYyExeRkaymk sagRbZaneragcRk:npþlParkic©zµImkoeyIgTaMg5nakeZVI .
1-ZanI nigsan eZVIKMnUr ósSahkmµ . TisedAodwgza kñúgmasIunnImYy>manGVIxøH ehIyTakTgKña
yagemc /
2-QUk saKun sresres[vePABIGK<isnI
3 -j sresres[vePABIKImI
nig` eZIVsæitiodwgza etIedIm|IeZVImasIunkinRsUvmYyeKRtUvcMNayGsbunµan .
ézámYykñúgExkJÃa `»sUrviTþúRbkasza naykrdðmRnþIb¨ulBt laElgecjBItMENg . CamYyKñaenH
enAkñúgeragcRk sPaBkarN¾kanEttwgEtgeLIg> . eKyamsnþisuxenAkñúgeragcRkkanEtrwgmaMeLIg . eXIj
BYkkmµkrdUcCamanTwkmuxP&yxøac . manBaküccamGar¨amza manviecäTkmµenAkEnøgxøHkñúgRbeTs . eKQbo
LankaMmIjúgecjeTArkEdkenATIRkugeT[tehIy . eKhamdacxatminoecjesrIBIeragcRk ebInrNalYc
ecj ehyBYksnþisuxcab:n RbZaneragcRkminGaceTArMedaHvij:neT . b¨unµanézáeRkaymk »sUrviTüú
semøgkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyüpSayza RbZanemA esTug søab .
XXX
61
eB T ü7 5
RBwkenH`eRkakBIdMeNkdUcZmµta enAeBl»sUrsemøgCYg . `rkeRkakecjBIERKEtGskmøaMgggwt
mux eZgeZagvilmux `k*enAGg<úyesá{mmYysnÞúHcaMERkgvaRsLHmuxeTIbeRkak . `dwgza mitþ`bYnnakeT[t
eKnaMKñaeRkakGsehIy . dwgxøÜnbuNÑwg`k*:tsµartIQwg . rhUtdlebIkEPñkmþgeT[t eXIjmnusSRBwl>
enACMuvij` . `RkeLkeXIjRbZaneragcRksag nigemRkum`sux .
-emceTAbg / sagsYrmk` . sMraksineTAkMuGalxMeRkak . eKcakzñaMkmøaMgobgmYym¢úlsin .
`ylKatniyay buEnþdUcCamin:ncaMza `:neqøIytbeTAKat ßk*GteT . tamnwkeXIjdUcCaRKan
EtemIlmuxKat EtGt:nniyayGIeT . `dwgxøÜnza `enAelIERKedk`enAeLIy . eBl`dwgxøÜnmþgeT[t
`eXIjRsþImñakesø{ksMBtexµA GavexµA dUceKÉgZmµtaenAGg<úyekAGImYyCit` . KatsMburRsEGm ragx¬s
bnþic manGayuRbhakRbEhl` . eXIj`ebIkEPñk Katk*niyay ; GtmanGIZáneT ebIeRkakrYc eRkak
Gg<úysin EtkMuGaleRkakQr hUbTwkdUgenHeTAykkmøaMg .
-`enAÉNa / `sYrKat
-eBTü75 GtIteBTücin (Kattbmk`vij) .
-eKyk`mkBIkalNa /
-mYysnÞúHehIy
bnþiceRkaymkKatk*bnþ . mitþnwkeXIj`eT / `Zøabs<almitþkalBIsg<m . `ZøabeZVIkarCamYy
eBTü Guin sUkan . «LÚvKateQµaH tanI eZVIkareBTüsYt enAeBTüelaksgÏcas . niyaydUecñHrYc eyIg
k*mankarTukcitþKñaCagmun . KathamkMuoeZVIs<alKña ehIyo`lakRbvtþirUb CaBiesskMuoeKdwgza mkBI
breTs . KatpþaMeT[tza o`Rby&tñxøÜn kMuniyayGIepþspþas . bnþiceT[teKnwgmkyk`eTAGKarmÎagpøÚv.
eBTücinCaeBTüsMrabTTYlnarIkmµkrmanCmáW . CYbKña:nRtwmeNH Katk*ecj:teTA edaysnüaza Kat
nwgeqø{tmkCYb`eT[t . bnþiceRkaymk eKk*mkyk`naMeTAeBTü75sMrabkmµkrRbus> . kEnøgenHkalBI
sg<mcas `s<alc|as . `RkeLkemIlenAelIcieJ©Imzñl manduHesµABaseBj . `nwkeXIjkalBIedIm
manmnusSedIrmIredrdas . manGñklkeRBagRBatelIcieJ©Imzñl . `nwkeXIjZøabGg<úyjúaMltqa .
`edIrcUleBTü75sMrabkmµkrRbus> . manpøaksresrGkSrZM>BN(Rkhmdakza <<mnÞIreBTü75>> . CMnan
semþcsIhnu GkarTaMgbIenHCaviTüal&yRBHyuKnÆr EdlCasalamZümsikSamYyZMCageKbnÞabBIviTüal&y
sIusuvtæi . enARtgpøÚvcUl eKeXIjmaneyaZa4-5nakQryam . enAelIZøamanTwkdkedaykEnøg> ehIy
enAcMkNþalmanerag:yd*ZMRbksg&,sI . cMeBaHGñks<alyuKnÆrBIedIm erag:yenHeKsgzµI eRkay17
emsa 1975 EdlBIedImCaTIZøa .
eKnaM`eTArkERKedkeBTü . `enACanTI1énGKar EdlEbrmuxmkTisxagekIttRmgmkeBTücin . enA
bnÞbenHeBl`eTAdleXIjmanERK13 dakenACab>Kña . eBleXIj` GñkCmáWenAelIERK xøHedk xøHGg<úy
RkeLkemIledayGtmanniyayGImYymateT . `k*GtzaGIEdr . enAelIERKnImYy>manRkalkenÞl .
eKcgÁúlERKenACitmatTVarcUl zaCaERKrbs` . TVarcUleKGtbiTekIteT enAcMhTaMgyb TaMgézáRKb´
eBlevla . ebI`mansiTÆierIs `ykERKenACitbgÁÜc manxülecjcUl ehIyvaqáayBIpøÚveKedIrcuHeLIg EtenH
eRscelIeKsMerc . `dakxñgsMrakelIkenÞl . seg,IcxaMeBjxñg . `ykRkmamkRTabxñgmYyCaneT[t
62
edIm|IkMuoseg,IcvavaysMrukxøaMgeBk . `nwkeXIjbnÞbenH Cazñaker[nkalBIedIm . `nwkeXIjtu nwkeXIj
sisSanusisSTaMgRbus TaMgRsI . `nwkeXIjmitþPkþiEdlZøabs<al . nwkeXIjenATIenaH man:tukmµ
edIm|IrbCaZibetyü nigyutþiZm( rhUtdlmankarb¨HTg<icKña kalCMnansaZarNrdð . enAmuneBlPñMeBj
Zøak zac Ca rdðmRnþIRksYgsikSaZikarCati RtUv:neK:jsmøab . etIeBlenaHeyIgnaMKñaRbTusþrayKñarhUt
dlmankarbgºÚrQamedIm|IGVI / CaelIkTI1ehIyEdl`s<almnÞIreBTübdivtþn¾enAkñúgrbbkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü.
eyIgmindwgzanrNaCaGñkCmáW nrNaCaeBTüeT ebIRbsinCaTaMgGsKñaedIr:nZmµtavij . eRBaHTaMgGs
esø{kBakexµAdUc>Kña . GñkNaCaevC¢bNÐit GñkNaCaKilanub|dðak /
enACanTI1 CamYy` PaKeRcInmanGñkCmáWRKuncaj ÉCanBIrelITI2 nigTI3 eKdakGñkmanCmáWqøg
dUcCaCmáWrebg ekItel]g rlakezøIm . CanenACabnwgdImanbnÞb3sMrab´dakGñkCmáWRsallµm> enAbnÞb´
BIreT[t eKTukeZVICakEnøgpSMzñaM . eyIgeXIjmYyézá> manekµgTaMgRbusTaMgRsI eZVIkarenATIenaH eyIgmin
dwgeKeZVIGVIxøHeT . eBlxøHeXIjeKbukzñaM . CaTUeTAeKozñaMEdleKpSMenATIenHdlGñkCmáW . xøHeKzaCazñaM
CIvCati zñaMRKun . CaTUeTAbgbÁÚnKatdakeQµaHzñaMTaMgenaHza <<zñaMGacm¾TnSay>> . esÞIrralézámanGñksøab
enAmnÞIreBTü75 . eKdwksBecjedaysáatesá{m . minsUvEdleXIjmanRKYsarGñkCmáWmksYrnaMGIeT .
GñkxøHKatmkedkeBTüedayRKuncaj ßCmáWepSg>eT[t dleBlKatElgRKunehIy GñkxøHedIrenAEtminrYc
eRBaHekItGabEsr manxÞúHedaysarm¢úlGtGnam&y . GKareqVgédk*TuksMrab´GñkmanCmáWZánEdr ÉGKarenA
sþaMsMrabBüa:lkumar . eKEtg»sUrkumaryMrkEmÓva CaBiesseBleRkakBIdMeNk nigeBler[bcUl
dMeNk . eBl»sUrkumaryMERskrkEmÓva `Etg»sUrGñkCmáWenAkñúgbnÞbCamYy` niyayBIkUnKat . xøHza
KatEbkBIRbBnÆKattaMgBIdacPñMeBjmkemøH . GñkniyaydUecñH eRcInEtkmµkrcas .
enAkñúgmnÞIreBTü75enH minEmnRKanEteyIgmindwgnrNaCaeBTü nrNaCaKilanub|dðakeT EteyIg
k*mineXIjmanesvasMGat ßGnam&yGIEdr . enARKbkEnøg eKeXIjmansMramTwksÁúyBaseBj . yUr>mþg
eKeXIjGñkCmáWe:ssMGatxøÜnÉg . GñkxøHKatykTwklUmkCUt«dð . KYrcabGarmµN¾enAeBTü75 eKTuk
bg<ndUckalsm&ysg<mcas . eKminbiTbg<nsg<mcasehIyeZVIbg<nbdivtþn¾dUckEnøgepSgeT[teT .
enAkñúgmnÞIreBTüenH manGñkQWZáneRcIn ehIyeRcInEtekµg> . CamYyKñaenHk*manGñkCmáWmYycMnYnZM
EdlQWXøan:y . edayenAeragcRkhUbminEqÁt kmµkrmYycMnYndUcCarUb`RbzuyRbzanminxøacqøgBIGñk
déTmkedkeBTüedaysar:nhUbEqÁt ehIy:nsMrak . `eC]za RbZaneragcRkmYycMnYndwgbJºaenH Et
biTEPñkedaysarmanmnusSZm(cMeBaHkmµkreragcRkEdlenAeRkamkarRKb´RKgrbsxøÜn . edIm|ImkedkeBTü
:n eKRtUvmankarGnuJÃatBIRbZaneragcRkpg nigBIRbZaneBTüpg.dUckEnøgepSgeT[tBitEmnCaeKERsk
za km¬úCaRbCaZibetyü KµanGñkman KµanGñkRk ehIyCasg<mmansmPaB k*b¨uEnþdlrsbnþiceTA kar
EkCaRkumCaBYk CavNÑ; enAEtmanZánZárdEdl . eKseg,teXIjBYksñÚl yuvkk ßk*BYkEdleKtaMgxøÜn
eKzaenAkñúgCYreKrabGanEtBYkKñaeK . ehIyminEdleXIjeKsñiTÆsñalCamYyBYkenAeRkACYreT . maneBl
xøH sUm|IEtZøabs<alKñaBIedIm k*karTakTgmindUcmunEdr . BYkenAkñúgCYr zVIt|itEteKesø{kBak<<esµIPaB>>
dUcRbCaCnZmµta EteKeZVIßkeKoeKÉgdwgza eKCakmµaPi:l . karBakkatib bgkRkma dgsøab:kka
enAkñúgehae°.l. suTÆswgCasJÃabgºajoeKÉgdwgza eKCamnusSenAkñúgCYr . Éreb[bniyayk*mindUc
GñkZmµtaEdr ehIyeKeRcInrabGansñiTÆsñalEtCamYyBYkEdlmanfan;RbhakRbEhlKña . eKmanemaTnPaB
63
bgºajzaeKCatMNagGg<karbdivtþn¾ . CamYyKñaeK eKeRcInniyayBIvIrPaBrbseKkalsm&yts)UmunqñaM
1975 . eKGaccatTukzaenHCakarZmµta k*buEnþGVIEdlminZmµtaenaH KWCajwkjyeyIgEtcatTukGMeBI
kacsahavrbseK zaCavIrPaB . óTahrN¾kareZVI:bGñkCMel[secjBIPñMeBj .
enAkñúgmnÞIreBTü75 GñkCmáWEdlenAedIrrYc eKomkhUbenAerag:yEdlsgenAkNþalTIZøaGtIt
viTüal&yyuKnÆr . ÉcMENkGtIteBTücin EdlCaeBTüsMrabnarIkmµkr eKmaneZVIerag:yepSgenAkñúgbrievN
eBTüenaH . GñkCmáWburs nignarI minhUb:yenAkñúgerag:yCamYyKñaeT . ÉrbbhUbcuukvij KWmñak>
mansiTÆi:n:ysmYycan RsUnCamYysmøTwk . bnÞabBI:ymYycanenHrYcehIy mñak>GachUbeBat
RkhmesáarEdleKebHRKabehIytamcitþcg .
ralézáeKcakzñaMkmøaMgo`mYym¢úl . `mindwgCazñaMGIc|aseT . enAkñúgbnÞb` eBl:yrYcehIy
GñkCmáWEtgniyayKñaxSwb> . CaTUeTABYkGñkEdlmanCmáWRKuncaj eBlRBwkeKeXIjdUcCaRsakRsanþ . eK
niyayKñaelgdUcZmµta . EteBlézáres[leKcabErsk cabzáÚr eBlenaHeKmankMedAjak . sMrab`
eRkayBI:nTTYlTanGahareBjRkBH:n3 ézámk `k*cabmankmøaMgeRsIb>eLIgvij . enAeBlenaH`ecH
EtedIrsþabeKniyayKñaenAkñúgbrievNeBTü . enAxaglicbrievNGtItviTüal&yyuKnÆr manGKartUcmYy
eZVIBIzµRbkek|}g TVarnigbgÁÜcxUcGsrlIgehIy . k*buEnþedayenAkñúgenaHmanes[vePAcas>eRcIn eKEtg
eXIjer[gralézá manGñkCmáWmYycMnYncUlcitþeTAelgenATIenaH . eBlxøHeKGacerIses[vePARbelamelak
xøHykmkTukGan . buEnþes[vePAPaKeRcIn xUcxatGseTAehIy . enACMnankm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü eKyk
Rkdases[vePACaRkdasGnam&y ßRkdasTukmUr:rICk . enAGKarenH `Etg:nCYbGñkCmáWmYycMnYn Edl
CaGtItnisSitenAPñMeBj . xøHeKza eKZøaber[nenAsalayuKnÆrenHÉg xøHeT[tZøabeZVI:tukmµRbqaMgrbbsaZa
rNrdðpg . CaTUeTABYkGtItnisSitTaMgenaH eKEtgxSwboeyIgdwgBITukÎevTnarbsGñkCMel[secjBIPñMeBj
eRkayézá17 emsa 1975 . BitEmnEtkarCYbKñaenH KµanKMeragGVIBImunk*eday k*mþgeT[t `seg,teXIjza
BYkGtItnisiStEtgrkOkasCYbKñaCasrésjak . ehIymþgeT[t `seg,teXIjza bgbÁÚneyIgTaMgenaH
eKdwgza eyIgCaExµrmkBIbreTs .
bnþiceRkaymkGg<kar:nodwgza eKkMBugtamdanExSxµaMgenAkñúgmnÞIreBTü75 . bnÞabBI:n»sUr
dUecñH briyakasZUrRsal Edl`seg,teXIjBImun RtUv:nbþÚrGsrlIg . sUm|IetBYkkmµkrcas k*Elg
h)anniyayxSwbexS{vTiet[nGg<karteTAeT[t . briyakastwgEtgenHmanrhUtdl`RtLbmkdld2vij .
bnÞabBI:nEbkCag10ézámk briyakasenAeragcRkk*EbøkCagmuneRcIn . mñak>manTwkmuxP&y minsUvh)an
niyaysþI . sUm|IEtRbZansag k*KatbþÚrGakb|kiriyaCamYyBYkeyIgEdr . mñak>rsenAkñúgbriyakas
ek[bsg,t . TwkmuxP&ymanRKb>Kña . kumarkmµkrk*manPaBsábesá{m ElgeXIjBYkeKelgesIcdUcmun.
`ElgeXIjBYkekµg>lYcecjBIeragcRk . kalmun`eTAeBTü75 eKEtgeXIjkumarlYcecjBIeragcRk
enAeBlsMrakedIm|IeTArkebHEpøeQI ßedIrruHerIrkcMNIGahar . «LÚvenHeKhamdacxatminoecjBIeragcRk.
ebInrNalYcecj ehIyBYksnþisuxcab:n RbZaneragcRkminGaceTArMedaHvij:neT . enHCac|abswk
kñúgRKaGasnñ . eKhamminoecjeTANarehtrhUteRkayemag6láac .
enAézámYynaExtula 1976 nasarRbZaneragcRkmkR:b`oRbjabeTAer[bcM«v¨andak:LúecjBI
eragcRkeTARbCMu . `RbjibRbjabedIrmkbnÞbedk . mkdlbnÞbeXIjmitþ`3 nakeT[tmkdlmun . eyIg
64
mansMNUmBrCYbRbZansag edIm|IlaKat ehIycgdwgza eKykeyIgeTANa / xøHzaeyIgeTAer[nsURt
ehIymkvij xøHeT[tza eTArhUtGtmkvijeT . eyIgcgRbKles[vePAEdleyIg:nsresrBIeragcRk
CUnRbZaneragcRkpÞaléd eRBaHKatCaGñksMNUmBroeyIgeZVI . EteKR:b´za min:ceT RbZaneragcRk
KatminRsYlxøÜn minGacCYbeyIg:neT . enHCasJÃaminlÁmYy . er[bcMbeNþIr eyIgBicarNabeNþIr
etIeKnaMeyIgeTANa k*RbjibRbjabrkEteTAbteCIgk*min:ndUecñH / PøamenaHeyIgeXIj«v¨anmitþeyIgBIr
nakEdlenAedkeBTü75enAeLIy . eyIgsYrnasarza etI«v¨anBYkBIrnakenAedkeBTüRtUveZVIyagemc/
x©bykeTACamYyKñaoGs ehIyRbjaboel]neLIg (nasartbedayrenÆIn) . QUk saKun k*naMKñarteTA
RbmUl«v¨anGñkTaMgBIrmþgeT[tedayRbjibRbjabbMput .
enAeBlenaHehg GtItnisSitEdl:nmkCYb`TaMgybkal`eTIbmkdlTienHPøam eqø{tmkla`
edayTwkmuxeRk[mRkM . Katcgo`Tukes[vePA nigrbsmincaM:cenATIenHehIy min:cykeTAnaMZáneT .
`laKat KatzaRbEhlCaKµaneBl:nCYbKñaeT[teT . eyIg:neLIgLanQñÜlBIsg<mcas . enAkñúgLan
`eXIjmitþBIk15Edl:necjmkeZVIkareragcRkCMnanCamYyKñamYycMnYneLIgvij . `sb|aycitþeXIjb)unnI
enAGg<úyCitmitþKatbInakeT[t . LanbnþebIkeTAtameragcRkykmitþeyIgCabnþbnÞab . enAtampøÚv Lank*
QbdwkGñkCmáWenAeBTü75 . `Kitza ebIeKmkdwkmnusSTaMgQWdUecñH RbEhlCamaner]gGIZMehIyemIleTA.
eKdwkeyIgeTANa / `sYrxøÜnÉg layLMedaykarrnÆtkñúgcitþ RkeLkemIlmuxPriya`edayGssgÏwm .
`nwkeXIjeragcRkd2 . KiteTAsagRbZaneragcRk KatEtgEtCYykarBarBYkeyIg . «LÚv»sUrzaKat
manbJºa . `nwkeXIjehgEdlEtgRsLajrabGan`RKbeBlevla . eBleXIjeKmkdwkBYk` ehg eZVI
muxdUcexµac ehIyKatza `nwgKµanOkasmkeragcRkvijeT . etIeKmansgS&yGVIß /
`xMRbwgnwker]gepSgedIm|IedjrUbPaBGaRkkecjBIxYrk|al` EteTaHCaxMyagNa k*vaenAEtmklg
Canic© . `xMepþatEPñkemIlexan CMnitrbsPMu RbZanmnÞIrk15 . exankMBugcrcaCamYyGñkTTYlxusRtUv
eBTü75 . enATIlaneBTüGñkCmáWBaseBj GñkxøHemIlmkeyIgmþg> . briyakasKµanGVIEbøkCagkalBI`
ZøabeXIjenaHeT . bnÞabBIGñkCmáW7nak:neLIgLan exank*bJ¢aoebIkeTAtampøÚvmunIvgSeTAtMrgeTATis
xagt|Úg . LanecHEteTAmuxehIyk*cUlykpøÚvRtskEpÁm ebIk:nbnþicQbctenAmuxeKhdðand*ZMmYy Edl
manpøak <<RksYgksikmµ >> . eKoeyIgcuHBILan . eyIgnaMKñaxøHQr xøHGg<úyenAelIcieJ©ImzñlmuxRksYg
ksikmµ . pøÚvRtskEpÁmsáatRCgM .
eyIgsYrKñaeTAvijeTAmkedIm|IrkmUlehtuEdleKnaMeyIgmkRksYgksikmµ . xøHzaenAkñúgRksYgman
vtþmanrbs nn sYn eQµaHbdivtþn¾KW nn C&y rdðmRnþIRksYgksikmµ . KitminTanecjpg Rsab´EteXIj
LandwkmnusSmYyebIksMedAmkrkBYkeyIg ehIyk*ctenAEk|rLaneyIg . eyIgsYrxøÜnÉg etIBYkenHCaKña
Égßk*minEmnKñaÉg / dleKnaMKñacuH eyIgk*lanmanRKb>Kñaza BYkeyIgeTetI . BYkmkBIGg<rC&y .
RkumenHecjBIk15CmnaneyIgedIm|IeTAbMeBjParkic©enAksidðanrdðGg<rC&y . eyIgeXIjmitþeyIgcuHBILan
yagRtdabRtdYs edIresÞIrminrYc manrUbPaBdUcBYkenAessslBIsøabbnÞabBI:ncUlrYmeZVImhadMeNIrkar
CamYyRbZanemA . mñak>s<mryIkryak dMe¶eBjxøÜn ehIyEs|kexµARBIk exøaceRkamkMedAézá . `xSwb
R:bmitþmñakza eXIjKñaeyIgmkBIGg<rC&y nwkeXIjPaBynþ <<mhadMeNIrCamYyRbZanemA>> . Kat
tbza KatnwkeXIjBYkeTIbEtecjBIKukggwt . GñkmkBIGg<rC&yTaMgGsmanTwkmuxesøksøaMgdUcmnusSsøab.
65
kñúgcMeNamenaH manmitþCitsñiTÆrbs`mñak eZVIo`cabGarmµN¾CageK . kñúgry;eBlEt3 ExesaH BYkExµr
Rkhm:neZVIoKatmanv&ycasdUcCamnusSCra .
XXX
66
t aex µA
exanbnÞabBI:ncUleTAkñúgRksYgksikmµRbmaNknøHemag k*:necjmkvijehIyR:beyIgoeLIg
LanbnþdMeNIreTAmuxeT[t . eyIgGacbþÚrKñaCiHLanNak*:n . GñkGg<rC&ylaynigGñkeragcRk . Lan
k*ecjBIRksYgksikmµtRmgeTAk|alzñl . `nwkeXIjkalCag10qñaMmun `ósSah¾kattamenHeTAPUmikMeNIt
enAsÁag ekaHZM . LanebIkdlcakGERg taexµA . enARkugtaexµAenAmuxeKhdðanmYyEdleyIgs<alzaCa
pÞHmitþeyIgmñakEdlenAkñúgLanCamYyeyIg TaMgGsKñalYcemIleTAKat ÉKatvijenAGg<úyesá{m ykEPñk
emIleTAeCIgKatvij . bnþiceRkaymk zul EdlGg<úyenACit` lanmattic>R:b`edayjjwmza “RbEhl
eKdwkeyIgeTAtaexµA eTAmnÞIrk9 . ebIeTAk9manxøÜnkMuRBYy minGtdUcenAk15eT ” . kalenARsuk:raMg
zuler[nxagtm|ajenATIRkuglIl . kalmuneTAeragcRk KatnigPriyaZøabsenAmnÞIrk9 . LanecHEtebIk
eTAmux zul kanEtc|askñúgcitþza tRmgeTAtaexµA k9 KatniyayedayjjwmmþgeT[t Erkgela`sþab
min:n “ebIeTAtaexµAdUcKñasµanEmn eyIg:nRsYlehIy eyIgmanEpøeQI mansøwkeQIsMbUr ”. mitþ`Bit
CaniyayRtUv eRBaHGIenAsgxagpøÚv `eXIjedImeQIRKbmux TaMgtUcTaMgZMRssbMRBg søwkex[vRsgat
rsrevIk . `eXIjedImem[n edImsUda TwkedaHeKa RkUczøúg eck .l. `nwkeXIjtMbnEdl`ZøabrsenAkalBI
mun . ERBktUctaexµA cakGERg ERBkGMbil sÁagekaHZM . dImatTenø dIl|ab manCIrCatidaMGIk*duHEdr.
LanebIkputBIpøÚvcakekAs)U cUldlpøÚvRkehgRkhUgtamkEnøg . GñkbrLanTMngCaCnCatiPaKticenA
esá{m GtniyayGIdEdl . ÉexanenAGg<úyCitKat k*GtR:beyIgzaeTANaEdr . k*buEnþzulKatElg
qáleT[tehIy . eKc|asCadwkeyIgeTAmnÞIrtaexµAk9 . `sþabKat GtniyayGIeT beNþaytamvasna
eTANaeTAcuH .
ézácabeRTtehIy . Lan:nbJÄbenAmuxpÞHek|}gmYy . enACitenaHeKeXIjmanpÞHzµmYy manbIElVg
manedImxVitnigedImTwkedaHeKa . zulniyayRtUv . CapøÚvcUlmnÞIrtaexµAk9 . eKoeyIgcuHBILan bnÞabmkeK
catoeyIgeTAenAtampÞH . GñkenAlIv ßKµanRKYsarmkCamYyenAmñakÉg rsenAtamePT . CnmñakÉgxag
burs rsenAtamburs ÉxagnarItamnarI . ÉcMENkGñkmanbþIRbBnÆCMuKña rsenAtamGñkmanRKYsar . eK
RbKlopÞHBIredIm|IEckCabnÞb eKdakvaMgnnx&NÐ .
KN;tMNagGg<karenAtaexµamnÞIrk9man4rUb ;
1-yut manDtUcRkGaj GayuRbmaN30qñaM eZVICaRbZan
2-eh[k manZMx¬s kUnecAcin GayuRbmaN25qñaM GnuRbZan
3 -v¨an GayuRbEhl25qñaM QøbTTYlbnÞúkxagsnþisux nigeLIgedImetñat
4-ec[k Gayu16qñaM snþisux Qøb nigciJ©wmstV
enAkñúgbrievNmnÞIr manpÞHeQIRbkek|}gmaM> h)MuB&TÆedayrukÎCatiRKbmux eZVIo`sYrxøÜnÉgza kalBI
edImCavtþGar¨ameTdwg / EtedayKµanRBHvihar eKminGaczaCaGtItTIvtþGar¨ameT . láacézádEdl emag6
sñÚrCYgbnøWeLIgCasJÃaoeyIgeTACYbKñaenAerag:y . eKoeTAhUb:y . enAeBlenaHeyIg:nCYbGñkmkBI
breTs10nak EdlenATIenHrhUtmk . eyIgeTIbmkdl50nakbEnæm dUecñHcabBIézáenHeTAmnÞIrk9taexµA
manRbCaCn60nakrsenA . eRkaymkcMnYnenHecHEtzycuH edaysarkñúg2-3 ézámþgGg<kar:ndwkecj
BimnÞIrenHmþg4ß5nak . dMbUgeyIgKitsµanza mitþeyIgKµaneTANaeRkABIeTAbMeBjParkic©Gg<karRbKlo
67
enaHeT . eRkaymkeTIbeyIgdwgza BYkEdlecjenH KWeKykeTAeZVITaruNkmµrhUtdlsøabenATYlEsøg.
enAelItu manbbreQµallayGg,rmYyRKab> layCamYybEnøyagxab ehIynigsmømYymux . eKoeyIg
hUbtamcitþ . hUb:yehIy yut RbZanmnÞIrXateyIgoenAcaMRbCMu . eKGtniyayGIeRcIneT . eKRKanEt
cattaMgCaBYk CaRkumedIm|Ibg,beg,Inpl ;
1-Rkumcas> xagRbus> manParkic©pSaMGMeBA
2-RkumyuvCn eZVIERscMkar P¢Ürras
3 -RkumsMNg ruHerIpÞH ßsgpÞH
RsþI>manbþImkCamYyEckCaBIrBYk ;
-BYkTI1 eZVI:y nigBYkTI2cuHeZVIBlkmµCamYynarIxøÜnmYy . RkumRsþIenAlIv eZVIBlkmµdUcCaCMrHesµA
sMGatdIedIm|IdaMdMNaM .
BIrézáb¨ueNÑaHeRkayBYkeyIgmkdl karEdleyIgsgÏwmzaenACMrMutaexµAenHnwgZUrRsalCagk15 k*
:nrlaysUnüeTAvij . yuttMNagGg<kar nigbkSBYkeK:ncabGnuvtþn¾maK(ats)UvNÑ;dacxatminsMruHsMrYl
minrazyCamYyBYkGnuZn bJÃCn dUcBYkeyIgTaMgGsKña . eKbMpuskarts)UrbqaMgnwgesrIniym nigsnþi
sm&¬nÆ . CaCakEsþg eKhamdacxatminoesrIkñúgkarniyaysþI minoCYbKñaelIBIBIrnak minoerIsßebH
EpøeQITTYlTanedayKµankarGnuJÃatBIGg<kar minoZøakxøÜnQWedayesrI ebIec[sminrYc kMuQWedayesrI
enAmñakÉgRtUveTAenAeRkam “pÞHeBTü ” EdleKeZVIenAeRkampÞHrbsRbZanyut . eKhamminohUbbbro»sUr.
ehtuEdldakvin&ytwgEtgrbsGg<karbdivtþn¾EbbenH edaysarGñkTTYlxusRtUvylza BYkeyIgmk
BIGg<rC&y manGakb|kiriyaesrIniym RbqaMgnwgbdivtþn¾ . :nn&yza BYkeKmanninñakarneya:yesrI
niym KitEtBIer]ghUbcuk lYcerIsEpøeQIhUbedayesrI . eBlhUb»sUrdUcRCUk . ehIyCaBiessBYkGñk
mkBIGg<rC&yh)anTiet[nGg<karzaGyutþiZm( eZVI:bBYkeK . BYkmkBIGg<rC&y:nniyayR:beyIgza enA
TIenaH kargarRtUvsMrukhalézá halePø{g . ehIyrbbhUbcukGtEqÁt . :ylayeBatBakkNþal
cMnYn3 00RkamkñúgmYyeBl . eZVIkarkñúgPkralézá . ybeLIgmUsxaM KµankEnøgedkRtwmRtUv . KµanGnam&y
GVITaMgGs EzmBIelIenHbriyakasexµAggwt sµúKsµajrhUtdleBlxøH manelIkkñúgmITIg zamitþeyIgEdl
eKbJ¢ÚnoeZVIkarenAGg<rC&yCaxµaMg snþism¬&nÆ esGIuGa kaehSeb mksIurUgépÞkñúg .l. BYkkmµaPi:lenA
Gg<rC&yxøHeT[t :nvayRbharKñaeyIg KMramKñaeyIgcM> ehIyeKlYcyk«v¨anKñaeyIg ehIyebICnEdl
RtUveKeZVI:btv¨a eKzamUlehtuEdleKGaclYcGñkÉg:neRBaHBYkGñkÉgenAman«v¨anoeKlYc . dUecñHBYk
GñkÉgRtUvk|tvNÑ;teTAeT[t oGsmanGVIoeKlYc . eday:n»sUrkarer[brabGMBIGMeBIéRBépSrbsBYkGñk
kankarenAksidðanrdðGg<rC&y BYkGñkRKbRKgenAmnÞIrtaexµAeKxwgNas edayzaBYkeyIgvayRbharGg<kar.
dUecñHehIyeKk*QboeyIgCYbKñaelIsBIBIrßbInakeLIgeTA . karhamdacxatenHKWRtUvGnuvtþn¾RKbeBl
evla24emag eTA24emag . sUm|IEteBlsMrak ßeBledkk*eKhamminoCYbKñaEdr . k*buEnþBYkCnrg
eRKaHmkBIGg<rC&ymYycMnYnTbmin:n ecHEteqø{tlYcxSwbexS{vR:bKñaeyIgodwg <<edIm|IZUrRTUg>> . mitþ
eyIg:nr¨ayr¨abGMBICIvPaBRbCaCnenAshkrN¾CitksidðanrdðGg<rC¥aH . RbCaCnPaKeRcIn CaCn
Cemø{s . BYkeKmansPaBs<ms<aMg semø{kbMBakryIkryak . BYkKatRtUvGg<karcattaMgoeZVIkarrYmeBj>
68
emag ehIyohUber[g>xøÜntamRKYsarnImYy> . CaRTwsþImñak>:nGg,rnigeBatminTanbenøHcMnYn200Rkam .
edayhUbminEqÁt enAeBlGaceqø{t:n mñak>xMedIrrkkþam xüg RtIkñúgERs .
CaTUeTABYkkmµaPi:lenAGg<rC&y eKts)UvNÑ;ekþA . KWeKykBYkmitþeyIgeTAsgswk . eKylza
BYkGñkÉgZøab´RsYl RtUvlM:kmþg ZøabedkelIBUk edkpÞalenAelIdImþg .l. eKminGnuJÃatoQWeT ehIy
eBlNaQWeKbnæyrbbhUb . CamYyKñaenH k*manGñkmkBIGg<rC&yxøHTTYls<alza RbCaCnZmµtaKat
mineZVI:bBYkeyIgeT pÞúyeTAvijKatlYcCYyBYkeyIg . mitþ`xøHniyayza BYkkacsahavTaMgGsenaH
minEmnCaGñkEdlrsenATIRkugTaMgGseT xøHCakmµaPi:lExµrRkhmmkBItMbnsÁagekaHZM minEmnmkBIéRBPñM
qáaydacRsyalÉNaeT . mnusSlÁk*dUcCaCnkacsahav manmkBIRKbtMbnlayKña . minEmntMbnenH
manEtBYklÁ tMbnenaHmanEtBYkGaRkkeT . manxøHeT[tGHGagza BYkGñkeZVI:bBYkeyIgenAGg<rC&yCaBYk
RbqaMgnwgmaK(aGg<karEdldwknaMedayb¨ulBt, eG[gsarI . kñúgqñaM1977 eyIg»sUrBaküccamGar¨amza
kmµaPi:lZM>EdlkþabksidðanrdðGg<rC&ydUcCa nn sYn, rs jwm RtUv:nGg<karcab.
ralézáeyIgeRkakBIdMeNkenAemag4nig30naTI ehIyeyIgcab´eZVIkarenAem¨ag5PøW . eyIgeZVIrhUtdl
emag11RBwk bnÞabmkeyIghUbbbrravEdleBlxøH eKlayCamYycMNitdMLÚgeQI CYnkaldMLÚgCVa eBat
ßKllºúg .
-dMLÚgeQI ; eKyksMbkecj ehIylagTwkrYccitCacMNitesþIg> ehIyhalézáosáÜt . munnwg
ykmklaybbr eKykeTARtaMTwk dlbbrBuHrIkGg,r eKdakdMLÚgeQIenHcUl . dakcUlehIyRtUvósSah¾
kUrbbredIm|IkMuodMLÚgRkaMg:txÞHnaMoexøac .
-dMLÚgCVa ; eKekassMbkehIylagecj rYcykmkcitCadMu> ehIydaklaybbrkMBugEtBuH 10
naTIeRkaymkdMLÚgqÁin .
-Kllºúg ; eKykKllºúgmkcitßsecjoGs ehIylagTwkosÁat . bnÞab´mkeKykmkcitß
QusoesþIg> ehIylayGMbilosBVedayRc:ccuHRc:ceLIgyagyUreTIbykeTARsuHnwgTwkekþA rYcehIy
BUtykTwkecjoRsseTIbbgcUleTAkñúgbbr .
-eck ; eKykeckNaMv¨a cas> ykeTAesáar rhUtdlqÁin rYcykeTAbksMbkecj eTIbykcit
CacMNitesþIglµm eTIb:nykeTAbgkñúgbbr .
-eBat ; eKykeBateTAQUs rYcykeTAbgkñúgbbrEdlkMBugBuH . 10 ß15naTI eTIbqÁin .
eyIghUbbbrCamYysmømYymux EdlmansøwkbHCaRbcaM . enAtaexµAsMbUrsøwkbHNas. eRkayeBl
hUbbbrehIy esÞIrralézáeKEckkgGMeBAEdlsleRkayBIeKykzñaMgeTApSaM . hUbehIy20naTI ßknøH
emageRkaymk eyIgcuHbnþkargarrhUtdlem¨ag5láac . eyIghUb:yláacrYcsMrakbnþicehIycabeZVIkar
BIemag6ß6knøH rhUtdlemag9yb . eBlybeyIgsMGatmnÞIrk9 dUcCaCMrHesµA e:s sMGat Esg
sMramnigEbEL ykeTAecal .l. eBlybggwt GtmanBnøWelakEx eyIgGuCPñksMramßEmkeQIbMPøW .
eRkayBIbJ©bkargarrYcehIy eyIgRtUvRbCMuCIvPaBBI15naTIeTAknøHemagralyb . kmµviZIRbCMuKWsrubkargar
knøgmk nigdakTisedAkargarsMrabézáEsÁk . bnÞab´mkeyIgsMGatxøÜnrYccUlsMrak. buEnþCakEsþgeKmin
Tan:nsMrakPøameT eRBaHkñúgbnÞbEdlbiT:MgedaykenÞl mñak>GuCceg,{gpøúg>edIm|IlabdMe¶ßsMGatmux
rbYsepSg> .
69
ebIeTaHCaKñaeyIgxMsMrbsMrYlykcitþtMNagGg<karyagNak*eday k*tMNagGg<karyutkanEtmin
sb|aycitþeLIg>CamYyBYkeyIg . c|abkanEttwg mºÚbTTYlkanEtticeTA> ÉkargarkanEteRcIneLIg>.
eKbMpusoBYkeyIgmkBIeragcRksÁbBYkmkBIGg<rC&y . bMEbkbM:kKñaeyIgedIm|IRsNukRtYt . eKecaTza
BYkmkBIGg<rC&y eZvIomanbJºa suTÆswgEtBYkEkmineLIg . PaBtantwgenHeZVIoeyIgmankarrkaMrkUs
rvagKñaeyIgEdr . eyIgsMuoBYkeyIgQbniyayGaRkkBIGg<kar QbeZVIoeKxwg QbniyayBIGg<rC&y
BYkeKkaneCIgKñaeK .
`mkdlRsukCit4Ex EtenAEtmindwgGVITaMgGs eRkABIBt(manEdl:nTTYlBIviTüúkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü
EdlmaneG[gsarI kankab . eK»Etts)UvNÑ; vaykMeTcxµaMg C&yCMnH mhaelatepøaH mhaGas©arü
RKbvis&y . eyIgBi:kylza eG[gsarI manTisedAykBYkeyIgEdlmkBIbreTsenHeZVIGVINas . eRkayBI
:nrsenAk15 eyIg:neRkbCJ¢kGVIeTAEdleKehAza eragcRkkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü. eyIgmankarxkcitþ
hYsBIkarsµan eRBaHGVI>EdleyIgeXIjpÞalnwgEPñk vaxusRsLHdUcemXnigdI BIkarEdleKeXasna .
eKykkmµkr ykGñkbec©keTs ykvisVkroeTAeZVIERs ehIyykGñkEdlminmanbTBiesaZn¾GVIesaHkñúg
er]geragcRk omkeZVICakmµkrCMnYsvij . BYkkmµkrzµI EdlPaKeRcInCayuvCn ßkumar PaKeRcInGtecH
GkSr CakUnGñkCnbT GtEdls<alTIRkug KñamankarZujzb kñúgbrievNeragcRkmYytUcedIreTANamin:n
NaEbkBIRKYsar nigPUmikMeNItrbsxøÜn eZVIoeKTaMgLay:tGtþsJÃaN :tßsKl RbQmmuxnwg
kargareragcRkEdleKGt:neRt[mer[nsURtGVIesaH . emþceLIyeKminKitza kumarenAv&yekµgx©IdUecñH eKRtUv
karer[nsURtkñúgmCÄdðanRKYsarPUmikMeNIteK .
ÉcMENkmitþeyIgEdl:neRkbCJ¢kksidðanrdðGg<rC&yvij eK:neXIjGVI>enACnbTkm¬úCa . eKyk
mnusSeTAeZVIkaredayGtRtaRbNI . bgÁtGahar KMramkMEhgdUcstVZatu . eragcRkk*Casæannrk ksidðan
rdðk*sæannrk enAkñúgmnÞIrksagxøÜnk*Casæannrk . enAslshkrN¾EdleyigminTanZøab´rsenA . EtebI
tamBt(manEdleyIgTTYlBImitþeyIgmkBIGg<rC&y CIvPaBksikrenAshkrN¾minRsYlCagCIvitBYkeyIgeT.
GVI>Edl`:neXIj :n»CasakSItaMgBImkdlRsukvapÞúydUcemXnigdI nUvGVIEdleG[gsarI :nGHGagenA
eBleKCYbeyIgenAbreTs . `niyayeRcInBIeG[gsarI eRBaHKatCaGñkehABYkeyIgmk . BitehIy rhUt
mkdleBlenH `KµanlTÆPaB:nBinitüpÞalnwgEPñkhYsBIkEnøgbnþicbnþÜcEdleKo`rsenAenaHeT . eTaH
bICa eXIjminTan:nRKbRKank*eday k*`Gackþab:nza RKbkEnøgEdl`:neXIj nig:n» KWkarrsenA
GtesrIPaB GtsuPmg<l Gt:y . eXIjdUecñH `sYrxøÜnÉgza ehtudUcemþc:nCa`emIlmineXIjBImun
mk / mUlehtumkBI`minRBmeC] /
enAeBl`cUlmkdlPøam enAmnÞIrk15 `dwgxøÜnza `ZøakkñúgsæannrkehIy k*buEnþeTaHCayagenH
k*eday k*mankUnstiGarmµN¾mYylYcsgÏwmza RbEhldleBlecjTIenHeTAeyIgnwg:nRsYleLIgvij.
dUecñH`RtUvxMrskñúgPaBlM:kteTAeT[tCabuK<l oEtCatiGacmankarrIkcMerIn karBarbUrNPaBTwkdIrbsxøÜn
:n . edIm|ICatiGacQaneTArkpøÚveTAkankarrIkcMerIn:n TalEtmankarpøasbþÚrkñúgsg<m . eRBaHCayUr
NasmkehIy sg<mCatieyIgGtmankarvivtþn¾GVICamUldðaneT . GVI>EdleyIgeXIjCarUbcmøak dUcCa
ng<&l keNþ{vRcUtRsUv reTHeKa .l. eyIgeXIjenAmandEdldUcKñaebHbiT .
70
esrIPaBCaBakümYyd*BieraHbMputEdlmñak>cg:n . edIm|IesrIPaB mnusSCaeRcIn RKbCMnan :n
BlICIvitrbsrbsxøÜn eRBaHeKylzaebIGtesrIPaB GtRbCaZibetyü eyIgminGaceZVIGVIekIteT . etIsBVézá
enAkñúgrbbsBVézá RbCaBlrdðmanesrIPaBßeT / etIkmµkreragcRkmanesrIPaBßeT / etIksikrmanesrI
PaBedIrehIrßeT / eyIgeqøIyza rbbsBVézábgÎMoExµrrskñúgPaBCaTaskr . eBleKRtUvkmøaMg eKzaeyIg
naMKñats)U rYmKñaZøúgmYyedIm|Iksagsg<mEdlmanesrIPaB nigRbCaZibetyü dl:nGMNacehIy eKbMbiT
esrIPaBGsrlIg . nwkeXIjdlenHeyIgkanEtmankarQWcabcMeBaHvasnaeyIgCabuK<lpl cMeBaHvasna
sg<mCatieyIgpg . eyIgRtUvRbQmuxkñúgkareRCIserIspøÚvedIrd*lM:k ßmYyesµaHRtgxøÜnÉg eyIgnwgsøab´
ßmYysMrb RbEhlGac:nrs /
kabdIdaMdMLÚgCVabeNþIr vNÑa nisSitmkBIRsþasb)Ur niyaybeNþIr << mitþeGIyemIlqÁwgCMnIr`cuH
`cuHs<mGs30KILÚehIytaMgBI10ExEdl`mkBIRsuk:raMg `ehvNas emck*eKeZVI:beyIgemøH />>
-RTaMbnþiceT[teTAmitþeGIy bnþiceT[tRbEhlCaeyIg:nZUrvijehIy . eyIgxMniyayelIkTwkcitþ
Kat .
eBlenaHTUTaMgRbeTs Gg<karbnþGMBavnavots)UvNÑ;o:nRsYcRsaveLIgEzmeT[t . :nn&yza taMg
BIbriyakaskñúgkareZVIkargark*bnþwg TaMgkarhUbcukk*bnþwg . Gg<karRbkasehIyRbkaseT[tza ts)U
RbqaMgsRtUvbreTsvaRsYl eRBaHGg<kardwgza eKCasRtUvCamYyeyIg Etkarts)UkMcatsRtUvépÞkñúg mankar
sµúKsµajeRcIn .
RBwkmYyenAedImExtula qñaM1976 ePø{gZøakeCaKCaMdIenAmnÞIrtaexµA . enAkardðaneyIgkMBugnaMKñakab´
GMeBAmkpSaMdUceyIgEtgeZVICaer[gralézámk . RsabEtevlaemag10 eyIg»sUrsemøgCYgxÞrxÞarmþgehIymþg
eT[t . eyIgdwgza CasJÃaehAoeyIgeTARbCMu . eyIgedIrbeNþIr sYrKñabeNþIr eRkamTwkePø{gZøak cg
dwgza eKmaner]gGIGeJ©H / eyIgRtUvecjBItaexµAeTdwg /
edIreTAdlCitkEnøgRbCMu zn nKr:ls¬aykaMePøIgelIsµaERskoeyIgRbjabeTARbCMu . enAkEnøgRbCMu
GñkdwknaMmnÞIrTaMgGsenAcaMeyIgCaeRsc . CYbCMuKñaGsehIy yutRbZanmnÞIr:nebIksm&yRbCMu <<eyIg`
manbJºad*ZánZármYy ykmkóeTÞsnamoTaMgGsKñadwg . buEnþCabfm `sMukMuobgbÁÚnP\akepÁIl eRBaHkñúgkar
ts)UEtgEtmanCYbRbTHnwgkarsµúKsµaj . ehIyCaBiessenAeBlEdlGg<karkMBugdeNþIm:nC&yCMnH sRtUv
eyIgk*xMrkmeZüa:yRKbEbbyagedIm|IkMeTceyIg CaBiesstamry;meZüa:ybg,bsIurUgépÞkñúg . k*buEnþzVI
t|itEtmankarsµúKsµaj lM:kyagNak*eday k*xµaMgminGaceZVIosÞHbdivtþn¾:nEdr . ehIyeRkammaKa(
d*mhaPøWsVag mhaGs©arü Gg<karbdivtþn¾ nwgc|asCa:nTTYlC&yCMnHCaGvsanþ >> . eyIgmñak>lYc
emIlmuxKña cgdwgza eKcg:nGIhñwg / yut bnþ <<enAmnÞIrk9 k*manxµaMgbg,bsIurUgépÞkñúgEdr . EteTaH
CavaxMlak:Mgmuxd*GaRkkrbsvayagNak*eday k*KgézáNamYyvanwgeZøayPøatesñ{toeKeXIjZatuBit
rbsvaedayxøÜnÉg . karts)UvNÑ;d*ekþAKKukTUTaMgRbeTs CaGavuZmYyd*manRbsiTÆPaBedIm|IbkGaRkatxµaMg
sIurUgépÞkñúg>> .
eyIgenAEtminTandwg yutcgniyayzaGIoBitR:kdeT . EtminyUrbunµaneyIgk*:n»yutniyaydl
sacer]g <<ybmiujeqø{teBlybggwt Cnk|t ecAesgNug :nrtecjBImnÞIr . Gg<kar:ntamdanCn
k|tenHyUrehIy>> . eKniyaybeNþIr bgºajÉksark|tEdlmanes[vePACaPasa:raMgmYycMnYn EdleK
71
rkeXIjenAkñúg:LÚrbsCnrgeRKaH . ehIyyut GMBavnav <<ebImanGñkNadwgBIKMeragrbsecAesgNug sUm
mksarPaB Gg<karnwgelIkElgeTaso >>. dMNwgenHeZVIoeyIgZøakezøImkþúk rnÆt resHresaHkñúgcitþRKb´>
Kña EtKµanecjsþIGVIeLIy . eyIgdwgza ecAesgNug CamnusSsøÚtRtg minEmnk|t ßCaPñakgaresGIuGa ß
kaehSebGIdUceKecaTeT . eBlRbCMucbBYkExµrRkhm eKRbjabRbjaleTAedjtamrk <<Cnk|t >> ecA
esgNug . ÉcMENkBYkeyIgvijRbCMucbehIy eKbJ¢aoeTAbnþkargarer[g>xøÜnteTAeT[t . ePø{geCaKCaM
dItaMgBIRBwkmk enAEEtZøakbnþeT[t . emXhakdUcCaZøabmkTab cgZøakmkelIk|aleyIg . `edIreTA
kardðaneRkamTwkePø{gedayKµanviJÃaNenAkñúgxøÜnhakdUcCaZmµCatipþnÞaeTasGMBIkarkMsakrbsmnusSelak.
`nwkeXIjkal`CYbecAesgNug enARsuk:raMg . `nwkeXIjeBleyIgCYbKñaenApÞHvisVkrmñakEdlmanPriya
Zøaber[nmZümsikSaCamYyecAesgNug . kalenaHenAqñaM1973 . vahakdUcCayUrehIyEmn k*b¨uEnþ`
nwkeXIj eBlCYbenHc|asRkELtenAeLIy . hUb:ybeNþIr eyIgBiPakSaKñaelgbeNþIr . eyIghUb
TaéxV smøm¢ÚreRK]g qaxatNa kMdredayRsaRkhmpg . suriyaempÞHniyayekatsresIrmindacBImat
ecAesgNug mitþcasrbsKat søÚtbUt rmüTmdUcRsIRkmMu EtebIer]ger[nvij BUEkelxmYybUteKrhUt.
esgNug »sUrsuriyasresIrdUecñaHeLIgmuxRkhmdUcCamindwgeqøIyzaemc . eGHGujmYysnÞúHKatk*eqøIytb
<<`TTYls<alza `cUlcitþer[ncMeNaT rUbsaRsþ nigKImI k*buEnþ`minsUvykcitþTukdakemIles[vePAer[n
xagGkSrsaRsþ nigmnusSsaRsþeT dlmkdlRsuk:raMgeXIjza kUnsisSenARsukeK manvb|Zm(TUeTA
eRcInCageyIgqáayNas . eBlenaHesgNug sgÏwmza eBlKateTAdlRsukvij KatnwgGacyk
cMeNHviC¢aKateTACYyeZVIkarenAmnÞIrBiesaZn¾mYyenAkñúgRbeTskm¬úCa . KatcUlcitþEter[n minsUvcUlcitþ
niyayGVI«tRbeyaCn¾eT .
eBl`mkdltaexµA `eXIjKatedkenAeRkampHrbsyut RbZanmnÞIrtaexµA . eBlenaHyuteK:n
ykeRkampÞHeKeZVICamnÞIreBTü eRBaHeKmincgoGñkCmáWedkenApÞHEtÉg> eZVIoeKBi:kRtYt . Baküccam
Gar¨amza esgNug minRBmcuHeTAeZVIkaredayykelszamanCmáW . k*buEnþtamBitKatGtQWGIeT . tamemIl
esgNug sMerccitþmincuHeTAeZVIkargar eRBaHKatcgbgºajza KatminRBmcuHjmCamYykarek[bsg,t
pþackarrbsGg<kar . cMeBaHBYkkmµaPi:lvij GñkNaEdleZVIdUcecAesgNug CamnusSEdlRbRBwtþpÞúy
nwgkarENnaMrbsGg<kar . dUecñHeKk|tnwgmaKa(arbsGg<kar . Gñkk|tnwgmaKa(rbsGg<karRtUveKcatTuk
zaCaxµaMg ßk*CaExSry;rbsxµaMg . mkdlkEnøgeZVIkarvij `eXIjKñaeyIgmñak>resHresaH EtKµanecjsþI
GVIeLIy . TaMg`TaMgeK eyIgmanGarmµN¾epþateTAelIecAesgNug EteyIgmincgoeKelIkyker]genHmk
niyayeT . ÉcMENkxøÜn`vij `RsémeTAeXIjKatkMBugedIrmñakÉgenAkñúgéRB . eRBaH`nwkkñúgcitþza Kat
minGacedIrenAvaleT eRBaHRtUvkarlakxøÜn . dUecñHKatedIrkñúgéRBsMedAeTATisxaglic eTARBMRbTlEdnéz.
eRBaHtamemIl ebI`eZVIdUcKat c|asCartsMedAeTATisxaglic eTArkRsukesrI eyIgminGacrteTARsuk
kumµúynisþdUcKñaeT . edIm|ItMrgeTATisxaglic ec[svagTIval ßkEnøgNamanmnusSenAvaBi:kNas eK
GacvegVg . etIecAesgNug KateZVIyagemc edIm|IqøgkatTenø CaBiessenArdUvenHTwkhUrxøaMgNas ehIy
Kats<mslEtqÁwgyagenH qøgdUcemþcrYc /
72
`sþayeRkay eBleXIjKat `minKYrNaminrkmeZüa:yedIm|ICYbKat . ebI:nCYbKatniyayKña
`k*GscitþEdr . EtenHCakarkMsakrbs` cgrYcxøÜn . dwgTukÎZur;KñaeBlsMbUrsb|ay dleBlGtXøan
lM:k `EtgEtykelsedIm|IrYcxøÜn .
CaZmµtaralláaceyIgGacbJ©bkarRbCMuenAem¨ag9yb´ . cbehIyeyIgRbjabRbjalrtmkpÞHedIm|I
muCTwksMGatxøÜn . eyIgxitxMedayRbjabRbjalbMputedIm|ITukeBlsMGatdMe¶ nigrbYs ßCmáWEs|kepSg>
Edlmñakmaner[g>xøÜn . rYcralGsehIy eyIgGaccUleTAsMrak . k*buEnþtaMgBIézáEdlecAesgNug :n
rt:teTA RbZanyut eKyleXIjza snþisuxenAkñgmnÞIrtaexµAnwgGacmanbJºa edaysarmanxµaMgnigExS
ry;varkmeZüa:ybg,Gsnþisux . dUecñHGg<karoeyIgdakevnKñayammñakkñúg1emagralyb . eyIgyam
édTeTr KµanGavuZyuTÆP&NÐGVIsMrabkarBarxøÜneT . eyIgsYrKñaza etIyamedIm|IGVI / eKzaeyIgyamERkgela
eXIj <<xµaMg>> EdlrteTAenaHRtLbmkvij ßERkgxµaMgecAesgNug eTARbmUlExSesGIuGa KatmkGukLúk
kñúgmnÞIr . ÉcMENkeyIgGñkyamvij eyIgTaMgGsKñadwgxøÜnza eKoeyIgyamdUecñHedIm|IoeyIgTTYlxus
RtUv ERkgelamanKñaeyIgNamYyeT[tlYcrt . eyIgyamCaeRcInyb´mk GtmaneXIjxµaMgEdlrteTAmk
vij ßk*naMExSry;KatmkGukLúk QøanBanmnÞIrtaexµAeT . eyIgmanEtmUs nigkøinbg<nGacm¾ vaysMruk
QøanBaneyIgeday«tRsakRsanþ . dMbUgeyIgyamenAeRkampÞH . ybggwtQwg cakEPñkminyl. eday
eKoeyIgyammñakmYyemag RbBnÆ`nig`suxcitþyamBIremagCamYyKñaEtmþg .
edaysarsPaBkarN¾kñúgCMrMukanEtlM:keLIg mitþeyIgxøHxwgnwgecAesgNug eRBaHedaysarKat
eZVIepþspþasyagenH :nCaBYkkmµaPi:leKeZVI:beyIg . <<CIviteyIgenAkñúgkNþabédeK eyIgminRtUveZVIGVI
oeKTascitþBYkeyIgeT>> . eTaHCaeyIgxMeZVIkarpg xMyamybpg k*briyakasenAkñúgmnÞIrkanEttwgEtg
eLIg>dEdl . eyIgeZVIGVIk*xusEdr . eKzaKñaeyIgxYrEkmineLIg . enAeRkamkarek[bsg,td*twgEtgEbb
enH eyIgminh)anehIbmateT . bunµanézáeRkay enAeBlTTYlTan:yézáRtg eh[k GñkTTYlxusRtUv
xagsnþisux :nniyayedaycMGkza <<eTANarYc eKceTANak*minputBIGg<karcab:nEdr >> . tamdMNwg
elc»xSwbexS{vza Gg<karcab:nenAeBlKatEhlTwkqøgTenø . taMgBIézá:ndMNwgenHmk eyIgecHEt
caMemIlecAesgNug mktaexµAvij . dMNwgenHk*:tsáatrhUtmk . dlqñaM1979 `:neXIjeQµaHKat
enATYlEsøg . enAkñúgKuk eK:neZVITaruNkmµoKatsresrsarPaBza Kat:nCiHynþehaHcUlRsukCamYy
b)unnI Priya` ehIykaler[nenARsuk:raMg Kat:ncUleZVIkarCaTIPñakgaresIubkarsmáatrbs:raMg . eK:n
smøabKatenAcugqñaM1976 KWeRkayeBlEdleKcab:nbnþic .
ÉenAtaexµAvij eKbnæyrbbhUbcukeyIgmYykMritEzmeT[t . «LÚvenHdlzñakhUbKllºúg . kal
enABItUc `Etg»ÓBukmþay` eBlNaRsukmanclacl raMgsáÜteRcInqñaMCabnþbnÞab dIeLIgEbkRkEhg
rukÎCatigab´Gs RtBaMgbwgbYrrIgsáÜt eBlenaHedImßsSIecjp,a . eBlßsSIecjp,a mann&yza mnusSGt
:yEmnETn eXIjGg,rmYyRKabCabnwgknÞúyEq, k*vaydeNþImKñasIuEdr . eBlenaHehIymnusSstVsøab´
rg<al edIm|IrseKykKllºúgmkCMnYsGg,r . «LÚvenHcugqñaM1976 mnusSGtXøan eyIgGtman:yTTYl
Tan k*buEnþePø{gZøakesÞIrralézá rukÎCatiRssbMRBg ehIyGtmanßsSINamYyecjp,aesaH EbrCaeyIgnaMKña
TTYlTanKllºúg edaysarmnusSeZVI:bmnusSKñaÉg .
73
CitmYyExeRkaymk yut RbZanmnÞIroeyIgbMeBjRbvtþirUb . eyIgmñak>RtUvbMeBjBIeQµaHedIm eQµaH
bdivtþn¾ Gayu TIlMenAmun17 emsa 1975 TIlMenAsBVézá kMritcMeNHviC¢a muxrbrmun17 emsa 1975
GMBIÓBukmþay GMBIbgbÁÚn GMBImCÄdðanesBKb GMBImitþPkþi (mitþbdivtþn¾ nigmitþminbdivtþn¾ ) .l. bMeBj
RbvtþirUbrYcehIy Gg<kark*cMrajykmitþeyIgRbmaN15nakecjBItaexµAedIm|IeTAbMerIGg<kar ßk*eTAedIm|ICYbCMu
RKYsar dUcCa k.z Gg<kar:nR:bKatza bþIKat (evC¢bNÐit n) eTIbmkdlBIRsuk:raMg ehIyGg<kar
GnuJÃatoKateTArsenACYbCMuKña . »sUrdUecñH kz GrNas jjwmjEjmlaeyIgedayRbjab´Rbjal
edIm|IeTACYbbþIrbsKatEdleTIbmkdlBIRsuk:raMgzµI> . Kat:nEbkBIbþIKatcUlRsukmuneK edIm|IrkkUn
EdlenAkñúgRbeTs . kalBIsm&ysg<mraRsþniym KatZøabeZVICaRKUbeRg[nenA:tdMbg . k.zmanrUbrag
sÁatNas KatCabvrkJÃaextþ:tdMbg . GñkxøHeC]za KatCakulab:tdMbgrbssIun sIusamut .
k.z :nrsenAkñúgmnÞIrtaexµAenHyUrCageK . taMgBIcUlRsuk:nbnþicmk eKykKatmkenATIenaH
rhUt ehIyGtEdloecjeTANaeT . eBl`mkdltaexµA `Etg»sUrBaküccamGar¨amza BYkkmµaPi:l
ExµrRkhmenAtaexµA eZVIyagdUecñHeRBaHedIm|Ieqø{tOkasrMelaPeZVI:bKat . mitþeyIgepSgeT[t EdleKdwk
ecjézáCamYykz manCaGaT¥ ; kg ZanI Edl`:nsresrBIKateRcInehIy kalenAk15nigeragcRk.
eK:ndwkykGñkKNitsaRsþ kg ZanI nigbÁÚnKat kg sIuLavNÐ sil|krxagKMnUr, muxsunQun bÁÚn
Rbusrbsv¨an BInI GtItGnurdðmRnþIRksYgkarbreTs nigmitþeyIgmYycMnYneTAdakbJ©ÚlKukTYlEsøg . bnÞab´
BIKñaeyIgTaMgenHecj:teTA:nmYyry; karrsenArbseyIgk*kanEttwgEtgeLIg>CalMdab . eyIgmkdl
taexµACit3 0ézáehIy . ézámYyExvicäika 1976 eKeXIjmitþexan tMNagGg<kar:neTAdltaexµA . mYy
RsbkeRkaymk evlaem¨ag10RBwk eK:nR:beyIgoer[bcM«v¨anedIm|IecjBItaexµA . GñkenAeZVIkarqáay>
RtUveKeTAehAomker[b«v¨anedayRbjab´RbjaledIm|Iecj . sUm|IEtbbrézáRtgqÁinehIy k*eKminoeyIg
hUbsinEdr eRBaHRbjab Gg<karRtUvkarCabnÞan . yut RbZanmnÞIr:noEpøxViteyIgmYymñak . eyIgGtdwgza
eTANaeT ehIysUm|IEteBaHenATeTrk*eyIger[bcMxøÜneLIgLanedayrIkray . LanebIkeTAmuxmþgbteqVg
mþgbtsþaM eyIgsYrxøÜnÉg eKnaMeyIgeTANamþgenH / mñak>TaykñúgcitþEter[g>xøÜn . xøHGtmin:nk*lan
matza eKykeyIgeTAmnÞIrk15vijeTdwg / rYcLanbtkateBTü17emsa eyIgsµanminRtUv . RsabEtcUl
eTAdlmNÐlpSaredImz,Úv Lank*QbenAmuxGtItsalabfmsikSabwgRtEbkxagt|Úg . eyIgElgqál ehIy
naMKñacuHBILan .
XXX
74
b wg Rt Eb k x agt , Úg (1 1 /7 6 -12 /7 6 ) eBleyIgedIrcUleTACMrMu manmitþeyIgxøHcaMTTYleyIgRbkbedayTwkmuxjwm> . tMNagGg<kar emIlkar
xusRtUveyIgmanBIrnak . RKanEtdakeCIgdldI maneKxSwbR:beyIgCaeRsc edIm|IoeyIgRby&tñxøÜnkMueZVI
epþspþas bgsIun nigbgmn kacNas . KatTaMgBIrCakmµaPi:lCnCatiPaKticmkBItMbnxageCIgén
RbeTskm¬úCa . enAeRkamtMNagGg<karTaMgBIrrUb dUcenACMruHepSg>eT[tEdr manKN;kmµkarsMrYlkarEdl
mansmasPaBExµrmkBIbreTs . eBleyIgeTAdl KN;kmµkarsMrYlenH mansmaCikdUcteTA ;
-sYs eha RbZan, RTI emghYt GnuRbZan nigtU TIePaK elxa .
sYs eha mkBIk15 ÉcMENkRTI emghYt mkBIeragcRk ehIyecjBItaexµAmuneKmunÉg . eBleyIg
eTAdl:nmYyEPøt eyIg:n»sUrBYkEdlrsenAmnÞIrbwgRtEbkenHniyayza muneyIgmkdl manmitþmkBI
breTsmYyRkum:nmkdl rYcehIydleBlláac BYkTaMgenaHkMBugEtcgmug er[bcUledkRsabEtmanLan
Gg<karmkdlehAeQµaHoeLIgLanykeTAvijedayykelsza Gg<karRcLMmnÞIr . eXIjdUecñHGñkenAbwg
RtEbkenHyUrehIy xøHR:beyIgza kMuGalerI«v¨anGs ERkgelaGg<karehAoeTAvij dUcBYkmkdleCIgmun.
enAeBlenaH eyIgmñak>sµanza eKykBYkTaMgenaHeTAmnÞIrepSgeT[tdUceKzaEmn buEnþeRkaymkeyIgenAEt
:tRkumEdleKykecjenHQwgdEdl rhUtdlExsIha1979 eyIg:ndwgza eKdwkykeTATYlEsøg
edIm|IeZVITaruNkmµehIyRbharCIvitKµanTuknrNamñakenArseLIy . kñúgcMeNamCnrgeRKaHTaMgenaHeKseg,t
eXIjCaGaT¥ ; GabemgeqgGIum saRsþacarüsklviTüal&y nigsVamI visVkr h)uy tan . KUsVamIPriya
TaMgBIrrUb :ner[bcMmg<lkarenARkug:rIs munnwgRtLbcUlkm¬úCavij . eBleKykGñkTaMgBIrrUbecj
GabemgeqgGIum kMBugeRt[mxøÜnsMrabkUndMbUg .
CMrMubwgRtEbkRtUv:nbeg,IteLIgeRkayeBlEdleKdwkeyIgoeTAeZVIkarenAeragcRk nigenAGg<rC&y. KW
CaCMrMuEdleKbeg,IteLIgedIm|ICMnYsCMrMuk15 taLI nigtaexµA . dUecñHCMrMubwgRtEbkCaCMrMucMruHmkBICMrMuepSg>sMrab´
ExµrmkBIbreTsenACMuvijRkugPñMeBj ehIymYycMnYneT[tsuTÆswgEtCaGñkEdleTIbcuHBIelIynþehaHmkdl
zµI> . enAry;eBlmYyézáeRkayeyIgmkdl eK:ncattaMgBYkeyIgoeTAenAtamRkum tamBYk Edlman
rYcehIy . eKGtoeyIgenApþMúKñaeT EteKbMEbkoeTAcUlRkumßBYkenHxøH enaHxøH . mankarcattaMgCarcna
sm&¬nÆdUcteTA ;
k-RkumkargarBlkmµ ; eyIgTaMgGsKñaRtUveRkakBIdMeNkenAem¨ag5RBwk . kargarmundMbUgRbcaMézáKWeZVI
Gnam¥AtamTIlMenAer[g>xøÜn . bnÞabBIeZVIGnam&yeyIgcabepþImeZVIkarsg<mniym . KWeZVIsYndMNaMbEnø
RKbmuxedIm|IóbtæmÖxøÜn . rYcBIkargarsg<mniym eyIgRtUvbnþeTAeZVIkarsñÚl KW:nesckþIza CakargaredIm|I
rYmcMENkbg,beg,InplTUTaMgRbeTs . kargarsñÚlenHmanCaGaT¥ ;
-ksikmµ ; enAbwgRtEbk eyIgdaMdUg daMeck daMGMeBA nigbEnøepSg>dUcCaés¬ saLat xatNa
CIrRKb´mux pÞI eb¨ge:H lºúg emÞsepøak emÞsxµaMg . bEnøeLIgeRTIgdUcCa sENþkkYr eXøak RtLac
nenag RmH .l.nig.l.
75
eyIgdaMRKbmux nigRKbeBlevla KWeZVIyagNakMuomandITMenrenAkñúgbrievNmnÞIr . KWeyIgvaysMruk
tambTcMer[g <<daM daM daM kMuomansldImYycgÁam>> . eyIgykcitþTukdakNaskñúgkardaMduHenH . eyIg
CIkreNþAoRtUvtamxñat tammuxdMNaMnImYy>tamkarENnaMrbsGñkTTYlxusRtUvxagksikmµ . óTahrN¾
daMebge:HRtUvCIkreNþAbYnRCugEdlmanRbEvgmYyRCug>40edsIuEmRt nigCMerA40edsIuEmRt dUcKña . bnÞab´
mkeyIglubdIEdleyIgRCMuohµtenAkñúgdIEdleyIgbMrugdaMebge:HenaHomankMBs15edsIuEmRt . rYceyIg
dakCIr . eKykCIrelxmYyCamUldðan. rYceyIgbEnæmdIhµtoCiteBjreNþAeTIbcabykkUneb¨ge:HEdl
mankMBs20eTA25sgTIEmRt mkdaM . sUmbJ¢akza dUcenAmnÞIrepSg>eT[tEdr Gg<karhamminoeRbIbg<n
ZmµtaeT KWeyIgRtUveRbIbg<nbdivtþn¾vij . bg<nbdivtþn¾enHeKsgCatUb tUc>ehIydakZugsaMgRtgBIeRkam .
eBlbteCIgrYcehIy eyIgykepHdakBIelIedIm|IkMuoruyeramxøaMgeBk. edIm|Ikit eKeRbIsøwkeckgab . ÉTwk
enamCaCIrelx2 eKmankEnøgsnSMTukepSgeT[tEdr . eKykTwkenamlayTwkykeTAeRsacbEnøyksøwk .
eKykcitþTukdaknigsnSMCIrelx1nigCIrelx2Nas . dMNaMGIk*RtUvkarCIrenHEdr dUecñHmanb¨unµank*minsl
Edr . edIm|IbMeBjesckþIRtUvkar eKEckCaRkum vaysMrukRsavCavrkCIrelx1tambg<nBIsg<mcas . ebItam
karseg,ténGñkCMnajkarxagCIrelx1eBlenaHGHGagza CIrelx1EdlCaektP&NÐBIsg<mcasmanKuN
PaBlÁ CagCIrelx1CMnanbdivtþn¾ eRBaHzavamancMNasCag ehIylamkmanCatilÁCag eRBaHvaecj
mkBIGñkmanmºÚbGaharRKb´RKan .
x-RkumelIkPøWERs ; kñúgcMeNamkargarsñÚlsMxanCaGayuCIvitenAkñúgmnÞIrepSg>eT[t mankargarelIkPøWERs.
Gg<kardakTisRtUvykdIEdlenAsleRkABIdaMdMNaMcMkarenACMuvijbwgRtEbkoeTACavalERsTaMgGs . eBl
RBlwmeRkakBIdMeNkenAem¨ag6 ehIynaMKñaer[bCYrdUcenAk15Edr . kñúgédmñak>mancbkab cbCIk Ebl
bg<I eCIgdMrI (eQIZánEdleKeZVIedIm|Ibgºab´dI ) rYceyIgnaMKñaedIreTAkankardðan . eBleyIgedIrkatzñlTMnb´
sÞwgmanC&yCapøÚvev[g rYceTIbeyIgcuHtamzñleTAkñúgPUmibwgRtEbkvij . edayeyIgminEdlmansiTÆiedIrreht
rhUtecjBICMrMu eqø{teBledIrev[gcaM:ceRBaHGtmanpøÚvNaepSgedIm|IeTAdlkardðan eyIgeqø{tOkasBinitü
Bic&yPUmikrenACitmnÞIrbwgRtEbkrbseyIg . eyIgeXIjpÞHs,wmés,k*dUcCaeKhdðantUctac TVarbiTsáatQwg
esµAnigrukÎCatiepSg>duHRTubRTul . pÞHxøHeT[t:kEbkxUcTVarbgÁÜc dMbUlRTuteRTamedayxVHkarEzTaM . kñúg
kardðan xøHCaGñkkab´dI cmáayRbEhl10Em¨RtBIkEnøgRtUvelIkPøWERs xøHelIkGacm¾dI xøHeT[tEsgGacm¾dI
ykeTAcakelIbnÞatEdleKvasedIm|IeZVIPøW . xøHQrelIPøWedIm|ItMrgoRtgdUcRkLacRkRtg< . manRkumbgºab´
dIEdleRbIeCIgdMrICamUldðan . PøWERsenHRtUvelIkeLIgyagRtgdUcsm&yGg<r . eBlxøHPøWERskatzñlßpøÚv
lMcas>katvalesµAs)ubRTub EdlCalMenAdðanmunqñaM1975 . kareZVIotMbnbwgRtEbkenHeTACavalERs
CYbnwgóbsK<eRcInNasdUcCaeBlxøHPøWERskatpøÚv katpÞH rYcebI:nPøWERsehIy RtUvcMNayeBlsMGat
épÞdIkñúgERsdUcCakabedImeQItUcZM CIkykßsecjoGs ruHerIpÞH ebIpÞHeZVIBIeQIminsUvlM:kb¨unµaneT
EtpÞHxøHeT[teZVIBIzµ RtUvcMNayeBleRcInNas . TaMgGsenHeyIgminniyayBIkarkabq,aesµAEvgxøI tUcZM
EdlduHs)ubRTubtaMgBIeKdwkmnusSecjGspg . ebI:nRbmaNkmøaMgeXIjza plRsUvEdlnwgecjmkBIkar
cMNaykmøaMgd*mhimaenHva:ntictYcNas k*b¨uEnþGtmanGñkNah)anbeJ©jmtiRbqaMgnwgkarENnaMrbs
Gg<kareT .
K-RkumruHerIpÞH ; kargarenAbwgRtEbksMxanmYyeT[tKWkarruHerIpÞH . karruHerIpÞHenHmanTisedABIrCasMxanKW;
76
TI1 edIm|IsMercTisedA:ndITMenr sMrabykeTAbg,beg,InplRsbnwgBaküesøakdaMdaMkMuosldImYy
cgÁam . cMENkÉTisedATI2KWykeQIEdlruHerIenaH bJ¢ÚneTAsgpÞHenACnbT . kñúgkarruHerIpÞH k*dUcCa
kargarelIkPøWERsEdrKWeKoRsInigRbusshkarKña . Rbus>CaGñkeLIgruH eLIgerIdldMbUlpÞH Bidan rnab.l.
ruH:nehIy TaMgeQIZM eQItUc eKe:HmkdI . eBlenaHeKoRsI>CaGñkCJ¢ÚnykeTAdakenAtampøÚvZM Tuk
oLankaMmIjúgmkdwk . eKoeyIgruHerIpÞHenAxageCIgsalabfmsikSapSaredImz,Úv . enAeBlruHerI mñak>
eqø{trkvtæúepSg>dUcCaexaGav ßRkNat eRBaHexaGaveyIgcab´rEhkesÞIrGsehIy . eBlxøHeyIgerIs:n
:LÚ Es|keCIg GI b)IdugTwk sMbkkMb¨ug Guigot. CYnkaleyIgerIs:nzñaMeBTü eTaHCazñaMeBTühYs
ézák*eyIg ykEdr . eBlxøHmanlaPerIs:nRbhuk TwkRtI GMbil .l. eBleyIgerIs:nrbsTaMgGs
enH eyIgRbKloGg<karmYycMnYn eqø{tEckKñalYcTukxøÜnÉgmñak>pÞalxøÜnmYycMnYn.eyIgh)aneZVIdUecñHeday
mankarRsuHRsYlKñaminoGg<kardwgeT .
X-Rkumsib|kmµ ; RkumenHmanKña6nak suTÆEtRbus>manekµgcaslayKña . GñkTaMgenHmanPar;kic©CYsCul
rbsrbreRbIR:sdUcCacb CYsCuldgBUezA dgExVv kaMbit BUezA .l. CamYyKñaenHk*plitrbsrbreRbI
karzµI>dUcCabg<ICaedIm . smÖar;EdleKeRbIR:senAeragsib|kmµmaneRcInEbbeRcInyag ehIyPaKeRcIn
suTÆswgEtCarbsrbrBIsg<mcasEdleKerIs:nenAtampÞH . kñúgeragsib|kmµenHmanmasIunEdleKcab´
GarmµN¾CageKKWmasIunCagdMEdk mansñbsMrabsbmanrUbPaBdUc`EtgeXIjkalenABIekµg . edaysar
masIunCagdMEdkenHeKGacplit:nrbsrbreRbIR:sepSg>CaeRcIndUcCadg,ab p<ak kaMbittaMgeta BUezA
cbkab .l. EdleyIgRtUvkarcaM:csMrabeZVIkargar . CagenHeKGacsemø{gcb BUezA nigrbsrbr
eRbIR:sepSg>edaysarzµmUlbgViledayéd . mñak>EtgEtmkkEnøgenHCajwkjabedIm|Isemø{gkaMbitrag
mUlbgViledayédenH .
sUmbJ¢akEzmeT[tEdrza enACMrMubwgRtEbkkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj CadMbUgeyIgGtmanGK<isnIeRbIeT . eKEck
eRbgmahSÚtedIm|IeZVIeRbgceg,{g . eRkayyUrbnþicmk eTIbeKcaboeRbIGK<isnIenAtampÞH . CamYyKñaenH
karts)UvNÑ;kanEtekþAKKukxøaMgCagenAmnÞIrtaexµAeTAeT[t . eKbJ¢akehIybJ¢akeT[t . kñúgTisedAmin
RKanEtoeyIgcaMeT EtoeyIgRCYtRCabkñúgstiGarmµN¾za zVIt|itEteyIgmñak>EdlecjmkBIsg<mbJÃCn
GnuCnsBVézáenHCarUbPaBGsmanTun RTBüsm|tþi k*eday k*CMerAkMEGlsg<mcasvasæitenArsrevIkkñúgxøÜn
eyIgdEdl . dUecñHGg<karTamTaroeyIgts)UvNÑ;ekþAedIm|ItamdanrkxµaMgépÞkñúgEdllakenAkñúgxøÜneyIg
mñak> . karts)UenHvasµúKsµaj lM:kCagkarRbqaMgnwgxµaMgrUbI eRBaHxµaMgGrUbI valakmuxBYnsmáMmingayo
oeKeXIjgay>eT . edIm|IebIkmuxykC&yCMnHo:nelIxµaMgGrUbIlakmuxenH Gg<karbMpusoeyIgelIk
kMBskarts)UvNÑ;omankMritkanEtRsYcRsaveLIg>edayminRsBicRsBil minsMruHsMrYl . :nesckþIza
eyIgRtUvtamdanKña ecaTRbkanKñaokanEtlÁitlÁnedayKµanmenaseJ©tna KµansMrbvNÑ; snþism&¬nÆ .
QrelIeKalkarN¾dacxat ts)UvNÑ;«tsMruHsMrYlenH briyakaskñúgmnÞIrkanEttwgEtgeLIg . eyIgElgh)an
TukcitþxøÜnÉg eyIgElgh)anTukcitþGñkdéT .
tamTsSn;rbsmakS nigGgEh<l mnusSmYyrUb>munnwgGacrYmcMENkksagsg<m:n RtUvcaM:c
bMeBjesckþIRtUvkarrbsxøÜnCamUldðansin . eRBaHza ebIeyIgminGacbMeBjesckþIRtUvkarpÞalxøÜnCamUldðan
dUcCahUbcuk semø{kbMBak pÞHsEm|g .l. :nCamuneT GñkenaHminGaceBjlkÎN;CamnusS:neLIy.
77
dUecñHedIm|IomnusSmYyrUb>eBjlkÎN;CamnusS RtUvEtoeKmanlkÎN;bMeBjesckþIRtUvkarrbseKCamUl
dðansin . eZVIdUecñHeTIbeKGacmanlTÆPaBrYmcMENkksagsg<m . makSbnþeT[tza kalNamnusSeZVIkargar
edIm|IGPivD¿n¾sg<m eKk*EklMGksagxøÜneKEdr . ZatueyIgmñak>nwgpøasbþÚreBlNabridðanCMuvijeyIgbþÚr
rUbPaB . kalNaGVI>enACMuvijeyIgmanPaBCastVtiricäan eyIgmñak>nwgkøayCastVtiricäanEdr .
mitþeyIgxøH ebIeTaHCaevTnayagNak*eday k*xMRTaMRTkarlM:kRKbEbbyagedIm|IQñH . eKbgÎMcitþeK
okþabemaTnPaBbdivtþn¾KWsuxcitþeZVIBlIkmµxøÜnÉg lHbgkarcgRsNuksuxRsYlbc©úb|nñedIm|IsuPmg<l
sg<mkm¬úCaeTAGnaKt . eRBaHeKeC]za eTAGnaKtRbeTskm¬úCanwgsm|Úrsb|ay kñúgbUrNPaBEdndI
rbsxøÜn . eyIgRtUvEtlHbg eZVIBlIkmµesrIPaBpÞalxøÜnbc©úb|nñ edIm|IesrIPaBBitR:kdeTAGnaKt .
RTIemghYt niyayza <<karEdlmanPaBsµúKsµajekIteLIgminecHcb eRBaHBYkeyIgmYycMnYnZM
minRBmk|tZatubJÃCn GnuZnrbsxøÜn . eyIgenAkñúgkMritbdivtþn¾Cati RbCaZibetyü rYmvNÑ;enAeLIy .
Gg<karQaneTAdltMNakkaleZVIbdivtþn¾sg<mniym . Gg<karkMBugksagnigkarBarbdivtþn¾sg<mniym>>.
sYseha EdlCasmaCikKN;kmµkarbwgRtEbk CamYyRTIemghYt k*yldUcKñaenHEdr . eKeXIjKateZVI
muxesµICaGñkQanmuxrhUt . eBledIrehIrhUbcuk niyaysþI KatxMer[nsURteZVIdUcbgbÁÚnkmµaPi:lmUldðan.
KatElgecHelgesIcdUcmunehIy KWstiGarmµN¾nigGakb|kiriyaQanmux minsMruHsMrYlRKbeBlevla .
KatTukxøÜnKatCamnusSzµImYyeT[tEdlxusRsLHBIKatkalsg<mcas . Katza <<CIvitKatmunbdivtþn¾:n
søab´:tyUrehIy>> . `sYretIsupun RKYsarKatsuxsb|ayeT ßyagemcEdr ehIyKateTANaehIy emc
k*miineXIj / KatdUcCamincgsþabsMNYrrbs` eRBaHCar]gÉkCn Eteday`cgdwgeBkKatk*eqøIyza
supunenAbwgRtEbkenHEdr EtKatmincgniyayEvgqáayBIer]gRKYsarKateT edaysarKatrsenATIéTBIKña
ehIyminsUvmaneBlCYbKñapg edayrvleBk . cMENkÉkUnrbsKat Gg<karCaGñkTTYlxusRtUv KatElg
manCIvPaBRKYsardUcBIedImeT[tehIy kMuo`sYrsMNYrEbbenHeRcIneBk . Katcgo`ylza KatQb
cgmancMNgmitþPaBdUcBIedImCamYy`eT[tehIy .
láacenHeRkayBIhUb:yd*eRk[mRkMrYcehIy edayeRBaHrbbmanKuNPaBticCagenAtaexµAeTAeT[t
Gkar:no`nigb)unnI eTAenApÞHmYyeZVIBIeQIEdlenAminqáaybunµanBIerag:y . eyIgrIkrayNasedaysar
pÞHEdleKoeTAenaHmanRKYsarbgézø` nigmitþcas`mñakEdlCavisVkrksikmµsMNakenACaeRsceTAehIy.
eyIgeXIjrsbgézø`s<ms<aMg z¬alpt . Kats<myagticNask*20KILÚEdr . `RsLajnigeKarBKat
taMgBImun`er[bmg<lkareTAeT[t . `nigb)unnI:nEbkBIKatenAk15 eRkayeBlKatcUlRsuk:nbnþic.
bgGIu sYrbÁÚnKatzaetImandMNwgGVIBIRKYsarKatßeT eBlenAeragcRk / etIeBlenaHTIenaH GacedIrehIr
eTANamkNa:nßeT / eBleyIgeqøIykarBitR:b KatdUcCarwtEtGssgÏwmEzmeT[t .
enAkñúgCMrMubwgRtEbk CaeKalkarN¾eKbMEbkbgbÁÚnkUnecAminoenACYbCMuKñaeT eRBaHpÞúyBImaKa(
neya:yrbsGg<karEdlcgbM:tmenaseJ©tnaRKYsarniym . dUecñHeyIgRtUvmankarRby&tñRbEyg min
h)aneZVIGVIoeKeXIjza eyIgrIkrayhYsehtunwgkarEdleKoenACamYyKñaenHeT eRBaHxøaceKeZVIetsþeyIg.
k*buEnþeTaHmankarRbugRby&tñyagenHk*eday k*eyIgmanlTÆPaBGacniyayKña:neRcIn ehIyeBlenaH`
min:nKitzaenHCacugeRkayehIy EdleyIg:nsarsB&ÞCamYyKatdUecñH .
78
karEdldwgza CIvitenAeragcRk ßenAksidðanrdðGg<rC&y k*KµanGVIEbøkCamUldðanBICMrMubwgRtEbk eZVIo
rsbgézø`GssgÏwmCaxøaMg eRBaHKateXIjza CMrMubwgRtEbkenHvalM:kGacRTaMRT:nyUrenAeT[tNas .
KatminylTalEtesaH ehtudUcemþc:nCaeKykBYkeyIgmkeZVI:bdUecñH . BYkkmµaPi:lvakacsahav
KµansIlZm( RTmwgRTmak :tNa:tNI . KatsþayeRkayminKYrykRKYsar kUn>KatEdlenAekµgx©Imko
lM:kevTnadUecñHesaH . KatniyayR:b`GMBIsPaBkarN¾twgEtgenAkñúgCMrMubwgRtEbk . BIkarGtXøan
htehv nigCmáWrbsbgbÁÚneyIgmkBIbreTs . KñaeyIgxøHeTACakacsahav EGbGbBYkeyaZa eZVI:bKñaÉg
hakdUcCaminEdls<alrabGanKñakalBImun . GñkxøHeT[t Gg<kartamdanyayIRKbeBlevla zVIt|itEt
KatmanGayucas kmøaMgkanEtGndUcCa QUk emgemA KruekaslüsaRsþd*l|Il|ajkalBIsg<m, Pwug tun
bNÐitc|ab´ GtItnayksklviTüal&yPUminÞkm¬úCa . mitþeyIgxøHeT[tGssgÏwmR:bKatza suxcitþsøab
CagrsevTnaEbbenHteTAeT[t . KatsMuo`CYyniyayelIkTwkcitþmitþeyIgmYycMnYneLIgvij ebImindUecñHeT
Kat:rmÖza mitþeyIgxøHnwgcgksmøabxøÜnÉgCaminxan .
`mkdlRsukCabkñúgmnÞIrXMuXaMgCag4ExehIy . eyIgenABakkNþalEx11qñaM1976 . qñaMenHZatu
GakasRtCakNas . yb´xøHRtCakeBkeyIgedkminlkedaysarKµanPYydNþbRKbRKan . eTaHCaRtCak
yagenHk*eday k*eBleyIgeRkakBIdMeNkeLIgPøam eKoeyIgcuHeTAeZVIkarkñúgTwkbwgRtEbkdEdl . kal
BIsg<mcas bwgRtEbkCabwgecjmkBIbMBgTwkbgºÚrRkugPñMeBj . dUecñHCaTwkbg<nGtmanGnam&yGIeT k*buEnþ
ebIeTaHCaeyIgdwgyagenHk*eday k*eyIgminEdlRbEkkrujraGVIeLIy . eBlRtCakxøaMgeyIgRtaMkñúgTwkkan
EtyUreLIgTukEtRcmuHdkdegºIm eRBaHenAkñúgTwkvaekþACagenAeRkATwk . eBlxøHeKbiTEPñk eyIgGacecjBI
Twkmþg>edIm|ImkkMedAxøÜnEk|rPñkePøIgEdleyIgEtgeqø{tdutmuncuHkñúgTwk . karEdleyIgenARtaMBIRBwkdlláac
ralézákñúgbwgTwksÁúyenH bNþaloeyIgekItCmáWEs|kepSg> . eBlxøHeT[teyIgrbYseCIg éd xøÜnR:N
edaysarmutGMEbg ßEdkeKal . ÉcMENkexaGaveyIgvij k*varEhkRsYlNasEdr . RkNatRtaMTwkéRb
yUr vapuydUcTwkGJ©wgEdr . eBleyIgruHpÞHmþg> eyIgEtgxMrkRkNat ßexaGavedIm|IykmkpøasexaGav
eyIgEdlvarEhkreyréyGseTAehIy .
karrsenAGtGnam&y hUbcukminRKbRKan KµanexaGavesø{kBakkarBarrgaRsYlbYlEbbenH bNþal
oekItCmáWepSg>CaeRcInenAkñúgmnÞIr . eyIgxMhamKñaeTAvijeTAmkedIm|IkMuoerIIsrbskxVk ßrbsEdl
essslenAkñúgpÞHTukecal ykmkdakkñúgmatepþspþas k*buEnþCakEsþgeBleXIj eyIgBi:kRTaMNas
suxcitþdakmatsin gab´KittameRkay . `eXIj QUk emgemA ß Pug tun erIssMbkeckhUb. viciäka
erIZugsMram . eyIgElgxµaseG[nGIeT[tehIy eRBaHRkBHvaTamTar .
eBlQWRtUveTAeBTü . eKminGacoeyIgenApÞHsMrakedayKµankarGnuJÃatBIeBTüeT . dUecñHeyIgbgÎM
xøÜneTAeBTü eTaHCaeyIgmincgCYbevC¢bNÐit tU TIPaK yagNak*eday . tU TIPaK CaGtItnisSiteBTü
Rsuk:raMg . eRkayrdðRbhar Kat:nmkbnþkarer[nsURtenARbeTscinRbCamanit . eyIgmindwgza Kat
er[nenARsukcin:nGIeT k*buEnþenAbwgRtEbkKatCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvBüa:lCmáWrbsBYkeyIg . evC¢bNÐit
tUTIPaK minEdlsb|aycitþesaHeLIy eBleXIjeyIgeTAoKatBüa:l . KatzaeyIgeZVIBut stiGarmµN¾
minesµaH sµúKsµaj KatemIleyIgTaMgeTIsTaMgTal . eKminsUvEdleXIjKatcuHeZVIBlkmµeT . KatEtg
esø{kBaksÁat:t . eBlKatminenApÞHeBTü KatEtgEtsmáMenACamYykmµaPi:lExµrRkhm . xøHzaKat
79
cakm¢úlviTüasaRsþoBYkExµrRkhm xøHeT[tza KatmansIlZm(minlÁCamYyKña . eyIgmindwgkarBitRtwmNa
eT CYnkaleyIgxwgsÁb ecHEtceckccUcvayRbharKñaedayminQrelIkarBit . karBitEdlminGacRbEkk
:nKW tUTIPaK CamnusSmansmþIRTeKaHe:He:kdakGñkCmáW . GñkxøHEdlQWRTaM:n suxcitþeZVIkarTaMgQW
minRBmcUleTABüa:lenAmnÞIreBTü eRBaHZujRTannwgsmþIGñkBüa:l KWevC¢bNÐittUTIPaKenHÉg . enAeBl
RbCMurYmmþg> eTaHCamankarKMramkMEhgk*manGñkxøHTiet[nh)aneLIgksagtUTIPaK . ehIyeKeXIjeBlxøH
PaKsarPaBza mankarxVHxatEmn . eRkayRbCMu eKEklMGxøÜneK:nmYyézá ßBIrézá rYck*KatRtLbCaGñk
kacsahavygXñgvijdEdl .
enAmnÞIrXMuXaMgbwgRtEbk mYyézá>manGñkCmáWsMrakeBTüyagtic10nak . PaKeRcInCaburs . GñkCmáW
narImanBIrßbInak CamZümkñúgcMeNam10nakenH . PaKeRcIn>edkeBTüedaysarRKunekþA ßRKunjak
QWeBaH ehImedIrminrYc . eRkABIenHCmáWQWk|al dMe¶ rbYs .l. ÉnarIeRcInBüa:ledIm|IomanrdUv
eLIgvij . BIeRBaHnarIPaKeRcInGtmanExCitmYyqñaMehIy KWzataMgBIcUlRsukmk .
viZIBüa:l ; eKBüa:ldMe¶edaylabrMurbYs . óTahrN¾`mandMe¶eCIg RBlwmeLIg`eTAeBTü eK
labzñaMo ehIyeKrMudMe¶ rYcehIyeKedjoeTAeZVIkar. eyIgzaQW cuHTwkvapSaehIyxøackøay EttUTIPaK
zaeKrMudMe¶rYcehIy eZVIkarkñúgTwkGtGIeT . dleBlcuHTwk sMLIrMudMe¶esImTwkrbUtGsrlIg .
CmáWxøHeKBüa:ledaym¢úlviTüasaRsþ dUcCaRKicéd RKiceCIg ßk*narIEdlraMgEx . sUmbJ¢akza cMeBaH
RsþIGtmanEx RtUveKtMrUvocakm¢úlviTüasaRsþralézákñúgry;eBlBIrGaTitü eTAbIGaTitü k*enAEtKµanExdEdl.
CmáWxøHeKGnuJÃatozñaMsm&y ßcakzñaMsm&yEdr EtticNaseRBaHCaeKalkarN¾eKsnSMsMéczñaMsm&y . eK
minGacBüa:ldUcsg<mcaseT . eKRby&tñCmáWxøH Edl<<hUb:y:n EteZVIkarmin:n>> . GñkEbbenH
eKzaQWstiGarmµN¾ . QWstiGarmµN¾mann&yza stiGarmµN¾sµúKsµaj KiteRcIn xVlxVay eZVIob¨HBaldl
kargar .
ebIeTaHbICaxMykcitþGg<kar ehIyeZVI:bKñaeyIgyagNak*eday k*eRkaymkeKminoKatrYcxøÜnEdr.
tamBiteyIgmindwgza KatkacsahavenAbwgRtEbk xusBIkalKatenAbreTsdUecñH edaysarKatlM:kkñúg
xøÜneBk ßmYyk*KatcgEGbGbedIm|IoGg<karTukcitþenaHeT . ebIKatEGbGbedIm|IeLIgbuNüskþi eXIjzaKat
:neLIgEmn eRBaHtameyIgdwg eRkaymkkñúgqñaM1977 eBleyIgecjBIbwgRtEbkeTAenAdIRkhm tUTIPaK
:neLIgeZVICaRbZanmnÞIrbwgRtEbk ehIyeBlenaHKatrwtEteZVI:bmitþeyIgkanEtxøaMgEzmeT[t . EtbnÞab´
mkRtUvGg<karcab . ebItamsmþIrbseG[gsarI niyaykalBIsnñi:tenAbwgRtEbkkñúgqñaM1978 zaeQµaH
tUTIPaKenHk|tnwgbkSkumµúynisþkm¬úCa ehIytamBitCaPñakgarsmáatrbsKUmigtg taMgBIyUrNasmkehIy.
ralézáeBlRtLbmkBIeZVIkarvij `Etgeqø{tebHsøwkpÞI nigerIsxügdakkñúgzgedaysáat>mkCamYy
pg . ralRBwkeyIgEtgyksøwkpÞInigxügesáarkñúgkMes[vdUcCadaMTwkBuH rYcehIyykmkEckKñahUbmunecj
eTAeZVIkar . pÞIlayxügmanrsCatiqáajNas ZMukøinRbehIrdlGñkCitxagxøHRTaMmin:nk*mkcUlrYmhUb
cMENkCamYyeyIgEdr . RsI>minsUvhUbeT KateRcInTukoeyIg . ebIKittamGnam&yvij eTaHCaxügman
køinRbehIryagNa k*eyIgminKYrh)anhUbEdr eRBaHzaxügrsenAkñúgTwkEdlGtGnam&y ehIyCaBiessenA
Citbg<n . EteBlenaHeyIgGt:nKitdlenHeT . karRssRsUbeBlRBwkenHCaGnusSavrIy¾cugeRkay
Edl`:nrYmcMENkCamYybg rs sarin .
80
CitdacqñaM1976ehIy . karts)UvNÑ;kanEtekþAKKukeLIgenAbwgRtEbk . Gg<karts)URbqaMgnwgTsSn;
mUlZnniymnigesrIniymenAkñúgmnÞIrbwgRtEbk . GñkesrIniymnigmUlZnniym vaecjmkBIbuK<lniym
KW:nn&yza eKRbqaMgnwgBYkesrI hUbcukÉkCn dUcCaerIsdUg ßlYcesáarxügenAtampÞHCaedIm . eK
BnüleyIgza maK(abdivtþn¾KWkMuerIsxüg ebHpÞI ßerIsdUgTMuykmkhUblYclakCaÉkCn . ebIGñkNats)U
TbxøÜnÉgmin:nenAEthUbesrI GñkenaHCaxµaMgbdivtþn¾ eRBaHCamnusSEkElgeLIgehIyézáNamYyc|asCa
k|tGg<karminxaneLIy .
kñúgkarts)UrvagmaKa(bdivtþn¾minerIsdUgykmkhUbcukCaÉkCn nigmaKa(xµaMgbdivtþn¾lYcerIsdUgTMumk
hUbedayesrI Gg<karbMpusoeyIgmñak>yloc|as TukxøÜnCamYyGg<kar ßRbqaMgGg<kar eKminGacyk
eKalCMhrrYcxøÜn:neT . mñak>manPar;kic©kþabCMhroc|asenACamYybdivtþn¾ ßRbqaMgbdivtþn¾ . cMeBaH
sPaBkarN¾twgEtgEbbenH eyIgsMerccitþQbmancRg,anÉkCnteTAeT[t . eyIgQbh)anesáarxüglay
søwkpÞI RssRsUbeBlRBlwmRsag>munecjeTAeZVIkardUcBImuneT[tehIy ehIyCaBiesseyIgminRtwmEtmin
h)anerIsdUgTMueT EteyIgxMEbrmuxecjeBleXIjvaZøakenAelIdIeT[tpg . eyIgBi:keZVImineXIjNas
eRBaHenACMrMubwgRtEbk sMbUredImdUgEdlmanEpøTMuRCuHBaseBjdI . BImunGñkNak*ec[s <<lYc>> erIsmin:n
Edr eRBaHvaXøaneBk ehIyvaminBi:keTAravrkÉNaqáaypg . enAeBlsáatmñakÉg yarBUezABuHocMEpødUg
vaEbkCaBIr dUcCaKµanGVIBi:kesaH . enAkardðaneBlxøHeKzaebIsmUhPaBÉkPaBKñasMu eKGacsuxcitþo
eyIgerIsykmkhUbdUcBImun:nyUr>mþg k*b¨uEnþeyIgnaMKñaTbminh)aneT[teT xøaceKeZVIBiesaZn¾ykeyIg
eTAksag .
ybenHggwtQwgEbøkBIZmµta . eyIgQaneTACitdacExvicäika qñaM1976ehIy . ExktþikxülbkBIeCIg
enAEteZVIoeyIgrgaxøaMgdEdl edayehtuEtqñaMenHRtCakEbøkBIZmµta . eBlxøHxülbknaMykkøinsÁúyBIbg<n
EdlenAminqáayBIpÞHeyIgsMNakenA . ybsáatsUm|IEtEq,k*vaminh)anRBuHEdr . eKkMreXIjmanstVEq, qµa ß
bkSIbkSadUcBIedImNaas . mnusSGt:y sÁIk*h)anhUbEdr eRBaHEtehtuyagenHehIyemIleTA:nCaeK
minsUvRbTHeXIjmanEq, qµa bkSabkSIdUcBIedIm . BImunEq, qµa cUlcitþenACamYymnusS eRkaymkBYkva
Elgh)anenACiteyIgeT[tehIyeRBaHeyIgkøayeTACastVdUcvaEdr .
etImUlehtuGVI:nCa`ZøakxøÜndlzñakenH / etIkalBImuncUlRsuk `ZøabrsenAmanesrIPaB ßk*Ca
karRsemIRsémrbs` / GVI>EdlknøgputeTAvaCaGtItkal . cMeBaHCIvit`enAeBlenH vamanßKµan vaGt
mansar;sMxanGIeT[teT . GVIEdlsMxanKWenAeBl«LÚvenH . cgßmincg`RtUvEtdwgza enAemagenH eBl
enH CabXMuenAmnÞIrbwgRtEbkGtman:yhUb xVHsBVxVHRKb xVHTaMgsmÖar; xVHTaMgesrIPaB ehIyebI`cg
rsteTAeT[t KW`RtUvEtRTaM . müageT[t`KµansiTÆieZVIGVIeRkABIeKGnuJÃatoeZVIenaHeT .
eRkayBIhUb:yláacrYcehIy eyIger[bcMxøÜneTAeZVIkargarsg<mniymdUcer[gralézá . EtláacenHeK
R:beyIgza Gtmankargarsg<mniymeT EteKoeyIgeTAcUlrYmmITIÞgd*sMxanmYyenApÞH:y . TaMgGsKñaRtUv
caM:ccUlrYmelIkElgEtmnusSQWedIrminrYcecj . eyIgk*naMKñacUleTAkEnøgRbCMutameKbg<ab . enAelItu
kitþiys eKeXIjmandUgTMu nigkaMbitRkgukmYy . eyIgnwkza RbEhlCaeKcabGñklYchUbdUg:nehIy
emIleTA . bnþiceRkaymkkmµaPi:lExµr sIun nigm¨n cUlmkdlkEnøgRbCMu . RTIemghYt nigtUTIPaK
eRkakeLIg rYcGg<RbCMuTaMgGsk*eRkakeLIgRBmKñaTHédsVaKmn¾ . eKRbkasebIkmITÞIgBiessRbqaMgesrIniym.
81
RTIemghYt eLIgniyay <<karts)UvNÑ;TUTaMgRbeTseRkamkardwknaMrbsgg<karkanEtmansPaBRsYcRsav
eLIg>edIm|IkMeTckMEGlvNÑ;sg<mcas . eyIgdeNþIm:nC&yCMnHmhaelatepøaH mhaGs©arüenAkñúgry;
eBlyagxøI eyIg:nbJ©bbdivtþn¾RbCaZibetyüCati ehIyQaneTAeZVIbdivtþn¾sg<mniymTUTaMgRbeTs>> .
RTI emghYt bnþ <<sBVézáenHCarUbPaBeyIgmñak>rsenAesµI>KñaeRkamkarRKbRKgrbsGg<kar EtCaCMerA
eyIgenAmanbJºaeRcInenAeLIy . karts)URbqaMgstiGarmµN¾minbdivtþn¾minTancb´eT EtenAmanPaBsµúKsµaj
eRcIn dUecñHehIy:nCaeyIgRtUvxMBuHBarts)UteTAmuxeT[tedayminsMruHsMrYlminrazyedIm|IRbqaMgnwgGMeBI
esrIniymenAkñúgCYrrbseyIg>> . niyaycb emghYt ehAzul nigvNÑomksarPaBBITegVIRbqaMgnwgbdivtþn¾
EdlxøÜn:nRbRBwtþ . CnCabecaTTaMgBIrnak:neRkakQreLIgtambg<abehIyedIredayOnmuxeTAbgºajxøÜn
enAmuxGg<RbCMueRkamTwkmuxyagmaMrbssiun nigmn tMNagGg<karbdivtþn¾ . Gg<RbCMuenAsáatQwg RkeLk
emIlCnCab´ecaTTaMgBIredayGth)anebIkmat . hYscitþRKbKña b¨uEnþmindwgeZVIemc . bnÞabmkeKbMpuso
mhaCncabGarmµN¾ksagGñkRbRBwtþibTelµIsTaMgBIrnak . mhaCnEdlGg<karcattaMgoeLIgksag PaK
eRcInCaCnEdlZøabrabGanCitsñiTÆrbsCnCabecaT . eKeZVIdUecñHeRBaHcgts)UkMcatmenaseJ©tnabkSBYk
minbdivtþn¾ . ybenHeTaHbICamankareZVIkargarstiGarmµN¾ BIsMNakédeCIgrbsBYkkmµaPi:lyagNa
k*eday k*eKminsUveXIjmanGñksµRK&citþeLIgniyay ksagGñkTaMgBIrEdr . GñkEdleLIgedayminh)an
RbEkk k*eLIgksagedIm|IorYcxøÜnEtb¨ueNÑaH . bnÞabmkeT[t RTIemghYt nigtUTIPaK kñúgfan;CasmaCik
KN;kmµaZikarmnÞIr:neLIgcabGarmµN¾edayeRbIBaküRTeKaHe:He:k sþIbenÞasGñkTaMgBIrhakdUcCakarerIs
dUgenHCabTóRkidðd*ZMeZgNas . eKnaMKñaeZVIGtæaZib|aytamEbbbdickÎúsm:tBIer]gtUcmYyeTACaer]gZM.
BIer]gerIsdUgdleTAkarbMpøajk|almasIunbdivtþn¾ . eKeRbIBakübdivtþn¾cM>edIm|IbgºajoeXIjzaer]gerIsdUg
enHebIeKkþabmaKa(bdivtþn¾min:n eKzaCaer]gtUcmYy b¨uEnþkarBitminEmnCaer]gtUceT CabJºaZMNas KWCa
karts)Usøab´rsrvagelakTsSn;BIr ; maKa(esrIniymrbsvNÑ;nayTunCiHCanRbCaCn nigmaKa(sg<mniym
bMerIsmUhPaBrbsGg<karbdivtþn¾ . ehIyebIeyIgKµankarRbugRby*tñbdivtþn¾kMritx¬s mints)UvNÑ;dacxat
beNþayoTsSn;esrIniymenHenAkñúgCYrbdivtþn¾ vanwgkøayeTACamharIksIurUgépÞkñúgGg<karbdivtþn¾naézáNa
mYyCaminxan . RbeTsCaeRcInenAelIsklelak:neZVIBlIkmµ ts)UedIm|IeZVIbdivtþn¾ dl:nGMNacehIy
min:nRbkanx¢abeKalCMhr RbqaMgvNÑ;GZnoc|aslasdUcedIm k*ZatuRbtikiriyasIurUgépÞkñúgbnþicmþg>
køayeTACaesrIniymRbqaMgbdivtþn¾ dUcCaenAshPaBsUev[tCaedIm .
KYrktsMKalza RTI emghYt CabNÐitxagKImI cMENkGVIEdlKatBnülRTwsþIbdivtþn¾eTAGg<RbCMu dUcCa
KatBnülRTwsþIKImIGJ©wgEdr . vNÑ nigzul CnCabecaTenAmuxtulakarbdivtþn¾TaMgBIrrUb muxeLIgsøaMgdUcCa
mnusSGsQammuneKykeTARbharCIvit xMjjwmd*sáÜtEcsniyaysarPaBenAmuxmITÞIgTaMgttakttubza xøÜn
mankMhusesrIniymRbqaMgnwgGg<karbdivtþn¾Emn edaysarEtxøÜnksagkMcatkMEGlsg<mcasminTan:n
RCHRsLHdUcsMNUmBrrbsGg<kar . eKniyayer[brabsþIbenÞaseKyagEvgedaysg,tehIysg,teT[tza
enHmkBIeKmin:nts)UvNÑ;o:nenAépÞkñúgstiGarmµN¾eKo:ndlkMritodUckarENnaMrbsGg<kar . CamYy
KñaeKsnüaza eKebþC\acitþ nwgxMksagxøÜnokøayCamnusSRtwmRtUvehIyeKGrKuNGg<karbdivtþn¾CaTIRsLaj
esµICIvitEdlseNþasRbNIrUbeKTaMgBIr . GñkTaMgBIrbEnæmza eTaHbICaeK:nRbRBwtþiTegVIRbqaMgbdivtþn¾yag
enHk*eday k*Gg<karenAEtxMlHbgcMNayeBlevla tMErtMrgpøÚveKokøayCaCnbdivtþn¾RtwmRtUvedIm|Irskñúg
82
sg<mzµIgtmanGñkman GtmanGñkRk GtmanmnusSCiHCanmnusSeTAGnaKt . CaGvsanþGñkTaMgBIrEzøg
GMNrKuNcMeBaHsmUhPaBEdlCa <<EPñkmñas>> xMtamdan nigksagrUbeK .
GñkTaMgBIrniyaysarPaBkMhusrbsxøÜnrYcehIy Gg<RbCMusµanEtmn nig sIun tMNagGg<kareZVIGnþraKmn¾
yagxøIedIm|IsrubkatesckþIelICnTaMgBIr EtpÞúyeTAvij mn k*eLIgniyayyagEvgGnøayRcMEdl>dUcqµacUl
RteLak . mnniyay << :tuPUtdUcláacenHGacekIteLIgk*edaysarmankarZUrrlug sMruHsMrYlvNÑ; snþism&¬nÆ
enAkñúgCMrMubwgRtEbk>> . mnbnþedayeRbIBaküRcMEdl caMrtmat <<:tuPUtEbbenHeyIgminGacGtOno:n
eT BIeRBaHvapÞúynwgcrnþTUTaMgRbeTs . kgRbvtþisaRsþvavileTAmuxkanEtel]neLIg>ehIy ebIGñkNaminEk
xøÜnoTaneBlevla kgRbvtþisaRsþnwgkinkMeTc:tGsminxaneLIy>> . karRbRBwtþiGMeBIesrI lYcerIsdUg
hUbesrI minEmnCaer]gÉekaeT EtvasuTÆswgCaó:yklbeg,ItedayxµaMgbdivtþn¾ esGIuGa kaehSeb edIm|I
RbqaMgbdivtþn¾ . enHCasJÃamYybgºajoeXIjza xµaMg:nbg,bxøÜnkñúgCMruMbwgRtEbkedIm|IbgehtuRbqaMg
clnabdivtþn¾ . mn niyaycb sIun eLIgniyaymþg manxøwmsardUcKña . KatCk:rImYyehIymYyeT[t
eBlxøHKatesþaHTwkmateTaelIdIEk|rtukitþiys . emagCitBIrPøWeTAehIy Gg<RbCMuenAEtminTancbeT[t.
knøHemageRkaymk Gg<karRbkaselIkElgeTasCnCabecaTTaMgBIredayRBmanTukCamunza nwgminGtOn
eTaskMhusmþgeT[teLIy .
BIrézáeRkaymk manmITÞIgdUcKñaenHmYyeT[tekIteLIg . er]gehtuenaHKWmanKñaeyIgbInakedkeBTü
eqø{teBleKCab´eZVImITÞIgRbqaMgnwgkarerIsdUgedayesrI naMKñaerIsdUgmkEckKñahUb . ExµrRkhmecaTza
BYkbJÃCnEkmineLIg . RbmaNmYyGaTitüeRkaymk sIun nigm¨n kñúgnamGg<karbdivtþn¾ :ner[bcMvK<
sikSaoKñaeyIgmYycMnYnedIm|IksagsñÜlRbqaMg:tuPaBesrIniymenAbwgRtEbk . vK<sikSaenHmanry;eBl
5ézá eday2ézásMraber[nÉksar nig3 ézásMrabTiet[nsV&yTiet[n . eKeZVIóeTÞsnamÉksarBIr ; ZatuBit
énvNÑ;kmµkrnigksikrrbsbkS nigkarcaM:cedIm|IkMeTcstiGarmµN¾kmµsiTÆienARKbvis&y . GñkcUler[nRtUv
eKohUb:yEqÁtehIyhUbdUgtamcitþ . `KµansMNag:ncUlrYmkñúgvK<sikSaenHnwgeKeT .
ézáTI7 Extula qñaM1976 mansmaCikzµI6nakmkdlCMrMubwgRtEbk . dMeNIrmkdlrbsRkum6nakzµI
enH eZVIoeyIgqálCaxøaMg . GñkTaMg6nakenHCaGñkEdlsµRK&citþcUlbMerIbdivtþn¾yUrNasmkehIy minKYr
NaeLIyeKomkenAkñúgCMrMubwgRtEbkdUceyIgesaH . RkumTaMg6nakenHmanCaGaT¥ RKin lan CavisVkrmk
BIshPaBsUev[t . KatCasmaCiksæabnikénsmaKmnisSitExµrenAsUev[t . enAqñaM1970 eRkayrdðRbhar
KatecjBImUs<ÚmkTTYlParkic©mYysMxankñúgrdðaPi:ldwknaMedaysemþcsIhnu enAeBlenaH . GñkxøHzaKat
s<aleG[gsarIc|as ehIyCasmaCiksñÚlénKNbkSkumµúynisþExµrpg . CaTUeTAmanmnusSticNasEdl
GacoeKeRCIserIscUlCasmaCiksñÚldUcRKin lanenH . eRkABIRKinlan manKñaeyIgxøHmkBIRsuk:raMg.
GñkTaMgGsenHcUlmkkñúgRbeTstampøÚvlM hUCImiuj munézá17 emsa 1975 .
rsenAkñúgPBd*ggwtQwgEbbenH eyIgTaMgGsKñaEdlGacdwgézáNaCaézáNaehIy . mYyézáeTAmYyézá
vahakdUcCayUrsem|ImNas CaBiesseBlebIkEPñkeLIgXøan:y eZVIkarkñúgTwkPk . ézáNak*dUcézáNa
Edr ebIkEPñkeLIg eXIjEtPaBdEdl>dUcKña; Gt:yhUb Gt:yhUb vaysMrukBlkmµ vaysMrukeZVI
Blkmµ .... Cag6ExehIyEdl`mkrsenAkñúgsPaBEbbenH . GaTitüeRkaydacqñaMcas cUlqñaMzµI . mþg>
`nwkRsémeXIj:rIs TIkEnøgEdl`cUlcitþeTATsSnaeBlCitdacqñaM . `RsémeXIjrukÎvizIsgeGlIehS
83
EdlmanePøIgeRBagRBatmanhagtubEtglMGd*RssbMRBg ePaCIydðanRKbkEnøg .... BImunecHEtnwkeXIjza
bnþiceT[t:necjeTAkEnøgepSgRbEhlCaRsYlCagenH «LÚv`GssgÏwmehIy eRBaHkEnøgNak*dUckEnøg
NaEdrGtxusKñaGIbnþiceT . ebIGtmanGIsgÏwmdUecñH etIeyIgxMeZVIkar xMGtXøan xMRTaMoeKsþIbenÞasedIm|I
GIeTAhñ / xMRTaMedIm|Irso:nyUrdldegºImcugeRkay . EtebIsinCadUecñH etIótþmKtiEdl`manBImunvaenA
ÉNa / mitþPkþi`k*dUcCarUb`Edr CaTUeTACIviteyIgGtmaneTBImun ehIyeTAézámuxk*KµanEdr . knøgmkk*Gt
eTAGnaKtk*Kµan manEt«LÚvenH emagenH eBlenH Edl`kMBugCab´XMuenACMrMubwgRtEbk .
eyIgRTaMenAkñúgCMrMutUcmYyenH EdlmankareZVIEtdEdl> CamYymnusSdEdl> EtedayeyIgxMrs
eyIgxMminTasKñatamkarTamTarrbsGg<kareT . enHCaKuNsm|tþiEdlCalTÆplénkarGbrMenAmnÞIrXMuXaMg
ExµrRkhm ; KµannrNamñakh)anbeJ©jesckþIRsLaj ßk*esckþIsÁbrbsxøÜneT . mñak>RtUvxMsg,tnUv
menaseJ©tnaxøÜno:n . xMRTaMkMuxwg xMRTaMkMutÁÚj xMRTaMkMuERsk xMRTaMer[nsURteZVIdUceKbJ¢aoeyIgeZVI . dUecñH
eyIgkøayxøÜneTACamnusSzµI niyayPasaEtmYy manstiGarmµN¾EtmYydUc>Kña dUcGVIEdlGg<karcg:n.
CIvitenAkñúgCMrMubwgRtEbkBImYyézáetAmYyézáenAEtdEdl EteyIgkanEtmanÉkPaBKñaeLIg kanEtGsZatu
sg<mcaseLIg . yUr>mþgeKdwkBYkeyIgecjCaRkum>edIm|IykeTAkEnøgzµI .
láacézáTI11 tula 1976 eKR:beyIgza EsÁkBYkeyIgGteZVIkareT eKoeyIgTaMgGsKñacUlrYmmha
snñi:t . EsÁkeLIgdUc:nkMNt eyIgeTACYbCMuKñaenAGtItsalabfmsikSapSaredImz,ÚvedIm|IcUlrYmvK<
sikSaCamYyPum . `xaneXIjKat taMgBIecjBIk15mkemøH . eXIjPøam`cabGarmµN¾zaKatmanGakb|
kiriyaGtdUcmuneT . BImunCamnusSEdlsb|ayxøaMgkøa «LÚvdUcCamanbJºa tamry;TwkmuxdUcCaRsKt
RsKMu . bnÞabBIPum CYbRKinlan snÞnaCaÉkCnrYcehIy eKeXIjGtItvisVkrmkBImU¨s<ÚrUbenHmuxeLIgsøaMg
RtUveKnaMeLIgLanecjBICMrMu:teTA . eRkaymkeyIgdwgza eKdwkRKinlan cUlTYlEsøg .
eBlebIkvK<sikSa Pum niyayedaysemøgTnPønmindacxatdUckalenAk15eT <<bgbÁÚn karts)U
enAkñúgGg<karmansPaBRsYcRsavNas>> . PasaenHeZVIoeyIgsµanza mankarGIminRsYleT[tehIy .
RbEhlBYkeKkMBugxaMKñaemIleTA . KitmYyEPøt`GrbnþiceRkaymk`P&yeTAvij eRBaHebIdMrIClKña eyIg
Rsemacc|asCaxatbgec[sminrYceT . EtebIBYkeKxaMKña vaGacmankarpøasbþÚr dUecñHCasJÃalÁRKanebI
CageKÉkPaBKñaykeyIgCasRtUvrhUtdlsBVézá . eyIgmindwgza Pum mankMritdwknaMzñakNaeT tam
sµanminEmnCaGñktUceT eRBaHCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvsalaGbrMrbsGg<kar dUecñHCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvmYyrUbkñúg
maKa(neya:yrbsGg<kar . enAeBlPum eZVIóeTÞsnam `seg,teXIjza KatenHminRKanEtmanGakb|
kiriyaCamnusSmanbJºaeT EtCamnusSEdlzaoEtrYcBImat ElgeC]smþIxøÜnÉgdUcenAk15eT[tehIy. Pum
bEnæm <<sPaBkarN¾enAkñúgGg<karmankarsµúKsµajxøH k*buEnþeyIgkMBugdeNþIm:nC&yCMnHCasæaBrehIy>>.
“C&yCMnHCasæaBr” CaBaküesøakmYyenAkñúgcMeNamBaküesøakEdleKcUlcitþeRbICageK . Pum er[brab ; xµaMg
bdivtþn¾minGaceZVIGVIRbqaMgmaK(arbsGg<kar:neT . EpnkarN¾ksagRbeTs; ksikmµsm&ykñúgry;eBl
15qñaMeT[t ehIyQaneTArkRbeTsósSahkmµ . cab´BIqñaM1977eTA eyIgcabeZVIpÞHek|}goRbCaCneyIg
RKb>Kña eRBaHeyIgQbomanpÞHs|ÚveBlNaeyIgksagksikmµsm&yehIy . enAelIsklelak eyIgxM
beg,InmitþbnæysRtUv . eyIgmanmitþsøabrsBIr KWcinnigkUer¨xageCIg . ÉcMENkGñkCitxageyIgxagekIt
kMBugmanTMnaskanEtRsYcRsaveLIg . ev[tNamkøayeTACasRtUvsøabrsCamYykm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü .
84
Pum :nóeTÞsnamGMBITisedAkñúgkarksagRbeTsEdlmanKMeragZM>dUcCakñúgqñaM1977 RtUver[bcMciJ©wm
eKaRkbItamEbbviTüasaRsþ KWeZVIeragciJ©wmeKaEdlmanTbgºÚrGacm¾enamenAkñúgGagedIm|ITuksMrabeZVICIrbMerI
ksikmµbg,beg,Inpl . ÉcMENkbJºabeg,InCIvPaBRbCaCn Gg<karmanKMeragsgpÞHsg<mniym KWpÞHRbk
ek|}gmYysMrabmYyRKYsarcabBIqñaM1977teTA . eKykrUbztpÞHsþgdar (Standard) EdlztdakenATsSna
vdþI <<km¬úCa>> qñaM1977mkbgºajeyIgedIm|IoeyIgeXIjza eKkMBugEtcabGnuvtþn¾ehIy .
eBlEdleyIgkMBugEter[nsURtsþabPum RsabEtevlaemag9knøH eKehAKñaeyIgbInakecjeRkAoeTA
er[b«v¨anedIm|IecjdMeNIr . GñkTaMgbInakenHmanhIun cMerIn visVkrsaZarNkar, Ta emgetk GZikarsala
bfmsikSa stüanI nuvtþ nigkUnRbustUcmñak (stüanI nuvtþ CaPriyarbssaRsþacarümñakEdleBlenaH
enARsuk:raMgenAeLIy) . mYyemageRkaymkLanGg<karmYyebIkmkctenAmuxsalabfmsikSaEdleyIg
kMBuger[nsURt ehIYyk*ehAbInakeT[t; rs sarin caghVagGakascrN¾sIuvileBaZicintug, QYr davit
bNÐit xagKNitsaRsþ, muk s)unXun viciRtkr . enAeBlenaHKµannrNaP\akepÁIlGVIeLIy .
eKsµanEtGg<kar ykeKTaMgenaHeTAeZVIkar . tamBiteKdwkykeTAbJ©ÚlKukTYlEsøgTaMgGs .
XXX
85
d IRkhm
rsenACMruMbwgRtEbkGsry;eBlEtmYyExb¨ueNÑaH EtmYyExenHmanry;eBlEvghYsnisS&y . GtXøan
Zujzb sÁúHsÁab cgEtecj cgbþÚrbriyakas . nwkza eKoeTANak*eTAEdr oEt:neTA dUcCaXøaneBk
eKoGIk*qIEdr . eyIg»za Gg<karnwgbJ¢ÚnKñaeyIgNasµR&KcitþeTAdIRkhm . BaküccamGar¨amd*KYroTnÞwg
nigd*BieraHenH cab»BIcugGaTitüTI1énExtula 1976 . mñak>naMKñaxSwbexS{venACMuvijer]g <<dIRkhm>> .Gñk
xøHza dIRkhmvayagenH GñkxøHeT[tzavayagenaH . »sUrzamancMkarekAs)U mandIRkhm manCIrCatiNas
dakGIk*duHEdr . sMbUrhUbcukNas eckTMueBjéRB stVsIuminGs . manxñúr manmñas ZUern em[néRB dMLÚg
emImeQIZM>bunkUnRCUk ...cuHel¬AEpøvaZMbuNÑaeTA / mñakeT[tsYrkMEbøg nwkdlkaleKer[nenABItUc maner]g
kMEbøgmYyEdlemBUEkGYtmñakniyayza manEpøel¬AZMbuinsalaemXMu .
cugGaTitüTI1ExZñÚ Gg<karocuHeQµaH . Gg<kareZVIkarENnaMCapøÚvkarza ebIGñkNasµR&KcitþeTAdIRkhm
GacmkcuHeQµaHkñúgbJ¢Isæiti . eyIgsYrKñaeTAvijeTAmk “emccuHeQµaHkñúgbJ¢IsæitiehIyßenA /” bunµanézáenH
eK»sUrEt “bJ¢Isæiti ” mindacBImatmYyeTAmatmYy . »yUr>eTAvaZuj k*sYrKñaeyIgmñakEdlCasaRsþacarü
GkSrsaRsþExµr “cuHbJ¢Ísæitimann&yzaem¨c/” KateqøIyza mindwgeT Gg<karzabJ¢Isæitik*bJ¢IsæititamGg<kar
eTA . eRBaHzaGg<karehAbJ¢Isæiti TaMgGsKñaenAbwgRtEbkzabJ¢IsæititamGg<kar KµannrNamñakh)anza
bJ¢IcuHeQµaHeT xøacxusGg<karvin&y .
enAOkasCYbbgsarincugeRkay Kat:nR:b`za KatsMerccitþeTAdIRkhm ehIyKatcuHeQµaHkñúg
bJ¢IsæitirYcralehIy . b)unnI cgoeyIgcuHeQµaHkñúgbJ¢Isæitio:nqabrh&sEdr . `R:bRbBnÆ bgbÁÚn nig
mitþPkþi`vijza `dUcCaenAminGscitþ eRBaHvadUcCaEbøk CaelIkTI1ehIyEdl»eKeRbIBakü <<sµR&Kcitþ>>.`
dUcCaminTukcitþ . BaküsµR&KcitþsMrabeRbIEtCamYymnusSmanesrIPaB EtCamnusSEdlCab´XMuXaMgdUcBYk
eyIg ERkgeKsYrrkGñksµR&KcitþedIm|ImanTisedAGIepSg . kMuRKanEt»sUreKeKaHTwknaMKñaepÁIlERkgminRsYl.
`minsÞúHsÞaeBkeT. sÞabsÞgswm>sin ERkgvaminRsYl. b)unnIzaeTaHyagemck*vaRKanebICagenAbwgRtEbk
Edr . edayeXIjza b)unnI KatdakcitþyagenHeTAehIy `k*R:bKatza ebIcgcuH k*cuHkñúgbJ¢IsæitihñwgeTA .
GñkbwgRtEbkesÞIrEtTaMgGs CaGñksµR&KcitþeTAdIRkhm . eyIgcuHeQµaHehIy eyIgcaMeKehAeRBaHeKGt
R:bza eKykeyIgeTAdIRkhmeBlNac|aslaseT .
ézáTI8 ExZñÚ qñaM1976 RkumTImYymanKña40nak :nRtUvbJ¢ÚneTAdIRkhmmuneK . kñúgenaHGtmaneQµaH
eyIgTaMgBIrnakeT . eKykEtGñkEdlGg<karylza CaGñkxøaMgBUEkTaMgstiGarmµN¾ TaMgkmøaMgkay eTAmun
eK . eBalKWGñkEdlZøabTTYlParkic©kñúgKN;kmµaZikar ßk*CaGñkBUEkxagsMNg edIm|IeTAer[bsagsg
mnÞIrzµI enHebItam»sUrBaküccamGar¨am . sUmbJ¢akza bnÞabBIKñaeyIgTaMg40nakecj:teTA eyIg:t
dMNwgsUnüQwg mindwgeKeTAdlßmindl ßk*yagNaenaHeT . RsabEtézá14 ExdEdleKR:boeyIg
er[bcM«v¨an . GñkecjdMeNIreTAkandIRkhmRkumTI2enH manKñaRbman60nak . Gg<karbiTeQµaHGñkTaMg
GsenHenAelICJ¢aMg . GñkxøHGt:ncuHeQµaHkñúgbJ¢Isæitik*maneQµaHCaGñksµR&KcitþeTAdIRkhmEdr . eKo
eyIgRssRsUb:yézáRtgenAemag7RBwk . Gg<karbMb¨neyIgEbøkBIZmµta . eyIghUbTwkedaHeKamñak1Ekv .
TwkedaHeKarUbcabslBIsg<menHeLIgBN(minRsYlehIy EteyIgnaMKñahUbyagqáaj QWeBaHcaMKiteRkay
86
eZVIem¨coEtqáajmatsin . RsabEtmYyemageRkaymkeKR:bza eyIgpÁakdMeNIrmYyézáeRBaHkaNUtminTan
mkdlEpPñMeBjenAeLIy . »sUrdUecñHeyIgyk:LÚeTATukvij rYccuHeZVIkarksagRbeTsCaZmµta .
EsÁkeLIgKWézá15ZñÚ 1976 eyIgRbugeRb[ber[bcMecjdMeNIrmþgeT[t . eyIghUb:yézáRtgenAem¨ag
7RBwkdUcmSilmiujdEdl rYcehIyeXIjLankaMmIjúgmkdl . mþgenHeTAEmnETnehIy (`nwkkñúgcitþ).
eyIglaKña . eXIjTwkmuxGñkecjrIkray TwkmuxGñkenARsgUtRsgatedaymin:necjnwgeK . rYceyIgeLIg
LanecjdMeNIrBIbwgRtEbk . eKdwkeyIgmkdakenAkMBgEpxageCIgmuxvaMg . TUkEdleyIgRtUveLIgCiHman
BIreRK]g . vaCaRbePTTUkbukcayKµanmasIuneT . TUkTaMgBIrcgeRk[kObTaMgsgxagnigkaNUtmYyEdlman
masIun . kaNUtsMrab´GUsTUkTaMgBIrenHmanbeNþay10EmRt TTwg4EmRt . TUkTaMgBIrsMrab´dwkmnusS.TUk
mYydwkRsI> nigGñkCmáW . RsI>manCag10nak kumarCit10nakEdr GñkCmáW3 4nak . PaKeRcInraKeday
sarhUbTwkedaHeKaBImSilmiuj . edayRbEhlmkBITwkedaHeKaenHvahYsézá ßmYyedaysareBaHeyIgElg
Zøabqáaj dl:nCatis,nigkalsüÚmeRcIneBk vaeZVITukÎeTACarak cukeBaH .
TUkTI2sMrabRbus>nigBYkeyaZamYycMnYn nig«v¨anBYkeyIg . kaNUtecjdMeNIrlUneTamux . eyIg
mñak>eLIgmuxRssjjwm edaysarRtUvxülRtCakRsYl nigeTsPaBTUlMTUlayEdleZVIomñak>manGarmµN¾
hakdUcCa:nrsenAeRkARTug . hakdUcCaeTscrTsSnaTenøemKg< . eyIgebIkkatERBkRbsb rkarekag.
KwmlI muxjjwmcgÁúlR:b`za CaRsukkMeNItrbsKat . bnþiceRkaymkKatnwkdl Strasbourg nwkeXIj
kUnKat mþayKatenARsuk:raMg . rYcehIyKatRtLbmkniyayBIPUmikMeNItERBkRbsbvij . Katniyay
BIÓBukmþayKat bgbÁÚn BIpÞH kalBImunKateTARsuk:raMg .
kaNUtecHEteTAmuxbeNþayTwk . emXcabggwtbnþicmþg>rhUtdlggwtsø)úb emIlGVIk*mineXIjEdr.
emIleTAeRtIyTaMgsgxageXIjggwtQwg yUr>eXIjmanePøIgpøúg>mYy . eyIgmindwgkaNUtebIkeTAdlNa
ehIyeT . ybkanEtggwt emXExktþikkanEtRtCak . eyIgrgareLIgj&rxøÜnKµanGVIdNþb exaGavmYyceg,H
esþIg>CabnwgxøÜn . ZatuGakas13 -14GgSa sMrabeyIghakbIdUcCaZøakTwkkkdUckalenAGWr¨ub . rgareLIg
j&rxøÜn GtmanexaGavBakBIeRkAbEnæm eyIgGtmanGITaMgGseRBaH:LÚeyIgenAkaNUtmYyeT[t . edIm|ITb
rgareyIgxMeZVIclna elIkédelIkeCIgdUckalBImun . dleZVIbnþicdwgxøÜnza zVIt|itEteyIgeZVIBlkmµralézá
EtkarvikareyIgvamindUckalhatenAsalkILakalBIedImeT . dleBlhteyIgGg<úyoxñgb¨HKña . dl
emagRbmaN12yb eyIgcMNaM:nzaeTAdlGtItRkugkMBgcam . eyIgkMNtzaRbEhlCaeragcRkehIy
emIleTA . ÉmÎageT[t xagTenøbiT k*PøWdUcKña TenøbiTkalBIsg<mraRsþniym CakEnøgbitRsaeZVIBIGg,rd*
l|Il|aj .
emXenAEtexµARTubdEdl . enAelIemXeXIjp,ayenAqáayeGIyEsnqáay . `nwkeXIjp,ay `cUlcitþ
emIleBledIrelgybenAmatsmuRTenARsuk:raMg . `benÞasxøÜnÉgkMuq,ÜtnwkGIcwgeT[t . xMTajGarmµN¾
mkvij . RbEhlBIremageRkaymkkaNUtk*Qb . eyIgsµanEteKoQbedIm|IbteCIg EteKERskoeyIgcuH.
KwmlIza eyIgenAeRtIymÎagTenø enAmþúMRsuksÞwgRtg . zVIt|itEtEbkBIRsukyUrehIy nigemXggwtyagNa
k*eday k*KwmlIenAcaMPUmisaRsþRsukKatc|as . eyaZaERskmþgeT[tocuH Gñkedklkk*P\akeLIgmþgenH.
«LÚvenHemagRbEhl3PøW . enAmatRcaMgmÎagpøÚvmatTenø eyIgeXIjePøIgpøúg>ecjBIpÞHmYy eRkABIenaHeyIg
Gtdwgza manGIeT . sáatQwg . eyaZamñakR:bza enHCaTIsñakkar . eyIgGaccUl:nedIm|IrkTwkhUb.rYc
87
eKoeyIgCJ¢Ún«v¨aner[g>xøÜneLIgLankaMmIjúgeRkamBnøWRBil> . eyIgeLIgLanRbeRC[tKñayagENNan
tantab´rkdkxøÜnminrYcelILan . EtvaminrMxaneyIgeT vadUcCaRsYleTAvij eRBaHenAek[kCabKñayagenH
vamankMedA edayehtuEtenATIenHRtCakCagPñMeBjqáayNas . senSImZøakeBjeCaKexaGaveyIg eZVIorwt
EtRtCakEzmeT[t . enACitéRBsenSImeRcInyagenHÉg, mitþeyIgmñaklanmat . eTaHCaENnehIyRbeRC[t
KñaenAkñúgPBggwtyagenHk*eday k*eyIgxMebIkEPñkemIledIm|Is<alPUmisaRsþtMbnenH . kaMmIjúgecjdMeNIr
ebIktampøÚvmatTenøbnþic k*kaccUlkñúgpøÚvlMRKlIkRKluk eBlxøHswgZøakBIelILan . CajwkjabeyIgRtUv
RkabObxøÜnBIeRBaHLanek[remXeQI»sUrR:v TwksenSImk*ZøakeCaKmkelIxøÜneyIg eZVIokanEtRtCakeLIg.
»sUrdUcmanrgav ßk*stVéRByM . enACMuvijxøÜneXIjEtéRB minKYrmanmanGñkRsukNargavenATIenHeT . eyIg
cgegIbo:nRtgxøÜnmþg> kMuoQrk*minQr Gg<úyk*minGg<úydUecñHvaerayeCIg k*b¨uEnþeyIgRtUvRby&tñeRBaHxøac
EmkeQIvaTg<ick|alGacmaneRKaHzñak . eyIgmindwgeKdwkeTANaeT bnÞabBImatTenø «LÚvdléRBggwtsUnü
Qwg . mYyRsbkeRkaymktamePøIgLaneyIgeXIjmanedImeQIbunxøÜnmnusStMer[bKñaCaCYrehIymansñam
sMbkkEnøgxøHdUc>Kña . eKdwgzaeyIgdlcMkarekAs)UehIyeTetI . `nwkeXIjkMNaBürbselak Dant
enAkñúg Dévine comédie ;
enABakkNþalCIvit
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edImeQIZM>x¬s>d*sem|ImGs©arüenACMuvijeyIg . `nwkeXIjéRBRBwkSakñúger]gniTanEdl`Zøab´GankalenABI
ekµg . RBHCinvgScUléRBeTAer[nviC¢akarkabminmut dutmineqH CamYyta«sI . enAemag5PøW LankaMmIjúg
k*QbenAkEnøgmYyEdlmansPaBmindUcPUmidðanGñkERs ßGñkcMkarEdl`Zøabs<aleT . ExµrEtgmanTMlab´
sgpÞHx¬sputBIdI EtenATIenHGtmanpÞHputBIdIeT manEtet[mtUc>dUctUbcinlk«v¨an . sYrKñacgdwgza
etIeKehAPUmiGI / »sUreKzaPUmibgbÁÚn ßmnÞIrb17 . GtmaneQµaHenAkñúgEpnTIRsukExµrBIedImeT . vaCa
mUldðansmáatrbsGg<karenAkñúgRsugsÞwgRtg extþkMBgcam . xÞmTaMgenHmanTMhMRbmaN3 Em¨RtbYnRCug
ragdUcKñaenACabdI xøHRbks|Úv xøHRbksg,&sI CJ¢aMgkþa manPaBRTuteRTamNaseTAehIy . emIleTAeKeZVI
oEt:n GtsUvKitBIer]glÁemIlGIeT . xÞmnImYy>manesµA nigvlø¥duHs)ubRTub h)MuB&TÆ CasJÃazaGtman
mnusSenAyUrERklehIy . dUceyIg:n»sUrEmn dIRkhmsMbUredImeQIhUbEpøNas maneck lºúg sVay
mgÏút em[n EpøTwkedaHeKa mñas .l. ZUrRsalCagenHeTAeT[tKWeyIgmincegÁ{tcgÁlcitþdUcenAmnÞIrmun>
EdleyIgZøabrsenAeT . enAb17 TUlMTUlay GteXIjmanCJ¢aMgx&NÐCMuvijGIeT .
enAdIRkhmenHGakasZatuRtCakEmn ebIsµaneTARbEhlCa15GgSaryageRcInehIyemIleTA:nCa
RtCakyagenH . nwkeXIjsþayGavrgarTukecalenARsuk:raMg . eNºIy ebIykmkk*eKminoBakEdr .
eKGnuJÃatoeyIgeZVIPñkePøIg . bnþiceRkaymkeXIjmanPñkePøIgeRcInkEnøgEpSghuyRTelam . eyIgnaMKña
enAEk|r>PñkePøIg . :nekþAxøÜnbnþicehIy k*EbkKMnitKasdMLÚgeQIenACit>tUcenaHdakkñúgPñkePøIg . emIm
88
manZMmantUc GaZMb¨unkUnRCUkeyIgkabvaCaBIr CabIdakkñúgPñk . GñkxøHeT[tEbkKMnit citsMbkecj rYc
citCacMNitragdUc Pomes fruits ehIydakelIsg,&sIGaMgelIePøIg . eyIghUbdMLÚgyagEsnmhaqáaj .
minEdlhUbGIqáajdUcelIkenHeT taMgBIeyIgcUlRsukmk . hUbbeNþIrniyayKñaelgbeNþIr . hUbGscitþ
ehIy naMKñaeTAsMrak . GñkmanRKYsareKoenApÞHEbkKñaCabeNþaHGasnñsin eRBaHedaysarmanbJºapÞH
minTanRKbRKansMrabdakRKbKña:n . Rbus>enApÞHrYmCamYyRbus>dUcKña RsI>enACamYyRsI> . narIenA
lIvenApÞHrYmmYy . ÉnarIEdlmankUnmkCamYy “bgbÁÚn” KWenAkñúgpÞHmYyRtUvman “bgbÁÚn” mñakßBIrnakenA
CamYy . xagRsI> k*dUcRbus>Edr RtUvman “bgbÁÚn” enACamYy . “bgbÁÚn” CaBaküKYrsmenAsm&ykm¬úCa
RbCaZibetyü CaBiessenACMrMudIRkhm . CaTUeTA “bgbÁÚn” mann&yza BYkGñkmUldðancUlbdivtþn¾mun17
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kalBIybeT[teLIy . enAkñúgéRBdIRkhmExktþikybRtCakxøaMg ézák*ekþAxøaMgEdr . ekþAk*eday RtCakk*
eday k*GtbJºaGIEdr :nhUbEqÁtrsehIy mingabeT . edayRkBHElgERskTamTarGahar `eXIjGVI>
k*dUcCalÁEdr . enAdIRkhmeTsPaBex[vRsgatdacknÞúyEPñk . `ePøcKitza `enACabXMukñúgmnÞIrXMuXaMg
mYyenAkñúgéRBdacRsyalGtdwgEmÓ bgbÁÚn RkumRKYsarenAÉNaeT . ézáTI1enH `Tuker]genHmYyGnøWsin
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minEmnRkhmdUc`sµanBIybmiujÉNa pÞúyeTAvijmanBN(RbepH ÉrukÎCatitUcZMPaKeRcInmanPaBEbøkmindUc
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kñúgkarrs . p,aeQIéRBlaylayLMnigEpøeQITMu CamYyrukÎCatisÁÜtpg rlYypg CHkøind*cEmøk mþgxøaMg
mþgexSay mindwgCaGVIR:kdRbCa . enAkEnøgNak*mansMbukkeNþ{rEdr mantUcmanZM . søwkeQIRKbelIdI
BaseBj hakdUcCYykarBarRbzBIkMuoekþAeBk . dUcCaenARsukRtCak eBlsøwkeQIZøakmunrdUvTwkkk.
éRBRbwkSahakdUcCasáatKµan»sUrsemøgGVIesaH etIKµanGVIkMerIkesaHEmnß / `Gg<úyEpÁkenAKleQIZMmYy
minqáaybunµanBIpÞH:y `»sUrsemøgtic>Rbej{venAeRkameCIg eRkamsøwkeQIgab . eBlyksøwkeQIgab
ecj stVlÁitCaeRcInrabminGskMBugeZVIkaryagsRsaksRsaM . xøHvarcuHvareLIger[bCaCYrenAtamRbehag
EdlvakayeZVIedayxøÜnva xøHeT[tx¢il k*e:HTItaMgtamsñamRbehagTwkePø{g .
edIreTAkEnøghUb:y `sYrxøÜnÉgza `enAkEnøgNaGeJ©H / elIEpnTIRsukExµr / mþgeT[t`RKanEt
dwgzaenAkñúgRsuksÞwgRtg extþkMBgcam . CMrMuenHCaCMrMusMrabGbrMBYkbJÃvnþmkBITIRkugnigbreTs . »sUrza
manCMrMudUcenHeRcIneT[tenACMuvijenHEtmindwgCamanmnusSenAßGteT . CMrMuenAdacRsyalBIpøÚvnigTIRbCMuCn
laksáatkñúgéRB . RtUveZVIdMeNIrtampøÚvRkvicRkev[nCaeRcInkEnøgeTIbGacbNþalmkdlTIenH:n . dUecñH
vaCamUldðancasBi:krkeXIjNas . manvalrabpg manéRBpg . TItaMgenHsæitenAelIkEnøgecatmYy.
dIx¬secjBImatTenørhUtdlmþMúcMkarekAs)U hYsBIenHbnþicdIcab´ecateTATisxaglic . edaysarPUmisaRsþ
dIvayagenHehIy:nCamþúMb17 dIva«tRkhm eRBaHRTnabdIRkhmePø{geRcaHykeTAGs .
89
hUb:yelIkTI1enAdIRkhm eKoeyIghUbtamcitþ dMLÚgeQIlayCamYyGg,r RsUbCamYysmøbEnøéRB
mYymux qáajGs©arü . TTYlTan:yézáRtgrYcehIy sMrabBYkeyIgEdleTIbmkdleKosMraksineRBaHeyIg
eKgminlktamkaNUt . smáM:nbnþicEbkejIseCaKxñg edaysarenAkñúgpÞHekþAdUcLdutnMb&ugeBlézáezµIr
enH . `ecjBIpÞHedIreTArkGUrTwk . dlGUr`dakeCIgkñúgTwk RtCakRsYlemø¨H . TwkenA:thUrtic>. Man
p,aRBlwt p,aesñar p,acme:øk . emGMe¶sÁat>ehIrcuHehIreLIgBIp,amYyeTAp,amYy . xülbkrMePIy> . `
RsémeXIjPUmikMeNIt` kalenABItUc . rYcnwkeXIjvisSmkalenARsuk:raMg . RsémbeNþIrRkeLkemIl
eTsPaBbeNþIr . RkeLkemIleTATisxageCIg CavalERsdacknÞúyEPñk edImetñatCaeRcInduHtMer[btam
PøWERs layCamYyedImeQImYy>xøHZM xøHtUc dUcCasEg, cMbk zøúg .l. `Kitza ebItamTisxaglicRtg
eTAc|asCadlRsukes[m .
RtaMTwkbwgmYysnÞúHZMrYcehIy `k*edIrRtLbmktUbvij . taMgBImkdlRsukCaelIkTI1ehIyEdl`RsYl
kñúgcitþyagenH . Gakb|kiriyaBYkkmµaPi:lenATIenHdUcCaKYromankarkkekþA . eKGttwgEtgNasNaeT
eKGtedIrtameyIgdUcenAPñMeBjeLIy . eyIgcgdutdMLÚg ebHEpøeQIhUb k*eKdUcCaminzaGI . BitEmnEt
`minh)anebHe:ctamcitþcg EteXIjdUcCaeKZUrCamYyBYkeyIg . BYkeKTnPøn suPaBrabsar eKniyay
mkkanBYkeyIg ; bg> bgRsI .l. ehIyeyIgGacedIrehIrenAkñúgmnIreRsccitþ . b17GtmanrbgeT.
CaBiessenATIenH ZmµCatisMbUrEmn eyIgminGacsøabedayGt:yeT . dMLÚgeQIhUbminGs . eyIgGac
manlTÆPaBdaMduHxøÜneyIg:nEzmeT[t . eBlmkBIGt dl:nhUbEqÁtyagenH vahakdUcCamansuPmg<l
sem|ImNas ! . eBleRskXøan KitGIGtecjeT . KitEtmüageZVIem¨co:nmanGIhUbsin . taMgBI:n
TTYlTanEqÁtmk hakdUcCasrésQam`edIr eTAplitsacoduHeLIgvijenAeRkamEs|kd*s<mkMRbwg nig
ryIkryak .
láacenHeKekaHoeyIgeTARbCMuCaelIkTI1enAerag:y . edaysareragtUceBk eyIgnaMKñaQrenAeRkA
eragvij . kmµaPi:lTTYlxusRtUvmnÞIrb17enAekµgGayuCag20qñaM ragsÁat:t x¬sRsLH skkatsÁat
eZµjesµIsÁat TMngCaGñkecHduseZµjralézáehIy CaBiessGtecHCk:rI . KatmansmþIzñm> suPaBrab
sar . `minEdlnwksµanza enAdIRkhmkñúgéRBeRCAenHCYbRbTHmnusSEbbenHesaHeLIy . manmitþ`mñak
ZøabrsenAb17BImunR:bza KatZøabs<alkmµaPi:lekµgrUbenH eQµaH kan ZøabrsenACamYybJÃvnþyUr
mkehIy . kan sMNUmBrobg>TaMgGsKñaKWBYkeyIgxMksagxøÜn bMBakeKalCMhrbdivtþn¾o:nrwgbuwg
eRBaHTIenHCaTIcugeRkaybMputrbseyIgehIy . Gñkniyayza “CaTIcugeRkaybMputrbseyIgehIy” enH
minEmnkaneT KWehaGñkbEnæm . CarYmKWkanmansMNUmBrR:b´eyIgza eyIgmkenATIenHedIm|IksagxøÜn
CacugeRkay .
enAb17 dMbUgkargarEckCaRkumCaBYkdUcteTA ;
-burs-yuv&n EckCaRkumeZVIBlkmµKWeTAerIcMkardMLÚgeQI . dMLÚgeQICadMNaMyuTÆsaRsþmaneRcInhikta
nigdaMeRcInCagdMNaMepSg>enATIenH . RkummYyeT[teTACYyerIEmkeQIenAmnÞIrcasmYyEdlmanéRBs)ubRTub
enAEk|renaH .
-narI EckCaRkumCMrHesµA e:ssMGatbrievNmnÞIrb17 nigmYyRkumeT[tCMrHesµAe:ssMGatmnÞIr18 .
mnÞIr18enH CamnIÞrcasBImunEdleKmanKMeragkarN¾rMElkmnusSBImnÞIr17mYycMnYnoeTAenAmnÞIr18 .
90
kargarTaMgGsenHRsI>nigRbus>eZVIkarCamYyKña . EteKcatCaRkumtamePT . kargarZMCageKKW
sMGatcMkardMLÚgCayuTÆsaRsþ EtenAdIRkhm eKzaeRkay17emsa1975 Gg<karrvleBk:nCaTukcMkar
GsTaMgenaHecal GtmannrNaTTYlxusRtUv . srubmktaMgBIdacPñMeBj eTIbézáenHeKoeyIgkabq,ar
cMkarenHeLIgvij . RkumnarImYyRkumeT[tCaRkumcRg,an:y . GñkeZVI:yGtmanRbus>eT . RkumeZVI:y
enHmanRsI>8nak ehIyRkumenHpøasbþÚrKñaralézá . GñkeZVI:y8naksMrabmnusSCag100nak . eKEcko
mñaksMrabdaM:y mñaksMrab´sø mñakeZVIGnam&y BIrnakedIrrkbEnø bInakbksMbkdMLÚgeQI ehIyQUsyk
eTAdakcMhuyedIm|ITuklay:y . eBlxøHeKykeckNaMv¨aCMnYsdMLÚgeQI . eKykeckNaMv¨acas>mk
esáarTaMgsMbkoqÁin rYcehIyeKykmkQUsolÁitykeTAlay:y .
-Rkumkumar ; eKminokumarenACamYyÓBukmþayeT . eKykeTAdakkñúgmnÞIrkumareRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs
Emkumar . EmkumarenHCabgbÁÚnmUldðan GtItyuTÆnarIbdivtþn¾ .
-Rkumcl&t CaRkumyuvCn yuvnarICMTg> . CaRkumkgBlkmµRsYcQanmux .
-RkumsMNg sMrabsgpÞHnigmCÄmNÐlepSg>tamkarENnaMrbsGg<kar
-Rkumbec©keTs ßRkumCag sMrab´CYlCulßplitmasIunßrbsrbreRbIR:s
-RkumciJ©wmstV .
sMubJ¢akzaRkumnImYy>CadMbUgRtUvsæitenAeRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbsBYkeyaZamñakßBIrnak . CaTUeTA
BYkeyIgTTYlkardwknaMrbsbgbÁÚnedayminRbEkkeTeRBaHeKyleXIjza BYkbgbÁÚneyaZaenAdIRkhmmin
RKanEtsøÚtbUtb¨ueNÑaH EzmTaMgmancitþGnueRKaHBYkeyIgpg . enACamYybgbÁÚn:nbnþick*eyIg:n»sUrza
enAkEnøgenHBIedImmanbJÃvnþmkenAeRcInNas . kalCMnansRg<am «sSrCnZM>mYycMnYnZøab:nenATIenH
EdrmanCaGaT¥ h)Uyn, h)Unwm, tUceP]n, neratþm PUrisSara .l. GñkTaMgenHmanfan;CardðmRnþIEteQµaH Et
CakEsþgenAksagxøÜnenAmUldðanenHdUceKdUcÉgEdr .
GVIEdleyIgBi:kdwgCageKKWPUmisaRsþnigRbvtþisaRsþéntMbnenHc|aslaseRBaHeKylza PUmisaRsþ
nigRbvtþisaRsþéntMbnmUldðanbdivtþn¾RtUvlakkarN¾smáat . eBlP\akBIdMeNkeLIgeyIgeXIjmanGabZøak
eBjrkemIlGVImineXIjeT . GabenAeBjéRB . edayGakasZatuRtCakxøaMgeyIg eyIgRbmUlexaGavTaMgGs
Edlmanmkesø{kBakeRcInCanedIm|ITbrgar . EteTaHCargaryagenHk*eday k*eyIgenAEteZVIkar«tQbQr
pÞúyeTAvijeyIgnaMKñabeg,InkmøaMgeZVIkargarEzmeT[t . eyIgeZVIkarbeNþIr eZVIPñkePøIgbeNþIr edIm|IdutEmkGus
sMGatcMkarpg CYyoeyIgmankMedApg . yUr>eTAeqø{te:HdMLÚgeTAkñúgPñkePøIg . GñkxøHeT[teqø{tcabstV
tUc>ykeTAGaMg . BYkeyaZaEdlemIlBYkeyIgeKGthamR:meyIgGIeT . RBwkenHsMNaglÁ`ykXµMúEdl
eZVIsMbukenAelIEmkdMLÚgeQI . eyIg:nEckKñaEdleZVIkarenAkñúgCYrCamYyhUb ehIy`eqø{tTukbnþicob)unnI .
ybTI2 bnÞabBImkdldIRkhm eRkayBI:nhUb:yehIy RsabEteKR:bzakMuGaleTANaeyIgmanRbCMu
sMxanmYy . eyIgk*CYbCMuKña RsabEtmitþTTYlxusRtUvR:bBt(maneyIgodwgedaysEmþgesckþIesaksþay
cMeBaHmitþeyIgmñakEdleTIb:tbgCIviteTA . eyIgTaMgGsKñarkylmineXIjk*RsLaMgkaMg. eKR:bzaKat
eTIbbJ©bCIvitenAézáres[lenH . Bt(man:nb¨ueNÑHehIyGñkTTYlxusRtUvbEnæmza bnþiceT[teyIgnwgman
karCYbCMuenAeRkaypÞHmYyedIm|IehrsBmitþeyIgCacugeRkay . `minsµandUecñHesaHeRBaHenAdIRkhmsPaB
karN¾ZUrRsalCagmuneRcIn CaBiessenATIenHeyIg:nhUbEqÁt . dlemagkMNteyIgk*:nCYbKña . emX
91
ggwtQwg . xülExktþwk:nbkmkyagRtCak . eyIgedIrEhrsBedaysáatesá{m tMrgeTAedImsVaycas
mYyEdl manEmks)ubRTub . eKrMusBedaykenÞlmYy . KñaeyIgkanceg,{gmuaMgsugbMPøW . tMNagGg<karsURt
CIvRbtþirbsmitþEcksæaneTAedayrMlwkBIskmµPaBrbsKatkalenARsuk:raMg ehIynigskmµPaBenAkñúg
RbeTs . mitþsURtsunÞrkza:nelIksBrMuykeTAkb . mitþeyIgTaMgGsKñaEbkKñaeTApÞHer[g>xøÜn .edaynaM
eTACamYynUvesckþIesaksþay RBmTaMgcmálCaxøaMgeTAelImUlehtuénkarsøab´enH . EsÁkeLIgenAeBlEdl
eyIgkMBugsMGatcMkardMLÚgeQI eyIgeXIjBIcmáayhmsukKg Gg<úyeRkaym¨UtUDubrbseyaZa . KatelIkéd
laeyIgBIcmáay . enA:rIs`ósSah¾CYbKatenAbUrIGnþrCati . KatenAGaKa(sMrabnisSitCamYyb)unnI .
BIr-bIézáeRkaymkeT[t Gg<kark*dwkyuvCnBIrnakeT[tecjBIdIRkhmeTAvijpgEdr . `:nCiHynþehaH
BIRkug:rIsCamYyBYkeKTaMgBIrEdlCakµÜyrbseG[gZIriTÆ nigeG[gsarI . bnÞabBI:ndwkhmsukKg nigkµÜy
eG[gZIriTÆBIrnakenHrYcmk sPaBkarN¾dwkmnusSecjk*sábsáateTAvij . enAeBlCamYyKñaenH eKk*xMvay
sMruksgpÞHenAmnÞIrb18o:nqab´rh&sedIm|IrMElkKñaeyIgBIb17ecj . Gg<karenAEtbnþdwkKñaeyIgBIPñMeBj
mkCabnþbnÞab . tamEpnkareKcgBRgwgnigBRgIkmnÞIrb17edaysgTIlMenAbEnæmpg nigsgmnÞIr18bEnæm
eT[tpg . «LÚvenHéRBs)ubRTubenAkñúgmnÞIrTaMgBIrk*sÁatRsLHCagmun . edayELkmnÞI18 mancmáayRbmaN
200EmRtBIb17bueNÑaH . kalBIsm&ysRg<ammnÞIrenHmaneQµaH18dUecñHEdr . ehIytam»sUrmanmnÞIr
epSg>eT[tEdlmanmnusSrsenAkalBImunmanCaGaT¥mnÞIrb16 nigmnÞIr19 . sBVézámanEtmnÞIrb20, b17
nigb18EdlmanmnusSenA . eyIgeXIjsñamtUbcas>nigedImeQIhUbEpøCaeRcIn CasJÃabgºajoeXIjza
kalBImunmanmnusSsMNakenATIenHeRcIn . «LÚveKo11RKYsareTAenAb18 enAkñúgenaHmanRKYsar`mYyEdr.
enAeBlCamYyKñaenHeKk*sgmnÞIrkumarCitrYcehIyEdr .
b18manPaBKYroeBjcitþ . enAxagekItmancMkares[gd*lVwgelVIymancmáayRbmaN3KILÚEm¨Rt ehIy
bnÞabBIcMkarmanéRBeck hYsBIéRBeckCacMkarekAs)U . enAxagt|ÚgmanpøÚvedIrkatcMkarnigpøÚvTwkrhUtdl
b17. xageCIgTlnwgéRB . xaglicmanRbLayTwkEdlmanTwkxYbR:MgxYbvsSa . ExePø{gmanTwkeRcIn
ExEcRtmanTwktic Etk*enAmanrhUt . qáayhYsBIRbLayTwkmanERsGñkRsuk . tUbeKsgCaCYr XøatBImYy
eTAmYyRbmaN10EmRt . eKsgtUbelIdIEdleKcakkMBs30eTA50edsIuEmRt manbeNþay4EmRt TTwg
3 EmRt kMBsCit2EmRt . dMbUlRbkedaysg,&sIehIymanbgÁÜctUcmYyTlnwgTVarcUl . tUbnImYy>manERK
edkmYysMrabdakKñaBIrnak . eRkABIsgtUbsMrabRKYsarTaMg11enH eK:nsgerag5EzmeT[tsMrabCaTIlMenA
rbsGñkGtmanRKYsarmkCamYy . eragnImYy>manbeNþayRbmaN30EmRtnigTTwg5EmRtsMrabdakERKBIr
CYr CJ¢aMgkþarRbkedaysg,&sI . eragTaMgbIeKcattaMgoenAtamePT . óTahrN¾dUcCaenAxageCIgCabnwgéRB
sMrabdakBYkmanv&ycMNasbnþiceKoeQµaHza “eragBYktataeCIgéRB ” .
enAb18manpÞH:yrYmnigerag:yCabKña . kñúgpÞH:yEdlsgTabenAelIdImancRg,ansMrabdaM:y
cRg,antUc>sMrab´daMqñaMgtUc ehIyeKmanKMerageZVIcRg,anZMteTAeT[t . manTUrmanCan>sMrabdak«v¨an can
nigRbdabRbdaeZVI:y . kñúgerag:yeKeZVItuEvg>EdlmankEnøgGg<úyTaMgsgxag sMrabGg<úyTlmuxKña.
erag:yenHGacdakmnusS:nCag100nak . vaRbksg,&sIehIyGtmanCJ¢aMgeT . enACiterag:yman
GNþÚgTwkbI . GNþÚgnImYy>manCMerARbmaN3 EmRt .
92
CamYyKñaxagGnam&yvijeyIgsgbg<nbdivtþn¾cMnYn20 . 12enAxagt|Úg eRkamedImRseLA nig8enA
xageCIgCitéRB . sMrab`nigb)unnIvij CakarBitehIyenHCaelIkTI1ehIytaMgBIcUlRsukmkEdleyIgman
kEnøgrsenAdacEtÉgCaRKYsar . tUbrbseyIgEbrmuxeTATisxagekItTlmuxdIcMkarEdlmanBN(RkhmeqÁA .
enAeBlybsáatQwgenAkNþaléRBenH . muneBlcUldMeNk eyIgEtgnaMKñaemIleTAemXd*RsLHeZgqáay
eGIyEsnqáaycabmindl . eyIgnwkeXIjvasnad*kMstrbseyIg . nwkeXIjGnusSavrIy¾knøgmk . nwk
eXIjkaleyIgemIlp,ayEdlmanBnøWdUcKñakaleyIgeTAedIrelglMEhrenAmatsmuRTenATVIbGWr¨ub . kalenaH
eyIgemIlemX CamYyGarmµN¾pþÜcmkRsukkMeNIt . Et«LÚvenHeBlmkdlRsukkMeNIteyIgnwksþayCIvit
knøgmkEdleyIgmansiTÆiesrIPaBRKbEbbyag cgeZVIGVIeRscEtcitþ . enAdIRkhmExktþwkeBlézáekþAeBk
EtdleBlyb´k*RtCakNasEdr .
enArdUvekþAraMgsáÜtEbbenH GVI>k*sÁÜthtehvGseTAEdr . ePøIgGacqabeqHedaygay . éRB esµA ßsSI
tUc>hakdUccaMEtregIkePøIgedIm|IeqHraldalRKbkEnøg . enAeBlxøHxülxageCIgbkmknaMykkøinp,ad*RkGUb
hakdUcCamklYgeyIgoxMRTaMrsenAteTAeT[teTAeRBaHenHCaRsukrbsGñkÉgehIy kMuKiteTANaecalRsuk.
eBlmanxülbkxøaMg eKeXIjregIkePøIgehIrecjeRBagRBatBIPñkePøIgEdleqHedaydMu>esÞIrRKbkEnøg . ePøIg
TaMgenHeqHecjBIedImcMbkZM>EdlmanGayucasCraRtUvxülbkrlM eBlxøHeKeXIjrlMecjTaMgßsBIdI
ehIyBYkbgbÁÚneKbeNþayoeqHecalTeTrrabExeTIbGs . enAeBlyb´muncUldMeNk eyIgEtgykregIk
ePøIgmkdakeRkamERK RKankMuorgareBk . yUr>eyIg»sUrsemøgstVéRBERskzáÚrBIcmáay . RbEhlCavaeRsk
TwkehIyemIleTAeRBaHenArdUvR:MgRtBaMgPaKeRcInrIgsáÜt .eBlxøHRCUkéRBmkTRnÞancMkardMLÚg . edaysar
xÞmeyIgGtmanTVarbiT eBlxøHeyIg:rmÖERkgelaeBllglkvamkqaeqA .
ralRBwkevlaemag4PøW eKEtg»sUrCYgbnøWsemøgCasJÃaR:bodwgza eyIgRtUveRkakBIdMeNkRbjab´
Rbjaler[bcMeTAeZVIkargarsg<mniym . b)unnIeTAeZVIkarenAcRg,an:y . ÉcMENk`eTAkabdIdaMbEnø . eyIg
TaMgGsKñamintÁÚjEtÁrnwgkargarenHeT EteyIgnaMKñaxitxMdaMbEnøbg,arRKbmuxedIm|IóbtæmÖxøÜn . edaysaresckþI
BüayamrbsBYkeyIg mansYnbEnød*KYroeBjcitþehIymanbEnøRKbmuxdUcCaRtb pÞI RtkYn nenag eXøak
RtLac .l. srubmkbEnømanxYbR:Mg xYbvsSa enAdIRkhmdakGIk*duHEdr elIkElgEtdMNaMxøHdUcCaeb¨ge:¨H
vaduHEtvaGtopl . rYmCamYyenHeyIgk*:nshkarCamYyGñkenAmnÞIrb17edIm|IdaMdMNaMyuTÆsaRsþdUcCa
dMLÚgeQICaedIm . cMkarcaseyIgnaMKñaKassMGat . Kum¬dMLÚgeQIZM>eyIgykRcvakcgvaoCab´CamYy
KldMLÚg rYceyIgykdMbgeQImaMmYyßBIrdakelIsµaedIm|IdkemImecjBIdI . eBlxøHmYyKum¬ manemImesÞIr
knøH:vGg,r . enAdIRkhmeKcUlcitþykeQIbe:snaKEdlrwgdUcEdkeTAeRbIkar bMerIkargarEdlZán> eRBaH
vamingay:kepþspþas . emXeQI esµA emImdMLÚg eyIgKasecjBIdIrYcehIy halosáÜt rYcdutecal.
dMNaMCayuTÆsaRsþepSgeT[tmaneBat, sENþkes[g, GMeBA, mñas .l. KñaeyIgmkBIPñMeBjkanEteRcIneLIg
CalMdabCaBiesscabtaMgBIcUlqñaM1977mk . mkdldIRkhmPøam eKosMctenAb17sin rYceTIbeK
bJ¢Únmkb18 . ebIsrubeTArhUtdlExkumÖ;qñaM1977enH KñaeyIg:nmkdldIRkhm4elIk ;
-elIkTI1 ézá8 ZñÚ 1976
-elIkTI2 ézá15 ZñÚ 1976
-elIkTI3 ézá10 Exmkra 1977
93
-elIkTI4 ézá5 ExkumÖ; 1977
enAExkumÖ; qñaM1977 RKYsar`manesckþIrIkrayCaBiesseday:neXIjRKYsarmarInI nigkµÜy>TaMgbInak
mkdl . CamYyenHeyIgk*RsgakcitþyagxøaMgedaymineXIjbgsarin mkCamYy . kalBIKatminTanmkdl
eyIgEtgniyayKñaza GacmanlTÆPaBBIr ; ßmYyeKcaMdlbgsarinmkbwgRtEbkvijeTIbeKbJ¢ÚnmkdIRkhm
TaMgGsKña ßmYyeKnwgykbkézø`nigkµÜy>TaMgbInakeTArsenACamYyKatÉkEnøgNamYyEdlKatkMBugrs
enAbMeBjkargar . edayKatZøabeZVICacaghVagGakasyandaneBaZicintug eyIgnwkKitzaRbEhlCaeK
kMBugEtoKateZVIkarenATIenaHehIyemIleTA . CamYykarRsemIRsémenHeyIgk*mankþI:rmÖxøHEdredaytaMgBI
Gg<karykKateTA:t eyIgKµan:nTTYldMNwgGIbnþicesaH . m¨üageT[t`Etgseg,teXIjza kñúgcMeNam
BYkmkdlBIPñMeBj eyIgminEdleXIjBYkGñkmkBIshrdGaemrik ßk*mkBIshPaBsUev[tesaH . ÉBYkmk
GWr¨ubxagekItmanxøHEdr EttictYcNas. ERkABIenHeyIgeXIjamanGñkeTIbmkdlzµI>mYycMnYnBIRbeTscin
RbCamanit PaKeRcInCaGñkraMr:M ßCaGñkEhrhmRBHmhakSRtyanI kusum; matarbssemþcsIhnu . xøH
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kñúgcMnYnenHGñkxøHZøabs<almnÞIrdIRkhmenHkalBIsm&ysRg<am . BYkenHxSwbR:b´eyIgtic>za kalmun
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kñúgCMrMuenH . CapøÚvkarBYk«sSrCnTaMgenHmantYnaTIenAkñúgrdaPi:l ßzñakdwknaMrbsrNsirSrYbrYmCati
kmú¬CadwknaMedaysemþcsIhnu buEnþCakEsþg BYkKatGtmanesrIPaBGIeT .
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EdlmantYnaTIsMxan bMerIEpnkarzµIrbsGg<kar . RkumsMNgenHeKsMritsMraMgNaseBalKWRtUvmansuxPaB
lÁ maMmYn rwgbuwg TaMgstiGarmµN¾TaMgrUbkay . BYkenHminsUveZVIksikmµeTelIkElgEtkargarsg<mniym
mþgm,aleRBaHeKRtUvsMrukeZVIkarsñÚlCaRbcaMKWKitEtBIsg.sgenHehIysgenaHeT[t . sgpÞHsMrabRKYsar
nImYy> sgpÞHrYmsMrabdakmnusS40-60nak. pÞHrYmmanburs3 narI1 . bursßnarIEdlRtUvenApÞHrYm KW
GñkenAlIvminTanmanRKYsarßmYyk*CaGñkEdlmanRKYsarrYcehIyEtEbkKñataMgBIcUlRsukmk . GñkxøHmk
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manranhalenAxagmux CapÞHKMrUsþgdarTUTaMgRbeTs ßeKehAzapÞHsg<mniym.pÞHnImYy> TTwg4EmRt
beNþay5EmRt edayminKitranhaleT . pÞHenAb17kñúg EdlBYkeyIgehAsáat>za burIhamXat
villages de interdite enH sgeLIgsMrab´mYyRKYsarenAbþIRbBnÆ ßCYnkalEzmkUn1-2nakeT[t .
KYrocabGarmµN¾pgEdr KWenAmnÞIrb17enH kUnekµgGayucabBI3 qñaMeLIgeTA eKoeTAenAmnÞIrkumar . sMrab´
kUnBYkkmµaPi:lvijenAkEnøgepSg :nn&yzakUnBYkkmµaPi:lmankEnøgemIlepSgminenACamYykUnBYkGñk
mkBIbreTseLIy ehIykUnBYkkmµaPi:lTaMgenaHenAmnÞIrkumarEteBlézábueNÑaHeBlybvaeKgCamYyÓBuk
mþayvavij . KWpÞúyBIkUn> GñkmkBIbreTsEdleKbg¡MokumareKgEbkBIÓBukmþay .
94
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RtCakRtCMu CaPUmiKMrUsMrabBykeyIgmkBIbreTs . BYkeyIgKµansiTÆiedIrcUlmnÞIrb17kñúgenHeT . Gg<kar
:nENnaMza ézáeRkayGg<karmanKMeragsgpÞHtamreb[benHTUTaMgRbeTs .
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oBYkeyIgEkéqñGUrcasEdlmanTwkhUrxYbR:Mg xYbvsSamYy okøayeTACaERsvij . GUrenHmanTTwgCit
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ksikrEdlrsenAtamRbLayTwkenH ehIymüageT[tdItamRbLayenHmanCatiCUrminGnueRKaHdldMNaMRsUv
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daMekIt RtUvEtBYkbg>CaGñkecH eZVIvaoElgCUreTIbzaecH . dUecñHGg<kark*sMerczaBYkeyIgRtUvEteZVIo:n.
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TaMgybTaMgézá edIm|IykdIdakERs . eyIgnaMKñavaysMrukkabdMbUkCabnþbnÞab . edIm|ICJ¢ÚndIdMbUkdl:tGUr
eyIgeZVIpøÚvohabesµIehIydakdIelIpÞaMgsg,&sI rYcTajykeTAdlkEnøgEdleyIgcgbMeBj . CJ¢ÚndIEbbenH
eZVIkarel]nNasehIyeRbIkmøaMgtic . eKerIsykGñkxøaMg>mansuxPaBlÁeBjv&yedIm|Ikab´nigTajEb¨EL.
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RKbkúñgry;eBl3 ExdUckareRKagTuk . RbLayTwk:nkøayeTACaERs manPøWxVatExVg dUceQIcRtg< . PøW
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mUldanKatzaenaHeT kEnøgxøHmandIdMbUkeRcInmanduHRKanebI eRkABIenHRsUvminRBmrIkZMesaH kEnøgxøHva
htehvgabGseZVIoERsbdivtþn¾dUcmnusSk|alqk . edaysardInigTwkmanCatiCUrminGnueRKaHdMNaMRsUv .
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eTAhYsBIkEnøgsgGagTwkenHbnþiceTA manéRBkug . GagTwkenHGacpÞúkTwkrabryEmRtKUbedIm|IbMerIksikmµ
enAeBlKµanTwkePø{g . bJØaEdlRtUvedaHRsayKWRtUveZVIdUcemþcedIm|IbUmTwkBIeCIgPñMykeTAdakkMBUlPñM .
95
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GagTwk:nelcecjragd*s,wmés, EdleKGaceXIjBIcmáayKYrCaTIeBjcitþ.
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enaHeT eRBaHeyIgmñak>hakdUcCaxMtaMgcitþminomanbHBaldlBYkExµrRkhmEdleKRKbRkgBYkeyIg .
RsabEtláacmYykúñgExkumÖ; 1977 BYkeyaZa:ndakbJ¢amkza ybenHRtUvEtRbugRby&tñkMuecjBIpÞHo
esaH . ybenHGaC\aswkenAkñúgmnÞIr KWebIGñkNaecjBIpÞHnwgmaneRKaHzñakdlCIvit . »sUrdUecñH b)unnI :n
bg¡M`oyksg,&sI:MgTVaroCit . eyIgnaMKñaenAkñúgpÞHdUceKR:b Gth)anecjeTAeRkAeT . ybsáatQwg
yUr>»sUrstVéRBERskmþg> . eBlxøH»sUrhakdUcCamanmnusSedIrCittUbeyIg eZVIorwtEtxøacEzmeT[t.
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manmnusSbYnnak RbusBIrnakRsIBIrnakCasmaCikshkrN¾mYyenACitenaHrtecjBIshkrN¾rbsxøÜn.
EKzaBYkExµrs ßExµrel]gnaMKñacgbHe:rRbqaMgGg<kar . bnÞabBImanRBwtþikarN¾enH sPaBkarN¾k*hak
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<<BIézáenHeTARtUvmñak>RbugRby&tñ R:bGg<karPøamebImaneXIjGIminZmµta>> . Gg<RbCMuBiess:ncb . BYk
eyaZa:nehAKñaeyIgekµg>bYndbnakoeTACamYyBYkeKedIm|IeTAtamrkKñaeyIgTaMgbInak . GñkTaMgbIenHKW ;
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96
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dlPñMeBjdac sm&yev[tNamkankab `:neXIjeQµaHKatenAmnIÞrRbharCIvitTYlEsøg .
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enAkúñgpÞH . eyIg»sUrsñÚrkaMePøIg eXIjmanecjkMeTcregIkePIøgRBat> eBlxøH»sUrsemøgmnusSERskdas
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dUcCaza <<eyIgExµrdUcKñaeT>> .
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dlGg<karebIkmux eTIbvanaMKñart ehIyeyaZarbsGg<karedjcabedj:jBYkva . edaymankarpÞúH
GavuZEbkkarN¾yagdUecñHehIy :nCasPaBkarN¾enH»mkdleyIg .
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eRBaHmñak>emIleTAvaKµaneXIjGVIeTAmuxesaH . BYkExµrRkhm eKenAEtoeyIgdwgxøÜnza RtUvEtxitxMlHbg
er[nsURtstiGarmµN¾bdivtþn¾BIvNÑ;kmµkr EteyIgemIleTAvakanEtGt:nRbeyaCn¾ . Ebn RTIv¨an Kat
lanmatR:b`za <<ebIeKcgksagRsukEmnenaH lµmdleBlehIy eKnaMKñaKitKUro:nditdl Kµan
RsukNaGacrIkcMerInedayykGñkecHdwgmkTukGbrMyagdUecñHrhUteT>> . bNÐitRTIv¨an CasmaCikmCÄmNÐl
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CaENn kUnRbusKatecj:t.
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KYrsm KµansmþIekagkaceT . KatzaKatZøab´rsenACamYyBYkbJ¦CntaMgBIsm&yts)Umk . mnCaGtIt
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97
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edIm|IeTAer[nsURt eXIjzadUceKzaEmnBit TIenaHRbkbedaypÞHsEm|glÁ>KYroRsLaj . BYkkmµaPi:l
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ragmaM sMburRsEGm manRKYsardUcmnnigmanEdr . KatminmktaMgTIlMenACamYyBYkeyIgenAb18dUcmneT
KatmanpÞHenACamYyBYkKatenAPUmikmµaPi:l .
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oeQµaHza <<RkumRCUk>>. RkumRCUkenHcabepþImPøammansmaCik15nak kñúgenaHmanrUb`mYyEdr . sYsehar
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eCIg xøHeT[trbYs xøHeT[teKcrYcrtcUléRBeRCA:t . RCUkenAslkúñgRTugeRcInEtRCUkcas>rbYs:keCIg.
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karN¾GsyagenH . RCUkxøHmancg,ÚmdUcRCUkéRB ehIyxøacmnusSNas eyIgeTACitvaGt:neT RCUkxøH
eT[tcasCraedIresIÞrminrYc . eyIgdakeQµaHoKatza taRCUk eRBaHKatcasCageK . RCUkxøHeT[trags<m
manEtEs|kCabnwgqÁwgdUcmnusSEdr . KñaeyIgCMnajxagciJ©wmstVza vaekItCmáWsYt ßekItrebg . eday
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edImmk . dUecñHeBlxøHeKeXIjRCUks<mexSaykanEts<mexSayeLIgeRBaHBYkGtQWvanaMKñadeNþImsIucMNIGs .
eBlxøHeT[teKeXIjRCUkZM>sIukUnRCUkEdleTIbekItzµI> RCUkxøHeT[tgabrNUkreNl . srubesckþIeTA ciJ©wm
RCUk:n3 -4Ex RCUkkanEtmancMnYnticeTA> . BYkkmµaPi:leKminyl ehtudUcemþc:nCaeyIgmanKña
Cit20nakehIysuTÆswgCaGñkecHdwgeRCA> ciJ©wmRCUkbuNÑwgecHEtmanbJØamincbminehIy / ruwmKatniyay
kalsm&ysRg<amnarI>mindl10nakpg ciJ©wmRCUkeRcInCagenHeTAeT[tminEdlmanbJØaGIeT . BYkeyIg
mankarRBYy:rmÖCaxøaMg écdnüeBlenaHTaMgviTüúsemøgkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyükþI ßTaMgBYkkmµaPi:lExµrRkhm
98
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:n . eyIgk*naMKñaEckRCUkCabIRkumoenARTugxus>Kña . RTugTI1dakemRCUk ßRCUkEdleTIbekItkUnehIy
nigkUnRCUk . RTugTI2RCUkZMmansuxPaBlÁ ÉRTugTI3 RCUkEdlmanCmáW . edIm|IomanGnam&yeyIgsMuGnuJ¦at
Gg<kare:ssMGateT[gTatCaBiesseZñIsñÚkyagNakMuoRCUkvadakeCIgvakñúgsñÚk:n . ÉcMENkcMNIstV
vijCabJØamYyedaHRsayminrYc eRBaHmnusShUbminRKbRKanpg etImanGVIedIm|IciJ©wmstV /
mundMbUgGg<karpþlknÞkoeyIgxøH . BitEmnEtKuNPaBknÞkEdlGg<karpþlenaHmanKuNPaBminlÁ
yagNa ßmancMnYnminRKbRKanyagNak*eday k*eyIgGacrksøwkeQIepSg>mkrYmpSMedayykknÞkenH
CamUldan . dUecñHbJØaminsUvecaTeT . EteRkaymkGg<karoeyIgÉkraCüm©askarTaMgRsug eBalKWQb
pþlGVITaMgGsmkoeyIgsMrabciJ©wmstV . eyIgmindwgsMGageTAelIGIeT . caMsMNlBIcRg,an:yemþcekIt/
müageT[tkaleyIgmanknÞk eyIg:neqø{tEckBIRCUkmkbMeBjRkBHeyIgmþgm,alEdredayeyIgdYssMraMg
ykcugGg,rmkhUbdUchutbbr . eKcattaMgKñaeyIgbInakoTTYlxusRtUvxagrkbEnøoRCUk . TaMgbInakenaH
mant.l.CavisVkrsMNgmkRsuk:raMg ZøabeZVIkarenARsukExµrkalmunrdRbharnign.C saRsþaxagTsSn;
viC¢a KatcUlmkRsukedIm|ImkrkRbBnÆnigkUnKat .
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:vBIrkeNþ{vmYymñaknigEsñgmYyedIrcUléRB katbEnøtamdgGUr . eyIgkatbEnøéRB RtavéRBjatdak:v
TaMgBIroENnehIynaMKñaEsgmkcRg,an:yRCUk . bEnøTaMgenaHkatvaotUc>ehIydakesáarorlYy eBl
xøHlaynigknÞk ßkMeTcdMLÚgeQI . eyIgéqñRbDittamlTÆPaB . ÉmannigTavij eyIgedIrrkstVlÁit
epSg>EdleyIgCYbRbTH . tambTBiesaZn¾rbseyIgeXIjza mannigTa vacUlcitþkUnkeNþ{rCageK .
eyIgkabyksMbukkeNþ{rTaMgpÞaMg>dakkúñg:vehIyykvamkbMEbkoTanigmansIu .
viTüúGg<kar:npSayehIypSayeT[tza enAkm¬úCasBVézáGg<karoRbCaCnsMrakdbézámþg . EtenHRKan
EtCaBaküEdlecHEtza ÉcMENkkarCakEsþgenAkñúgCMrMueyIgGtmaneXIjGVIpøasbþÚreT . ézáNak*dUcCaézáNa
Edr . müageT[tCayUrNasmkehIyEdleyIgQbdwg ézáNaCaézáNa . viTüúGg<karzaenAkm¬úCa ézáNak*
CaézábuNüEdrsBVézáenH . ÉkarBitCakEsþgvij ézáNak*CaézáGt:y ézáeZVIkarGtQbEdr . ézáEdleK
kMNtzaCaézásMrakRtUveRkakemag4PøW ehIyeRsacbEnø rkós RbCMuvK<sikSa .l.
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eyIg . BYkcinTaMgenHTTYleb[vtSCaduløarehIysnSMluysMrabTijmasIunedroRbBnÆ . KN;RbtiPUcin
EdlmkTsSnashkrN¾eyIg RskTwkmatkalNaeXIjcMNIGaharRbCaCneyIghUb .
99
ekIkeLg CaExµrmanedImkMeNItcinhYscitþ lanmatzaBYkenHq,ÜtEmnETnehIy . vakuhkdUcvadk
degØIm ... RTaMElg:nKatsresrsMbuRtsMuoGg<karbJ¢ÚnKateTARsukcineRBaHKatza KatsuxcitþsIuGtsIuXøan
enARsukcinCagrssMbUrsb|ayenARsukExµr . BIrbI ézáeRkaymkLanmYymkdwkKatykeTA:t . rhUtdl
ézáenHeKmindwgCadwkKatykeTANaeT . dwkykeTA:t . RbhakRbEhlKñaenHEdr mhamat TaMeCt
manedImkMeNItCaExµr«søam zVIt|itEtKatxMksagxøÜnminEdltÁÚjEtÁrtv¨aGVIk*eday k*eKykeTA:tBICMrMuEdr.
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5KILÚEmRtBICMrMub18 .
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pg oer[bcM«v¨anecjBICMrMuTaMgyb . CarYmRkumciJ©wmstVesÞIrTaMgGs kñúgenaHmanCaGaTi ;
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enAevlaemag10 ßemag11ybRtUver[bcM«v¨anedIm|IecjehIyenAemag3 PøWeKdwkecj . elIkeRkay>mk
eT[t eKR:bdMNwgBIemag6láac EsÁkeLIgemag5PøWLanLgr¨Uva mkyk . ebIGñkecjmanEtmñakÉg eK
ykmUtUmkdwk . eBler[becjdMeNIrmþg Gg<karbJ¢aoGñkmanParkic©eZVI:yer[bcMdaM:y cMGinmØÚbGahar
BiessedIm|ICUnGñkdMeNIr . eBlxøHsacRCUkéRBGaMg eBlxøHsacéRBepSgeT[tdUcCaQøÚs ßmanRbLak
GaMg RtIGaMg cMhuypÁksacRtIr¨s edIm|IoGñkdMeNIrhUbtampøÚv .
KµannrNamñakeBlenaHsgS&yesaHza enHRKanEtCaqakel¡anedIm|IbMP&nþEPñkeyIgkMuoeXIjkarBit.
eyIgnaMKñasb|ay laKñaecjBIdIRkhm Cbel[glaKña edIm|I15naTIeRkaymkeKykKñaeyIgoCIkreNþA
xøÜnÉg rYceKsmøab . eyIgmindwgzaetIBYkeKsmøab´reb[bNac|asBitR:kdeT . etIRsþIRKbExnigkumar
tUc>nrNaCaGñkCYyCIkreNþAeTA /
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100
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CmáWRKuncajtamyayIb)unnI taMgBIeBlKatmkdlPñMeBj:nbnþicmkemøH . eRkayézábuNü17 emsa
1977 KatdwgxøÜnza suxPaBrbsKatvaRTuteRTamkanEtxøaMgeLIg> . KatmanTwkmuxesøksøaMghakdUc
CaKµanQamkúñgxøÜn . KatRkunjakkanEtjwkjabeLIg>esÞIrral10ézámþg . mþg>kMedAkñúgxøÜnKateLIgdl
40-41GgSar . KateLIgj&r memIrmmay záÚrrhwus Gsry;eBlCag1em¨ageTIbGneTAvij . eBlKat
RKunjak `ykGVI>EdleyIgmanTaMgGs KWPYyrbsKat PYyrbs` nigexaGavmkRKbdNþbKat.mitþPkþi
eyIg:nlbmksaksYrCajydg . samK<IPaBk*:nekIteLIgkúñgPaBsáatlakel[m CaBiessBIsMNak
mitþPkþiCaevC¢bNÐit . zVIt|itEteKKµansiTÆiRbkbmuxviC¢arbseKk*eday k*eKEtgmkBinitüb)unnIedaysáat>
odMbUnµanxagEpñkeBTüRBmTaMgeBlxøHeKlYcozñaMeBTüEdleKenAmanessslEzmeT[t . enAeBlvibtþiCmáW
enHekIteLIgmþg> b)unnI edIrminrYceT ehIyKatk*:trsCatikñúgmat . edayeXIjsPaBEbbenH eKoKat
eTAsMrakenAxÞmehIyeBlxøHeKGnuJ¦atoKatsMuGMeBA ßEpøeQI eBlEdlKatcghUb .
CabtaMgBI1ExmkehIy rbbhUbcukkúñgCMrMu:nZUrCagmun . eKEck:yRCayEtminEmnCabbrdUc
muneT . mñak>TTYl:n:yRCayEdlesµInwgGg,rCitknøHkMb¨ugTwkedaHeKa . ehIycabBIézábuNü17emsa
1977mk eyIg:nTTYleBatEzmeT[t . mñak>hUb:neRcInCagmun xøHCitEqÁt GñkxøHk*EqÁt .
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kúñgry;eBl10 ézámþg ; 2ézádMbUgkMedAeLIgxøaMg ézáTI3 kMedAcuHzy ézáTI4GskMedA . buEnþb)unnIKat
ehvhtyagxøaMg KatKµanelbGVI:nbnþicesaHtaMgBIézáTI1EdlKatcabeLIgkMedAkñúgxøÜnmk . dlézáTI7
KatZUres|IykñúgxøÜn EtKatenABMuTanGacRtLbeTAeZVIkarenAcMkar:neT dlézáTI9 KatRsYlxøÜnCitdUcZmµta
Katk*eTAeZVIkardUceKdUcÉg .
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CamYymitþnarIKateQµaH xum . kMBugEtebHEpøRtb:nbnþicmk RsabEtKatZøakhtehvmYyrMeBc . xumk*
sYrKatPøam <<yI! yagemc:nCabgElgmatkyaghñwg/ emc:nmuxbgeLIgesøkGJ©wg/ emIleTAbg
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Katdwgza eBlNacUlTMertehIyKatminmankmøaMgedIm|IRtLbeTAlagxøÜnvijeT .
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emX . eyIgTaMgGsKñaRtLbmkBIeZVIkarvijedaylIcm ExVvenAelIsµa . GñkxøHedIredayhYc GñkxøHeT[t
beJ©jTwkmuxrIkray GñkxøHeT[tEdlmanmaDminsUvmaMTaM beJ©jTwkmuxen]yht mñak>edIrsMedAeTAkan
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cMkNþalCMrMu bu:¢kMBgbtsemø{kbMBakEdlKateTIbnwgedrb¨HehIy .
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101
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1pÞaMgbgØajb)unnI .
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bg .
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buNÑaeThñwg/ taMgBIézáRtgmk `manrdUveLIgvijehIy . enHCadMNwglÁmYyEmneT/
taMgBIb)unnI nig`er[bkarmk KWCag2qñaMmkehIy eTIbEtenAdIRkhmenHeTEdlhucOkasoeyIgrsenA
eRkamdMbUlEtmYyCamYyKña . taMgBIeyIgvilRtLb´cUlmatuPUmivij rhUtmkdleBleyIgmkenACMrMub18enH
eyIg:nCYbRbTHnwgkarpøasbþÚrkEnøgsMNakenACajydgKµanGICakMNteT. kalenA:rIs eyIg:nrs
enAEbkKña . mYyézáeRkayGaBah¾BiBah¾ eyIgTaMgBIrnak:neTAsMrakmYyybenAhúVgEtnNWbøÚkñúgsNaKar
Nab¨UeLGug . KWbgrs sarin EdlmanKMniter[bcMreb[benHedIm|ICacMNgédrbsKat . bnÞabmk b)unnIk*
bnþsñakenArbsKatenAÉRKwHsæan Juliana pÞHhULg kñúgGnþrburIsMrabnisSit. cMENk`vij `cMNay
eBlevla`TaMgGssMrabEtbdivtþn¾ . eyIgTaMgBIrnakCYbKñamþgßBIrdg kúñgmYyGaTitü . b)unnIEtgeBal
dEdl>BismþImþayKatR:b`za <<bþIRbBnÆnwgs<alKñac|as eRkayBImankUnmYy ßBIrehIy>> . eyIgmin
TanGacdwgzaetIsmþIenHBit ßminBitenaHeT . er]geyIgBIrnakdUcCaKµanbJØaGIVeT . eyIgminEdlTasEtg
Kña ehIyk*KµankgVlBIkgVHluykakenAcugExEdr . eyIgKµanRtUvkareZVI:ymØÚbGIeT CaBiessParkic©cRg,an
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ralézáeRkayBIkargareyIgRbCMuKñaCaRkum rYceyIgedIreTAkanxÞmeyIgTaMgehvht . eyIger[bCIviteyIg
eTAtamlk¡xNÐCIvitenAkúñgCMrMu . KµankgVlGVIpÞalxøÜneT eBlNab)unnIminQW .
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CabIþeQµaH ebnLa . KatmanmaDx¬sehIys<m sksTaMgGs . eBlKatedIr eKemIleTAhakdUcCa
edImeT[nmYyedImEdlereTAtamxülbk . PriyaKatmanmaDtUcehIyCaGñk:nmat:nkCagbþI .
taebnLatÁÚjEtÁrCajydgza <<`ehvNas rbb:ynigmºÚbminRKbRKan ehIykanEtzyeTA.
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102
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k*huc:ykþaMgRBmTaMgniyayeTAkantaza ;
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Nas sUmRBHBuTÆCYyEzrkSakµÜy>> . eRkamkþIrMePIbxøaMgeBk taePøcKitza Gg<karhamR:mminomanBuTÆ
niymdUcmuneT[teT ÉBaküGrKuNk*minRtUveRbIEdr .
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tamBitbnÞbRKYsareyIgTaMgBIx&NÐKñaedaybnÞHsg,&sIkMBsBIrEm¨RtbueN‚aH . RKYsataebnLamkBI
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sar¨a EdlCaGtItrdmRnþIRksYgkarbreTs . Kat:nrsenACamYyKñakñúgCMrMu <<GbrM>> epSg>dUcGñkÉeT[t
CaeRcInmanTYnsuxpløa (bgCIdUnmYyrbsb)unnI), nYneX]n CaedIm EdlsuTÆEtcgcUlrYmkñúgkarts)U .
taMgBICMnYbenHmkeyIgrsenAyagsuxsanþRtUvrU¨vCamYyKUd*cMNasenHlÁNas . taebnLanigPriya
Kat:ner[brabR:beyIgGMBICIvPaBnigkarrsenArbsKatenATIkEnøgepSg> munnwgmkrsenACMrMub18enH .
edayKatdwgza `mankMeNItmkBImþúMekaHZM Kat:nR:beyIgza GñkRsukCaeRcInEdlCMel[smkBIRsukenaH
mksøabenARBHviharCaeRcInnakedaysarkarGtXøan nigCmáW . zVIt|itEtKatniyayR:b`tamcitþKateday
Kµanlakel[m k*Katec[svagminbeJ©jBakü <<Gg<kar>>Edr elIkElgEteBlNaEdlKatniyaylÁBI
Gg<kar . Kat:nlYgelamkµÜyKateQµaH r¨av¨unza <<sæankarN¾nwgkanEtZUrRsaleLIgehIy>> . r¨avun
ósSah¾mkelgCamYyKatCajwkjab .
buEnþézámYyenaH taebnLadUcCacge:HbgkarRby&tñRbEygcal . Katniyayza ;
-kµÜydwgeT h)Unwm :nelIkBaküesøakmYyza <<daMdaMdaM daMTalEtGsdIdaM>> CaBaküesøakCemøIy
cMkYt ehIyKatbEnæmza <<kµÜysmøaj kµÜyÉgs<alepøkeQ]t bgrbsepøkqateT />>
-:T`zImins<al KatCaRKUeBTü kalenAPñMeBjBImun
-eK:ncabKatenARBHvihar eRkayBIRtUveKCemø{sBIPñMeBj:nbnþicmk
103
-etIKat:neZVIGIeTIbeKcab /
-eKzaKatcgrteKceTARbeTséz . eBleKcab´Kat eKeXIjKatmanR:kduløarenAeBjxøÜnKat.
mkdlRtwmenH yayPriyataebnLa :nniyaykatsmþIrbsbþIKat <<`minEdleXIjbþIRbBnÆNa
RsLajKñadUckµÜyenHeT . manKUCaeRcInEdl:kEbkKñaenAeBlknøgeTenH cMENkKUkµÜyÉgvij …>>.
eyIg:nrsenACitKatTaMgBIrnakGsry;eBlbIExb¨ueN‚aH . bnÞabmkKatRtUveKbJ¢ÚnoeTAbMeBj
Parkic©enAkEnøgepSgeT[t. Kat:necjeTACamYyGñkÉeT[tEdlmanRKYsarRTgPUrIsSar¨anigmitþPkþirbsKat
CaedIm. `nwksµanzaGñkTaMgenaHRtUvkartaebnLanigPriyaedIm|IykKateTAeZVIkarenAEk|rxøÜneK buEnþeRkaymk
eKdwgza GñkTaMgenHRtUveKykeTAsmøabminqáaybunµanBImnÞIrb18 .
XXX ExsIha1977 . ézáenHZatuGakasekþAEhg . enAelIGakasevha eKmineXIjdMuBBksUm|IEttictYc
esaH . bnÞab´BIeBl:yézáRtgehIy `edIreTAkanxÞm`PøamedIm|Ieqø{teBlenACitb)unnIbnþic eRBaHvibtþiRKun
cajnwgpÞúHeLIgeT[tehIy . b)unnIbnøWeLIg<<bgdwgeTézáenHCaézáxYbkMeNItbgNa!>>. `eZVIesaHGeg<IyeZVI
hakdUcCaer]genHKµanTakTgGVIdl`bnþiceLIy . rYc`RbmUlRBlwg`mkvijPøamedIm|IbgºajkarKYrsmrbs
`eTAb)unnI eTIb`eqøIytbKatvijza <<kñúgmYyGaTitüeT[tCaézáxYbkMeNItrbsnIÉgEdr>> . b)unnIxøÜnÉg
hakdUcCakMBugEtbENþtGarmµN¾eTAqáayEsnqáay. KatGg<úyelIERKehIyKyKneTsPaBEdlsnÆwgdac´
knÞúyEPñk . KatmanTwkmuxRsgUtRsgatniyaybnþicbnþÜcedIm|IXat`oenAEk|rKatbnþiceT[t . enAÉeRkAxÞm
ÉeNaHvij KµanGVIkMerIkesaH sábxülQwg . cMkard*lVwgelIVyEdlb)unnIkMBugsmøwgenAmuxKatmanépÞ
xageqVgédCabnwgéRB ehIykñúgcMkarenaHedImsENþk:yBN(ébtgxMdkTgyagBi:kecjBIdIEdleTIbnwg
P¢ÜrehIy . eTsPaBEbbenHemIleTAeRb[bdUckMralRBMEdleKRkaldleCIgemXedIm|IcaMTTYleP\{v . rMeBc
enaHRsabEtb)unnIniyayPøamza <<CmáWRKuncajd*céRgenHvarMxan`Nas .`enAkñúgxÞmEtmñakÉgraleBl .
`ZanavaCakarlM:kNas lM:knwgRTaMRTCagkarrsenAeZVIkargarCamYyeKÉg . `KitBicarNaKµanQb
Qr `nwkeTAdlÓBukmþay` bgRbus nigbgRsI`nigkµÜyRsIRbus EdlBImunrsenAPñMeBj . etI«LÚvKat
TaMgGsKñaenAÉNa/ KateTACaGVIeTAehIy/ `nwkRBYceTAÓBuk`EdlKatmanCmáWelIsQam . KatBisar
zñaMedIm|IoQamedIreT[gTatRsYl . etIKateZVIem¨ceTAebIGtzñaMyagenH / kalbgRsI`nig`enA:rIsnigmun
ézá17emsa1975 eyIgEtgep\IzñaMmkCUnKat Émþay` etIKatGacRTaMRTCIvPaBkñúglkÎN;EbbenHekIteT /
KatEtgniyayeRcIn edIm|IRbEdrRbedAkUnecA etIKatnwgeZVIyagemc / ÉbÁÚnRsIeBArbs`EdlcUlcitþ
PaBsábsáat etInwgeTACaGVIeTA / etIGñkTaMgenaHRtUveKCemø[secjBIPñMeBjCamYyKña ßmYyk*RtUveKbMEbk
Kña />>.
`minkatsmþIb)unnIeT `TukoKatniyaybnþ . etI`GaceqøIyeTAKatzaemc / KatecHEtbnøay
GarmµN¾qáayeTA>edayKµan»CMhanEdlxitkanEtCitxÞmeyIgeLIg . KWbgRsIKateQµaHsIu kMBugedIrcUl
mkkñúgxÞmeyIg .
-ÉgTaMgBIrnakkMBugeZVIGIhñwg /
-eyIgCECkKña
-EtbÁÚnRsI ÉgekItGIhñwg / eLIgkMedAeT[tehIyß /
104
b)unnIRKvIk|al ehIyeqøIyza ; «LÚvenHGtmankMedAeT
-cuHehtuGIeTA:nCaÉgmanTwkmuxRsgUtRsgatEbbenH /
-`nwkeTARKYsareyIg
»dUecñHsIuenAesá{m TwkmuxZøakcuH . emIleTAhakdUcCadlevnKatEdlnwkPøwkeTAdlGnusSavrIy¾Gs
TaMgenaH . buEnþb)unnIbnþza<<bgRsIcaMeT kalEdleyIg:nTTYleteLRkamBIbÁÚnRsIeyIgeQµaH b)unEzn
CanisSitenAmhaviTüal&yOszsaRsþ nigBIEdt kµÜyeyIgEdlCanisSitenAmhaviTüal&yevC¢saRsþ / Gñk
TaMgBIr:nep\IeteLRkamenHedIm|IR:beyIgza eKnwgeLIgynþehaHenAézá16emsa1975 edIm|IeTAkan:rIs.
hWu! GñkTaMgBIrKµansMNageT>> .
sIumanTwkmuxkanEtRBYyEzmeT[tehIyniyayeLIg <<bgminc|aseTza kalNaeTAdl:rIsGñk
TaMgBIrminsMerczanwgcUlRsukdUceyIg>> rYcKatEbrgakmkemIl`edaydkdegºImZM ;
-cuHbÁÚnÉgmannwkeTARKYsarEdreT /
-:T`k*nwkEdr EtetIbgRsIcgo`eZVIemc / `k*mindwgzaRKYsar`enAÉNaEdr
sIugakmkb)unnIvij hakdUcCabgºajzaRtUvdUrRbZanbTkñúgkarCECkKñaenH .
-etIÉgmanrdUvvijehIy /
-cas enHCasMNaglÁ
-Gah@! lÁNas
sIupÁakniyaybnþicmunnwgniyaybeJ©jBIeKalbMNgKatEdlKatmkelgCamYyeyIgeBlenH.
-tameyablrbsbg ebIÉgTaMgBIrnakcg:nkUnKWeBlenHehIyEdlCaOkaslÁ . CaBiesssMrab´
b)unnIebIÉgcg:nEmnETn kMucaMyUreBk . bgdwgNaszaCIvitenAeBlenHvaBi:k EtÉgmanGayuCIvit3 0
qñaMehIy . manGayueRcIneBlqøgTenøGacnwgmankarBi:k .
-kñúges[vePAEdlsuvN‚ o`x©ImansresryagenHEmn .
b)unnIniyaybeNþIrédlUkeTAeRkamexñIybeNþIrehIybeJ©jes[vePAmYymancMNgeCIgza <<`manépÞ
eBaH>> RBmTaMgbnþza <<taMgBI`ZøakQWmk`Ganes[vePAenHrhUt>> .
sIuswgmineC]nUvGVIEdlKatkMBugEteXIjnwgEPñkenAeBlenH .
-suvN‚ eZVIyagemc:nCalakes[vePAenH:nrhUtmkdleBlenH / RtUvRby&tñoEmnETn Rby&tñ
ERkgeKeXIj naMomaner]g .
-eBl`Gan`dakmug . bgcgo`eZVIGIebImYyézá>`enAEtmñakÉgyagenH /
sIubJ¢akrenÆIn ; b¨uEnþRtUvRby&tñoEmnETnNa !
edIm|IkatesckþIRBYy:rmÖrbssIu b)unnIbnþza ; mitþnarITaMgGsEdlmanépÞeBaH TTYlrbbmºÚbBiess
KWRbhukmYydMunigs,rmYysøabRBaZMkñúgmYyGaTitü . niyayrYcb)unnIgakemIlmk`ehIybEnæm <<cas@ eyIg
RtUvKiteTAdlbJºaenHEmneT />> . `zybnþiceTIbniyayza <<nIemIlmineXIjzaxøÜneyIgmankarlM:keT
ß/ yagemc:nCanwkeXIjcg:nkUneBlenH enAkEnøgenH / etIGnaKtnwgeTACayagNa / müageT[t
nIQWRtUvKitEzxøÜnoCanasindMbUg . ebImankUnehIyevTnaézáeRkay vanwgrwtEteZVIoeyIgmanTukÎevTnaEzm
mkeT[t. kñúgkrNIenH bgeC]zaeyIgmincaM:cmankUneT>>.
105
EtsIubEnæm ;er]genHeRscEtenAelIÉgTaMgBIrnakKitKñaemIleTA ! cMENkbgvij bgzalµmdleBl
ehIy .
mkdlRtwmenHeyIg»sUrsemøgCYgrMBgeLIg . KWdleBlEdleyIgRtUvEbkBIb)unnITukoKatbnþkar
RsemIRsémrbsKatteTAeT[t ehIyeyIgmñak>RtUveTACYbCMuRkumeyIger[gxøÜnedIm|IcuHeTAeZVIkar .
eBlevlaecHEtknøgeTAmux cMENkÉsuxPaBrbsb)unnIkanEtZánZáreLIg> . mitþeyIgnaMKñaRbmUlzñaM
edaysáat> EdleKxMlakTukmkdleBlenHdUcCaKInIn GgTibIuyUTik zñaMkmøaMg ykmkob)unnIkñúgkþIsgÏwm
za nwgGacCYyeRsacRsgKat:n . KWCakarlHbgmYyd*ZMrbseKeRBaHeBlenHmñak>RtUvkarzñaM . eyIgEzøg
GMNrKuNd*RCaleRCAdlmitþPkþieyIgTaMgenaH . mundMbUgeyIgmankarEbk:kKñaeRBaHGñkdwknaMExµrRkhm
eKbMEbkeyIg . edayrsenACamYyKñakñúgCMrMu <<GbrM>> eZVIkarCamYyKña eyIg:ner[ns<alKña RsLajKña
eZVIocMNgmitþPaBnigsamK<IPaBrvageyIgrseLIgvij. eyIgcabdwgxøÜnza eyIg:nlHbgGVI>TaMgGssMrab´
ExµrRkhm EtKµan:nTTYlGVIRtLbmkvijeT eRkABIPaBGamas nigPaBevTnaetakyak. BYkeKrkviZIedIm|I
bMEbkeyIg«tQbQr . eKminRbkanBaküsnüarbseKeT . eKeZVIkargarminRKanebICageyIgeT . eK
RbvJ©&eyIg. edIm|IeZVIoeyIgcMNayzamBleyIg«tRbeyaCn¾ eKeRbIoeyIgeZVIkargardUcCa daMedImdUg enA
rdUvekþAhYtEhg sgGagTwkTukecal daMRsUvenAelIdIEdlmanCatikMe:r.l. TaMgGsenHsuTÆEtCakargar
KµanRbeyaCn¾ . <<GñkralKñaKµansmtæPaBnwgciJ©wmxøÜnÉgeT>> enHCaXøaEdlbeg,IteLIgedayGñkdwknaM
ExµrRkhm ehIyEdlCYnkaleyIg»sUrGñkTTYlxusRtUvCMrMusURttamyagRsek[Rtec[k.
TaMgGsKñaP&y:rmÖyagesµaH GMBIsuxPaBrbsb)unnI . zVIt|itEt:nTTYlzñaMyagNak*suxPaBKat
enAEtmin:nRKanebIesaH . CmáWRKuncajminsMerccakecjBIKateT ehIykMedAkñúgxøÜnKatk*caberIeLIgral
10ézámþg . b)unnIxMRbyuTÆTlnwgCmáWenHedayesckþIkøahanEdlKatGaceZVI:n . cabtaMgBIExtulamk
Kat«tmanZøakrdUveT[teT . sPaBkarN¾enHeZVIo`RBYy:rmÖERkgKatmanépÞeBaH .
enARBwkmYyKat:nr¨ayr¨abR:b`nUvkareyasbþid* <<Gs©arü>>rbsKat <<`eyasbþiza miSlmijmanRsþI
mñakmancMNasRbEhlCaEssibqñaM:nocieJ©{neBRCRKabZMmYyvgmk` . `RbEkkehIy`:nR:beTA
Katvijza `RsLajcieJ©{nenHNasEt`minGacTTYlykrbsenH:neT. müageT[tykcieJ©{nmkeZVIGIebI
eKBMuGacBak:nenAsm¥H . Gg<karminGnuJ¦atoBakeRK]gGlg,areT . buEnþRsþIenaHrenæIn ebIGñkmin
eRbIeBlenH TukvaeRbIézáeRkayeTAmin«tRbeyaCn¾eT . ykcieJ©{nenHTukeTA...>> .
»b)unnIr¨ayr¨abEbbenH `k*sYrKatPøam ;
-cuHnIeZIVyagemceTA /
-` `TTYlcieJ©{nenaH . bgKitzaemc /
`jaksµa . ebIGJ©wgeTAehIy nIcgobgzaemc / (`tb) ebInIcgTTYlcieJ©{nenaH TTYleTA . nIeZVI
eRscEtcitþcgeTANa .
-EtbgKµanylGIesaH . minEmnyagenHeTEdl`cgsYr . er]genHCasubinþmYy `cgzadwgza etI
bgylGtæn&yvaeT /
-nIdwgehIyza bg«tdwgGVIeTBIer]geyasbþi Et...EtEbbCamann&yza nInwgCaes|IyBICmáW
106
-Emn/ bgeqøIyEtepþspþas vaminEmncgzaGJ©wgeT . eyasbþienHmann&yza `manTmán ehIy
kUneyIgCakUnRsI .
-buEnþnIyleTBIGVIEdlnIkMBuger[brabenH / nIenAQWenAeLIy .
tamBitb)unnI«tP&nþRcLMeT . eyasbþiKatCakarBit. ehIykarBitenHeZVIo`RsLaMgkaMg. bEnæmelI
CmáWRKuncaj b)unnI kÁÜtcegÁar vilmux esÞIrralézá ….
cugqñaM1977 dMeNIrcuHeLIgBIxÞmeTApÞHeBTü nigBIpÞHeBTüeTAxÞmrbsb)unnI RbRBwtþieTA«tQbQr.
pÞHeBTüsæitenAcmáayRbmaN1KILÚEmRtknøHBIxÞm . b)unnIs<,mxøaMgNas KatedIrElgrYc. ral10ézámþg Rkum
narIcl&tmkEsgKatEdleKgsþÚksþwgkñúgGRgwgedIm|IykeTApÞHeBTü. Exmkra1978 eK:nTukoKatsMrak
enAkñúgpÞHElVgmYy . pÞHenHCamnÞIrkumar Edlmanekµg>RbEhl20nak . ekµg>TaMgenaHmanGayuBI3
eTA13 qñaM . CYnkaleK »ekµg>TaMgenaHesIcßelgenAkñúgbnÞbEvgenaH . láacézá6mkra b)unnIdwgxøÜnza
CmáWRKuncajnwgmkyayIKateT[tkñúgeBlbnþiceT[t edaysJ¦asMKalrbsCmáWenHKWKatcabQWk|alrgar
eRs[vRsaj ehIyeLIgkMedAxøaMg . KatxMRbmUlkmøaMgKatCacugeRkayedIm|Iz¬kExSmug edayKatKitza
Katnwgj&rjakenAkñúgmugrYc ehIyKatnwgeKgEtmþg eRBaHebIjakehIy:ncgmuxCaeRkay Katc|asCa
KµankmøaMgnwgeZVIeT. bunµannaTIeRkaymk eK»sUrsemøgERskzáÚrcEmøkecjBImugKatmk .
-bgb)unnI> bgekItGIhñwg / bg»`niyayeT / eqøIymkbg !
enHCasMNYrd*P&yrenæInrbsZa EdlCaGñkeTAeKgeBTüCitKat . buEnþb)unnImineqøIyeT EteK»sUr
semøg EdleKminylzaGVI . ZaeTAebIkmugKatRsab´EteXIjKatGtdwgxøÜn ecjBBuHmatElgkMerIk .
-CYypg! CYypg! bgb)unnIsøab´«LÚvehIy!
ZaERskehAoeKÉgCYyyagGsTMhwg . ekµg>EdlenAkñúgxÞmEvgenaHxøHP\akeLIg xøHERskyMRThwug.
eBTüGg<kar6nak:nmkdlbnþbnÞabKña . b)unnIenAEtGtdwgxøÜndEdl EtKatERsk . eKnaMKñarwtKatpg
cakzñaMpg BüÜresr¨Umpg . mYyemageRkaymk eTIbb)unnIdwgxøÜneLIgvij .
ybenaHePø{gZøak . semøgtMNkTwkePø{gZøakelIdMbUlxÞmeZVIob)unnIP&yxøac . KatsµanzaCasemøg
exµaclg . EsÁkeLIgRbZanCMrMu:nekaHehA` .
-ta! TaÉgRtUverIsrvagCIvitbgnarI (b)unnI)nigCIvitTark . ebItameBTüeyIgTaMgGsKña eKza«TæiBlzñaM
TaMgLayEdlbgnarI:nelbnigTTYlkñúgxøÜnKat R:kdCaeZVIoTarkkñúgeBaHminGaceTACaTarkZmµta:neT
kUnenaHnwgeTACaBikar . tamZmµtaeRkayBIelbKInIn ßGgTIb)IyUTIkehIy TarkenaHRtUvZøakecjtaMgBI
yUrmkemøH . taÉgcgTukCIvitmþayßCIvitkUn / KµandMeNaHRsayNaepSgeT[teT ebIminecalmYyenH
k*mYyenaHEdr .
-CYyeRsacRsgCIvitmþayeTAbg! `eqøIyedaybMBgket|{t .
-lÁNas kalNabgnarImankmøaMgbnþiceyIgnwgrMlUtTarkenaHecj .
10ézáeRkaymk CmáWRKuncajenHk*erIeLIgvijeT[t . mþgenHGnsahavCagmun . eBTürMumkR:b`za
b)unnIRtUvEtsMrakoEmnETn . kalNaKatmankmøaMg eyIgnwgecaHxøÜnTarkenHehIyykvaecj . buEnþCmáW
erIeLIg10ézámþgGtmanGakxan .
107
enAExmIna1978 b)unnImanépÞeBaH5ExehIy . mþgenHCmáWenHpÞúHeLIgxøaMgcEmøk . sItuNºPaBkñúgxøÜn
KateLIgekþAxøaMg . sæanPaBKatdundabrhUtdlRKUeBTümñakR:b`za <<b)unnInwgminrseT ebIeKminrMlUt
Tark«LúvenH . RtUvcabeZVIPøam ebIBMuenaHvayWtRCul>> . RKUeBTümñakeT[tniyaybnÆÚr <<RtUvcaMbnþiceT[t
sinrhUtdlsuxPaBKatRKanebI>>.
-buEnþ`mineXIjza suxPaBKatnwgRKanebIyagemc ebIeKcaMyUrkalNa karRbzuyRbzanmankanEt
ZmkalenaH .
b)unnImindwgniyayzaemceBlenaH . eRkayBIeBTüecjeTA:tGs Katk*sYr` <<etIbgyleT eK
KiteZVIGI`/ etIeKykGImkecaHxYrkUneyIg/>>.
-bgKµanKiteXIjGVITaMgGs . vaeZVIonIexSay dUecñHnIRtUvxMjúaMedIm|IomankmøaMgTbTl . ebIBMuenaHeT
nIminGacecjBIsPaBZánZárenH:neLIy . mundMbUgRtUvKiteTAdlsuxPaBxøÜnÉgsin .
TIbMputeBTüTaMgGs:nsMerczacaMdlsuxPaBb)unnI:nRKanebIsin swmecaHxYrkUneyIg . b¨uEnþb)unnIenA
eKgsþwkelIERK júaMmin:nekþAkÁÜtcegÁar vilmuxCajwkjab . KatjúaM:y:nEtBIreTAbIsøabRBakñúg1ézá.
kalNaKat»sUrsemøgcansøabRBa KatkÁÜtcegÁarPøam . eKxSwbKñaza KµansgÏwmzaKatnwgrseT . Katman
siTÆiedIm|ITTYlrbbBiessEzmBIelIsmøEdleKEckoralézá KWmþg>KatTTYl:nsacRtI1dMupg . buEnþGt
RbeyaCn¾eT BIeRBaHKatminGacjúaMGI:nTaMgGs . `eTEdljúaMmºÚbenaHCajwkjab . `mankarxµaseG[n
Edr EtsacRtIenaHvaqáajeBkeZVIo`GtRTaMBMu:n k*rMelaPelIvin&yCMrMu .
b)unnIdwgzaCmáWRKuncajenHvamin:tBIxøÜnKateT Katlanmatza; etI`:neZVIGVIdlRBHBuTÆGg< / Kat
:nsURtZm(sáat>pg júaMzñaMGgTIb)IyUTIkpg júaMzñaMKInInpg EtTaMgGsenHKµanbeJ©j«TÆiBlßlTÆplGVI
bnþicesaH . zVIt|itEtKatsæitenAkñúgsPaBRBYylM:kyagenHk*eday k*eBleKsYreyablKatmþg>BIer]g
ecaHxYrTark KatsuxcitþenAesá{m «teqøIyGITaMgGs . `k*sYrKateT[tza etInIsuxcitþoeKecaHxYrkUneyIg
eT / R:bbgmkemIl .
-CIvit`sæitenAkñúgédeBTüEdleKBüa:l` . `TukoeKeZVIkarsMerceTAcuH . `mincgeZVICMerIsGIeT.
`KµankmøaMgnwgeZVIeT .
KatmincgTTYlxusRtUvkñúger]genHeT zVIt|itEteKTaMgGsKñasMuoKateZVIkarsMerck*eday . TarkEdl
KatmanenAkñúgépÞKatvaCarbsKat . eKGacbgÎMzanwgykecj buEnþKatbJ¢akza " kMucaMsMerckñúger]genH " .
dlKMrbExTI6ehIy . suxPaBb)unnI KµanpøasbþÚrGIVesaH . rMuCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvenAeBTü:nmkemIl
KatrYcniyayza <<«LÚvenHvayWtRCulehIyedIm|IrMlUtTarkenHecj . lkÎxNÐcaM:cedIm|IecaHxYrenaHvaGt
RKb . bghtehvexSaHeBk . eKminGaceZVIGIVekIt . kUnenHrwgk|alNas . ZmµtaebIeKelbzñaMGgTIb)IyUTIk
ßKInInyagenH kUnvaRCuHZøak:tyUrNasmkehIy . buEnþkUnenHvaZnlÁNas . ebIGJ©wgcabBIeBlenH
eTA `obgnUvzñaMkmøaMgjúaM `ElgKitykvaecjehIy>>.
EsÁkeLIgrMu :nyksIur¨U5-6dbtUc>mkob)unnI . ZmµtasIur¨UenHsMrabokUnekµg ehIymüageT[tvahYs
ézákMNtoeRbIeTAehIy . rMuza enHCazñaMkmøaMgbs©wmRbeTs vamanCatiEdkCYyomankmøaMg .
eRkaymkCmáWRKuncajenHmansPaBGnminratt|atdUcmun kMedAmin:tEtvaminhYsBI40GgSareLIy.
b)unnIElgsnøbdUcmuneT[tehIy . KattÁÚjaKatGskmøaMgNas htxøaMg eBlKatniyayeLIgdgºk ehIy
108
RtUvQbCajydgenAkñúgXøanImYy> . KatminGaccuHecjBIERK:neT eRBaHeBlNaKategIbQrmþg>
Katvilmux . sæitenAkñúgsPaBEbbenHehIyKatenAEteqø{to`sÞabeBaHKateBlNaTarkkñúgeBaHvakMerIk.
<<bgeXIjeT kUneyIgvakMerIkxøaMgNas>> b)unnIniyayR:b`yagrMePIy .
épÞeBaHb)unnIcUldlExTI8-9ehIy . suxPaBKateXIjRKanebICagmuneRcIn . bnþicmþg>Katcab´epþIm
egIbQrehIyedIrecjeTAeRkAxÞm:n . KatcabmansacCagmunbnþic . CaeRcInGaTitümkehIy KatdaM
rMgasßsedIm:xøbCamYysøwkeQIxøHEdlCazñaMburaNEdleKzaGacCYysMrYlkñúgkarqøgTenø . KatKµankmøaMg
GIeT . TaMgGsKñaeC]zaKatBMuGacrsranmanCIvitteTAeT[teLIy . xøÜn`pÞalmineC]za KatGacqøgputenA
eBlqøgTenøeLIy . `caMehtuGaRkknwgekIteLIgcMeBaH`enAeBlxagmux .
b)unnIminRBmbeNþayeTAtamkarGssgÏwmenHeT . Gg<karTukKatoenAesá{medaynwkza KatcaMEt
dleBlsøabbueN‚aH. ÉenAkñúgCMrMuvij karRbyuTÆtTlCamYybuK<lniymecHEtRsYcRsaveLIg> . BImunmk
GñkCmáWZánßRsþImanépÞeBaH:nTTYlkarGnuJ¦atodaMTwkenAcRg,anxøÜnÉgenAEk|rxÞm . cabBIeBlenHeTAkar
eZVIEbbenHRtUvhamR:meRBaHeKRtUvRbyuTÆnwg <<ÉkCn>> . eKRtUvhamR:mminocMGinGIVeRkABIenAcRg,an:y
rYm. buEnþeBlenaH GñkdwknaMCMrMuGt:nhamR:mb)unnIeT pÞúyeTAvijeK:nR:bKatza ebIKatcgjúaMbEnø
ßEpøeQIGI KatsMueTAGg<kareTA KµanbJºaGIeT . «LÚvenHKatGacedIr:n ehIyKatk*eTAcUlrYmRbCMuRkum
RbcaMézánigRbCMu10ézámþg .
láacézáGg<ar5kk,da enAeBlRbCMuRkum b)unnIdwgxøÜnzaKatminsUvRsYlxøÜn . KatR:beTAemRkumehIy
k*edIreTAkanxÞm . ePø{geTIbEtraMg . b)unnIedIrzñm>mYy>eRBaHxøacrGil nigxøacstVBsEdlcUlcitþecj
eRkayeBlePø{gZøak . PøamenaHKatcEmøkkñúgxøÜnehIysYrxøÜnÉgza <<`ekItGIhñwg/ ehtuemc:nCasMBt
exµA`eLIgTTwkGJ©wg/>>. eTAdlxÞmPøamKatk*GuCceg,{geRbgkatrkemIlERkgmanGIVenAkñúgTwkenam . 1emag
eRkaymk `k*sYrKatza etIKatcgo`eTAR:beBTüßeT / KateqøIytbza; <<eTmincaM:ceT `GtTanQW
eBaHeT . ybeRCANaseTAehIy eyIgRtUvsMrak>> .
EsÁkeLIg`P\akBIRBlwmdUcTmøabralézá . munnwgecjeTAeZVIkar`:rmÖBIsuxPaBb)unnIeT[tehIy.
-GtGIeT RKanebIehIy, KateqøIymk` .
-nImanQWeBaHeT /
-eT Et`GtdUcZmµtaesaH . `dUcCaP&yzb> . buEnþbgeTAeZVIkarcuH . ebImankarGI eKnwgeTAR:b.
b)unnIniyaybeNþIr esø{ksMBtexµAbeNþIr .
mYyRsbkeRkayBI`ecjeTAeZVIkar b)unnIZøakTwkePøaH . kñúgCMrMueLIgsáat . TaMgGsKñaecjeTAeZVIkar
dUcTmøab´. emag9RBwk xummkeGItsYrsuxTukÎb)unnImunnwgKatbnþdMeNIreTArkbEnø. xumCanarImñakEdlman
épÞeBaHEdr . Katrh&srhYnNas .
-bgeGIybg! yagemceTAehIy/
-GUxum! `GtQWeBaHbnþicNaesaH buEnþ`minylzaehtuGI:nCaTwkePøaHhUrGtQb . `eTIbpøas
sMBt
-yagemc bgZøakTwkePøaH / bgmanR:beBTüehIyßenA /
-enAeT
109
-hWuemck*RbEhsemøH! bgenAoesá{m `rteTArkeBTürMu .
knøHemageRkaymkxumRtLbmkvijedayTwkmuxGssgÏwm .
-`rkeBTürMumineXIjesaH . eKR:b`za KatecjeTABüa:lGñkCmáWenAb17 enAsg,atGñkTTYl
xusRtUv .
-GtGIeT, b)unnIeqøIy . `minTanQWeBaHeT .
mYyemageRkaymk rMumkdl .
-bgRsIyagem¨ceTAehIykñúgxøÜn /
-`minTanQWeBaH EtTwkePøaHEbkehIy .
-taMgBIGg,almk /
-taMgBIláacmiSlmiuj
RsþIekµgenHsmøwgenACJ¢aMgedayGtecjsþI . emIleTAKatdUcCakMBugEtKitelIer]gGVImYy. RbEhl
emag1res[l b)unnIcabepþImQWeBaHtic> . mYyemageRkaymkeTIbQWxøaMg . RbEhlemag6láac Kat
QWkanEtjabeLIg> . enAkñúgxÞmeyIgmansPaBG)UrGr RsþI>EdlmanbTBiesaZn¾4-5nak kñúgcMeNamenaH
manBIrnakCaqµb . bEnæmelIbuK<likeBTüsIunigRsþIxøHeT[t eKGnuJ¦atoenACitb)unnIEdlkMBugQWeBaHkanEt
xøaMgeLIg>. `RtUvenAeRkAxÞmCamYymitþPkþiepSgeT[trgcaMdMNwg Et`»b)unnIzáÚreBlKatQWeBaHmþg>. edIm|I
pþlPaBkkekþAdlb)unnI rMu:ncgGRgwgenACitKat . b)unnIGacTTYls,rGMeBABIrsøabRBa ykeTAjúaMoman
kmøaMg . GñkenACitR:b´oKatjúaM . buEnþKatelbminrYc . emag9yb´ . b)unnIehvkanEtxøaMg . KatcgcuHBI
elIERKedIm|IeTAbteCIg . KatEbkejIsCaeRcIn . rMuBinitüs|ÚnmþgeT[t ehIyniyayza <<s|ÚnebIkbnþic
ehIy køahaneLIgbg `cakzñaMobgmYym¢úledIm|Ios|ÚnebIkrh&s>>.
emag10yb . s|ÚnebIkGsehIy . rMuniyayza <<`eXIjk|alva>> .b)unnIQWkanEtxøaMgeLIg.
<<Rbwg!RbwgTalEtovaecjmk . RbwgoxøaMg! xøaMgEzmeT[t!>> enHCasMErkrbsRsþI>EdlCitb)unnI . b)unnI
eqøIyedaytMGUjza <<`QWNas `RbwgGsehIy>> . b)unnInwkeTAdlmþayKatehIyniyayza ebImþayKat
enACitKat Katc|asCaQWminxøaMgdUcenHeT.
ybGaRZatknøgeTA . b)unnIenAEtdEdl KµankarZUrRsalGIbnþicesaH.pÞúyeTAvijKatkanEtdundab
Cagmun. edIm|IkmøaKat rMu:nniyayza <<em¨agBIrkUnnwgekItehIy>>. EtenHemag3 eTAehIy enAEtmin
TanekIteT[t. b)unnIKµan:neKglkesaHsUm|IEt1vinaTIk*GtEdr .
-emceTAbgkñúgxøÜn /
-enAEtdEdl
-GJ©wg`eTAeNaH1Epøt . `RtLbmkvij«LÚvehIy bgkMuRBYyGI .
taMgBIemag10ybemø¨Hs|ÚnebIk .`:neXIjllad¾k|alTarkRbkedayskexµA b¨uEnþvaenAKaMgecj
mkminrYc . k|alenHehIyEdlrMubMrugnwgecaH Et«LÚvKatza <<vayWtRCuleTAehIy>>.
zVIt|itEtbgRsIKatenACitehIyk*eday k*b)unnIenAEtrkmþayKateT[t. Emn tamBiteBlmunenAPUmi`
kalNaRsþIqøgTenøEtgmanmþayenACit . `RBYyesÞIrrEhkRTUg mindwgeZVIyagemc . eKsMuo`eTAsMrak
110
enAxÞmCitxag. ZatuGakashb . KµanxülbkbnþicesaH . xøÜn`eLIgEbkejIsehIyxMTMertEtminsux.
`xMepÞ{gsþab´RKbsemøgEdlmkbHRtec[k` . `htNas . htxøaMgEmnETn Znmun:nk* ....
15naTIeRkaymkrMuk*RtLbmkvij . epgEdlCaRbZanCMrMubnÞabBIrwm :nekaHehA` . enAmuxrMu epgsYr
` <<bgsuxcitþeT ebIeKvHeBaHbgnarIykTarkecj/ CakarRbzuyRbzanmYyyagZM buEnþeyIgKµanCMerIs
epSgeT[teT . eyIgeZVIRKblTÆPaBTaMgGsedIm|IseRg<aHmþay . cMeBaHTark sMNagticNas EdlzaGacnwg
rs.eTaHCayagemck*kUnenHvamindUcekµgZmµtaeT.Émþayk*eyIgKµansgÏwmbunµanEdr>>. rMubEnæmza;bgnarI
KatexSayNaseTAehIy . GJ©wgetIBUsuxcitþoeKvHeBaHykkUnecjeT/
-eZVIyagNaeRscEtelIGg<karsMerceTAcuH .
enAkñúgxÞmÉeNaH b)unnIsYrrkrMuehIybgRsIKatk*eqøIyza ; KatecjeTAvijehIy.
-emck*KatecjeTAvij /
mñak>RkeLkemIlmuxKñaeTAvijeTAmk sÞakesÞIrminh)aneqIøy.TIbMputRsþImñakniyayza mitþrMuecjeTA
edIm|IeTArkRbdabRbdasMrabvH .
-eKbMrugvH`/
rhUtdlnaTIcugeRkay b)unnI enAEtmanCMen]za kUnenHvanwgGacekItdUcZmµta. emagbYnknøHRBwk
eTAehIy sæanPaBenAEtdEdl. CYgbnøWeLIg edIm|IR:bza dleBleTAeZVIkargarehIy . »dUecñaHb)unnI
Kitza <<PøW«LÚvehIy>kUnenAEtminTanekItecjmkeT[t . dleBlbnþiceT[t mitþ>eKnwgmksYrdMNwg
etI `RtUveqøIyeTAeKzaemc/>>.
emag5 rMuRtLbmkvij . KatbnøWza; emceTAbg enAEtdEdl/ ehIyKatbnþPøamza RtUvykKat
eTAeBTüPøam>eLIgkMuoxateBl.
mitþnarIxøHeTArkGRgwg xøHeT[ter[bcMPYynigsMBtGavb)unnI . RsþImñaksYrzñm>eTAb)unnI;eyIgykknÞb
sMrabkUnEgteTAEdr / narIBIrnakEsgGRgwgEdlb)unnIeKgenAkñúgenaH . mñakEsgxagmux mñakeT[txag
eRkay . bgsIunig`:nRtUveKGnuJ¦atoeTAtamGñkCmWáEdr . RBHGaTitü:necjyagsnSwm>enAÉcugeQI
buEnþmñak>manTwkmuxeRk[mRkMRbkbedaykþIRBYyGnÞHGEnÞg . bgRsIb)unnI niyayza ebIeKRtUvkarQameK
GacykQam` eRBaHQam`dUcQamb)unnI .
rMueqøIy; caMemIlsin .
enAtampøÚvmitþeyIg:nEbkBIeyIgedIm|IeTAkankardan . eKnaMKñaRkeLkemIlb)unnICacugeRkayedaykþI
GaNit. eKmñak>nwkza KµanlTÆPaBNamYyedIm|IvHGñkCmáWEdlmanCmáWRKuncajd*ZánenHekIteT . eKsYrKña
eTAvijeTAmk etIeKvHnwgGI / yagehacNask*eKRtUvmanxülGuksIuEhSn manQamEdr . buEnþTIenH eK
KµanGVITaMgGs . eZVIGJ©wgCakarq,ÜtmYy... .
<<pÞHeBTü>> CapÞHmYyEdlsgelIssrykKMrUtamsMNgpÞHrbsGñkTTYleP\{vrbsGg<kar . pÞHenaH
manranhalxagmux nigmanBIrxñgEtKµanpÞH:yßbnÞbedkeT . eyIgeLIgCeNþIr . eKTukb)unnIosMrak
elIERKmYyenAxagkñúgpÞH . RKUeBTüer[bcMRbugeRb[b . eKmanRbGbsMLI1RbGb kaMbit kéRnþ nigRbdabbUm
QammYyEdleZVIedayéd . KµanxülGuksIuEhSneT . GñkEdlZøabeXIjbnÞbvHTMenIbdUc`EdrenaH P&y
esÞIrelaHRBlwg . kEnøgvHkatenHmansNandUckEnøgsmøabstV .
111
karRBYyGnÞHsarmkRKbdNþb`eZVIobMBgk`eLIgsÞH ERskRTehaBMuecj . `nwkza ebIeyIgmin:neZVI
GMeBIq,ÜtlIlaEbbenHeT b)unnInwgRtUvsMralkUnedaysuxsanþ . `RsémeXIjbnÞbpÞHeBTüyagsÁat man
p,akulabEdlb)unnIcUlcitþ emIleTAKYrorIkrayenAeBlkMeNItkUnTI1 . rUbbnÞb´EbbenHEdl`eXIjtam
TUrTsSn¾:ncUlmksæitenAkñúgRBlwg` eZVIo`eXIjdUcenAnwgEPñk . b)unnIminxøacsøabeTenAeBlqøgTenø.
KµanGñkNaP&yxøacBIer]gKateLIy . müageT[tenAcugstvtSTI20enH eKQb´niyayBI <<qøgTenøsøab>>
eT[tehIy EtniyayBI <<qøgTenøGtQW>>.bursmñakenAekµgenAeLIy QrEk|rb)unnITwkmuxjjwmRbkbeday
suTidiniym emIleTAKatedaykþIesñh¾ . bursmñakenaHKWrUb`hñwgÉg Edlsb|aynwgcaMTTYlkUn. ehIy
bnþiceT[teKnwgdakkUnERKd*sÁattUcmYyCitERKmþay EdlkñúgERKtUcenaH eKnwgepþkkUngamYyRKbeday
RkNatsÁatPøwg. kUnenaHCakUn` kUnrbseyIg . ÓBukmþayeyIgrgcaMkarmkdlecArbsKat enAxagmux
bnÞbsMral. b)unnIjjwm . eyIgemIlkUneyIgeKglkedaykþIzñakzñm .
TaMgenHCakþIRsémrbs`esaH . PaBCakEsþgenAnwgmux`eBlenHZánZárdUcpÞaMgzµ . vaCaeRKaHkMNac
mYy! CaBiPBmYyEdlKµankarkkekþABImnusSelakeLIy Kµanesñha KµanebHdUg .
bgRsI sIu nig` RkeLkemIlKñaeTAvijeTAmkkñúgsPaBsábsáat . gakeTAb)unnI eXIjTwkEPñkKat
hUrrham . mþg>KatQWeBaHxøaMg eZVIoKatGtRTaMnwgzáÚrminekIt . muxKatesImedayRKabejIs. eBTürMu
gakeTAemIleBTüsan ; etImitþcgsakl|gmþgeT[tCaelIkcugeRkaybgÁsß/ tamBitRsþITaMgBIrnaksÁb´Kña
eTAvijeTAmk . sanKateZVIkartamdankarmanépÞeBaHnigkarqøgTenø kalBImuneBlrMumkkankabkarenA
TIenH . taMgBIeBlrMumkeZVIkarenATIenHsaneTATTYlParkic©xagEzTaMkumarCMnYsvij .
sanniyayeTAkanb)unnI ; <<sMrakeTAbg . dkdegºImoEvg>ehIyGg,újeCIgeLIg . egIbk|aleLIg.
eZVIGJ©wgeTA . EjkeCIgTaMgBIr. eZVIGJ©wgehIylÁNas. RbwgmþgeT[t eT[t! eT[t! CitecjmkehIy.
`eXIjk|alva . skvaexµA . RbwgbnþiceT[tbg>> . sanniyaybeNþIr ykeCIgKatTaMgBIrsg,tceg,H
b)unnIbeNþIr. <<RbwgoxøaMgeT[t xøaMgCagmun. eT[t!eT[t! RbwgoxøaMgEzmeT[tbg!>> sansakmYydg BIr
dg bIdg R:Mdg…. b¨uEnþk|alrbsTarkenAsÞHRtwmRtKakecjminrYc . emag11ehIy . kþIsgÏwmza
TarknwgekItecjmktampøÚvZmµCatik*rlay:t . b)unnIzáÚrtic>. muxKatkanEtsøaMgeLIg . Katehvht
exSaHkmøaMgBIxøÜnrlIg . rMubnøWeLIgkñúgPaBtantwgza <<bg>eXIjehIy eZVIGIk*minekItEdr . manEtpøÚvmüag
`dwgzaCakarRbzuyRbkbedayeRKaHzñak b¨uEnþeKminGacTukbgb)unnIoenAkñúgsPaBkarN¾EbbenHeT. ebIvH
katRbEhlCaGacseRg<aHKat:n . buEnþebITukKatGJ©wg bnþiceT[tKatsøabehIy>> .
RkumsuxaPi:lEdlmanKña5naknigGñkTTYlxusRtUvCMrMu :net]n`nigbgRsIsIumþgeT[t oeZVIesckþI
sMercCacugeRkay . <<eZVIGVIeRscEtmitþeBTüyleTAcuH . `cgeRsacRsgmþay yagehacNas>> enH
CaXøamYyEdl`RbmUlkmøaMgTaMgGsEdlmanedIm|IbnøWeLIg . rMuk*eqøIy <<caMsakemIl. eyIgnwgxitxM
RbwgERbgoGssmtæPaB>> . emagCit1ézáRtgehIy . edIm|IorMueZVIkarvHkatekIt eK:nelIkERKb)unnIeTA
dakenAyxagmux eRBaHvamanBnøWeRcInCagenAxagkñúgpÞH . eKer[bcMkarvHkat . eKdakb)unnIepþkelIkk|al
x¬sbnþic . eKbenþage:økesr¨UmEdlmansresrpøakza <<plitenARbeTscin>> eKcakbJ©Úlédb)unnImÎag
mYyEdleKcgP¢abeTAEKmERKCamYynwgExS . rMuesIyGavb)unnIeLIgbNþaloeKeXIjeBaHe:gZMrbsKat .
bgRsIsIuxiteTACiteBTürMurYcniyay <<`manRkumQamdUcbÁÚnRsI`Edr . ebImitþRtUvkarQamGacykQam`
112
eTAbJ©Úlo:n>>. rMuk*cakzñaMmYym¢úlob)unnI EdlKatehAza <<zñaMsnøb>> bnÞabmkKatCUteBaHb)unnICamYy
sMLImYydMueCaKedayGalkul . EPñkb)unnIbiTkanEttUceTA> . KateXIjdMuBBksqáayeTA>bnÞabmkggwt
ehIyKatk*ElgdwgxøÜn .
rMukankaMbitenAéd cabepþImeZVIkar . KatvHcMkNþaleBaH BIelIdleRkam dUcCaKatvHman. Qam
RkhmeqÁA:n:jeLIg . eBTüec[bTTYlbnÞúkxagbUmQamecjBIeBaHb)unnI . sréstUc>CaeRcInRtUvdac.
RbdabbUmQamedayédRtUvxUcbUmElgekIt . <<el]neLIg>> rMubJ¢a <<huckéRnþmk` sþabCIBcrKat.
el]neLIgbUmoel]n el]nEzmeT[t enaH`eTAdlehIy !>>. niyaybeNþIrrMubEnæmel|}nkayvikarKat
beNþIr ehIybeJ©jykTarkEdlRbLakQam manxøÜneLIgBN(sVay . KWkUnRsI . rMuhucTarkosan
edaybnþRClksMLIedIm|IoCkQamenAkñúgeBaHcMh eRBaHRbdabbUmxUc .
TarkGtERskeT . <<RtUvCJ¢kmatvaykQamecj>> rMubJ¢a . sanpÞabbbUrmatKateTAnwgbbUr
matTarkdUceKCJ¢kmatGñklgTwkedIm|ICYyeRsacRsg . KatbWtQamehIyKatx¢akeTAelIdImYydg BIr
dg . TarkenAEtGtRBmERsk . sanrenæInbWtQambIdg bYndg . TIbMputTarkERskgaeLIg . TarkenA
rsmanCIvit .
caksUluykgRhV¾ovamYym¢úlpg! saneZVItamrMuR:bPøamehIyrMuTarkkñúgPYyrYcykeTATukenAek[nmYy
kEnøg . eKdUcCaKµanepþatcitþrvlnwgTarkenHesaH . TaMgGsKñaemIleTAb)unnIEdlmanQamhUrsnÆwk
snÆab.
enAÉeRkARBHGaTitürHeBjTMhwg . emXekþAecs sItuNºPaBeLIgdleTA3 7GgSar . mnusSmñamk
kanEteRcIneLIg . rMueRbIsMLIEdlenAslEtBIrdMu pøasbþÚredIm|IdakoCkQamkñúgeBaHehIy KatykeTA
BUtdUcBUtRkNat . KateZVIEbbenHRcMEdl>GsRbEhl15naTI . bbUrmatb)unnIeLIgexIc ehIyKatcab
záÚr emIleTAdUcCaGssgÏwmEtrMuenAEtskmµ. <<cakzñaMmYym¢úleT[t>>rMuniyaybeNþIrerayemSAzñaMeBnIsIulIn
elIsñamvHmunnwgedrP¢ab . cakzñaMsnøbmþgeT[t. emag3 xVH15naTI karvHeBaHykTarkecj :ncbsBV
RKb . rMukMEbøgelg <<GU `ePøckéRnþenAkñúgeBaHKat>>.
mYyemageRkaymkb)unnIdwgxøÜneLIgvij . eKbJ©úkbbrsENþkedIm|IoKatmankmøaMg . karvHkat
pSgeRBgmYyenH:nTTYleCaKC&y . eyIgTaMgGsKñaZUrcitþ . muneBlvHkatKµannrNamñakeC]za nwg
:nsMercenaHeT . bnÞabmkeKeZVIbuNüCbel[gcMeBaHC&yCMnHrbsviZIsaRsþeBTübdivtþn¾ . zVIt|itEtman
kgVHxagsmÖar; EteKvHkat:nsMerc . KWCaPaBCakEsþgmanRbsiTÆPaBrbsbnÞatneya:yrbsGg<kar
<<EpÁkelIkmøaMgxøÜnÉg>> . edIm|ICbel[gosmtamC&yCMnHenH EsÁkeLIgRbZanCMrMu:nbJ¢aosmøabRCUk
mYy . cMENkÉrMu KatrIkraynwgC&yCMnHEdlCasñaédrbsKatNas. eyIgk*EzøgGMNrKuNd*RCaleRCA
dlKatnigRkumRKUeBTübdivtþn¾Edl:nCYyseRg<aHCIvitb)unnInigTark . cMENkÉmitþnarIBIrnak su:nig
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dkxüleBjRTUgmk . KµannrNaeKrvIrvlCamYynageT eRBaHTaMgGsKñaRBYy:rmÖEtnwgmþay . kalNa
eyIgdwgza eyIg:nec[seRKaHzñakd*sahavenaHehIy eTIbeyIggakmkemIlTarkvijmþg . nagenAesá{m
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113
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:rmÖ CadMbUgeTAelIEPñknag EdlmYysnÞúHeRkaymkcabebIk . nagGacemIleXIjßeT / rYc`emIlCa
bnþbnÞabeTARcmuH EpñkTaMgBIr nigRtec[k . nagmanRKbsBV GtxVHGIeT enAEpñkxagmuxnigk|alenH . `
GteXIjédnigeCIgnageT eRBaH:MgenAkñúgPYyEdlrMunag . caMbnþiceT[t`nwgemIlmþgeT[t.
enHCaelIkTI1ehIyEdl`:nemIlpÞalnwgEPñknUvkarsMralkUn . KYrornÆt ! karcabkMeNItenA
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pg . ehtuGI:nCaeyIgxMbeg,ItmnusSmñakEzmmkeT[telIdId*evTnanH /
eKlagsMGatTarika . CaTarikamYymaM manTmánRbmaNCag3KILÚRkam . manGv;yv;RKbsBVdUc
mnusSTaMgGsCaZmµta . eK:nR:beyIgBImunnUvlkÎN;pÞúyBIenH . enAxñgCitkJ©wgkmansñamrbYs
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KMedARBHGaTitübnþEcgcaMg dUcCacgpþnÞaeTasdlelakd*TurKtenH . RBHGaTitüdUcCa:nsMerceZVIoebHdUg
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XXX
114
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115
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116
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117
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118
s<alzaCarbsGVI>eTenAtammatRcaMg . rMuGteTAXøatBIeyIgeT . Kat:nr¨ayr¨abR:beyIgza Katcak
ecjBIPUmikMeNItenARkecHtaMgBIGayu15qñaMem¨øH edIm|IcUlbdivtþn¾ . enAeBlsRg<am Kat:ner[nvHkatenA
kñúgéRBCamYysaRsþacarüCYneC]n EdlrMuniyayBIKatedaykþIeKarB . rYcrMuniyayBIsæankarN¾bc©úb|nñ d*
RtcHRtcgNassMrabKateRBaHGg<kar:nbkmuxCnk|tEdlbg,benAkñúgCYrbdivtþn¾ . <<bg>mansMNag
Naseday:nksagxøÜn:nlÁ>> enHCasmþIrMuniyaymkkaneyIg. rMubnþ <<CaGcäriymYykalNaeKdwgza
GñkEdlGbrMbg>suTÆEtBYkk|t.shPaBsUev[t nigev[tNamrYmnwgkarsM)uRKlMrbsGaemrikaMgnigBYkéz:n
bnþneya:yQøanBanmkelIRsukExµr . BYkPñakgaresGIuGa skmµmmajwkkñúgskmµPaBeZVIviTgSnaenAkñúg
k*dUcCaenAeRkARbeTskm¬úCa . BYkeKmanExSry;eKRKbkEnøg>> .
rMu:nniyayR:b´eyIgedaykþIrMePIbGMBICMnYbKatCamYymab¨ulBt EdlCaelxabkS . Kat:nsresIr
rMuEdlBakGavBN(Rbkbedayp,a . ybenaHrMuniyayBIbJ¢IGñkk|t . KWCabJ¢ImYyd*Evg .... `ylzaman
mnusSCaeRcInEdlRtUveKcabXatxøÜn . eBlrMuedIrecjeTA b)unnIRbkbedayTwkmuxP&yesøk eRkakQreLIg
edaybITarkenAkñúgéd ehIyniyaymkkan`TaMgj&r> <<`ElgylGVITaMgGs eKminGaceC]er]gTaMgGs
enHeT>>.
— — — — — — —
119
P ñMeB j eRk am eG og s ar I
kaNUtbdivtþn¾d*ehvht ebIkmYyybTlPøWnigmYyRBwkEzmeT[t . RbEhlézáRtg eyIgeXIj
PñMeBjelceLIgeRkamkMedAxøaMgesÞIrzbdegºIm . kaNUteyIgeTActenARcaMgmYyxageCIgraCvaMg EdlenABI
muxmanpÞHkRnÞIkkRnÞakmYyCYr . briyakassábKµanGVIkMerIkbnþicesaH . KµannrNamñakedIrmkkMsanþ ßmYy
xVlEzTaMTIenHeT . sRmsTIenHk*:tbgGs .
rMu bnøWeLIg <<eyIgmkdlehIy bnþiceT[tbg>nwgeXIjPñMeBjeLIgvij . sMrakrgcaMenATIenHsincuH
TMraMeKmkrkbg>edIm|IdwkeTAkanParkic©zµIedlGg<karpþlo . laehIyEdn BU> bg> nigbg>narI>> .
eyIgsmøwgemIlKñaeTAvijeTAmkedaykþIrMePIb rYceyIglaEbkpøÚvKñaenARtwmenH .
eK:noeyIgcUleTAkñúgpÞHmYyEdlmanóbkrN¾ksikmµrayBay«tsNþab . CJ¢aMgpÞHenaHeLIg
el]gmanpSitedaysarsMeNImTwk . k|almasIunTwkeRbIkarElgekIt . bg<nRtUveKbiTxÞasCabehIyRtUv
CMnYsedaybg<nbdivtþn¾EdlenAkñúgZøaeRkaypÞH .
b)unnIbMe¶Tark . `k*eqø{teBlenHedIrecjeTAykxülenAmatTenøctumux . `edIreq¬aHeTAerag:y
EdlsæitenAxagsþaMpÞHzµIEdleyIgsñakbeNþaHGasnñenH . RbEhlCasMNgzµI eRBaH`mincaMzamaneragenH
enAeBlcuHkaNUtecjBIPñMeBjkalBIcugqñaMeTAmYyeT . enAkñúgerag:yenaH mantuer[bCaCYrk*dUcCaerag
:yepSgeT[trbsGg<kar ehIyeXIjmannarIeZVI:ykMBugeZVIkarjabédjab´eCIg . `epþatGarmµN¾yagxøaMg
eTAelIeRK]gsmuRTEdlenAkñúgcan eZVIo`RskTwkmat . `lYcsgÏwmza mºÚbTaMgenHCargVansMrabBYkeyIg
EdlxMksagxøÜn:neCaKC&y .
`KµansiTÆiGacedIreTAdlsYnenAmuxvaMgeT . ebIeZVI:n`nwgkkayorseLIgvijnUvGnusSavrIy¾BIPñMeBj
kalBICMnanedIm . Et`KµansiTÆinwgedIrohYsBI50Em¨RtBIpÞHeLIy . TIRkughakdUcCaenAqáayBI` ehIy
mansPaBsáatRCgMuRbkbedaykþIRBYyeRk[mRkMeRb[bdUcCanarId*lÁekµgx©ImñakBIeBlmun ehIyEdleKemIlesÞIr
BMus<alenAeBlenH edaysarRtUveKvayexÞcxÞaMxUcmuxxUcmatGs . `nwkeXIjdlPñMeBjCMnanÓBuk` va
CaTIRbCMuCntUcmYyRbsBVedayTenø manpøÚvtUcZMEdlmanmnusSedIrkMsanþmanpÞHs|ÚvnigpÞHeQIlÁ> sgelI
ssrx¬sBIdIkM:MgedayedImeQI CYnkaleK»sUrsemøgcabIud*BieraHelcecjmk . manbwgnigsÞwgEdlkñúg
enaHsMbUredayRtInigstVepSg>eqø{tecjBICMrkenAeBlyb . kaleNaH`sb|ayedayeXIjkþamvareKIm>
KWenAkñúgkMLúgyuvv&yrbs`EdlTIRkug:nERbmuxmat . pÞHzµlÁRbNit GaKarTMenIb RKwHsæanZM>nigsg,at
sMrabCMnYjduHhUrEhrdUcpSit eBareBjhUreh[reTAedayCIvitrsrevIk . mnÞIreBTü viTüal&y mhaviTüal&y
bN‚al&y pøÚvxVatExVg mNÐlkILa eragkun elÎan :nRtUvsgeLIgedIm|IERbkøayPñMeBjoeTACaZanId*lÁ
mYyTajRbeTsoelcputecjBIPaBRkxSt . KWCary;kalmYyRbkbedaykþIsgÏwm . `nwkeXIjmuxmitþ
Pkþi`kalBIenAekµgdUcCakMBugemIlExSPaBynþcasmYyEdleKePøcecal . OPñMeBj ! GñkElgCaPñMeBj
Edl`Zøabs<aleBl`eBjv&yehIy GñkenACaGñkeTasmñakEdleKbgÎMeZVI:behIyRtUveKrMelaP . eKcgeZVI
oGñk:tRBlwgrhUt .
emag5res[l . zVIt|itEtézáer[blic EtenAEtCHkMedAekþAEhgdEdl . bursmñakCiHmU¨tUhugdamkdl.
eKBakGavs . eK:nR:beQµaHeKza eC[b enAb1 tamreb[bKYrsm. :nn&yza eKeZVIkarenARksYg
karbreTs EdlCaRksYgsæiteRkamkarRKbRKgedayeG[gsarI . <<pÞHenHvatUceBksMrabobgTaMgGsKñaenA
120
bgeG[gsarI:no`naMbg>TaMgGsKñaeTAenAEk|rvtþPñM kñúgpÞHviLamYysMrabTTYleP\{v>> eC[bniyaymkkan
eyIg.
eyIgk*er[bcMecjBIkEnøgenH . `sþayedaymin:njúaMmºÚbeRK]gsmuRTEdlRskTwkmatmunenHeBl
eXIjcugePAkMBugeZVI . enAtampøÚveKseg,teXIjPaBdEdl. GVI>dUceBleyIgecjdMeNIreTAdIRkhm. PÞH
EdleKTukecal RtUvrukranedayesµAvlø¥s)ubRTub. eyIgeXIjekµg>kUnGñkERs 4-5nak Edlesø{kexaexµA.
eXIjdUecñHeyIgylza GñkrsenATIRkugBImunEdlRtUveKCemø{sBitCaminTanRtLbcUlPñMeBjvijeT KWpÞúyBI
BakürbseG[gsarIEdlGHGagkalBIKateZVIdMeNIreTAbreTs . eyIgkanEteTACiteKaledA eyaZaEdls¬ay
kaMePøIgenAelIsµaQrreb[bTMrgKmnab . manmnusSRbmaNCag10nak TMngdUcCaGñkbec©keTscin
BakGavsWm)IBN(s kMBugedIrkMsanþ . kalBImunsRg<am vtþPñMCaTImYyEdlmanmnusSmñaCaeRcInmkedIrkMsanþ
kñúgcMeNamkEnøgdéTeT[ténPñMeBj . eKmkTIenHedIm|IykeRK]gdgVaymkzVayRBHBuTÆbdimakr ßmkKyKn
nigkMsanþkñúgsYnc|arEdlmanlkÎN;CaGaNaniKm .
eC[b:noeyIgcUlCaRkum> eTAkñúgviLabId*sÁat . KWCasMNgd*RbNitsMrabTukTTYlGñkCMnajkar
CaticinßkUer¨xageCIg . b)unnInig` RBmTaMgKñaeyIgCag10KUeT[tsMNakenAkñúgviLamYyEdlBIedImCapÞH
rbselak Qan v¨m naykrdmRnþI . GK<isnInigk|almasIunTwkGaceRbIR:sekIt . Ébg<nnigGagTwkeZVI
GMBIBr&sWELn (Porcelaine :dI«dmanKuNPaBRbNitnigtémøx¬s) . enHCaelIkTI1ehIytaMgBIExkk,da1976
mkEdleyIgGaceRbIR:sbg<nTajTwk nigRkdasGnam&y . enHCaPaBRbNitmYy ! EzmTaMgmanviTüúmYy
pgenAkñúgsaLúgTTYleP\{v . enAeRkAÉeNaH yb´ggwteTAehIy .
kñúgcMeNamnarI>er[b:ymºÚb `seg,teXIjnarImñak Edl`Zøabs<al . KateQµaH h CaPriyarbs
mitþ`mñak X . `cgEtniyayCamYyKat EtKat :neZVIo`dwgza eKminGacniyayCamYyKña:neT. h
nigX eRkayBI:nsñakenATIRkug:rIsmk GñkTaMgBIr:neTAkanRbeTskUer¨xageCIg . eyIgxaneXIjKñaCag
5qñaMehIy . `cgsYrBIdMNwgrbsbþIKat EtKatRKanEtjjwmmkkan`ehIybnþParkic©rbsKatteTAeT[t.
buEnþláacTI1rbseyIgenAPñMeBj eyIgmansiTÆihUbEqÁt . enHCakarmYysMxanNassMrabeyIgeBlenH .
CaCakEsþg kñúgry;eBlbunµancugeRkayenH eKykcitþTukdakCamYyeyIgCageBlmun> . viTüú:n
pSayesckþIraykarN¾CaeT[gTatsþIBIskmµPaBrbsmitþrdmRnþIénRksYgkarbreTseG[gsarI nigmitþnarIeG[g
ZIrit rdmRnþIRksYgsg<mkic© . kalBImSilmiuj enAelIkaNUt rMu:nsarsB&ÞGMBIkarcUlrYmRbCMurbsKatCamYy
bgeG[gsarI . RbEhlCaGJ©wgehIyemIleTA :nCarMuGacer[brabyagc|as>R:beyIgGMBIkare:ssMGat
ExSBYkk|t . dUecñHeKeZVIGVI/ KiteTAelIGVI / etIeyIgGacsb|aynwgPaBZUrRsalénCIvPaBeyIgekItßeT/
eRkayBI:n»rMuer[brab `kanEtRby&tñRbEygEzmeT[t cMeBaHPaBZUrRsalGsTaMgenH . b¨uEnþedIm|Io:n
rskñúgPaBd*maneRKaHzñakenH `RtUvEtelgesñ{tKWxaMnuyEdleKdakmk CaBiessedaymineZVIoeKktcMNaM
`eLIy . `er[bEtlglkeTAehIy enAeBlEdlesva RbkbedayTwkmuxRssBRBayedIrcUlmkkñúgpÞH
edIm|IR:beyIgoeTACYbeG[gsarI . CasMNaglÁ KatsµanEtb)unnInig`eKglkeTAehIy Katk*ecjeTAvij
edayGtdaseyIgeT .
EsÁkeLIgeyIgP\akBIRBlwmedIm|IeZVIkargarBlkmµ . `nigmitþÉeT[tcabepþImeZVIkare:ssMGatekIbsMram
enACMuvijpÞHnigenAelIcieJ©Imzñl. zVIt|itEtxVHkarEzTaM EtedImeQITaMgenaHenArkSasmösSTaMgRsug . eKmin
121
kabedImeQITaMgenHehIydaMedImeQIhUbEpøCMnYs dUcenAsg,atepSgeT[tkñúgTIRkugeLIy . eKminsUvemIleXIj
lkÎN;CnbTb¨unµaneT zVIt|itEtmanRCUkrtyagesrIenAelIcieJ©Imzñlk*eday .
EnAqáayBITIenaHbnþic `eXIjRkumGñkbec©keTscin kMBughatR:NeBlRBwk . eyIgeZVIkarbeNþIr
bþÚrcMNab´GarmµN¾KñabeNþIr .
-eyIgRtUvenATIenHb¨unµanézáeT[t / etIGg<karnwgoeyIgeZVIGI /
-tam»BaküccamGar¨am zaeyIgnwgRtUveTAeZVIkarenARksYgkñúgeBlqab>enH.
-etIRksYgNamYy /
-RksYgkarbeTs . eKniyayEtBIRksYgenHenAkMLúgeBlhñwg . eKelIkniyayBIRksYgsg<mkic©Edr
EtniyayticCagqáayNas.
-buEnþ` `KµanTakTgGVInwgkarTUtesaH . `CaGñkbec©keTsKImI .
-láacmiSlmiujbgeG[gsarI :nmkelgCamYyBYkeyIg ehIyKatzanwgRKbRKgBYkeyIgpÞal.
-minEmnCaelIkTI1eT Edl`»smþIEbbenH
mñak>eZIVGtæaZib|ayGMBICMnYbCamYyrdmRnþIenH . KatmanGakb|kiriyarMePIy jjwm CYnkalniyay
kMEbøgesIcpgdUcCaKat:nsYreTAsar¨n EdlCaGtItnisSitenARbeTsGseKøs zaetIKatZøab:nRtUvBYk
Scotland yard eRCIserIsedIm|IeZVIkaroBYkeKßeT / Scotland yard CaRksYgesIubkarsmáatrbsGgeKøs.
Kat:nZanaza KatEtgnwkKitmkBYkeyIg ehIycgsYrzaetIGñkNaEdlbJ¢ÚnBYkeyIgoeTAdIRkhmehIy
eRBaHGIV / etICIvPaBmintwgEtgeBkeTß / »yagenH z beJ©jRbtikmµRbkbedaykþImnÞilsgS&y ; ÉNa
k*bgeG[gsarImin:ndwger]genH/ eRBaHKat:nbJ¢ÚneyaZaoeTAykkµÜyKatBIdIRkhmmkpgeKmin Gac
eC]ekIteT vamanGVImYylak:MgehIy.
enAkñúgeBlRbCMudEdlenaH eG[gsarI :nbJ¢akza ExSxµaMg:nRtUvkMcatGsehIy. dMNwgenHRsb
CamYyBt(manrbsrMuEdlza mankar <<e:ssMGat>> EdlKat:nR:beyIgBIláacmiujenAelIkaNUt .
müageT[tenAry;eBlenHkmµaPi:lrbsGg<karniyayRcMEdl>dUcKñaGMBI ² eCaKC&yd*ZMeZgeRkamkardwknaM
d*PøWsVagrbssmmitþbulBt³ . enAelIkaNUtRKUeBTüeyIgKitEtsURtemer[nEdlKateTIbnwgdwg nigecjBI
matrbsrdmRnþIkarbreTs . rdmRnþIenHGHGagza GMeNIHteTA KatnwgykcitþTukdakpÞalxøÜnGMBIBYkeyIg.
Kat:necaTsYrmñak>GMBIsmtæPaBrbseK eZVIoeyIgekItkþIsgÏwmza enAeBlqab>xagmuxenH Gg<karnwg
ehAeyIgeTAeRbItammuxviC¢aCIv;er[gxøÜn . eyIghakdUcCaRtUveKGnuJ¦atobeJ©jmtiedayesrI . TIbMput
GVIEdlTakTgeTAnwgeRK]gciJ©wmxøÜnKWeyIgGacbriePaKbIdgkñúgmYyézá .
RbEhlemag4knøHres[l eC[b EdlBakGavs Es|keCIgXøúb nigesø{kexaexµAdUckalCMnansg<m
CiHm¨UtUmkrkBYkeyIg ehIymanLanQñÜlZMEdlBIedImrtpøÚvPñMeBj-kMBt ebIkBIeRkaymkpg . eC[b eBal
mkkaneyIg ; ²bg>er[bxøÜnecjeTA . bg>nwgeTACYbCMumitþeyIg³ .Bakü² mitþeyIg³ RtUveC[beRbIralelIk
kalNa KatniyaymkkanBYkeyIgRBmTaMgjjwmbnþicpg . EtKatmin:nbJ¢akeTzaetI ² mitþeyIg³
enaHCaGñk NaeT ehIyeyIgRtUveTAkEnøgNa / enAeBlEdleyIgTaMgGsGg<úyenAelILanehIy
GñkebIkk*beJäH masIunehIybrBIeRkayhugdarbseC[b tMrgeq¬aHeTATisxagt|ÚgénrdZanI .
122
mankarpøasbþÚrmYyeT[tEdleKktsMKal ; GñkebIkbrLanniyaymkrkBYkeyIg . minEmnGñkebIkbr
KdUceyIgZøabs<almuneyIgecjeTAdIRkhmenaHeT . k*buEnþeKalkarN¾EdleKminR:beyIgCamunzaeyIg
nwgeTATINaenaHenACaZrmandEdl .
eTsPaBrbsPñMeBjmin:npøasbþÚrxøaMgeBkeT . enAkñúgsg,atxøHdUcCaenACMuvijsg,atsþatGULaMBic
CaedIm rukÎCatiduHsnÆwksnÆabemIleTAhakdUcCaenARsukERsGJ©wg . enAmþMúCMuvijvimanÉkraCüsYnc|arhak
dUcCasÁat:tCagmun .edImdUgtUc>duHRcUgRcagenAelIcieJ©Imzñl.enAkñúgPUmiRKwHxøHsYnp,a:nRtUvCMnYseday
sYnbEnø . enAelITIlanxøHeKeXIjmandaMedImecknigedImdMLÚgK . edImTaMgBIryagenHeKcatTukCadMNaM
yuTÆsaRsþsMrabCaes|{g .
`RkeLkeXIjdMbUlRBHviharvtþlg,arEdlelcs,wmés,ecjBIrukÎCatiBN(ébtg . `cgeXIjeLIgvij
nUvkudiRBHsgÏEdl`ZøabsñakenAbIqñaMenAedImqñaM1960 . OvtþeGIy ! emIleTAdUckMstNasEdleKxÞbGñk
ehIyTukGñkecal . karsJ¢bsJ¢wgrbs`RtUvkatpþac .
-eyIgmkdlehIy ! GñkebIkLanbnøWeLIg .
`RkeLkemIlTaMgkþIqáleTAb)unnIEdlGg<úykñúgLanmYycMeh[geT[tCamYymitþnarIKat . `min:nRbug
Rby&tñzaeyIgeTANa . eyIgmkdlbwgRtEbk . eRkaybnþicmkeTIbeyIgdwgza bnÞabBIeyIgcakecjeTA
dIRkhm CMrMuRtUvEckCabI ; b30 b31 nigb32 . mitþeyIgGssgÏwmbnþicEdlmkkankEnøgcasZøab´
rsenAkalBICitBIrqñaMmun CaBiesseRkayBI:n»smþId*lÁrbseG[gsarI . `pÞal `pÞúkEtGnusSavrIy¾
GaRkkBITIenH . sMercsMrYceTATisedArbsGg<kar enAEtRtUveKemIlBMuZøúH .
`RkeLkemIlCMuvijCMrMueXIjeTsPaBpøasbþÚrbnþic EtlkÎN;sMxanKWenAdEdlKW edImecknigedImdUg
enARcUgRcag . valERsemIleTAZMCagmunqáay ehIymanKMnUsPøWERsc|asCagmun . enAkñúgCMrMubwgRtEbk
manmnusSBIrbInakRbEhlCaGñkmkBIbreTs EdlkMBugensaTenAelITUk . RBHGaTitücUlGsþg<tyag
snSwm> . zVIt|itEtmankarGssgÏwm Et`RbjabRbjaleTAyk:LÚrbs`nigrbsb)unnIedIrcUlkñúgCMrMu
edaylYcsgÏwmza nwg:nCYbmuxGñkZøabs<al . RsabEtelceC[b EdlmanÉkedIrmkCamYypg. Ék
esø{kBakexµAdUcGñkÉeT[tEdr . b)unnI nig`rIkrayeday:neXIjKateLIgvij . CaelIkTI1ehIyEdleyIg
CYbKattaMgBIeyIgRtLbcUlRsukmk . PriyaKat RsImYy RtUvCabgbÁÚnrbsb)unnI . ÉkcaMeyIgenACitTVar .
EtmZI cabédKatbeNþIrniyaykMEbøgbeNþIr ;
-Gah@ `sµanEtbgÉgkøayeTACakmµaPi:leTAehIy
-kMuecHEtza
`eXIjmanmnusSzµI>CaeRcInEdlcUlBIbreTseRkayBIeyIgecjeTAdIRkhm manbgÉkCaedIm .
b)unnI nig`RbjabRbjaleTAsYrKatBIbgrs sarin ERkgKatenATIenHEdr . KateqøIyza ;
-eT `sµanERkgEtKateTAdIRkhmCamYyGñkTaMgGsKñaEdr
-etIbgdwgeT zamanCMrMuenAkEnøgNaepSgeT[tsMrabGñkmkBIbreTsdUceyIg /
-`mindwgeT mitþEdlenACMrMutaLI nigCMrMutaexµA :nmkCYbCMuKñaenATIenHtaMgBIyUrmkehIy .
eyIgxkcitþCaxøaMgedaydwgza mitþeyIgmYycMnYnZMmineXIjenAdIRkhmnigk*mineXIjenACMrMubwgRtEbk
Edr . CamYyKña`seg,teXIjGvtþmanCaeRcInkñúgcMeNamGñkEdlrsenACMrMuenHBImun . GJ©wgetIeKenAÉNa/
123
`cabepþImRBYy:rmÖEmnETn . eKEsVgrkdMNwgBIGñkGvtþman . eKbþÚrdMNwgKñacuHeLIgedaysáat> ²mitþ
:neXIjbgRsI`eT / bgRbus` / ÓBukmþay` mitþPkþi` /³ .eKseg,teXIjTwkmuxmñak>RbkbedaykþI
:rmÖedaylayLMCamYyRsemalénkþIsgÏwm . b¨uEnþkþI:rmÖRKbdNþbxøaMgelIkþIsgÏwm . cMeBaHGñkEdl:t
dMNwgsUnüenaH etIGacelcecjmkvijenAézáNamYyxagmuxenHEdrßeT/
eTAdlerag:y eyIgdak:LÚcuHBIxñg . erag:yenHsgeRkayBIkarecjdMeNIrrbseyIgeTAdI
Rkhm ehIyCasMNgtampÞHKMrU . enACMuvijeKeXIjedImRtb edImebge:H edImemÞs beJ©jedayBN(
cMruH júaMgoTIenHrwtEtmansRmsEzmeT[t ehIyTajGarmµN¾oeKmkemIlCagkEnøgepSgeT[ténCMrMu .
eyIgRtUveTAsMNakenAkñúgpÞHmYycmáayRbmaNCa40Em¨RtBIerag:y eyIgenACamYybUramI nigkUnBIr
rbsKat nigRKYsarBIreT[t . b)unnIs<albUramI taMgBIenARsuk:raMg . kaleNaHGñkTaMgBIrnakZøabenA
PUmiviRtI (Vitry) enApÞHbgsarin CamYyKña . bUramICYysMGatbnÞbeyIgbeNþIrniyayxSwb>beNþIrBIkarRBYy
:rmÖrbsKatedayKatKµanTTYldMNwgGVIbnþicesaHBIÓBukmþaynigbÁÚnRbusKat . ÓBukKateQµaHbUrI CamRnþI
Canx¬smñakEdlmansmtæPaBx¬s maneKeKarBekatsresIreRcIn ehIyKatCashkarImñakCitsñiTÆrbsGtIt
rdmRnþIkarbreTssarinqak . kalBIKatcUlRsukPøam KateZVIkarCamYyeG[gsarI rYcmYyry;eRkaymk
KatnigPriyak*:tQwgEtmþg . mkTlézáenH bUramI Gt:nTTYldMNwgGVIBIKatesaH eZVIobUramIRBYycitþ
EtGth)anhasþIeRBaH:rmÖERkgelaKatRtUvGg<kare:ssMGatCamYy ² ExSxµaMg³ .
eRkayBIsMGatbnÞbedayRbjabRbjalmk b)unnI :nepþkkUnRsIeyIg . eyIger[bnwgcuHedIreTApÞH
:y RsabEt»EdnyMga>yagxøaMg . b)unnIrteTAemIlRsabEteXIjseg,IcxMEdneLIgRkhmeqÁA .
enAÉerag:yRkumGñkeZVI:yjabédjabeCIgedIm|Ier[bcM:yeBlláac . `eXIjRsImYyPriyarbs
ÉkkMBugCUttu . KatCaGtItsaRsþacarümñak. EBleXIj` KatKµansEmþgsJ¦amitþPaBGVIbnþicesaH.Emn
ETneTAKatRtUvCasacjatiCamYyb)unnIpg . b)unnI nig`RsLajkUnKatTaMgbInakNas . kUnRsIBIrnak
nigkUnRbusmñakrbsKat :nCiHynþehaHCamYy`enAeBleZVIdMeNIrecjBIRsuk:raMg RtLbcUlRsukExµr.
RsImYyminRKanEtminsYrnaMßniyayGVIedaypÞaleT KatEbrCaniyaypaMg>GMBIPkþIPaBrbsKatcMeBaHGg<kar ;
² eKbenÞas` za`twgEtgNaskñúgkarkarBarGg<kar . `TTYlkarbenÞasenHedaysuTÆcitþ³ . Katniyay
beNþIrsmøwgemIl`beNþIrGtBRBicEPñk . Katbnþ ; ² `manemaTnPaBcMeBaHPaBtwgEtgrbs`edIm|IkarBar
Gg<kar³ . `minyletIehtuplGVIEdlCMrujoKatniyayEbbenHmkkan`/ etIedIm|IR:bza KateZVIyag
enHRtwmRtUv zVIebImaneKeRcInnakeT[t benÞasBIPaBtwgrwugQøanBanenHcMeBaHeK ehIyeKmincUlcitþKat
ßmYyKatcgeZVIo`ylza ebI`cgTTYlmitþPaBBIKat `RtUvEteZVIdUcKatnigsVamIKatKW RtUvEteRt[medIm|I
karBarGg<kar .
vaCaer]gmüagepSgeT[tcMeBaHelakyay epøk EdlkMBugedIrmkCit` . emIleTAKathakdUcCaman
PaBGnÞHsarRBYycitþ ehIycasCagmuneRcIn . `caMzaKatBImunragmansacehIyrIkray . KatsÞabéd`
ehIysmøwg`hakdUcCamnusSmñakEdlRtUveKe:HbgecalehIyeTIbnwg:nCYbGñkNamñakEdlKatTukcitþ.
taMgBIKatRtLbcUlRsukvij KatKµan:nTTYldMNwgGVIesaHBIkUn>KatEdlBImunCaGñkkankarZM>kñúgrd .
`minh)anniyayCMrabKatnUvdMNwgEdleKR:b´`GMBIkUnKat ; elakepøkqat EdlCaeBTüZøabBüa:l`
enAPñMeBj RtUv:neKcabXmuXaMgenAcugqñaM1975enAmþMúextþRBHvihar . eK:nniyayza eyaZaExµrRkhm
124
:nerI«v¨anKatehIy:neXIjes|agmYyeBareBjedayRkdasR:kduløarGaemrikaMg . `saksYrelakyay
epøj edIm|IoKatBnülBIer]gehtuEdlekIteLIgenATIenHeRkayBIeyIgecjeTAdIRkhm CaBiesskUnRsIKat
nigkUnRbsarRbusKat (bgTun eCatsIurin) . GñkTaMgBIrRtUveKecaTRbkanza :neZVIviTÆgSnaRbqaMgnwg
bdivtþn¾ (eZVIoxUcxateRK]gsmÖar;epSg>dUcCacb jjÜr nigkeNþ{v) nigk|tRbqaMgcMeBaHGg<kar ehIyRtUv
eKykecj:tBIbwgRtEbkeTA . kalenATIRkug:rIs kUnRbsarKateZVIkarCaGñkRsavRCavxagCIvviTüa
(biologie) enAviTüasæanCatiEpñksuxPaBnigRsavRCavevC¢saRsþ . GñkTaMgBIrmanRbCaRbiyPaBNaskñúg
mCÄdannisSitExµr . KatCYybgºatsil|;r:M . bgsIurin KatcUlcitþr:Mk|acExµr ehIybgºateKGtKit
en]yhtxøÜneLIy .
emagCit6knøHeTAehIy eKer[bcMbriePaK:y . mñak>Gg<úyenAtu . eK:nR:boeyIgRbugeRb[b
sþabevTikaGbrMEdlmankmµviZIsMrabézáenH epþateTAelIdMNwg ²C&yCMnHd*RtcHRtcg nigRbvtþiénbdivtþn¾
eRkamkic©dwknaM«tex©aH PøWsVag nigbJ¦aQøasévrbssmmitþelxabkSkumµúynisþkm¬úCa³ . eyIg:ner[nsURt
za bkS:nsMercEkERbshkrN¾edIm|IeZVIoxøaMgeRBaHshkrN¾CaCnÞlrbsbdivtþn¾ . GMNwHteTAsmaCik
TaMgGsRtUvmansiTÆiesµIkña karxusKñarvagRbCaCncasnigRbCaCnzµI RtUvlubbM:tecal .
evTikaGbrMenHCakmµviZIpSayzµImYyrbsviTüúkm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü . zVIt|itEtKµankarbJ¢akzaKWCabulBt
xøÜnÉgEdlniyaypÞalpSaykñúgviTüúevlaemag6RBwkralRBwkk*eday k*TaMgGsKñaeKdwger]genHEdr . kalBI
mYyGaTitüknøgmk manGñkmYycMnYnEdl:nCYbKatniyaybJ¢aker]genH . kñúgcMeNamKñaeyIg :nRtUv
eRCIserIsoeTAsþabsnñisITrbselxabkSenAsalctumux . eKalbMNgénkic©RbCMuenHKWRbkasGMBIkarebIk
viTüasæanbec¢keTs . KWenAOkasenaHehIyEdlmitþPkþieyIgxøHGaceXIjelxabkSpÞalCaelIkTI1 ehIy
:nsþabóeTÞsnamKatpÞal . GñkxøHmancMNabGarmµN¾xøaMgeTAelIbuK<liklkÎN;KatRbmTaMgsil|;kñúg
karniyayBnülrbsKat . CakEsþgeTA ex[vsMpn RKanEtCamnusS ßCatuk,taenAkñúgédrbsbulBt
bueN‚aH .
eRkayBIsþabviTüúehIy mñak>sÞúHRbjabRbjaleTArkhUb:y . rbbeRcInbg<Ür eKhUbCitmYyEqÁt.
eKBi:kkMNtTidPaBenAerag:yeBlenaH . `seg,teXIjdMbUg KWeKEckCaBIrRkum ; RkumTI1hakdUcCa
manEtsmaCikénKN;CMrMu slBIenHKWenAkñúgRkummYyeT[t . GñkxøHminsUvniyaysþI EtPaKeRcInhakdUc
CaGnxøacCagmun edayeKniyaynUvGVI>EdleKnwkeXIj .
manmnusSmYycMnYnZMEdlEbkEx\kecjBIRKYsarehIyGgVrGg<karoR:b´dMNwg.GñkTaMgenaHcgniyay
CamYyeyIg cgR:beyIgGMBIkarRBYy:rmÖrbseKEdlBYkeKrgnUvkarek[bsg,t taMgBIeyIgecjdMeNIreTA
enAdIRkhm . cMeBaHGñkTaMgenaH CIvPaBenAbwgRtEbkKWdUcenAsæannrk eRkamkardwknaMrbssav¨n, PaK
hYt nigÉk . BYkeKniyaylÁBIsIurin nigmitþPkþiKatehIyeKRBYy:rmÖcMeBaHeCaKvasnarbsKatmñak>.
man4-5nakEdlGrKuNbgeG[gsarIEdl:nrMedaHBYkeKorYcputBIBYkGñkeZVI:beKenH . GñkxøHeT[txSwb
R:b`za GMeBIGsTaMgenHvaRcbUkRcbl .
mitþCitsñiTÆmñakR:b`za emIleTAhYt KatenAek[nmñakÉg ehIy«LÚvenHKµannrNamñakcgniyay
sþICamYyKateT . Kat:neZVIoeyIgQWcabeRcInNas . KatCaóbkrN¾mYyrbssav¨n . edIm|ItMrUvcitþ
sav¨n Kat:nrker]gsmaCikepSgeT[trbsKN;kmµkarCMrMu CaBiessKatepþatelIsIuvinEdlylTukÎZur;
125
rbsGñkrsenAkñúgCMrMu . hYt :nKitrMlMsIuvinedIm|IykkEnøgedayKµanKiteTAelImitþPaBesaH . cMeBaHhYt
GVIEdlsMxanKwsMercnUvTisedArbsKat . buEnþkarGsTaMgenH minEmngayRsYl . sæanPaBvivtþn¾eTAmux
bnþicmþg> hYteTACaRceLIsebIs . enAeBlEdlhYtGaceRkbCJ¢knUvC&yCMnHrbsKat BIeRBaHGñkRbNaMg
RbECgKatmYycMnYn:nRtUvkMcatGsehIy sav¨nEdlCaGñkkarBarKat :ndlevnRtUveKecaTzaCaxµaMgvij
mþg .
`edIrecjBIerag:yedayGarmµN¾RcbUkRcbl . mkdlpÞHvij `RkeLkeTAeXIjbgÉktambgÁÜj
cMhrrbskariyal&yKat . mitþRbZanCMrMuenAmñakÉg kMBuger[bcMRkdassñamKat . `k*eqø{teTACYbKat.
KatCavisVkrmansJ¦abR&tBImhaviTüal&y viTüasaRsþksikmµenAhSMbø)Ú RbeTsEb)lhSik . Kater[nCMnan
eG[gsarI . eKer[nCamYyKñakalenAGWr¨ub buEnþenARKaenHeBlÉkniyaymþg> KatminEdlePøcBaküepþImza
²bgeyIg³ enaHeT . Kat:no`cUlkñúgkariyal&yKatehIybiTTVarBIeRkay`edayxøaceKeXIj` . kar
enHeZVIo`eTIsTalbnþic . rYcehIyKatcabepþImniyayedaylkÎN;pSHpSa .
-`rvlnwgkic©karxøaMgeBk `minTanmaneBlniyayelgCamYymitþ nigb)unnIeT . etImitþmankEnøgsMrak
RsYlbYlehIyenA /
-:nehIy KµanbJºaGIeT
-eTaHCayagNak*mitþminsñakenAkEnøgenHyUrEdr mitþmaneQµaHkñúgbJ¢IGñkEdlRtUvecjeTAeZVIkarenA
RksYgkarbreTs . mitþeyIgPaKeRcInnwgecjeTAeZVIkarenARksYg .
`dwgxülza KatR:bdMNwglÁenHedIm|IeZVIo`sb|aycitþ . `k*elgelÎandakKatvij . `min:n
R:bKatza `minrkekAGImYyenARksYgkarbreTsenaHeT . pÞúyeTAvij`cabepþImniyayRtg>nUvGVIEdl`
:n»taMgBI`mkdlKWeKbenÞaszaKats)MuRKlMCamYysav¨n . KatniyaykarBarxøÜnKat; ² manEtGñkdEdl>
Edlminsb|aycitþ . KWminEmnCaGñkc|aslaseT . GVIEdl`eZVItaMgBI`mkdlKWedIm|IkarksagxøÜn`.
RbEhlCa`:neZVIkarRCuleRCaHxøHdUcCaeRbIsmþIxøaMg>CaedIm eZVIob¨HBalstiGarmµN¾GñkxøH . buEnþ`eZVIenH
KWedIm|IGg<karehIy`manemaTnPaB . eZVIbdivtþn¾KWTTYlk|tvN‚;edImrbsxøÜnEdlCavN‚;KhbtIßvN‚;
kNþal nigbJ¦Cn . karEdlman karRsLajtémøxøÜnÉg manEtGñkEdlGteZVIGIesaHenaHeTEdlGt
mankMhus KWCakarEdlTTYlRCYtRCabnUvmenaKmviC¢a vN‚;casrbsxøÜn . cMeBaH` `TTYlEkxøÜn ebI`
mankMhus . b¨uEnþGñkNaEdlniyayR:bmitþnUver]gGsTaMgenH /
-swgEtTaMgGsKña
-etImitþGacoeQµaHGñkTaMgenaHmk`:neT/
-edIm|IeZVIGVI /
rYcehIy`k*enAesá{m GtsþI .
bnÞabBImankarcabxøÜnbgsurin nigmitþPkþiKatrYcmk mansmaCikCMrMubwgRtEbkCaeRcInnak :neZVI
GnþraKmn¾edIm|IebIkkkayPaBpþackarrbssav¨n .
-GVI>EdlmitþeZVIenHvaRCulhYsBIkarBit vaminRtwmRtUvtameKalkarN¾CamUldanEdleyIg:ner[n
sURtBIGg<kar . mitþecaTRbkanmitþeyIgsøÚtRtgyagGyutþiZm(bMput . eyIgR:bza eyIgdlkehIy !
cgeZVIGIBYkeyIgk*eZVIcuH b¨uEnþRtUvdwgza eyIgkarBaryutþiZm(rhUtdlTIbMput .
126
GñkEdlh)anecjmuxRbqaMgk*RtUv:txøÜntaMgBIkic©RbCMuenaHmk . sav¨nminEmnCatMNagGg<karTI1eT
EteZVIoCIvitenACMrMubwgRtEbkenHRTaMminekIt . KWmantMNagmñakmunsav¨neQµaHmn kñúgnamGg<kar :nR:b
eTAPaK nigmitþPkþiosabRBYsnUvkarP&yxøackñúgCMrMu . GñkTaMgenH:nGnuvtþn¾bTbJ¢aTaMgsÞakesÞIr . buEnþ
bnþiceRkaymkmn:nRtUvGg<karcgÁúlzaCamnusSk|t . PaKnigbkSBYkxøÜn:nsURttamza mnCasRtUv
rbsRbCaCn . mn :nRtUvcabxøÜnehIyCMnYsedaysav¨n . sav¨nxøÜnÉg:nbeJ©HobkSBYkxøÜnsabRBYs
karP&yxøackñúgCMrMu . BYkenH:nGnuvtþn¾RculhYsehtu . buEnþkgRbvtþisaRsþvileTAmuxkanEtel]neLIg>
kanEtsahaveLIg ehIyminyUrbunµan sav¨n k*RtUvecaTzaCaPñakgarrbssRtUv .
ehtukarN¾GsTaMgenH:nGnueRKaHoeG[gsarIniyayza BYkmun>EdldwknaMeyIgsuTÆEtBYkk|t . eday
dwgzaÉkk*Zøabs<aleC]n GñkRsavRCavenAmCÄmNÐlCatixagviTüasaRsþenARbeTs:raMg ehIyEdl:n
RtUveKecaTzak|tnwgGg<karEdrenaH `k*sYrKat etIKatylyagNa / Ék :neqøIyR:b´`za BYkGtIt
smaCikshPaBnisSitExµrenARbeTs:raMgsuTÆEtCaGñkesrIniymgakeTAxagsUev[t .
»dUecñH`eLIgsøút bnþiceRkaymk`niyayR:bb)unnInUver]gr¨avGsTaMgenH .b)unnIbgºajnUvPaBGtOn .
-kMueTAq,wHeq,{lKateBk . KateZVI:beKGJ©wgKWKateZVIoQWxøÜnKat . `eC]za KatminEmnsb|ayeT
EdlrsenATIenH . Katk*QWcabdUceyIgGJ©wgEdr . KatZøab´CamRnþIzñakx¬sRksYgksikmµ . `Zøabs<al
xøHEdrnUvkarKitKUrrbsGñkTaMgenH. suTÆEtCaGñkcgEteLIgx¬sCagenHeTAeT[t . «LúvenHbgÉkKitza edIm|I
rs meZüa:yRbesIrCageKKWbMePøcGtItkal minbgºajmenaseJ©tna. Kat.mRnþIGsTaMgenH minEmn
eqat KitEtBIótþmKtidUcBYknisSitenaHeT . `:nsakeZVIobgyler]genHCaeRcIndgehIyEmneT/
eRkamkardwknaMpÞalrbseG[gsarI CMrMub3 0kanEtrYmcMENkxøaMgeLIgelIdMeNIrkarrbsRksYgKat.
eyIgpþlralézánUvbEnøsacRCUkeTApSarTUtEdlCapSarmYysMrabbuK<likTUtRbcaMenAPñMeBj .
eyIgdwgedaysarsþabviTüúza KN;RbtiPUbreTsCaeRcIneXIjpÞalEPñknUvC&yCMnHénkarksagCati
EdldwknaMedaybkSkumµúynisþkm¬úCa . ézámYyeKeXIjbuK<likRksYgkarbreTsRCYlRcbleRBaHeKrkp,aedIm|I
mkp<MúmYy:cmin:nsMrabeP\{vsMxanEdlRtUvmkdlGakasyandaneBaZicintug . eKedIrrkp,aRKbkEnøg
minRKanEtrkenAPñMeBjeT eKeTArkdltaexµA xagt|ÚgPñMeBjeTAeT[t buEnþKµansYndaMp,aeT .
...eyIgdMNwglÁCahUrEhr . GMNwHteTA Gg<karykcitþTukdakpÞalcMeBaHCIvPaBBYkeyIg . Gg<kar
bnæykargareyIg ehIybEnæmrbbmºÚbGaharRtIsac . eyIg:nRtUvGnuJ¦atohUbtamcitþnUvEpøeQIEdl
eyIgeXIjenAkñúgbrievNCMrMu . kEnøgBüa:lCmáWnigpþlzñaMeBTü TIbMputRtUv:ndwknaMedayGñkmansmtæPaB
mñak . cabBIenaHmkeyIgGacesø{kBaksemø{kbMBakBN(:n buEnþtamBiteTA KñaeyIgPaKeRcInElgman
exaGavBN(eT[tehIy . PaBZUrRsalenH:nhuclTÆplCakEsþgKWsuxPaBeyIgmñak>:nRKanebICagmun.
Gg<karniyaykanEtjwkjabGMBIkarbRgYbbRgYmRKYsar . Gg<karsnüazanwgrkGñk:txøÜn . eG[g
sarIGYtR:beyIg² CYnkalécdnüGacpþlnUvlTÆpllÁ . `:nCYbbÁÚnRbus`eLIgvijeday`:nedIrkMsanþ
enAPñMeBj³ . KatePøczaeyIgBMuGacedIrecjeRkACMrMueT ebIBMuenaHeTeyIgnwgGacmansgÏwmbnþiczaézáNamYy
nwgCYbmitþPkþieyIgeLIgvij . eyIgZUrRTUgeRkayBI:n»rdmRnþIRksYgkarbreTsniyayza mitþPkþieyIgenA
rsranmanCIvitehIyRbkbedaysuxPaBlÁeT[tpg .
127
tamkarBit kñúgcMeNamGñkEdl:nRtUvGg<kar <<ehAykeTA>> manEtBIrnakeTEdleKeXIjKWDucsan
EdlCaGñkCMnajxagGK<isnI nigTIvvINUEdlCasæabtükr . GñkTaMgBIrsuTÆEtZøabrsenARbeTs:raMg. b¨uEnþ
eBleXIjstVRtec[kkaMBIrbI minEmn:nn&yza rdUvp,arIk mkdleT . edaysnüazanwgrkoGslTÆPaB
Gg<kar:nCMrujkmøaosVamIßPriyaEdlrsenAEbkKñaenaH oer[bkarCamYyGñkNamYyeT[t . manGñkmYy
cMnYn:ner[bkaredIm|IrYmcMENkTisGg<karEdlza beg,InRbCaCnodl15lannak . KWcMnYnenHEdlbul
Btcg:nedIm|IkarBarnigksagRbeTs .
eyIg:nRtUvekaHehAoeTArYmRbCMuenAsalÉrgVgmUleRkamGZibtIPaBrbseG[gsarI . KWenAkñúgsal
mYyEdleyIgZøabsþab´PMu kalKatenACaGñkTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarGbrMeyIg . `nwkeXIjenAeBlKateZVIóeTÞs
namCacugeRkayKWKatmansPaBmindUcmuneTKWminsUvxøaMgkøa minsUveC]gbnigminsUvjjwmjEjmdUcZmµta.
eBlenaHPMuGg<úyenAtukitþiysehIyR:beTAbgsarinCabgézø` nigGñkmYycMnYneT[toer[bcM«v¨anedIm|Iecj
eTAbMeBjParkic©EdlGg<karRbKlo . `cabGarmµN¾eTAelIGakb|kiriyacEmøkrbsKatEt`minnwksµanza
CakarlaEbkKñarhUtyagenHesaH .
eyIgeTAdlrgVgmUl eyIgenAQrcaMxageRkARsabEt`RkeLkeTAeXIjmnusSmYyRkumkMBuger[bCYrt>
Kñaesø{kexaexµAbgRkmaenAkehIykanes[vePAsresrenAéd . kñúgcMeNamenaH `s<al sarinqak GtIt
rdmRnþIRksYgkarbeTs nigPriyaKat, GtItótþmesnIy¾dYgsMGul, GaMgKwmXn GtItrdmRnþIRksYgeTscrN¾
nigPriyaekµg, GtItGñkkarTUtEcmsáÜn, ehaNaMhug eG[gKunsaKI, esAKwmhugnigPriya:raMgeQµaHeGlI
saEb)t, egaBinnigmucCamYykUn . `dwgzaGñkTaMgenaHrsenAb32 EdlCaCMrMusMrabGñkkarTUtnigmRnþIsMxan>
rbssg<mcas .
`rMePIbeday:neXIjGñkTaMgenaHeLIgvij . `s<alKatCayUrmkehIy . `eKarBsresIrsarinqak
cMeBaHsmtæPaBKatehIyKatmanedImkMeNItenAkñúgtMbnCamYy`pg . eBlKateXIj`Pøam KatsYrrkkUn
RbusKat Xin v¨anqn EdlKatKµan:nTTYldMNwgesaHtaMgBIKatRtLbcUlRsukmk . KatnigPriyabgºaj
ecjnUvTwkmux:rmÖGnÞHsareRkayBIdwgza kUnKatmineXIjenAdIRkhmeT . enARKaenaHEdreyIgmin:ndwg
TalEtesaHza Xinv¨anqn RtUvXMuXaMgenAPñMeBjcmáayEt1KILÚEmRtBICMrMueyIg . manEteG[gsarImñakEdl
dwgzaeBlenaHqnkMBugEtRtUveKvaydMenATYlEsøg . eG[gsarIKYrEtniyaymYymatedIm|ICYyseRg<aHGñkEdl
enAmanCIvitenAeLIy dUcCaXinv¨anqn ßGñkCMnajKMnUrmuks)unXunCaedIm . TIbMputsarinqaknigPriyaKat
sYr`za etIbgRbus` (RtUvCamitþPkþiKatEdrenaH) :nRtKbcUlmkRsukvijEdrßeT / KatZUrcitþeday»
`eqøIyza ² eT³ .
eK:noeyIgcUleTAkñúgsalRbCMu . salenHeBjeTAedayGñkrsenACMrMub3 0 nigb32 EdlGg<úy
edayELkBIKñatamreb[b«tex©aH . KµanxVHnrNamñakeT . TaMgGsKñamkRbCMusUm|IetmnusScask*mkEdr.
eRkaymkeKeXIjeG[gsarIelcecjmkBakmYk ² emA³ nigbgkRkmaRkLaeQIRtgBN(ex[vedIrcUlmkkñúg
sal eRkamsñÚrTHéd . ÉkedIrtameRkaydUcekµgsøÚtbUtmñak . rdmRnþIRksYgkarbeTsdakxøÜnGg<úycuH
enAekAGIeRkaytu elIevTikakitþiys . KatdUcCasÞakesÞIrminrlHrlaj . eBlecjmkeRkA b)unnIxSwb
R:b`za ²karjjwmekþ{nyagenHCaRbpñÚlminlÁeT³ . `nwkkñúgcitþzaetIeG[gsarIeXIjbdisNarkic©enH
kkekþAlµmeT / kalBIKatenA:rIsqñaM1975 eRkayBIézáC&yCMnH17emsaPøam KatRtUv:nTTYleday
128
mhaCndEdl dUcCavIrburs EtCamhaCnEdlmanTwkcitþemaHmutBuHBareRt[mcUlRsuk . buEnþézáenHCasñÚr
THéd«tRBlwg «tCMen] CasñÚrTHédrbsCnEdleKcabCazñÚr EdlTHédTaMgbgÎMedayxøaceBCÄXatrbs
xøÜn . ebIeKmanesrIPaBnwgeRCIserIsenaH GñkZøabekatsresIreG[gsarIBImunesÞIrTaMgGs nwgeRCIspøÚvecj
BIRsukvijPøam . b)unnI EdlmanviJ¦aNRsþIsgS&yza KatkMBugelgqakkMEbøgedaytamkarBit
KatkMBugcglakkarN¾mYyd*ZánZár . b)unnIR:b` ² `eXIjKatdUcCamnusSKaMgsþÚk muxKatpÞúkedayTmán
nUvGMeBIEdlKat:neZVI . `:rmÖcMeBaHGñkEdl:teTA³ . enAeRkayxñgeG[gsarI manpÞaMgbdaEdleK
sresrza <<Ceyakm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü!>> . enAÉxagmatTvarcUl eyaZaQryaml|at rIÉGg<rkSeG[g
sarI QryamLanJeepyagRby&tñRbEyg .
kñúgfan;CaRbZanCMrMub3 0 ÉkeZVIesckþIraykarN¾EdlEckCabIEpñk ; neya:y, cattaMg nigsti
GarmµN¾ . ÉkEzøgeTAkanGñkcUlrYm ; Epñkneya:yeyIgGnuvtþn¾neya:yPøWsVagrbsGg<kar . eyIg
eZVIkaredIm|Ibg,beg,ItplTaMg brimaN TaMgKuNPaB edIm|IpþloRKbRKandlpSarTUt . eyIg:nBRgIk
épÞdIdaMdMNaM . eyIgdaMés¬exµA éqzav Rtb nenag ebge:H saLat emÞsepøak nigCIrRKbmux .
eG[gsarIhakdUcCaZuj k*eZVICaGanRkdas . ÉkenAEtbnþóeTÞsnam ² edIm|IkMuocMNaykmøaMg«t
RbeyaCn¾kñúgkareRsacdMNaM eyIg`:nCIkRbLaydlb30 . eyIg`bnþkargarenAbwgRtEbkKW:rkMe:øk
ecjedIm|IBRgIképÞbwgdaMRtkYn nigRBlwt . EpñkcattaMgKWbriyakaskñúgCMrMueRkayBIsav¨necjeTAmansPaB
suxsanþnigmaMTaM zVIt|itEtmanbJºaesrIxøHEdlP¢abeTAnwgvN‚;ZatuedImrbseyIg . TIbJ©b´EpñkstiGarmµN¾
KWkarksagxøÜnbMBaknUvsm|CJ¦;bdivtþn¾rbskmµkr ksikrmankarvivD¿n¾eC]nel]nCalMdab . eyIgKaMRT
dacxatnUvstiGarmµN¾bdivtþn¾rbsGg<karEdlzaxøÜnTIBwgxøÜn³ .
emIleTAóeTÞsnamrbsÉksþIBIPaBeC]nel]nEpñkplitkmµenAkñúgCMrMu ElgmanlkÎN;CaRbZanbT
bc©úb|nñPaBeT[tehIy . eG[gsarIrgcaMBIeyIgEdlCabJ¦CnnUvGVImYyeRkABIkardaMduHbEnø EpøeQIenH . Kat
cabepþIm²ykcitþ³ eyIg . emIlBIeRkAeTA Gg<kardUcCaRtUvkarsmtæPaBrbseyIgedIm|IksagRbeTsminEmn
RtUvkareyIgedIm|IdaMés¬enHeT .
karN¾GsTaMgenH minGacTbeG[gsarIminoKateZVIóeTÞsnamTaMgdul>sþIBIkareC]nel]nelIksikmµ
sm&yEdlRtUveZVIosMerckñúg10eTA15qñaMeT[t. eG[gsarI bEnæm <<eBlNasæansYK(ksikmµenHsMerc
ehIy eyIgnwgmanrcnasm¬&nÆRKbRKanedIm|IERbkøaykm¬úCaoeTACaRbeTsósSahkmµ . enAkñúgtMbnxøHeyIg
eZVI:nbIetankñúgmYyhiktaßelIspg . enAqñaM1980 eyIgeZVIGVI>TaMgGsedIm|Io:nBI3 0eTA40PaKryCa
mZümkñúgTUTaMgRbeTs . enAxagEpñkósSahkmµeyIgnwgBRgIkósSahkmµxagkareRbIR:shUbcuk nigósSa
hkmµ ZánenAkñúgeBlRBmKña>> .`RkeLkedaylb>emIleTAxagRkumTUtnigGñkCMnajesdkic© . sarinqak
nigKñaKatktRtaóeTÞsnamenHedayykcitþTukdakdUckUnsisSEdlmanvin&y . eG[gsarIbnþ ² edIm|IsMercnUv
ksikmµsm&yeyIgRtUv EtbnþBwgEpÁkelIshkrN¾ . kalNashkrN¾rIkcMerIn RbeTsk*cMerInEdr. eyIg
nwger[bcMeZVIshkrN¾KMrUenARKbRsukTaMgGs. RsuknImYy>yagehacshkrN¾KmrUmYyehIyrIkcMerInedIm|I
eZVICaKMrUdlkEnøgdéTeT[t³ .
bnÞabmkeT[t eG[gsarIk*niyayBIsRtUvEdlbnþeZVIviTÆgSnacMeBaHEpnkarbMerIRbCaCnd*CaTIRsLaj
enH.Kat:nniTannUvRbvtþirbskarRbyuTÆrbsRkumKatRbqaMgnwgkarsg,tdwknaMrbsbkSkumµúynisþev[tNam
129
ehIyKat:nR:b´eQµaHxøH>rbsemk|tnigExSry;dUcCa ; rsjwm, QUk, sPwm, kuyZYn, nnsYn .l.
eG[gsarIcgeZVIoeyIgdwgnUvsard*sMxanmYy ; Grand meriterbsRkumKatEdl:nsMercnUv ² exmrniykmµ³
rbsbkSkumµúynisþExµr . ebIKµan ² exmrniykmµ³ enHeT RbeTskm¬úCaRbEhlRtUvRbeTsev[tNamelbCa
GvsanþeTAehIy . CakEsþgminEmnCaeG[gsarI xøÜnKatnigmitþPkþiKatmin:neZVIoRbCaCnExµrrgTukÎevTna
enaHeT . ebIBYkeyIgEdlCaGñkmkBIbreTsRtUveKeZVI:bk*edaysarEtmanPñakgarbkSkumµúynisþev[tNam.
kmµaPi:lTaMgGsdwgrYcehIynUvGVI>Edl`» . `caMza kalBIenAelIkaNUtelITenøemKg< rMuZøab´
niyayRbhakRbEhlenHsþIBIkarRbyuTÆRbqaMgsRtUv .
sarinqak KatbnþkMNtrbsKatedayesá{msøÚtbUt . zVIt|itEtKateZVICaxMykcitþTukdaksþabeG[g
sarIyagenHk*eday k*`enAEteC]za mnusSEdlecHdwgdUcsarinqak c|asCakMBugbenÞasxøÜnÉgza minKYr
NaeLIyKatbeNþayxøÜn eC]mnusSsMKiH:tNa:tNIdUceG[gsarIenHesaH . «LÚvenHeG[gsarIcab´epþIm
beJäateyIgtamEbbbTdEdleT[tKW ² eyIgTaMgGsKñaenAelIk:lTwkEtmYy . ebIvaliceyIglicCamYy
Kña . KµannrNamYyGacrYcxøÜnEtmñakÉg:neLIy . kMueC]oesaHzamitþ>GacrYcxøÜnedayRKanEtR:beTA
BYkev[tNamza BYkmitþCabJ¦CnmkBIbreTs . eKnwgsmøabeyIgTaMgGs«tGaNitGasUreLIy. Cakar
ZmµtaeTEdlmitþRtUveZVIBlIkmµ . sg<m:npøasbþÚr eKRtUvEtsMrbsMrYltam . `EtgEtkarBarmitþTaMgGs
KñaCanic© . `Etgniyayza bJ¦CnEdlmkBIbreTsminEmnsuTÆEtCaPñakgarsRtUvenaHeT³ .
enAkñúgkal;eTs;xøHeG[gsarI:nbJ¢akza 70PaKryénGñkmkBIbreTsCaGñkk|t . KatsURtsunÞr
kzaKateTAtamsmasPaBGñksþab. CaZmµta (?)Kat:nTTYlBt(manBIsæanPaBenAbwgRtEbkehIy:ndwg
zaGñkEdlrsenAbwgRtEbksÁbsav¨nnigGñks)MuRKlMCamYy . enAmuxeyIgKatbJ¢akza GñkEdlkøahanh)an
ttaMgCamYysavnsuTÆEtCaGñklÁ . buEnþb¨unµanézámun enARksYgkarbreTs eG[gsarI:nBnülza BYkenaH
suTÆEtCaBYkk|t . ézáenHKatRbkasza sav¨nnigPaK:nsarPaBnUvbTóRkidrbseKKW sav¨nCaPñakgar
yYn ÉPaKCaPñakgarKUmIgkaMg . KatbEnæmza ² ehIymüageT[tRKYsar`k*CaGñkrgeRKaHedaysav¨nEdr.
vaTukoZIr¨atbÁÚnézøRsI`søab³ . tamBiteTAKWKatQWedayeraKaBüaZi . CnrgeRKaHEdleG[gsarIelIkmk
CaóTahrN¾mñakeT[tKWv¨anBInIEdlmkBIbreTsEdr zaCaGñkminlÁehIy:nRtUvbrihaedayÉksarbI bJ¢ak
zaKatCaPñakgarrbs CIA nigPñakgarsmáat:raMg SDECE. eG[gsarIbJ¢akEzmeT[tza ² kalmuneKRtUv
karÉksarEtBIr Et«LÚv`tMrUvomanbI edIm|IcabXMuGñkNamñak Edlk|t³ . `minylesaH zaetIÉksar
bIenaHKatcgsMedAelIÉksarGVI / `cgEtsYrKat EtenAesá{mvijlÁCaCag .
`s<alv¨anBInIc|astaMgBIKatenAPñMeBjemø¨H . KatCaCMnitmñakrbsePaKqay EdlCaRbZanrbs
smaKmTUeTAnisSitExµr . kallnnleZVIrdRbhar BInICaTIRbwkSaenAsæanTUtExµrRbcaMTIRkug:rIs . eday
manCMnYyBIsarinqak nigcanyUr¨an Katnig`:nbeg,ItKN;kmµkarKaMRTesckþIEzøgkarN¾ézá23 mIna1970
rbssemþcsIhnu .
eG[gsarIbnþóeTÞsnamrbsKatza km¬úCakMBugedIreq¬aHeTAkanRbCaZibetyüPaBd*ZmmYy . edIm|Io
:nsMercTisedAenH Kat:noeyIgyktRmabtammitþPkþieyIgEdlTiet[nsav¨n . KatbnþeT[tza ² vamin
EmnCakargayRsYleT . BIrGaTitümun `:nCYbksikreyIgenAQUk extþkMBt `:nsYreTAsmaCiksh
krN¾edIm|IcgdwgetIKatTTYlrbbhUbbIeBlkñúgmYyézáßGt/ PøamenaHKatminh)anniyayc|aseT . eRkay
130
BIsÞabsÞgzaKatGacTukcitþ`:n eTIbKateqøIyza GteT . `sYrKatzaemck*Katmintv¨aCamYyGñkTTYl
xusRtUv zaKatmansiTÆiTTYlrbbhUbcukbIeBlkñúgmYyézá . mitþ>eXIjeT bgbÁÚneyIgmaner]geRcInNas
EdlRtUvniyay b¨uEnþKatminh)aneRbIesrIPaBrbsKat . GJ©wgehIy:nCaeyIgrkviZIzµIedaykmøaoKat
h)anniyay . `R:b´Katza oQbxøaceTA . ElgmanKukeT[tehIyenARsukExµr . kalCMnanmuneyIgEtg»
eKeCrKñaza GaKuk GaRcv¨ak³ . eG[gsarIbEnæmkñúgn&yeBjcitþ ² eyIgRtUvQbeRbIBakü <<Kuk>>eT[teTA.
GsmanKukeT[tehIyenARsukeyIg . enAelIqakGnþrCati neya:ykarbeTseyIgQrelIGBüaRkwtehIy
:nTTYlkarKaMRTBIRbeTsPaKeRcIndacxatelIBiPBelak CaBiessBIRbeTsmincUlbkSsm&¬nÆ . RbeTs
esrIniymsUev[tnigev[tNamkanEtÉekaeLIg> . edIm|IvayxµaMgxageRkA mundMbUgeyIgRtUve:ssMGatxµaMg
épÞkñúg . bkSeyIg:nykC&yCMnHelIxµaMgépÞkñúg . ebIKµanBYkk|ts)MuRKlMuenAxagkñúg yYnQøanBanminGac
ykC&yCMnHelIeyIg:neLIy³ . bnÞabmkeG[gsarI:nsMuoeyIgniyay oeyIgeRbIesrIPaBeyIgedIm|I
beJ©jGVI>EdleyIgcg. kñúgBiPBelakmanEtRbeTsExµrmYyeT EdleKGaceZVIyagenH:n eRBaHKukRtUv
eKbM:tGseTAehIy .
KIsaeNr¨at:neLIgniyaybriharGMBIkarCiHCanrbsRkumdwknaMCMrMutaMgBICMnansav¨nmk . KatbkCa
cMNucsMxan>GMBIPaBs)MuRKlMrbsGñkdwknaMCMrMubwgRtEbk.man5nakeT[tEdlegIbeLIgeZVIGnþraKmn¾edIm|IKaMRT
saeNr¨at . ÉkemIleTAdUcCaÉeka . KathakdUcCaeTIsTalGnÞHsarehIyOnmuxcuH . emIleTAeG[gsarI
minsµanzanwgmanGñkh)aneLIgniyay tamcitþdUecñHesaH ehIyedayeXIjkarsþIbenÞasxøaMg>dlÉk enaH
vahakdUcCakarsþIbenÞasedaybJäitbeJä{gdlrUbKatpgEdr . KatlakesÞIrminCitnUvkarminsb|aycitþ
rbsKat enAcMeBaHGg<RbCMuEdleTIbnwgrMedaHBIkarP&yxøac . CaCMerAcitþKat Katc|asCaniyayza BYk
eyIgCastVEdlRtUvEtRby&tñRbEygbMput.bnÞabmkeG[gsarIk*sMercbJ©bkarCECkenH.GñkrkSasnþisuxKat
EdlenAmatTVarmankareg]gqálCaxøaMg edayeXIjecAhVayKatTukoeKniyayEbbenH ehIylanmat
² enHCaelIkTI1ehIyEdl`eXIjeKniyay esrIEbbenHCamYybgeG[gsarI³ .
eKbnþeTAcMNucbnÞabeT[ténreb[bvar;KWrMlayKN;kmµkarcasehIyer[bcMe:HeqñatKN;kmµkarzµI .
enAeBlCamYyKñaenH eG[gsarI:nRbkasebIkCMrMuzµImYyeT[tKWb31 . ÉknigshkarIRbEhl30nakeT[t
EdleKeC]za CaGñkEdleKmanTMnukcitþnwgeTAenATI1 . eKTukb3 1CamnÞIrmYyEdleKer[bcMxøÜnmunnwgeTA
eZVIkarenARksYgkarbreTs . eG[gsarI:noGñkTaMgenaHecjBIsalRbCMueRBaHza kñúgkarerIsKN;kmµkarzµI
KµankarGVITakTgCamYyBYkeKenaHeT[teT . eRkayBIGñkTaMgenaHecjBIsalrYcmk eG[gsarI niyayeLIg
² `s<alÉkCayUrmkehIy CaGñkOkasniym Katertamxül³ . bnÞabmkKatniyayBIGñkPñMEdlrsenA
PUmiPaKxageCIg ² CaGñkbrisuTÆ GñkesµaHRtg h)anlHbgGVI>TaMgGsedIm|IgñkNaEdleKRsLajTukcitþ³ .
eG[gsarI xøÜnKat:neXIjGg<rkSKatbInaksøabenAnwgmuxedIm|IkarBarKat . KatylyagenHk*dUcCakmµa
Pi:lExµrRkhmepSgeT[tEdr KWeKTukcitþGñkPñMCagExµrenAvalTMnab . eKzaGñkTaMgenaHEdlrsenAxVHsBV
xVHRKb lág min:neTAer[nenAsala b¨uEnþCaGñkbdiesZGaNaniKm cMENkÉGñkvalTMnabnigCaBiess
GñkTIRkugvij zVIt|itEter[necHehIyrsRsYl suxcitþTTYlykGaNaniKm . cMeBaHeG[gsarI GñkPñMTaMgenaH
rstaMgBIyUrmkehIyeRkamrbbkumµúynisþedIm eBalKWeKKµanRTBüCaÉkCn eKGtcayluy eKminecHekg
RbvJ©& dUecñHeKqøgeTAkumµúynisþsm&yeday«tbJºa . eKRtUvykKMrUtamGñkPñMTaMgenH .
131
eBleRCIserIsKN;kmµkarzµIk*mkdl . eG[gsarIza ebIGñkNacgQreQµaHsMuoelIkéd . KateBal
² eyIgminGnuvtþn¾RbCaZibetyüEbbmUlZneT EtRbCaZibetyüRbmUlpþMú³ . KatniyayEbbenHedIm|Ibg,ar
zaGg<karGacbdiesZminTTYlykebkÎPaBrbsGñkNaEdlminbMeBjlkÎxNÐsMrab´RbtibtþimuxgarenH.
sanEdlCaebkÎnarImYyrUbniyayza KatCaPriyarbscMr¨un eBlenaHTwkmuxeG[gsarIdUcCapøasbþÚr
edayvib|disarI . KatducCaminRsNukkñúgxøÜnesaH ehIyec[sminemIlmuxsanocMeT . cMr¨unCavisVkr
saZarN;karmYyrUb . KatcUlRsukedayeG[gsarIsMuoKateTAksagpøÚvreTHePøIgPñMeBj-RkecH . buEnþtaMg
BIKatecjBIbwgRtEbkenAcugqñaM1976mk sanminEdlTTYldMNwgGVIBIKatesaH . ebkÎPaBsan:nRtUv
TatecaledayKµanmUlehtuc|as . cMeBaHzacEdlmkBIkm¬úCaeRkam eG[gsarIsmøwgyagyUreTABidanhak
dUcCaKatcgrMlwknUver]gGVImYyyagsMxan . RbEhlCaKatnwkeTAdlekµgRbusmñakEdlCaxøÜnKathñwgÉg
ehIyZøabrsenAtMbnenaHEdr . taMgBIExemsa1975mk manExµrkm¬úCaeRkamCaeRcInEdlRtUveKcabXMu.
ebkÎPaBrbszacRtUveKTTYlykeBlenaH .
`P\akxøaMgeRBaHmanGñkxøHsMuoeG[gsarIcuHeQµaH`kñúgbJ¢IebkÎCn EtKatTatecalnUvKMnitepþImenHrYc
Katza`RtUvbnþkarksagxøÜnteTAeT[t . TIbMputGg<RbCMu:nelIkédedayPaKeRcInerIsh)uyedIm|IeZVICaRbZan
CMrMu . ÉsmaCikepSgeT[trbsKN;kmµkarRtUverIsedayeG[gsarI . EmnETneTArdmRnþIkarbreTsenHman
karRcENnQñanIsxøaMgBIer]gGMNac . KatcgoeKdwgKuNKatminRKanEtBIsMNakenACMuvijKatb¨ueN‚aHeT
KWBIGñkepSgeeT[tpgEdr . ebIniyayocMKWKatTTYlC&yCMnH:nedaysarkarsÁbnigkarRcENnEdlruj
oKateZVI . KatCamnusSerIseGIg niglakBut .
eRkayBI:nkþabGMNacTaMgGsénkumµúynisþExµr bulBt:nsMercR:rBÆeZVIbuNüxYbrbsbkSenAkñúg
TUTaMgRbeTs . eG[gsarI:noGñkTTYlxusRtUvrbsCMrMubwgRtEbkTaMgbIer[bcMeZVIbuNüd*ZMenHEtmYyCamYy
Kña. 7ézáeT[tdlézábuNüehIy . eKer[bcMcattaMgKñaCaRkum> dUcCaRkumsMGat RkumtubEtg RkumeZVI:y
nigRkumsil|; . ralláaceKEtgoyuvCn yuvnarI hater[nnUvcMer[gnigr:Mbdivtþn¾ . GñkTaMgenHminEdl
manOkasNaedIm|IkMsanþlMEheT k*eqø{teBlenHedIm|IbnÆÚr ehIyGacniyayGVI>eRkABIer]gkargar. briya
kasbuNük*ekIteLIg. CMrMuk*sÁatsÁM RsLHCagmun . eKyksøwkeQImktubEtglMG . eKsresrbda
²CeyabkSkumµúynisþkm¬úCad*mharuger]g! Ceyakm¬úCaRbCaZibetyü! …³ . EKElgtMrUvoeyIgesø{kBak
BN(exµAeT[tehIy . eyIgGaceRbIsemø{kbMBakBN(:n . cMENkÉeRK]gbriePaKvij RtUvLanhSIúbdwkCJ¢Ún
ykmkoeyIgCahUrEhr . RsbeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr eG[gsarIEtgehAesÞIrralézáoKñaeyIgxøHeTAbMeBj
Parkic©zµI . KURskrsnigehg :nRtUveTAbMeBjParkic©enARksYgkarbreTsEdr . zVIt|itEt`nigb)unnImin
Edls<alsBImunk*eday EtTwkmuxjjwmnigPaBTnPønrbsKatTakTajkarRsLajrabGanrbseyIgtaMgBI
ézádMbUgmkemøH . eyIgsb|aycitþeday:nsnigehgCaGñkCitxageyIg . sminEdlniyayR:bnrNa
GMBICIvRbvtþirbsKateT EtTaMgGsKñadwgzaeQµaHedImKatKWnarI CaevC¢bNÐit CakUnRsIrbselakGwugGIu
GtItnaykrdmRnþI . Kat:neTAsikSaenARbeTscin ehIyRtUvCakUnciJ©wmrbsCUeGnLay . eRkaymk
eyIgdwgza ehgmin:nRtUveG[gsarITukcitþeLIy rYcKatk*min:neTAeZVIkarenARksYgkarbeTsCamYynarI
Edr. kalBIézá8mkra1979 narIEdlmanépÞeBaHbIExpg:nsakrtecjBIPñMeBjEtKatRtUvTahanev[tNam
:jsmøab k*dUcCashkarIKateQµaHEkmZIEdr .
132
eK:nGnuJ¦atoeyIgeTAemIlkunßqaksil|;bdivtþn¾enAsalctumux . eyIgeTAemIles[ksEmþgeday
kgT&BcinRbCamanitenAsþatGULaMBik eBlenaH`:neXIjex[vbuN‚arI Priyarbsb¨ulBtCaelIkTI1 Gg<úy
Ek|rnayTahancin .
ézábuNümkdl . eKeZVIbuNükñúgbriyakasZUrRsal sb|ayrIkray RbEhlsm&ymunEdr xVHEt
RBHsgÏb¨ueN‚aH . GMNwHteTA RKYsarnImYy>GacbriePaK:yenAtuCamYyKña . mYyEPøtenaH`nwkeTAdl
RTgneratþm PUrisar¨¨a EdlCaGtItrdmRnþIRksYgkarbreTs RtUveKcab´XMuXaMgedaysarKatminRBmXat
kMuoRbBnÆkanédKatenAeBlkMBugedIr .
bunµanézáeRkaymk h)uyEdlCaRbZanCMrMuzµI:nbg<aboeyIger[bcMecjeTACMrMub3 2. CapøÚvkareKza
edayCMrMub3 2manmnusSRbEhlCa40nak . Gg<karsMercbJ¢Ún20nakeTACaCMnYykmøaMg . buEnþCakEsþg
KWCMrMub3 0 CakEnøgmYysMrabeZVIkareRCIserIs . GñkEdlksagxøÜn:nlÁeTAb3 1 kEnøgrgcaMedIm|IeTA
eZVIkarenARksYg . Éb32TuksMrab´GñkEdlGg<karminTukcitþ . ZnmitþenAb31:nxSwbR:bGMBIkrNI`
za tamKatKW`RtUvEtRbugRby&tñeRBaHeK:nR:bKatza `ksagxøÜnmin:ncMerIn . ² TNÐkmµ³ enHeZVIob)unnI
P&y:rmÖ b¨uEnþcMeBaH`KYroqáleRBaH`KµankarPitP&yGIesaH . RKanEtnwkzaeTAeZVIkarenARksYgkarbreTs
eRkamRkEsEPñkrbseG[gsarI eZVIo`eRs[vqÁwgxñgCamun .
mþgeT[tehIyEdlb)unnIRtUvlaEbkBIbgRsIKat EdlKµan:nTTYldMNwgGVIbnþicesaHBIbþIKat . `k*
RtUvlaBImitþPkþieyIgÉeT[tEdrCaBiesselakyayGiun nigelakyayepøk eRBaHkalNacakecjBICMrMuehIy
mingaynwg:neXIjKateT[teT . zVIt|itemIleTAhakdUcCamankarZUrRsalCagmun buEnþdMeNIrkarRKb´
RKgCMrMuenAdEdl KWGñkEdlminenAkñúgCMrMuCamYyKñaminGacCYbKñaedayKµankarGnuJ¦atenaHeLIy .
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133
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134
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135
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136
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138
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enAkñúgkUnERKrbsva . etIbnþiceT[tkUngad*tUcenAeLIyenHeTArsenAkñúgéRByagem¨ceTA /
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eqø{tsresrBakübNþaMTuk eRBaHbnþiceT[teyIgmindwgyagemceT . eyIgGacEbkKña . ebIemceTAézámux
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mindwgmkBINa / ebIeyIg:necjeTAeRkArYcCasMNaglÁ . eyIgmanslluyenAkñúgkugxøHeT /³
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luyBINaedIm|IcabepþImCIviteyIgeLIgvij /
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`zacaMézáeRkayeyIgniyayKñavaRsYlCagniyaykñúgeBltkRkhlGIcwg . KatzaézáenHCaézácugeRkay
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yagenHk*eday k*minGscitþTukRtIEdlminTaneZVIGsenaHecalTeTrEdr . GñkxøHeT[tebHbEnø EpøeQI
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naMKñakabRCUkmanTayksaceTACamYyyagemcEdr /
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GñkxøHx©b´ GñkxøHlagsac lagbEnø cMGiner[bcMeZVIdMeNIr . GñkxøHer[bcMTukdak«v¨an biTRTugRCUk
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139
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haNUyRtYtextþxagekItCabRBMEdnev[tNamGsehIy>BYkev[tNamkMBugvaysMrukmkPñMeBj . GñkxøHza
ERBklabeRCaycgVaZøakeTAelIkNþabédBYkeKehIy . enAtampøÚveXIjeyaZa:kT&BedIreBjpøÚv . yb´
kanEteRCAeyIgsMrakminlkTalEtesaHsMrabybcugeRkayenACMrMubwgRtEbk .
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ehac . kgT&Bev[tNamGtmanExµreT:ncUlmkkanEtCitPñMeBj . BYkeK:nykGñkel]gehIykalBI
láacmiuj . GñkxøHeT[tza BYkkgT&BRsYcev[tNammkkankabeRCaycgVaehIymanreTHtgmuCTwk:nrab´
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mkeyIgecjputBIcMNtqáaybnþicmanxülcUlmktic>eZVIoRsYlZUrRtCakCagmunbnþic . tambgÁÜcRkeLk
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140
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huydIRTelam eRkamBnøWRBHsuriyad*ekþAEhg .
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cMNtrzePøIg manmnusSBaseBjENnNantantabrkemIldIswgEtmineXIj . mnusSenAkñúgéRBk*man
enAsgxagpøÚvk*man enAelIpøÚvk*man . reTHePøIgebIksnSwm> rYcmanmnusSmkRbetagRKbRcugeRCay . eyIg
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lM:kEmnETn . mYysnÞúHrzePøIgk*QbEmnEteKQb´edIm|IdakeyIgcuH rYcdwkBYkGñkcaMenATIenHEdlPaK
eRcInCaGñkrbYs GñkCmáW ecjeTACabnÞan . eyIgnwkza QbsMraksinKWGtbJºaeT EtQb´dakGñkzµIeyIg
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manekAGIGg<úy . GñkxøHeT[teBalza RbEhlCaeG[gsarInigeG[gZIriTÆenAkñúgenaHEdr . xøHzavaminsm
ebIeKCiHóTÆmÖaKcRkCamYybulBtdUcCasmCag . GñkxøH»eKniyayzamanRbBnÆex[vsMpn . manBINaman
eTAQWk|alGIeyIg mñakeT[teqøIymkvijeZVIhI . GñkTTYlxusRtUvrgcMNtsþúkGacm(rmassYrza eyIgmk
BINa / ehaNaMhugRbZanBYkeyIgeqøIytb mkBImnÞIreRkamkarRKbRKgrbseG[gsarI . »sUrdUecñHk*eKeZVI
mindwg enAEtbJ¢aoeyIgcuHecjBIreTHePøIg . eyIgtv¨asin . eyIgylza KYrEtBYkbgbÁÚnEdlQWeZVI
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kEnøgeyIgykeTAtGJ©wgdUcCaminRtUv . eyIgcgeTARBMEdnoqabenATIenHman:yÉNahUb GñkNas<al
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141
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sMrakenAeRkamedImeQIBaseBjéRB . eKaRkbIk*vahtdUcmnusSEdr . mnusSnigstVbteCIgBasvalBas
kalsÁúyeBjéRB . Osæannrkelakiy¾ !
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kgT&Bev[tNamkanEtxitcUlmkCitextþkMBgqñaMgehIy . mþgenHeyIgcabedIrEmnETn . b)unnIman:LÚdak
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142
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eyIg:nedIreTAdl . QbenApÞHmanbIxñgGtmnusSRbkek|}gsgenACab>Kña . RbEhlCapÞHemdwknaM
shkrN¾ehIyemIleTA . EtTMngdUcCapÞHGtmnusSenA . eyIg:nTTYlsVaKmn¾BIsMNakbgbÁÚnbInak
edayrakTakkkekþA . KatoeyIgsMrakenATIenHláacenH . edaypÞHmanEtbIehIyeyIgTaMgb30 b31
b32 manKñaeyIgTaMgGs200nak TukkEnøgonarInigkumarÉeyIgsMrakenAelIvalERsCit>enaH .
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143
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eyIgRtUvedaHRsayyagem¨c / edayeyIgmanKñarhUtdleTA200nak KµanshkrN¾NamYymanZnZan
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caMERsehIyemIleTA. Ek|r>enaHeKGteXIjmanPUmikreTeBalKWmanEtvalERsdacknÞúyEPñk . GñkdwknaM
R:beyIgoenAsMrakenATIenHCabeNþaHGasnñsin . R:bdUecñHehIy eKk*ecjeTA:teTA . eyIgk*cabeGIt
emIlrkGNþÚgTwkßGUrmunézálic . eyIgmindwkdgTwkyagemc:neRBaHeyIgGtmanZug . emck*edaysMxan
rkoeXIjmanTwkCamunsin. dUcesckþIR:zñayagGnÞHGEnÞg eyIgk*RbTHeXIjRsHTwkmYyenATisxagt|Úg .
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enaHdakevnKñaeZVI:yoeyIgmþg>mñakrhUtdlmanviZankarzµI . ÉcMENkeyIgvij eyIgsnüanigCYyRbmUl
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144
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punGtItecARkmdacsrésQamsøabmYyrMeBceRBaHKatP&yeBkedaysarGg<kardwgzaKatenAmanviTüú ehIy
lYcsþabsemøgshrdGaemrik .
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sMrakTukosemøgZmµCatieBlybbeJ©jsñaédrbsxøÜnmþg .
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RbmaN30qñaM manRbustictYc hakdUcCasYnbEnøyUr>manesµAmYy> . ksikrGtniyayGIeRcInCamYyBYk
eyIgeT . zaKatminTTYlk*minRtUv RbEhlCaKatminTanh)anehIytamemIl . emIleTABYkKatvijelg
GsédEtmþg . eBlmanRbus> BYkKatcMGnKñaeTAvijeTAmkeqøIyqøgdUceKelgGaéy . KatcMGnKñaelg
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145
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146
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147
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148
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152
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153
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154
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minedIrlayLMCamYyGñkRsukeT eKredIredaydMuCamYyKñaeK RbEhlCaeKmankarENnaMoeZVIGJ©wgehIyemIl
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155
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156
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«LÚv / CYbKatBIGg,al / enHCasMNYrmYycMnYnEdleKEtg:n» .Tahanev[tNamkankabenATIenaH
manBaseBj k*buEnþeKTukoGñkRsukslBIsøabedIrehIrrksIutamcitþ . yUr>eKeXIjmankarsgswkekIt
eLIgRbqaMgnwgkmµaPi:lExµrRkhm k*b¨uEnþCaTUeTAmineXIjmaneRcInb¨unµaneT . ézáxøHeKeXIjTahan
ev[tNamcab´eyaZaExµrRkhmCaRkum>eZVICaeQøIyswksRg<am . `min:neXIjzaeKvaydMeZVI:bpÞalEpñk
eT . tam`sµanenAeBlenaH ERBkeBñACaTIRbCMuCnmYyEdlmanmnusSeRcInCageKenAkm¬úCa . karEdlman
vtþmanmnusSeRcIndUecñHeZVIoecaTbJØaepSg>CaeRcInCaBiessbJØaGnam&y . TwkERBk nigbwgbYr GNþÚg enA
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tMbnCMuvijeLIgkxVkeLIg> . sUm|IEtTwkTenøk*TbminQñHnwgkarekIneLIgéncMnYnmnusSenHEdr .
pSarEdlekIteLIgCas&VyRbvtþi enHCa:tuPUtmYyKYrocabGarmµN* . ExµrRkhmxMbiTpSar BYkeK
minTanrlMrlayGspg pSarduHdUcpSit . enAkEnøgNak*manGñklkEdr . eKlksBVlkRKb . sUm|I
EtbnRsIeBsüak*cab´maneRcInNasEdr . edayRsukExµrminTanmanRkdasluy eKykGg,rmkCMnYs.
sUm|IEtxøÜn`k*bg¡MxøÜneZVICaGñkCYjdUrEdr . bgézø`yknaLikaKatdUr:nkgmYysMrabo`dwk«v¨aneTAlk.
`cabepþImlkRtIeg[t . lkminkblkzñaMCkmþg . enAEtminkblksVayTMu . enAEtminkbQbsMrak
dkxülmþg . NamYyRtUvrkpÞHzµIenA eRBaHpÞHElVgpSarERBkeBñAedkpÞalnwgdI mnusSG)UrGeRcIn lØelØv .
minEtbueNÑaHeT[t pÞHElVgenHeKRtUvkareRcIn edIm|IykeTAeZVICahaglkdUr . enAeBlenaHenACanxagelI
BYk` CapÞHRsImñakragRkGajbnþic . KatEtgniyayza KateTIbmkBIhaNUy ehIyBYkGñkeZVIkarZM>
enAPñMeBjsBVézásuTÆEtCaBYkEdlKatZøabsñiTÆsñal . `minsUvCaeC]Katb¨unµaneT . EteBlNaKatmin
eZVIGIeyIg eyIgxMsþabKat ec[svagmanbJØa . EteRkaymkKatdUrGakb|kiriyaCamYyeyIg RbEhlCa
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edaysarGñkEdlcgeTACYbKatRtUvedIrkatkEnøgeyIgsMrakedIm|IeLIgCeNþIr . manyuvCnCMTg>kanEt
eRcIneLIgeTAsYrKat TaMgybTaMgézáedIm|Is<alhaNUyehIyemIleTA .
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ERBkeBñAbnþic . pÞHenaHeZVIBIeQIsgputBIdI enAxagmuxmanbwgERBkeBñAEdlmankMe:økduHENnNantan
tab . eBlybeyIgcgmugsMrakenAypÞHenH . RKYsarKatmanxUcxateRcIndUcRKYsarBYkeyIg`Edr.
157
RbBnÆKatsøabenACMnanExµrRkhm . eyIgmankarkkekþAenACMrkCamYyKat . RKbeBlevlaRKYsarenH
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BYk`Edr . RKYsarTImYy vgSa EdlmkBIGmLaMgCamYyKña KatrksIu:nZUrZamantUblk«v¨an ehIyman
eKÉgs<alKateRcIn edaysarkalBIsg<m RKYsarKatCaKhbtImYyenARsukExµr . NamYyeT[tvgSa
maneTBekaslüecHTayskþisiTÆ . KatCaRKUTaymñakd*l|Il|ajenAeBlenaH .
ÉRKYsarsukvij ZøabmankarkMstkMrkCamYy`eRcIn CaBiesscabtaMgBIdIRkhmmk . eyIgenAtUb
CamYyKñaenAb18 ehIydleBlmkBIdIRkhm suknig`sæitenAkñúgcMeNamCnEdlksagmineLIg ehIy
RtUveTAoenAb32 . enAeBlenaHeyIgniyayBiPakSaKñaeRcInedIm|IrkpøÚvecjeTAbreTs . edayminGac
eTAtaméz:n eyIgKitKUeTAtamev[tNam . edaysPaBkarN¾ecjeTAeRkAminTanhucOkaso eyIg
RtUvKitKUedIm|IrkmeZüa:yRbkbkargaredIm|Irs .edayTalRckmindwgeZVIGI bNÐitesdðkic©rUbenH:nbbYl
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PñMeBjeBlenaHminEmnCakarRsYleT ehIymaneRKaHzñakGacdlsøabpg . eBlxøHeyIgedIr eBlxøHlUn
eBlxøHrt ßRtUvBYnlakxøÜnedIm|Ioputr:MgTahanev[tNamEdlmaneRcInkankaMePøIgRKbéd hamXat
minocUlPñMeBj edayKµankarGnuJ¦at . eyIgnaMKñaRbkbrbrlYc:venH cMeBaH`eXIjza :nKYrsmCag
lk«v¨anbnþic .
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eT[teTIbmkdl . edayeyIgmanKñaeRcIndUecñHbgenAm©aspÞH`:nbbYlBYkeyIgorksIucUlKñaCamYyKat
nigkUnRbusKatmñakEdlmanGayuCag20qñaM . eyIgnaMKñarksIuEcvdrenACits¬aneRCaycgVar . kaleNaH
s¬anenaH:k eKminGacqøgBIeRtIym¡ageTAeRtIym¡ageT[t:neRkABIqøgdeT ebIRbsinCaKµanTUkpÞalxøÜn.
eyIgcabepþImrbrzµIenHedayGsBicitþBIezøIm . manGñkCiHeRcInTaMgeTATaMgmk . rksIudrkbEmnETn .
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emceT EtrkdreXIjzadUcCa:nZUr . eyIg:nGg,rrab:v . eyIgminxVHGg,rRckqñaMgeT ehIyRtIsac´
bEnø EpøeQI k*minxVH . enAeRCaycgVarsMbUrNasehIyezak>pg EtsuPmg<lmin:nsæitesæreT . ézá
mYyeBlRBlbehIy eyIgctTUkenAmatRcaMgeRCaycgVaredIm|IhUb:yRsabEthUb:yehIy rkTUkmin
eXIj . eyIgxMnaMKñartrkTaMgyb . maneKeXIjmnusSBIrnakmklYcEcvykeTA:t . eyIgk*mindwgeZVI
eZVIem¨c eRkABIykGg,rEdlsnSMTukom©asTUkvijswgEtminRKb . muxrbrdrrbseyIgk*RtUvbJ©b´taMgBIézá
enaHmkehIyRtUvbg¡MxøÜnsMuTahanev[tNamcUlPñMeBj .