Cdc Vua Nhd Nguyin, gidi Van Than va su bai vong cua Viet Nam dudi anh sang cua xet lai:

K H O N G C O A I " R U 6 C V O I V E G I A Y M O " C A , T A T C A D E U L A N A N N H A N C U A M O T V A N H O A

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I T n f d c 1 9 4 5 , n h i J l i g n g i f d i S I t J a t a o i t h i e u n i e n ,

v a n g a y c a t h a n h n i e n , i t b i e t r o l i c h s i f V i S t N a m v e t h e k y X I X . L y d o l a : g i a i d o a n d o l a g i a i d o a n V i S t N a m "bi b a o h o " •—• n e u n h i n tu* g o c d o c u a n g u ' d i V i e t —, v a "dicac b a o h o " — n e u n h i n t i i : g o c d o c u a n g i f d i P h a p . N g t f c f i ' V i e t k h o n g m u o n n o i d e n g i a i d o a n n a y v i s d d o n g d e n C h i n h p h u B a o h o , h o a c T r i e u d i n h V i e t N a m : P h a p n a m q u y e n I r f c , v a T r i e u d i n h N h a N g u y e n v a n c o n , t u y r a n g k h o n g c 6 q u y e n I r f c g i d o i v d i P h a p , n h u h g v§n c o n k h o n g c h e dtfcf c n g r f d i V i e t . N h t i n g t a c p h a m k h o n g v t t a y C h i n h p h u B a o h o P h a p h o a c T r i e u d i n h V i e t N a m t a t n h i e n b i M e m d u y e t , v a t a c g i a b i l a m k h o d e . P h a n k h a c , t a n g b o ' c , t a n dulcJng b a o h o v a c h e d o t h u o c d i a l a m o t d i e u m a c h a n g a i m u o n l a m . H a u q u a l a h i e u b i e t v e l i c h su" c u a r a t n h i e u n g u ' M v e g i a i d o a n • \ ^ e t N a m b i m a t c h u q u y e n k h a m i l m d .

S a u 1 9 4 5 , t a t n h i e n n h i J n g k e m c h e t r e n d a y k h o n g c o n n f f a , d a c b i e t l a d M i e n B a c , l u c d o k h o n g c o n b i c h i n h q u y e n P h a p c h e ngu" . R a t n h i e u t a c p h a m v e l i c h su* g i a i d o a n P h a p t h u o c d u a n h a u x u a t M e n . N h i t n g t a c p h a m n a y p h a n a n h k h o n g k h i " e a c h m a n g " , d u a n h a u t o " P h a p , t o ' t h u ' c c ^ n , t o " p h o n g M e n , " v a t a t n M e n l u o n c a T r i e u d i n h N h a N g u y S n , d a c b i e t l a c a c v u a N h a N g u y i n , b i g a n c h o c a i t o i d a "rxidc v o i v e g i a y m o . ;

6 M i e n N a m , v i P h a p dt fcfc t : c l l a i v a a p d a t q u y e n b i n h c u a h o m o t i h c J i g i a n n i t a , n e n p h o n g t r ^ o t o P h a p , t o T r i e u d i n h V i S t N a m p h a i d d i d e n s a u H o i n g h i G e n e v e m d i p h a t . V a n o p h a t m a n h v i p h o n g t r a o d i c t f d r f a v a o M i e n N a m r a t n M e u t r i t h i i c v a n h a v a n M i e n B a c , v a n h U n g n g t f d i n a y m a n g t h e o v a du fdc t i f d o p h o b i e n q u a n d i e m c i i a h o , n h a t l a s a u 1 9 5 7 . L u c d o , o n g N g o D i n h D i e m d a t h a u h o i d o c l a p t h i i c s t f , q u y e n I tfc P h a p h o a n t o a n c h a i n d t f t , v a C t f u H o a n g B a o D a i h i t r u a t p h e ' , T r i e u N g u y i n k h o n g c o n q u y e n

I t f c , m a c U n g k h o n g c o n t h e ' I t f c g i n t f a d e n g a n c h a n n h t f n g p h e p h a n k h o n g t o t v e c a c v u a N h a N g u y i n n t t a . N h i i i i g p h e p h a n n a y t M S u v 6 t t f , c 6 k M r a t n a n g n e , k h o n g c o n g b a n g , k h o n g c a n n h a c , k h o n g c h i n h x a c .

T i a h t r a n g t r e n d a y r a t t t f n M e n , v i n h t f n g p h a n x e t t h t f c f n g b i e u M e n m o t 151 t i e p c a n c h i n h t r i , m a c h i n h t r i t a t n M e n c h u q u a n , t M e i i k h o a n d u n g v a t M e i i c o n g b a n g . N h t f a g l o i t i e p c a n n a y k h o n g t h e a p d u n g k M t a m u o n M e u t t f c f n g t a n , c h i n h x a c , m o t v a n d e . Hieu r o m S t v a n d e , d e d i d e n n h t f n g k e t l u a n c h i n h x a c l a m c a n b a n c h o n h t f n g q u y e t d i n h d u n g , m a n g l a i k e t q u a t o t , d o i h o i s t f a p d u n g m o t l o i t i e p c a n g o m h a i ve": 1 / p h a n t a c h k h a c h q u a n , v 6 t t f , " k h o n g k h o a n n h t f c f n g , " n h t f m o t t a c g i a t i e n p h o n g v e l a n h v t f c n a y n o i , p h a i g a t b o r a n g o a i n h t f n g y e u , g h e t r i e n g , d e t h a y d t f d c v a n d e m o t e a c h t h o n g s u o ' t ; 21 r u t M e n t h t f c t i f n M e u n g a n h d e t h a y d t f d c t a t ck c a c k M a c a n h v a M e u v a n d e d t f d c m o t e a c h t o a n v e a L o ' i t i S p c a n n a y r a t c a n t M e t k M t a t i m M e u m o t g i a i d o a n l i c h su* s o i d o n g .

R i e n g v e g i a i d o a n c a c V u a N h a N g u y e n , t r o n g s o ' n h f f n g t a c p h a m d a r o r a n g t a c h k h o i t r a o I t f u t i e p c a n l o ' i c h i n h t r i , v a a p d u n g n h t i n g l o ' i t i e p c a n k h o a h o c h t f u M e n h d n , c 6 b a t a c p h a m d a n g c h i i y d a c b i e t . D o l a n h i ^ n g t a c p h a m :

Viet 'Nam Phap Thuoc Sit (1884-1945), c u a G i a o s t f P h a n K h o a n g , ( 1 9 6 1 , S o n g M c t i , P O . B o x 2 7 7 4 , F o r t S m i t h , A R , m l a i , n a m . . . . ? ) ,

L'Empire Vietnamien face a la France et la Chine (1847-1885), c u a G i a o s t f Y o s h i h a r u T s u b o i , ( P a r i s , L ' H a r m a t t a n , 1 9 8 7 ) , v a

Monarchie et Fait Colonial au Viet-Nam (1875-1925) c i i a G i a o s t f N g u y i n T h e A n h , ( P a r i s , L ' H a r m a t t a n , 1 9 9 2 ) .

G i a o s t f P h a n K h o a n g d a d a n h t o a n v e n q u y e n s a c h d a i g a n 5 0 0 t r a n g c u a o n g c h o v a n d e . N h u h g d i e m d a n g g M n h a t l a o n g d a v i e t s a c h n a y t r o n g t i n h t h a n r a t k h a c h q u a n , co ' t t i m M e u n g u y S n d o

T H E K Y 2 1 - S O 1 9 4 T H A N G S A U , 2 0 0 5 - 6 7

t a i s a o V i e t N a m d a m a t c h u q u y e n , n h t t n g l y d o c ^ a t h a t b a i " c u a t o t i e n t a , " c h d k h o n g n h a m 1 6 n a n , k e t o i r i e n g m o t c a n h a n , h a y m o t d o a n t h e n a o c a . P h a n k h a c , G i a o s u : n h a n x e t r a n g nhvtng b i e n co" l i e n q u a n d e n su" c a n t h i e p c u a P h a p v a o V i e t N a m c h i g h i c h e p t r o n g c a c s a c h su", r & i r a c , t i i y t h e o c a c t a i H e n l a t v a t , v a " c h r f a c 6 m o t q u y e n s d n a o c h u y e n c h e p [ n h i i n g b i e n c o ' a y ] r i e n g r a v a c h o d a y d u . " N h a n x e t n a y r a t d t i n g , v a t a c p h a m c u a G i a o s t f d a b o s u n g c h o s t f t h i e ' u s o t n a y , c u n g c a p c h o t a n h f f n g c h a t h e n r a t d a y d 'u , d i c h x a c , d e n h a n x e t d t i n g d a n v a c a n b a n g v e g i a i d o a n l i c h su" n a y .

V e p h a n h a i G i a o s t f N g u y S n T h e ' A n h v a Y o s h i h a r u T s u b o i , d o n g g o p c u a h o l a d a a p d u n g m o t l o ' i t i e p c a n mdi, md d t f S n g c h o n h t f n g k h a o s a t r o n g r a i , d a y d u h c f n , v a d t f d n g n h i e n , c h i n h x a c h c f n , v e m o t g i a i d o a n s o i n o i c u a l i c h s r f V i e t N a m , t r a n h n h u i i g p h a n x e t h e p h o i , t h i e ' u t h a n g b a n g , c H c a n c t f t r e n m o t s o ' d i J M e n g i d i h a n , v a t r e n n h u c a n c h i n h t r i p h e p h a i . H o d a d t f a a n h s a n g c u a x a h o i h o c , n h S n c h u n g h o c v a t S m l y h o c c h i e ' u v a o v a n d e , l a m s a n g t o n h f f n g y e n t o ' d a k h i e n n h t f n g n g t f & i d t f d n g t h c f i q u y e t d i n h n h t f h o d a q u y e t d i n h , v e p h i a n h t f n g n h a n v a t P h a p , c u n g n h t f v i p h i a n h t f n g n h a n v a t V i e t N a m , t r o n g s t f a p d a t c h e ' d o b a o h o P h a p l e n V i e t N a m .

G i a o s t f A n h d a c i J u x e t k y n h t f n g " c d c a u x a h o i - v a n h o a " ( e d i f i c e s o c i o - c u l t u r e l ) , " b o ' i c a n h x a h o i - v a n h o a " ( p a y s a g e s o c i o - c u l t u r e l ) , d e t h a y r o n h t i n g d o n g I t f c d a t h u c d a y n h t f t i g n h a n v a t h e n q u a n d e n n h t f n g b i e n c o ' d a n d e n s t f s u y t a n c u a c h e d o q u a n c h u V i e t N a m , v a s t f P h a p bide d o a t h e t q u y e n h a n h c u a V u a V i e t N a m , tu" 1 8 7 5 d e n 1 9 2 5 . V e p h i a P h a p : c h i n h p h u P h a p S P a r i s , v a n h t f n g v i 6 n c h t f c n g o a i g i a o v a q u a n s t f h o a t d o n g S V i e t N a m — n h a t l a t h u o c h a i q u a n •—•; n h t f n g g i a o s i c 6 n g g i a o ; n h t f n g t e n t h t f d n g n h a n p M e u I t f u . V e p h i a V i e t ' N a m : c a c V u a , q u a n c h t f c T r i S u d i n h •—• I d n v a n h o —, c a c g i 6 i V a n T h a n • — - N h o s i , t h a n h a o —•, d a n c h u n g l a n g x a . T r o n g c u o c c t f u x e t n a y , G i a o s t f A n h d a p h a n t a c h r a t t ^ m y If l i c h , t t f t t f d n g , t a c p h o n g , h a n h v i , d o n g I t f c s a u n h t f n g q u y e t d i n h , c u a n h t f a g n h a n v a t t h e n cho ' t .

L o ' i t i e p c a n c i i a G i a o s t f Y o s h i h a r u T s u b o i c u n g t t f d n g t t f , n h t f n g S n g n a y g i d i h a n c u o c c t f u x e t v a o T r i e u T t f D t f c ( 1 8 4 7 - 1 8 8 5 ) , v a d i r a t s a u v a o v i e c p h a n t i c h m o ' i t t f d n g q u a n g i t f a V u a T t f D t f c v c f i g i d i V a n T h a n . O n g d a c t f u x e t " k h o n g g i a n x a h o i " ( I ' e s p a c e s o d a l ) V i e t N a m d e t i m H e u

t i e n t i i n h a p d a t c h e ' d o t h u o c d i a l e n V i e t N a m , s t f s u y s u p c i i a x a h o i V i e t N a m d a d i e n t i e ' n r a s a o , v a g i d i V a n T h a n d a d o n g v a i t r o ^ t r o n g t i e ' n t i i n h n a y . O n g d a l a m s a n g t o t a r n q u a n t r o n g c u a " d i s a n v a n h o a " t r e n c a c t a c n h a n V i e t , v a c h r o a n h h t f S n g n h t f n g "him c h S ' t " v a n h o a ( p r e d i s p o s i t i o n s c u l t u x e l l e s ) t r e n h a n h v i c d a c a c t a c n h a n n a y , t a i s a o n h t f n g c h t f d n g t i i n h c a i t o x a h o i V i e t N a m d a b i " n g a n c h a n " ( b l o q u e ) , Q u a n t r o n g , v a m d i h c f n c a , S n g d a l a m n§i b a t s t f h i e n h t f u v a a n h h t f d n g c u a " n h o m x a h o i " ( g r o u p e s o c i a l ) CO u y t h e ' v a c o a n h h t f S n g q u y e t d i n l i t r e n c o n g l u a n d V i e t N a m t h d i d o .

N h t f G i a o s t f G e o r g e C o n d o m i n a s d a n h a n m a n h t r o n g L d i g i d i t M e u , G i a o s t f T s u b o i d a a p d u n g n h a n c h i i n g h o c v a o c u o c c t f u x e t n o i t r e n , v a d a y l a m o t l o ' i t i e p c a n c h o p h e p d i s a u v a o s t f h i e u t h a n c M e u v a n h o a , v a d i e n c h i n h m o t so ' q u a n n i e m s a i l a m d a d t f d c p h o b i e n t r t f d c d o , v i d u q u a n d i e m n o i r a n g c a c v u a N h a N g u y e n k h o n g q u a n t a m g i d e n n h t f n g b i S ' n c h u y i n q u o ' c te ' , d a dtfcfc m o t s o ' g i a o s i d t f a r a , v a d t fc /c m o t so ' n g t f d i V i e t N a m l a p l a i .

M o t d i e m c a n l u t f f l a c a h a i G i a o s t f A n h v a T s u b o i d e u d a t n a n g y e n t o ' van hoa v a xa hoi. G i a o s t f A n h d a t h i u t o r n v a n d e t r o n g m o t c a u : ' V a n d e l a l a m s a o l a t d t f d c t o a n t h e x a h o i V i e t N a m v a o M e n d a i " ( L e p r o b l e m e e s t c o m m e n t f a i r e b a s c u l e r l a s o c i e t y e n t i e r e d a n s l a m o d e r M t e ) . D a t v a n d e n h t f v a y l a d a t v a n d e s t f a d o i v a n h o a , n h u h g v i e c n a y h e n q u a n d e ' n t o a n t h e x a h o i . T h e h e t h d i T t f D t f c d a k h o n g t h t f c M e n d t f d c d i e u t r e n n a y , v a h a u q u a l a s t f b a i v o n g c i i a d i f t n t f d c d t f a d e ' n s t f d o h o c u a n g o a i b a n g . A i m a n g tfach n M e m v e t h a m t r a n g n a y ? A i d a " r t f d c v o i v e g i a y m o " ? D o l a c a n h o i m a c a c t a c g i a t r e n g i i i p t a t r a I d i d t f d c d t f t k h o a t : t o a n t h e x a h o i V i e t N a m . N h t f n g , t h a t r a , q u a c a c c o n g t r i n h s t f u k h a o c u a h a i G i a o s t f A n h v a T s u b o i , t a t h a y r a n g t a t c a c H l a n a n n h i n c u a m o t v a n h o a t h u c t f u c t f c d o a n — v a n h o a K h o n g N h o m o h i n h T r u n g Q u o ' c . D t f d i d a y l a c M t i e t v e t i S ' n t i i n h b a n g h o a i d o . B a i n a y c h i i ^ c t f u x e t v a n d e v e p M a V i e t N a m , n e n s e k h o n g d e c a p n M e u d e ' n p M a Ph£p.

T r t f d c h e t , c a n n h a c l a i n h t f n g b i e n c o ' I d n d a n d e ' n s t f a p d a t c h 6 ' d o b a o h o P h a p 1 8 n V i e t N a m :

N a m 1 8 4 7 : t h a n g 4 , d D a N a n g , h a m d o i P h a p b a n c h i m h e t I t f c I t f d n g t h u y q u a n V i e t N a m , t r o n g d o CO n a m t a u h o c d o n g .

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6 8 - T H E K Y 2 1 - s 6 1 9 4 T H A N G S A U , 2 0 0 5

P h a p b a n p h a v a d o b o I S n D a N a n g . N a m 1 8 5 9 : t h a n g 2 , q u a n P h a p c h i e m G i a

D m h . N a m 1 8 5 9 : t h a n g 4 , q u a n P h a p l a i b a n p h a D a

N a n g . N a m 1 8 6 0 : Q u a n P h a p c h i e m b a t i n h M i e n

D o n g N a m K y . N a m 1 8 6 2 : n g a y 5 t h a n g 6 , V i e t N a m k y h o a

tfdc, n h t f & n g b a t i n h M i e n D o n g c h o P h a p , c h a p n h a n c h o P h a p v a o D a N a n g t t f d o b u o n b a n , d a t s t f t h a n 5 H u e , c h o ttf d o g i a n g d a o T h i e n C h t f a , v a n e i i c o c a t d a t n h t f c f n g c h o m o t q u o ' c g i a k h a c p h a i b a o t r t f d c c h o P h a p b i e t , h a i b e n k h o n g c h t f a c h a ' p " g i a c " v a g i a o " g i a c " c h o n h a u ( " g i a c " d a y M e u t h e o P h a p , l a n h t f n g n g t f d i c h o n g P h a p ) . C a c sxi g i a V i e t N a m t h t f S n g g o i h o a tfdc n a y l a " H o a U d c N a m N h a m T u a ' t . "

N a m 1 8 7 4 : n g a y 1 5 t h a n g 3 : V i e t N a m k y h o a tfdc c h a p n h a n g i a o q u y S n q u y e t d i n h v e n g o a i g i a o c h o P h a p , n h a n c h ' u q u y e n P h a p t r e n t o a n t h I s a u t i n h N a m Kf v a C a o M e n v a L a o , c h o P h a p t t f d o d i c h u y e n v a b u o n b a n d B a c K ^ ' , b a t g i a o " t o i p h a m " t r o ' n t r e n l a n h f b o V i e t N a m c h o P h a p ( " t o i p h a m " d d a y l a n h t f n g k e c h o ' n g P h a p ) , c h o P h a p d a t t r u s t f t a i H u e n g a n g h a n g v d i T h t f d n g t h d , h ' i y b o t a t c a c a c c h i d u c a m d a o , c h o c a c g i a m m u c , l i n h m u c , d t fcfc t t f d o v a o t r o n g n t f d c V i e t N a m g i a n g d a o G i a T o d m o i n d i v a k h i de ' n , d , d i , k h S n g c a n p h a i k h a i b a o v d i q u a n V i e t N a m . S u " g i a V i e t N a m g o i h o a tfdc n a y l a " H o a tfdc N a m G i a p T u a ' t . " C u n g v d i h o a tfdc n a y , h a i b e n c u n g k y m o t t h t f d n g tfdc.

N a m 1 8 8 3 : n g a y 2 5 t h a n g 8 , V i e t N a m k y h o a tfdc c h a p n h a n t r a o h e t q u y e n g i a o t h i e p v d i n t f d c n g o a i , k e c a v d i T r u n g Q u o ' c , c h o P h a p , n g t f d i N a m l a " n h t f n g k e b a o h o " c u a P h a p , x a p n h a p t i n h B i n h T h u a n v a o N a m K y , P h a p c 6 q u y e n d a t T n i s t f d H u e ' v a d i e n k i e ' n V u a , P h a p c o q u y e n d a t t r u s t f d H a N o i , H a i P h o n g v a c a c t i n h , q u a n c i i a N a m T r i e u d a t d t f d i q u y e n k i e m s e a t c u a t r u s t f P h a p , T r i e u d i n h V i e t N a m c h a p n h a n n h t f h g b o n h i e m c i i a P h a p v e q u a n c h t f c d B a c K y , g i a o t h t f d n g c h i n h c h o P h a p , c h i u c h o P h a p d o n b m h d b a t c t f n d i n a o P h a p t h i f y c a n , n h a n t i e n t e c u a N a m l a t i e n t e c iua V i e t N a m , P h a p c u n g c a p h u a n l u y e n v i e n , k y s t f v s ^ . . . c h o V i e t N a m ( d i e u 2 4 ) . Sxi g i a V i e t N a m g o i h o a tfdc n a y l a " P l o a tfdc N a m Q u i M u i . " N g t f d i P h a p g o i n o l a " P l o a tfdc H a r m a n d " v i d a i d i e n P h a p k y h o a tfdc n a y l a J u l e s H a r m a n d . T h e o h o a tfdc n a y V i e t N a m m l ' t da t , m a t q u o ' c t i c h , m a t c h ' u q u y e n v e n g o a i

g i a o , n o i v u , q u a n s t f , t a i c h i n h , t i e n t e . N a m 18*84: n g a y 6 t h a n g 6 , V i e t N a m k y h o a

tfdc m a d i i u c h i n h l a : V i e t N a m " n h a n v a c h i u n t f d c P h a p b a o t r d , n t f d c P h a p t h a y m a t n t f d c N a m t r o n g c a c v i e c g i a o t h i e p v d i n g o a i q u d ' c v a b a o t r d n g t f d i n t f d c N a m v d i c a c n t f d c n g o a i . " S f f g i a V i e t N a m g o i h o a tfdc n a y l a " H o a tfdc n a m G i a p T h a n . " P h a p g o i n o l a " H o a tfdc P a t e n o t f e , " t h e o t g n d a i d i e n c u a P h a p ky? h o a tfdc d o , J u l e s P a t e n o t r e . H o a tfdc n a y l a m r o r a n g c t f d n g v i b i b a o h o c u a V i e t N a m .

V e p h i a P h a p t h i t a m q u a n t r o n g c i i a h o a tfdc 6 - 6 - 1 8 8 4 l a d ch§ n o l a m r o r a n g q u y c h e ' b a o h o q u o ' c c f i a V i e t N a m , v a n h a ' t l a n o c h i n h t h t f c c h a m d t f t m o i q u a n h e g i t f a V i e t N a m v a T r u n g H o a . T h a t r a , d i e u n a y l a i n a m d n d i k h a c : n g a y s a u k h i k y H e p tfdc, P h a p b u o c T r i e u d i n h V i e t N a m p h a i b u y c a i a n N h a T h a n h p h o n g v t f d n g c h o V u a V i e t N a m , v a , d a c b i e t , l a d t h o a h i e p P h a p - T r u n g n g a y 1 1 - 5 - 1 8 8 4 , d t f d c x a c n h a n t r o n g d i e u 2 c i i a h o a tfdc T h i g n T a n n g a y 4 - 6 - 1 8 8 5 , t h e o d o T r u n g Q u o ' c " q u y e t k h o n g l a m g i c 6 t h e n g a n t r d c u o c b i n h d i n h c u a n t f d c P h a p v a c h i u t r o n g n e — t i l ' n a y v a v e s a u •—• c a c h o a tfdc, h i e p d i n h , s t f d i e u d i n h g i t f a n t f d c N a m v a n t f d c P h a p . " N g h i a l a : m o ' i q u a n h e T h t f d n g q u o ' c — P h i e n q u o ' c c d t t f n g h i n n a m g i t f a T r u n g Q u o ' c v a V i e t N a m c h a m d t f t , T r u n g q u o ' c c o n g n h a n b a q u y e n c u a P h a p t r e n V i e t N a m , v a tH" d a y k h o n g c a n t h i e p v a o V i e t N a m n t f a .

H o a tfdc 6 - 6 - 1 8 8 4 s e l a b a n v a n q u y d i n h q u a n h e g i t f a V i e t N a m v a P h a p d e ' n n a m 1 9 4 5 . N 6 c h i l a k h d i d t u c u a s t f s u y g i a m r a t n h a n h c h o n g c u a u y q u y e n c a c V u a T r i e u N g u y S n , v a s t f g i a td 'c c u a t i e ' n t r i n h t h u o c d i a h o a c u a V i e t N a m . N h t f n g t i e ' n t r i n h x u o ' n g do ' c n a y t h a t r a b a t n g u o n t i f t h d i G i a L o n g — M i n h M a n g , v a t i e p t u c s a u t h d i T t f D t f c , c h o d e ' n t h d i K h a i D i n h . Bi c d m o t y n i e m d a y d u v e t i e ' n t i i n h t a p h a i d e c a p d e ' n m o t so" s t f k i e n x a y r a t r t f d c v a s a u t h d i T t f D t f c .

M o t q u y e t d i n h , m a t a m q u a n t r o n g c h i c o t h e tfdc I t f d n g dtfcJc d u n g m t f c n g a y n a y , l a q u y e t d i n h c u a C h u a N g u y S n P h t f d c A n h l a y K h o n g g i a o l a m c a n b a n c h o q u o ' c g i a d t f d c x a y d t f n g s a u k h i o n g t h a n g l a y S d n . N a m 1 7 8 8 o n g l a y l a i t o a n d a t G i a D i n h , v a m d o t r d d i , o n g t§ c h t f c l a i v i l n g d a t n a y , b i e n n o t h a n h c a n c t f d e t a n c o n g r a B a c . N a m 1 7 9 4 o n g t a n c o n g D i e n K h a n h , v a t i n c h a c r a n g o n g s e t h a n h t o a n d t f d c l a y S d n v a t h u p h u c d t f d c g i a n g s d n . M o t v a n d e I d n d t f d c d a t r a l a : s a u k h i t h a n g l a y S d n , t h u p h u c d t f d c q u y e n h a n h

T H E K Y 2 1 - S O 1 9 4 T H A N G S A U , 2 0 0 5 - 6 9

t r e n t o a n c o i flat c u a Nhh N g u y S n , o n g s e x a y d u l i g r a o t q u o ' c g i a t r e n c a n b a n n a o ? M o t s o ' q u y e t d i n l i c u a o n g , l u c d o d a n g c o n l a C h l i a N g u y S n P h t f d c A n h , c h o t h a y c o n d t f d n g m a o n g I t f a c h o n .

T r t f d c h e t l a v e g i a o d u e c i i a D o n g c u n g t h a i t i i : C a n h . 6 n g n a y d a d t f d c g i a o c h o G i a m M u c P i g n e a u d e B e h a m e — m a n g t S n V i e t N a m l a B a D a L o c — t i l n a m 1 7 8 4 , M c o n g t a b o ' n t u o i . G i a m m u c d a m a n g o n g t a d i Ph£p c i u v i e n , v a h a u n h t f l a n g t f d i p h u tr£ch g i a o d u e o n g t a . V i v a y , d i n h t h a n c u a C h u a N g u y e n P h t f d c A n h r a t l o s d r a n g o n g t a s e t h e o d a o G i a t o s a u k h i o n g t u y e n b o ' s e c h i l a y m o t v d , k h o n g c h i u l a y t o t i e n , v a b u o i t o ' i d o c M n h t r t f d c k h i d i n g f l . N h t f h g d o l a n a m 1 7 8 8 , M c o n g d i P h a p v e , m d i c o t a m t u o i . S a u k h i o n g d t f d c c l i i n h t h t f c c h o n l a m D o n g c u n g , n a m 1 7 9 3 , d i n h t h a n M e n . n g h i x i n C h u a g i a o o n g c h o c a c q u a n g i a o d u e o n g t h e o N h o g i a o CO t r u y e n . V a C h u a Nguy§n P h t f d c A n h d a c h a p t h u a n d e n g h i n a y . H a u q u a l a m a y n a m s a u H o a n g t j * C a n h d a c o b a v d , v a c o m o t s o ' h a n h v i k h a c c h t f n g t o R o n g t a d a t h e o d u n g d a o N h o .

N h t f n g b i e ' n c h u y e n t r e n t a t n h i e n l a m c h o G i a m m u c B a D a L g c v a c a c gi£o s i k h a c t h a t v o n g . H o h a n g m o n g r a n g n a m d t f d c H o ^ n g t u : C a n h , v a t h a n g I d i c u a C h u a N g u y S n s e d t f a d e ' n s t f c a i g i a o c a V i e t N a m . N h t f a g n a y h y v o n g d o t i e u t a n . H d n n t f a , c h i n h C h u a N g u y S n P h t f d c A n h , k M b i e ' t c h a c m i n h s e t h a n g , k h S n g c o n c a n s t f t r d g i u p c d a G i a m m u c v a d o n g g i a o n h t f x t f a , n e n t o r a i t d S d a i h d n v d i d a o h d n m a y n a m t r t f d c . C h u a c h o x a y K h o n g M i e ' u , t o c h t f c t M c ^ t h e o l o ' i t r u y e n t h o ' n g N h o h o c . S a u n a y , k M t h a n g l a y S d n r 6 i v a l e n n g o i de ' , C h u a N g u y S n P h t f d c A n h , t r o n g c t f d n g v i V i e t N a m H o a n g D S ' , s e c h i n h t h t f c l a y K h o n g g i a o l a m q u o ' c g i a o . D a y l a m o t d i n h h t f d n g m a n g h a u q u a h e t r o n g c h o t t f d n g l a i n t f d c V i e t N a m , v i v a n h o a K h o n g g i a o s e d a o t a o r a n h t f n g q u a n c h t f c v a N h o s i t h u c t f u c t f c d o a n , c U l o tfau d o i k i n h su", v a n t h d , t r o n g k M n t f d c V i e t N a m p h a i d o ' i d a u v d i n M e u v a n d e m d i , d o s t f t i S ' p x u c v d i v a n m i n h l a y p h t f d n g v a c a n c d m o t v a n h o a m d i , v d i i i h t f n g g i a t r i m d i .

V e d o ' i n g o a i t h i t r o n g t h d i g i a n V u a G i a L o n g t r i v i , c£c C h i n h p h u P h a p b a n r o n v d i e a c h m a n g 1 7 8 9 v a c M e ' n t r a n h h e n m i e n v d i c a c n t f d c A u C h a n , n e n k h o n g c d q u a l a i . M a i d S ' n n a m 1 8 1 7 , m d i c d m o t t h u y e n P h a p g h e D a N a n g . T h u y e n t r t f d n g d e K e r g a r i o u x i n d e ' n H u e ' d a n g p h a m v a t c u a V u a L o M s X V I I I , v a d e n g h i k ^ t h t f d n g tfdc

v d i V i e t N a m , n h u h g V u a G i a L o n g k h o n g c h o , v i S n l e l a k h o n g c o q u o ' c t h t f . T r t f d c d o , n a m 1 8 0 3 , CO s t f A n h R o b e r t s a n g x i n p h e p l a p p h o ' b u 6 n b a n , n h u i i g V u a k h o n g c h o . N a m 1 9 1 9 , M c b S n h n a n g , s a p b a n g , V u a c h o g o i H o a n g t h a i txi ( V u a M i n h M a n g s a u n a y ) v a o d a n " c U c d m o t v i e c l a n g a y s a u p h a i c a n t h a n , c h d n e n g a y h a n n g o a i b i S n . "

L d i t r o ' i t r e n d a y k h o n g k h a c g l I d i t r o i t r t f d a n h v e t r a n h " e n t a n g l e m e n t " c u a T o n g T h o ' n g H o a K 5 ' W a s M n g t o n ! N h t f a g y n g u y e n c i a V u a G i a L o n g k h o n g d t f d c t h t f c M e n , v i t i n h h i n h t h e ' g i d i tu f T r i e u M i n h M a n g t r d d i c d n M ^ u c h u y e n b i S ' n I d n . D a c M e t l a c a c c t f d n g q u o ' c A u C h a n c h u f d e ' n A D o n g n M e u h d n , v a d t r o n g n t f d c x a y r a n h t f n g b i e ' n d o n g k M e ' n V u a M i n h M a n g a p d u n g b i e n p h a p g a t g a o d o ' i v d i g i a o s y C o n g g i i o d i n d e ' n s t f c a n t M S p q u a n s t f c i i a P h a p .

T t f t h S ' k y X V I c h o d e ' n d a u t h S ' k ^ X I X , c a c q u o ' c g i a A u C h a n t i S ' p x u c v d i A D o n g v d i m u c d i c h t h a m M e m , v a b u o n b a n . T t f g i t f a t h S ' k y X I X , k y t h u a t , d a c b i e t Ik k y t h u a t g i a o t h o n g h a n g h a i , c i i a h o t i S ' n b o n M e u ; d o n g t h d i , k h o a h o c k y n g h e p h a t t r i e n l a m c h o M n h t S ' c u a h o t a n g t r t f d n g m a n h . N h t f a g b i e ' n c h u y e n t r e n d a y d i n d S ' n c a n h t r a n h v a x u n g d o t d e d a n h t h i h t f d n g , d a c M e t l a d h a i n g o a i . T i n h t r a n g n a y t h u c d a y c ^ c c t f d n g q u o ' c A u C h a n tim c a n c t f c h o h a i q u a n , v a t h i t r t f d n g c h o k m h t e ' c u a h o . A C h a n l a m o t t r o n g v u n g r a t d t f d c c a c n t f d c A n C h a u c M S ' u co' . ' V ^ t i i ' T r i e u L o M s P M h p p e , V i e t N a m l a n t f d c d t f d c P h a p c h u f d e ' n . V u a M M h M a n g l a V u a d a u t i e n b i d a t t r t f d c v a n d e p h a i d o ' i p h o v d i y d i n h c M S ' m c a n c t f q u a n s t f v a t h i h t f d n g c u a l a y p h t f d n g , d a c M e t l a c u a P h a p . C u t h i , v§'n d l l a l a m s a o d t f d n g d t u v d i s t f x a m l a ' n q u a n s t f , v a x a m n h a p v a n h o a , c u a P h d p .

H a i v a n d e t r e n d a y h S n q u a n m a t t M e t v d i n h a u . V u a M i n h M a n g p h a i d t f d n g d a u v d i s t f x i m n h a p c u a D a o G i a T o , d t f d c c o i n h t f m o ' i d e d o a d d ' i v d i v a n h o a c o t r u y e n K h o n g N h o , v t f a l a m o t d e d o a v S a n M n h c u a T r i e u d i n h . V u a M i n h M a n g l a m o t n g t f d i r a t s u n g N l i o v a v a n . m i n h T r u n g Q u o ' c . V i l y d o d o , O n g c h t f f d S ' n v a n d i g i a o h o a d a n t h e o D a o N h o . O n g d a b a n 1 0 d i S u d u t r o n g d o d i e u 1 , " D 6 n n h a n M a n , " d a y d a n " t r o n g t a m c t f d n g , n g u t h t f d n g , " g i a o 1;^ c a n b a n c u a K h o n g g i a o ; d i e u 5 , " H a u p h o n g tac," d a y d a n " g i t t p h o n g t u c c h o t h u a n h a u , " n g M a l a g i t f v t f n g n h t f n g g i d t r i t r u y e n t h d ' n g ; d i e u 7 , " S i l n g c h i n h h o c " d a y d a n " t r o n g d a o c h i n h , " " c h i n h "

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d a y l a N h o g i a o , d 6 i v d i " t a , " l a D a o G i a t o . M a da " t a " t a t n 6 I c h o n g d t f d c tfuyen b a , k h o n g d t f d c t h e o . D a y l a n g u y S n t a c c a n b a n d i n d e n c a m d a o .

N h t f a g t r o n g t h d i g i a n L e " V a n D u y e t c o n s o n g V u a M i n h M a n g c h t f a r a t a y d t f d c , v i d u g D u y e t l a m o t c o n g t h a n , v a o n g t a l a n g t f d i c h e c h d C o n g g i a o v a d t f d c d a n M i e n N a m m e n c h u o n g . L e Yan D u y e t m a t n a m 1 8 3 2 . S a u k h i m a t o n g b i l a m a n n a n g . V i e c n a y g a y b a t m a n d M e n N a m . T i e p t h e o d o , L e V a n K h o i , m o t n g t f d i d t f d c o n g t a c h e c h d b i n g t f d c d a i , n o i l o a n c h o n g T r i e u D i n h , c h i e m t h a n h G i a D i n h , b u o c T r i e u d i n h m a t b a n a m m d i d e p y e n . T r o n g s o ' n g t f d i b i b a t t r o n g t h a n h G i a D i n h c d m o t s 6 ' C o n g g i a o v a m o t g i a o s i P h a p , c o ' M a r c h a n d , c h o n e n V u a k e t l u a n r a n g C 5 n g g i a o d a t i e p t a y L e V a n I Q i o i c h o n g l a i T r i e u d i n h . V a n d e C o n g g i a o t r d n e n m o t v a n d e c h i n h t r i .

N h i i i i g n g t f d i b i b a t b i x r f t i J ; c o ' M a r c h a n d b i d t fa v e H u e v a b i t r a t a n d e ' n chS ' t . D o n g t h d i c d m o t g i a o s i k h a c , g i a o s i G a g e l i n , c u n g b i x r f g i a o d H u e . N a m 1 8 3 3 V u a M m h M a n g x u o n g d u c a m d a o .

T r t f d c d o , n a m 1 8 2 5 , n h a n d i p c o m o t g i a o s i P h a p , g i a o s i R o g e r o t , t h e o t a u P h a p v a o D a N a n g d i g i a n g d a o k h a p n d i , V u a d a c d d u c a m d a o . N h t f n g I a n n a y , l e n h c a m d a o g a t g a o h d n t r t f d c n h i e u : b u o c g i a o d a n p h a i b d d a o , p h a b u y n h a t h d , n h a g i a o s i ; g i a o d o b i b a t b d , g i e t h a i k h a p n d i . N a m 1 8 3 6 V u a M i n h M a n g l a i r a d u c a m d a o n t f a . L a n n a y c a c b i e n p h a p l a i c o n g a y g a t h d n t r t f d c : c a c g i a o s i b i b a t d t r e n t a u h o a c t r o n g n t f d c d e u b i g i e t . T r o n g n h t f n g n a m 1 8 3 4 - 1 8 3 8 CO b a y g i a o s i b i g i e t , v a n a m 1 8 3 8 c a c g i a o s i , g i a o d o b i g i e t n h i S u h d n c a . N h t f n g s t f v i e c t r e n d a n h d a u s t f k h d i d o n g m o t p h o n g t r a o c a m d a o , giS't d a o k e o d a i c h o d e ' n k h i P h a p a p d a t c h e d o t h u o c d i a l e n V i e t N a m .

S t f c a m d a o , g i e ' t d a o g a t g a o t r e n d a y c d m o t h a u q u a c t f c k y q u a n t r o n g : c a c g i a o s i P h a p b i n g t f d c d a i g a t g a o b e n k h u a y d o n g d t f l u a n A u C h a n , v a k e n g o i C h i n h p h ^ P h a p b a o v e h o . N g t f d i h a n g h a i n h a t t r o n g s t f v a n d o n g n a y l a G i a m m u c P e l l e r i n . T r i i u d i n h V u a L o u i s -P h i l i p p e , l u c d o c h t f a c d y d o x a m c h i e m V i e t N a m , n h t f a g t h a y p h a i b i e u 15 s t f x u c d o n g b a t m a n b a n g e a c h t i f c h 5 ' i t i e p s t f b o c u a V u a M i n h M a n g luc s t f b o n a y de 'n P h a p n a m 1 8 3 9 . T a k h 5 n g b i e t V u a M i n h M a n g s e r u t t i a k i n h n g h i e m g i v e s t f M e n n a y — m i n h k h 5 n g t i e p s t f n g t f d i t a t h i

n g t f d i t a k h 5 n g t i e p s t f c u a m i n h —• v i V u a b a n g n a m 1 8 4 0 , t r t f d c k h i s t f b o v e d e ' n , v a d e l a i v a n d e c h o n g t f d i k 6 ' v i , l a V u a T h i e u T r i .

T h d i V u a T h i e u T r i k h d n g c d v i e c c a m d a o g a t g a o , n h m i g d o m o t s t f M e n l a m , l a i x l y r a c u o c v a c h a m q u a n s t f d a u t i e n m d d a u c h o n h t f n g c u o c h a n h b m h c u a P h a p u y M e p V i e t N a m c h o d 6 ' n k h i V i e t N a m b i c h e n g t f h o a n t o a n . N g u y e n d o l a n a m 1 8 4 5 m o t g i a o s i P h a p , G i a m

m u c L e f e b v r e v a o V i e t N a m g i a n g d a o , b i a n t i i : h i n h , V u a t h a c h o t o i c h e t , tfuc x u a t d i S i n g a g p o r e . N a m s a u o n g l a i l e n v a o G i a D i n h d i g i a n g d a o , l a i b i a n h j " h i n h , n h u i i g V u a l a i a n x a , v a c h o d t f a d i S i n g a p o r e . N h t f h g n a m 1 8 4 7 , _ _ v i e n ' t h u y d n -t r u d n g c h i e n t h u y i n V i t t d r i a , l a T r u n g t a R i g a u l t d e G e n o u i U y , d e ' n D a N a n g , k h o n g b i e t , l a i x i n V u a t h a G i a m m u c r a . T r o n g l u c d a n g d i e u d i n h t h i d e G e n o u i l l y t h a y p h i a V i e t N a m c d d o n g q u a n , o n g n g h i l a d e t a n c o n g h a m d o i o n g n e n o n g r a t a y t r t f d c v a b a n c h i t n h e t h a m d o i c u a t a d T r a S d n , t r o n g d o c d n a m t a u h o c d o n g . V u a T M e u t r i g i a n l a m , v a x u o ' n g d u c a m g i a o s i g i a n g d a o v a l a m t o i n h t f a g n g t f d i t r o n g n t f d c t h e o d a o . D a y l a l a n d a u t i e n q u a n P h a p t a n c o n g q u a n s t f V i e t N a m , m d d a u c h o m o t g i a i d o a n g a y h a n l e o t h a n g , m a n g t f d i p h a i d d ' i p h o , v a d o i p h o k h o n g d t f d c , l a V u a T t f D t f c .

S t f t h a t b a i c u a V i e t N a m d t f d i h i e u V u a T t f D t f c , t h e M e n q u a c a c h o a tfdc 1 8 6 2 , 1 8 7 4 , 1 8 8 3 k e t r e n , m a n g l a i b a n q u a l a P h a p s e l a n e p l ^ n i t n c a c T r i e u k e tiep. D t f d i t r i e u V u a H a m N g M , s a u k M c u o c d o t M c h P h a p d H u e c u a o n g T o n T h a t T h u y e t d e m 4 - 5 tiiang 7 n a m 1 8 8 4 t h a t b a i , q u S n P h a p c M e m d o n g K m h t h a n h H u e . T t f d o P h a p l a m m t f a l a m g i o , t t f d c d a n q u y e n h a n h c u a V u a v a T r i e u d i n h V i e t N a m . T i n h t r a n g n a y d t f d c C U t h e h o a t r o n g s t f t r u a ' t p h e ' c a c V u a H a m N g M , T h a n h T h a i , D u y T a n , v a d a y c a c o n g d i k h o i V i e t N a m ( V u a H a m N g M d i A l g e r i e , c a c V u a T h a n h T h a i v a D u y T a n d i R e u M o n ) , s t f b u o c V u a H a m N g M v a c a c V u a k S ' tiep p h a i n h a n t a n p h o n g c u a P h a p , s t f V u a V i e t N a m ( t i l D o n g K h a n h ) d o P h a p I t f a c h o n , v a c a c c d q u a n d a u n a o c u a V i S t N a m ( C d M a t V i e n , T o n N h d n P h ^ ) d o v i e n K h a m s t f P h a p c h u t o a . C u o i c u n g , n a m 1 9 2 5 , d t f d i T r i e u K h a i D i n h , M e p tfdc n g a y 6 t h a n g 1 1 t h a n g o p h e t q u y e n c i i a V u a v a o t a y K h a m s t f P h a p , c M d e l a i c h o V u a q u y e n c u n g t S ' t o tien v a p h o n g t h a n p h o n g t t f d c .

N h t f n g c h u y e n bie'n t r e n d a y d a n r a tij" n a m 1 8 4 7 , n h t f a g t h t f c s t f l a tir n a m 1 8 0 2 , n a m C h u a

T H E K Y 2 1 - S O 1 9 4 T H A N G S A U , 2 0 0 5 - 7 1

N g u y g n PhtfcTc A n h l e n n g o i D e , l a p l e n T r i e u N g u y e n , c h o d e n n a m 1 9 4 5 , n a m m a H o a n g D e B a o D a i h i y e n bo" b a i b o t i t c a h i e p vCdc k y v d i P h a p , n h u i i g d o n g t h d i l a i t h o a i v i , c h a m diJt T r i e u N g u y e n . T r o n g t h d i g i a n n a y , n h U n g b i e ' n c h u y e n I d n , c d t i n h e a c h q u y e t d i n h , x a y r a d r f d i T r i e u T u " D l i c . D o d o , c a c su" g i a t h t f d n g c h t f t a m v a o V u a n a y , c o i o n g l a n g t f d i m a n g t r a c h n h i e m v e s t f b a i v o n g c i i a n t f d c V i e t N a m . N h t f n g n a y , d t f d i a n h s a n g ciia x e t l a i , s t f t h t f c k h o n g p h a i v a y . N h t f n g c o n g t c i n h c i i a b a h o c g i a n e u t r e n l a m s a n g t o r a n g t r d c h n h i e m v e b a i v o n g c u a V i S t N a m k h o n g p h a i c h i d V u a T t f D t f c v a T r i e u d i n h

" d T o i n ^ r a - d - f i h i & i ^ g t f M ^ a d a c b i S t l a d g i d i V a n T h a n . C h o n e n , d e c o T n o r ^ T a i e m - ^ v a n d e n a y , c h u n g t a c a n c t f u x e t k y v a i t r d c i i a g i d i V a n T h a n .

n G i a o s t f T s u b o i d a d e r a t n h i e u c o n g n g h i e n

c t f u d a c b i e t g i d i V a n T h a n , v a t r o n g s t f n g h i e n c&a n a y , o n g d a l a m s a n g t o m o t k h i a c a n h r a t d a c b i e t c i i a c h 6 ' d o q u a n c h u t h d i c a c V u a N h a N g u y e n , v a d a c b i e t l a t h d i V u a T t f D t f c , m a c a c n h a n g h i e n c t f u v e V i e t N a m k h a c k h o n g c h u f d e ' n , t u y r a n g n o r a t c a n t h i e ' t d e h i e u r o n h t f n g g i x a y r a t r o n g t h d i g i a n n a y .

C h e d o q u a n c h u V i e t N a m t h d i c a c v u a N h a N g u y e n d t f d c c a c n h a c h i n h t r i h o c v a c a c n h a l u a t h o c x e ' p v a o l o a i " c h u y e n c h e " t h u o c h e t h o ' n g K h o n g gi£o, t r o n g d d V u a n a m q u y e n h a n h t o ' i t h t f d n g t u y e t d o ' i . Q u a n h V u a l a n h t f i i g v i e n c h t f c c d q u y e n n h a t , n h t f n g v i d a i t h a n t h u o c C d M a t V i e n . V u a v a n h t f n g v i d a i t h i n n a y l a " T r i & u d i n h . " K e d e ' n l a c a c d i o h t h a n c a o c a p , r o i c a c q u a n t r o n g b o m a y h a n h c h a n h . T r o n g c h e d o n a y , u y q u y S n d i t i l ' t r e n x u o ' n g , t r S n r a l e n h , d t f d i t h i h a n h . N h t f a g , t r o n g t h t f c te ' , n o k h o n g p h a i v a y .

T r o n g t t f t t f d n g c h i n h t r i N h a N g u y S n , k h d i d a u v d i T r i e u G i a L o n g , q u y e n h a n h c i a V u a d t f a t r S n k h a i n i e m " t h u a n T h i e n , tfng d a n . " D a y l a k h a i n i e m m a C h u a N g u y S n P h t f d c A n h v i e n d i n k h i c a c d i n h t h a n t o n 6 n g l e n n g o i V u a n a m 1 8 0 2 . T h e o q u a n n i e m c h i n h t r i t h d i d o , V u a l a " T h i e n h i " , " c o n T r d i , n g t f d i d t f d c T r d i I t f a c h o n di h i d a n . L a m v u a l a t h e o y T r d i , d o ' T h i e n m e n h , " n h u h g ' T h i S n m e n h " n a y t h e M e n q u a " d a n y " — l o n g d a n . D t f d c l o n g d a n m d i c M S ' m v a g i t f d t f d c V t f d n g

. v i . D i e u n a y r a t r o t r o n g t r t f d n g h d p C h u a N g u y S n P h t f d c A n h . N h d c d d a n b a o v S m a o n g t a t h o a t d t f d c s t f t r u y n a c u a l a y S d n t r S n k h a p M i e n N a m

t r o n g h d n 2 0 n a m t r d i , g a y d t f n g l a i d t f d c I t f c I t f d n g , v a c u o ' i c i l n g d a n h b a i d t f d c U y S d n .

P h a n k h a c , c d d t f d c l o n g d a n , V u a m d i l a m t r d n s t f m a n g c u a m i n h d t f d c . D a y l a m o t d i e u m a V u a T t f D t f c y t h t f c r a t r o . V e n h t f n g q u y S ' t d i n h I d n , V u a k h o n g d o c d o a n , m a n t f d n g t h e o d t f M a n , q u a p h t f d n g t h t f c " d i n h n g h i . " D i i u n a y g i a i t M c h t a i s a o , t r o n g s t f d t f d n g d a u v d i n h t f n g t a n c o n g c u a P h a p , V u a T t f D t f c k h o n g t h e o d u o i d t f d c m o t so ' c h i n h s a c h c a n t M S ' t d e t r a n h c h o x t f s d n h t f n g di v d m a t a b i e ' t .

G i a o s t f T s u b o i v i e t : "That vay, die rang nhitng quyet dmh to'i hau

ve chinh sach doi pho vcfi Phap thuoc ve tham quyen cua Vua va CffMat Vien, VietNam thcfi do CO mot loai 'cong luan.' Du luan cua da so, that ra, la du luan cua nhitng gidi quan lai cap thap va cdc nho si, vd "cong luan" nay luon luon chong van minh Toy phucng." ( T s u b o i , t r . 1 7 0 )

N h a n x e t t r S n d a y c u n g l a n h a n x e t c u a m o t h o c g i a P h a p t h d i d o r a t t M S n c a m v d i d a n V i e t N a m v a M e u r o t a m If, p h o n g t u c n g t f d i V i e t , O n g P a u l P M l a s t r e , tilng l a m T r u s t f P h a p d H u e ' . O n g n d i :

"Ngay t i K d c k h i noi den n h i t n g can than cua nhd Vua, chinh n h i t n g g i d i trung lUu gom n h i t n g quan chicc nho, n h i t n g tho lai, n h i t n g nha cd tai sdn Idn, n h i t n g nguM the hien yi muS'n cua dan, lai Id n h i t n g chiccmg ngai xem ra cd ve k h o n g dang ke, nhUng thuc sU lai la n h i t n g chitdng ngai manh nhat ngan can bat cii sang kien hay thf( nghiem thay doi nao." ( T s u b o i , t r , 2 4 3 )

T h e o G i a o s t f T s u b o i , " k h o n g g i a n x a h o i " V i e t N a m t h d i d o h i c a c q u a n c h t f c , N h o s i - — • g i d i V a n T h a n — v a t h i n h a o c h o a n g . D a y l a " n h d m x a h o i c d u y t h e ' n h a t . " N h d m n a y l a t r u n g g i a n g i t f a T r i e u d i n h v a d a n c h u n g . N o d o n g v a i t r d " q u a n g d a i d t f M a n " ( T s u b o i . t r . V I I ) , v a T r i e u d i n h c a n c d s t f d o n g t h u a n v a h d p t a c c u a n h d m n a y d e t h t f c M e n n h t f n g c h i n h s a c h m i n h m u o ' n .

G i a o s t f T s u b o i d a p h a n t a c h r i f t t y m y c a c t h a n h p h a n x a h o i , v a d a c M e t l a c a c p h a n g o m g i d i " V a n T h a n " c i i a x a h o i V i e t N a m h o i d o .

T h e o G i a o s t f T s u b o i " V a n T h i n " l a m o t " p h a m t r i l x a h o i " ( c a t e g o r i e s o c i a l e ) ; n o g o m n h t f n g N h o S I ( n g t f d i b i e ' t c h t f ) , t h a n h a o , t h d l a i , c o n g c h t f c h t f u t r i . H o c d n h t f n g d i a v i k h a c n h a u , n h u h g d e u h a p t h u m o t g i a o d u e v e x a h o i - v a n h o a c a n b a n n h t f n h a u : h o l a n h t f n g n g t f d i d o c d t f d c c h t f H a n , v a v d i t t f t h e ' d d , h o l a n h t f n g n g t f d i c h u y e n n h t f n g c o n g b o ' c i i a T r i e u d i o h d e ' n d a n . H o d d n g m o t

7 2 - T H E K Y 2 1 - S O 1 9 4 T H A N G S A U , 2 0 0 5

v a i f r o i i e t s tJc q u a n t r o n g , v a i t r o t r u n g g i a n g i i i a T i i i u d i n h v a d a n k h o n g n h i J n g v a o n h i J a g d i p q u a n t r o n g , m a n g a y c a t r o n g d d i s o n g h a n g n g a y . R i e n g v e " t a p d o a n n h o s i , " n o c o t h e g o m t i y V n a d e n c a c q u a n , d e n c a c t h d l a i , c a c g i a o v i e n , t h a n h a o , n h U n g n g h d i c h u a n b i d i t h i , c h n g n h u : n h i ? n g n g t f d i d a t h i d§. D i e m c h u n g c u a t a t c a n h U n g n g t f d i n a y l a h o b i e t c h i i H a n . H o l a n h i i n g n g r f d i p h o b i e n K h o n g g i a o , v a t h a y c d n h i e m v u p h a i bao v e d a o l y K h o n g g i a o .

R i e n g v e n h i i l i g h a o m u c , h o l a n h d i i g n g t f d i c h u y i n n h t f n g I S n h c i i a T r i S u d i n h d e n n g t f d i d S n ( k h o n g d o c d t f d c c h t f H a n ) , v a c o m o t s o ' n h i S m v u dd ' i v d i T r i e u d i n h

( t h a n t h u e ' , d i e m d i n h , c a p l i n h , s u t f d i c h . ) M o t d i e u r a t d a n g d e f n t f a h e n q u a n d e n

n h t f n g N h o s i c h u a n b i t h i e f t , H o l a n h t f n g t h a n h p h a n t a o d t f l u a n v a q u a n g b a d t f l u a n h i e u n g h i e m h d n c a . N h a n c f i c k j ^ t h i , h a n g n g a n t h i s i n h k h a p c a c t i n h t r o n g x t f t u h o i d o n g d a o t a i c a c t r u n g t a m t h i n h t f H u e , N a m D i n h ( t r e n 5 0 0 0 t a i H u e v a c i i n g s o ' d o t a i N a m D i n h n h a n k j ' t h i n a m 1 8 6 4 ) , v a n h a n d i p d o d t f d c b i e ' t v e t i n t f t c da t n t f d c v a t r a o d o i q u a n d i e m . l a t n h i e n l a k h i v e l a i t r n h n h a , h o l a n h t f n g n g t f d i q u a n g b a v a b i n h l u a n v e t i n t f i c , t a o r a d t f l u a n , v i l a N h o s i , h o d t f d c d a n k i n h n e . l < f h t f n g d i p t h i n a y c d t h e v i n h t f d a i h o i t o a n q u o ' c c u a c d c d a n g c h i n h t r i I d n .

N h t f n g g i d i ^ ^ n T h a n c h o ' n g s t f d u n h a p c i i a C o n g g i a o v i n h t f n g n g t f d i t h e o d a o n a y — " g i a o d a n " •—• s o ' n g m o t 16'i s o ' n g k h a c 16'i s o ' n g t h t f d n g cua n g t f d i d a n t h t f d n g — " I t f d n g d a n " —, h o t u tap riSng l a i v d i n h a u s d ' n g n g o k i l l c o n g d 6 n g , v a n h a t l a h o t t t c h o ' i m o t s o ' n g h i I S h e n h e d e ' n m o t t u c l e m a n g t f d i V i e t c o i l a t o ' i t r o n g , v i e c t h d c i i n g o n g b k , t§ t i S n . H o td" b d t u c l e n a y v i m o t quyS' t d i n h c u a G i d o H o a n g B e n o i t X I V n a m 1 7 4 2 cho d o l a m o t " m e t i n T a u , " V i t t f t t f d n g , v a n h o a K h 6 n g g i d o d a t n a n g v S ' n " c h i n h t h o ' n g , " " c h i n h - t a " v a k h o n g c h a p n h a n s t f kh£c b i e t f M e n , n S n g i d i V a n T h i n c o i C o n g g i l o n h t f I k ' T a d a o , "

N g o k i c d c y e u t o ' d a o 1;^ v a t t f t t f d n g , c o n m o t y e u t o ' n t f a ; y e ' u td" k m h tS ' , D i i u n a y r a t sAng t o s au v u P h a p c M e ' m B a c Kf, s a t h a i q u a n c h t f c d o T r i e u d i n h b o n h i e m , v a t h a y t h e h o v d i n h t f n g v i e n c h t f c t h e o C o n g g i a o , k h o n g t h u o c g i d i k h o a b a n g , N h t f v a y I k g i d i N h o s i t h a y d i a v i c f t a m i n h b i d e d o a , n h a t \h n h t f n g n g t f d i c h t f a d o d a t , t h a y m i n h k h d n g c d t t f d n g l a i n t f a , v i d a u c d d d d a t c u n g k h o n g c d n d t f d c t r o n g d u n g v a q u 5 ' n e . H o

c a m t h a y l a d i a v i tfu d a i c f t a hg b i d e d o a . M o t 1 ^ d o k h a c , c d l e q u a n t r o n g h d n c a , l a

g i d i Van T h a n c o i n g t f d i C o n g g i a o n h t f l a n h t f n g n g t f d i d o n d t f d n g c h o q u l n x a m l a n g P h a p . Q u a n d i e m n a y c a n c t f t r e n s t f k i e n l a t r o n g c a c c u o c t a n c o n g c u a n g t f d i P h a p t h t f d n g c d s t f h d p t a c c u a m o t s o ' n g t f d i C o n g g i a o , v a t r o n g n h t f n g a m m u t f d a o c h a n h , n h t f n g k d c h i i m u t f V i e t N a m t h t f d n g U m s t f u n g h o c u a C o n g g i a o . D i S u n a y c u n g d e M e u : b i c a m d o a n , n g t f d c d a i v a c h e m g i e t , di ti t o n , n g t f d i C o n g g i a o t a t n M e n p h a i d i l i m m o t I t f c I t f d n g b a o v e m i n h v k m o t c h i n h q u y e n d u n g d u S n g n a n g d d h o . L t f c I t f d n g d o l a I t f c I t f d n g P h a p , v a c h i n h q u y e n d o l a m o t c h i n h q u y e n C o n g g i a o , V d t i n h , g i d i V a n T h a n d a d a y n g t f d i C o n g g i a o v a o t h e ' p h a i d i v d i P h a p v a c h o ' n g T r i e u d i n h ,

D o ' i v d i P h a p , t h a i d o c u a g i d i V a n T h a n g o m h a i p h a n : t r u y e n t h o ' n g c h o ' n g x a m l a n g v a s t f h a p t h u s a u d a m v a n h o a K h o n g g i a o c i i a d a n t o e V i e t N a m , P h a n tfhg c h o ' n g s t f x a m l a n g c u a Ph£p d o ' i v d i V i e t N a m k h o n g c d g i l a m c h o t a n g a c n M e n v i d a n V i e t N a m c d t r u y e n t h o ' n g c h o ' n g x a m l a n g c u a n g o a i q u o ' c r a t l a u d a i . C h o n e n s t f M e n g i d i V a n T h i n c h d ' n g h o a v d i P h a p v a n h a t q u y S ' t c h u t r t f d n g c M e n l a d i e u d t f d n g n M e n . N h u i i g d o d o , P h a p c d c d di g a y c M e n . P h a n k h a c , g i d i V a n T h a n c h f t c M e n t r o n g k M V i e t N a m d m o t t h S ' h S ' t s t f c y e u d o ' i v d i I t f c I t f d n g P h d p , D i e m n a y s e d t f d c x e t v d i c M t i e t d d o a n d t f d i .

T r o n g v a n d e c h o ' n g P h a p c d m o t k M a c a n h i t d t f d c n d i d e n Ih k M a c a n h v a n h o a . T h a i d o c i i a T r i e u d i n h , v k d a c M e t , c u a g i d i V a n T h a n , Ih. h a u q u a t a i h a i k h o n g t r a n h d t f d c c i i a s t f h a p t h u s a u d a m , c d t h e n d i l a m t i q u d n g t o n s t m g , v a n h o a K h o n g g i a o m o h i n h T r u n g H o a . C h o d e ' n c u d ' i the' k y X I X , g i d i N h o s i — h i t h t f c — V i e t N a m c H M e t c d v a n m i n h T r u n g H o a v a c o i v a n m i n h d d Ih. t u y e t m y t u y e t d o ' i , k h o n g c d v a n m i n h n a o c 6 t h e h d n d t f d c . D t f n g n g d n n g t f ngky n a y , h o c h o v a n m i n h d o I k d i n h c a o c u a t i t u e . N o I k k h u o n m l u c h o m o i n g t f d i b a t c h t f d c . T a t c a n h i i l i g b i e u M e n k h d c v d i v a n m i n h d d d e u I k m a n d i , t h a p k d m , k h d n g d k n g h o c h o i , b a t c h t f d c . D a y I k t h d i d o c u a N h o s i V i e t N a m d o ' i v d i n g t f d i T a y p h t f d n g , n d i c h u n g , v k n g t f d i P h k p , n d i rieng, k M n g t f d i P h d p x u a t M e n v k x m g i a o d i c h v d i V i e t N a n x T h a i d o n k y d i n d e n s t f g a t b d t a t ck c d c d e n g h i c a n h t a n . M e n d a i h o d M e u T a y p h t f d n g , t r o n g k M c a n h t a n v a m o t M e n d a i h o d s a u r d n g v k g a p r u t l a i l a d i i u M e n c a n b a n d e d a t p h u ,

T H E K Y 2 1 - S O 1 9 4 T H A N G S A U , 2 0 0 5 - 7 3

c t f d n g , v a dtfdng d a n v d i y d o b a n h t r t f d n g c u a P h a p .

Q u a n d i e m v a t h a i d o c i ia g i d i V a n T h a n d t f d c h i n h b a y r a t r o r a n g t r o n g H i c h V a n T h a n n g a y 1 9 - 3 - 1 8 7 4 . P l i c h n a y k e n g o i " k e n h o g i a " n e m b u t c a m v u k h i d e c h o n g " T a y t a c " v a ' T ) t f d n g d i . " M a c h o ' n g P h a p t r t f d c h e t l a c h o ' n g C o n g g i a o , " l o n g c a n h " c i i a q u a n P h a p x a m l a n g . D i e t h e t C o n g g i a o t h i " T a y t a c k h o n g c f t a b t f d c v a o ; m a D t f d n g d i k h o n g c h o n a o t d i d t f d c . " K h a u h i e u d t f d c h m g r a l a " S a t T a , B i n h T a y . " D a o G i a T o d o t n h a p V i e t N a m l a m o t d a o g i a o " v 6 p h u v 6 q u a n n h t f l o a i c h d d e . . . b o p h a i t r a i n d i d i e u m a n h y e n , " v e t h d i t u c t h i " c h a h e o m e c h d l a m d d d a n h g i a o " . . . h o c t h u y e t t h i " C h t f a l i - k y - x u k h i e n b a n t h i n h v a n . " H i c h k e u g o i " h o a c l a q u a n t t f d c c h o n t r i e u d i n h , so 'ng n d i t h o n g t h a ; h o a c h a n g t r u n g n h a n , k h o a m u c , c h t f n g h i a d a t i i i i g ; h o a c t u " v i e n a m t f t , d a d t f d c c h u t g i a i a n ; h o a c l a t h i s i n h k h o a s i n h , c u n g d t f p h a n t h a n h t r a c h ; c h o d e ' n p h u g i a v a t I t f c , d e u d e m c u a c a i g i u p v u a . " H i c h n d i : " K e k i a h o a n h h a n h t h e a y , T a h a l a n h d a m n g o i y g n . . . " ( 1 )

T a c d t h e d a t c a n h o i : t a i s a o V u a T t f D t f c k h o n g s i J d u n g u y q u y i n t d ' i t h t f d n g c i i a m i n h ? O n g k h o n g t h e l a m n h t f t h e d t f d c , v e n g u y e n t a c c u n g n h t f v e t h t f c t e .

V e n g u y e n t a c t h i , n h t f G i a o s t f T s u b o i n h a n x e t d t r e n , T r i e u d i n h — V u a , c a c d a i t h a n , v a c a c q u a n c a o c a p •—, c u n g n a m t r o n g " t a p d o a n n h o s i , " n S n q u a n d i e m c a n b a n c u a h o v e n g t f d i T a y p h t f d n g v a C o n g g i a o c u n g k h d n g k h a c g i q u a n d i e m c i i a c a c N h o s i t r o n g n t f d c h o i d o . T h d i M i n h M a n g d a p h a n b i e t r o N h o d a o l a C h i n h d a o v a C o n g g i a o l a ' T a d a o , " D u c a m d a o d a u t i S n , n a m 1 8 2 5 n d i : " D a o T a y p h t f d n g l a t a d a o , l a m m e h o a c l o n g n g t f d i v a b u y h o a i p h o n g t u c c h o n e n p h a i n g h i e m c a m d e k h i e ' n n g t f d i t a p h a i t h e o c h i n h d a o . " N h t f n g , n h t f O n g T r a n T r o n g K u n n h a n m a n h : "Luc b a y g i d k h o n g p h a i l a m o t m i n h v u a T h a n h T o g h d t d a o m a t h o i , p h t n n h i l u n h i J n g q u a n l a i c u n g d e u m o t y c a . . . " ( 2 ) S a u v u d a y l o a n c i i a I ^ e V a n K h o i t r o n g n h t f n g n a m 1 8 3 0 -1 8 3 3 , v a n d e C o n g g i a o l a i t h a n h m o t v a n d e c h i n h t r i . N g t f d i C o n g g i a o d t f d c c o i n h t f n h t f n g p h a n h i : cho ' ng d o ' i T r i e u d i n h , va s t f c a m d a o d t f d c g i d i N h o s i u n g h o m a n h .

D e n h i e u T h i e u T r i , v a n d e C o n g g i a o l a i t h e m m o t k h i a c a n h a n n i n l i q u d ' c g i a . T u y V u a T h i e u T r i k h o n g n a n g t a y v d i C o n g gi£o, n g t f d i T a y p h t f d n g v i n b i c o i l a " c u o n g d i " , v a s a u v u P h a p

b a n c h i m t a n c u a V i e t N a m n a m 1 8 4 7 , v i e c c a m d a o l a i c a n g g a t g a o h d n n t f a , v i C o n g g i a o d t f d c d o n g h o a v d i T a y p h t f d n g .

] > f t L t f n g d t f d i T r i e u T t f d t f c s t f c a m d a o g a y g a t h d n c a , s a u v u P h a p t a n c o n g D a N a n g l a n t h t f h a i , t h a n g 4 n a m 1 9 5 9 . G i t f a n a m 1 8 5 8 v a n a m 1 8 6 2 c d d e ' n 1 5 D u c a m d a o . V i e c c a m d a o g a y g a t n a y l a c d m a P h a p v i e n d i n d e a p d u n g b i e n p h a p q u a n s t f x a m c h i e m V i e t N a m , v a s t f b a t d o n g t r o n g e a c h d d i p h o v d i s t f k i e n n a y s e l a m r a n n t f t m o ' i q u a n h e g i t f a T r i e u d i n h v a g i d i V a n T h a n . D a y l a d i e u m a c h i n h C h u a N g u y g n P h t f d c A n h d a v i e n d i n d e g i a i t h i c h c h o G i a m M u c B a D a L o c h i l u t a i s a o o n g t a k h o n g t h e n h a n n h t f d n g d t f d c v e v a n d e c h a p n h a n C o n g g i a o .

G i a o s t f T a C h i D a i T r t f d n g d a h f d n g t h u a t n h t f n g d o ' i t h o a i r a t 1^^ t h u g i t f a C h u a N g u y g n P h t f d c A n h v a G i a m M u c B a D a L o c v e v a n d e " c h a m c h t f d c " h o n g v i e c t h d c u n g o n g b a , t o t i e n . C h l i a , c u n g n h t f G i a m M u c , d e u m u o ' n c d m o t s t f " c h a m c h t f d c " : v e p h i a C o n g g i a o , t h i G i a m M u c c h o p h e p g i a o d o d t f d c l a y o n g b a , t o t i e n , v e p h i a C h u a t h i c h o n g t f d i C o n g g i a o v a n d t f d c h t f d n g a n h u e n h t f c a c v i g n c h t f c k h a c . V a n d l b g ' t a c , v i G i a o H o a n g k h o n g c h a p n h a n q u a n n i e m t h d c u n g o n g b a t o t i g n v o ' n c h i l a m o t s t f c h t f n g t o l o n g h i d n c u a c o n c h a u d o ' i v d i c h a m e , t 6 t i g n , v a v e p h i a C h u a , t h i k h d n g t h e b d d a o t h d c u n g o n g b a , t o tidn v i " d o l a m o t t r o n g n h t f n g c a n b a n g i a o d u e " V i e t N a m ; t u c t h d d u g c u n g b a , t o t i g n h g n q u a n d e ' n t r a t ta: x a h o i , u y q u y i n c u a C h u a , v a C h t f a k h o n g b d d t f d c v i b d s e g a y l o a n . ( 3 ) C d t h e ' n d i l a d a y l a m o t s t f r d i r o c h o V i e t N a m v i , n g ' u v a n d e g i a i q u y g ' t t h e o c h i e u h t f d n g c u a c a C h u a l l n G i a m M u c t h i c d t h e V i e t N a m s e t r a n h d t f d c t a i h o a c u a n f t a t h i k ^ s a u d o . T i g ' c t h a y ! D g ' n n a m 1 9 3 9 , G i a o H o a n g P i e X H m d i b d l e n h c a m t h d c u n g o n g b a .

( C d n t i g ' p )

Chu thich * Bai nay dong t h 6 i cung dudc dang t r e n 0 1 c San NguySn Phi/dc Toe 2005. 1) Nguyen van Hich nay duac dich va dang trong ba! "Ton That Thuyet va phong trao Van Than" ctja Nguyen Huang, T h e Ky 2 1 so 188, thang 12 nam 2004. 2) . Tran Trong Kim, V i e t N a m S& Liidc, quyen II, 1971, Saigon, tr. 227. Nha xuat ban Bai Nam in lai Glendale, CA, nam ? 3) . Ta Ghf Bai Trifdng, L ic l i s i i Noi ch ien 5 V i e t N a m t i i 1 7 7 1 de'n 1 8 0 2 , Sai G6n, Van Sil Hoc, 1973. Xin xem Tiet 17, "Giao dong f thilc he d Gia Binh."

7 4 - T H E K Y 2 1 - s 6 1 9 4 T H A N G S A U , 2 0 0 5