KINETIC PARTICLE THEORYBy Mehrunnisa Qaisar

SYLLABUS CONTENT

1.1-States of matter

1.2-Kinetic particle theory

1.3-Changes in state of matter and kinetic particle theory

1.4-Diffusion

1.1- STATES OF MATTER

• Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass is matter.

• All living and non living things are matter.

• Matter is 5 states:

1. Solid

2. Liquid

3. Gas

4. Plasma

5. Bose- Einstein Condensate

• All these states are interchangeable if specific temperature and pressure conditions are provided to them.

TABLE OF PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES SOLID LIQUID GAS

SHAPE FIXED NOT FIXED NOT FIXED

VOLUME FIXED FIXED NOT FIXED

COMPRESSIBILITY NOT COMPRESSABLE NOT COMPRESSABLE COMPRESSABLE

1.2- KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

• Kinetic particle theory: It states that all matter is made up of tiny particles and that these particles are in constant random motion.

• This theory focuses on three points:

1. Describes the states of matter.

2. Explains the difference between the properties of solids, liquids and gases.

3. Explains the changes in state of matter.

SOLID STATE

• The particles are closely packed.

• They vibrate at their fixed position.

• They have high attractive forces between its particles.

• All of that causes its shape to be fixed.

• Solids can not be compressed as their particles can not be moved further close to each other.

• This allows solids to have fixed volume.

LIQUID STATE

• Liquids have lesser attractive forces between its molecules.

• They are usually found in clusters.

• The particles roll over each other as they move.

• This causes liquids to not have a fixed shape.

• The liquid particles even though are not closely packed they still have very less space between them and hence can not be compressed.

• This phenomena causes liquids to have a fixed volume.

GAS STATE

• The gas particles are always in random motion.

• They move freely and are far apart from each other.

• The gas particles have negligible forces of attraction between them.

• This allows it to not have a fixed shape.

• The vast space between the particles allows it to be compressed as pressure can cause particles to come together.

• This compressibility factor allows gases to not have a fixed volume

1.3- CHANGES IN STATE OF MATTER AND THE KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

• All particles of matter have kinetic energy.

• Moving down the list the kinetic energy decreases:

1. Gas

2. Liquid

3. Solid

• When any matter is heated or is cooled, kinetic energy is either added or removed from it causing it to affect the motion of the particles.

• This change in movement causes a change of state.

• Melting: It is the process by which a substance changes from solid state to liquid state.

• Melting point: It is that temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.

• The temperature of the substance dose not change until all of the substance has changed it state completely.

• Boiling: It is a process that occurs when a liquid substance changes its state to a gas.

• Boiling point: It is the temperature at which a substance changes its state from a liquid to a gas.

• The temperature remains constant until all of the liquid has been changed into a gas.

• The boiling point of a substance is used to find the purity of any substance.

• When a liquid boils, bubble can be observed that show the transition of liquid state to gas.

• Evaporation: It is the process that occurs when a liquid state changes to a gaseous state at a temperature lower than its boiling point.

• Some particles in a liquid have more energy and thus they easily escape the liquid surface.

• Liquids that evaporate quickly are called volatile liquids.

• Volatile liquids have their boiling points just above room temperature.

BOILING EVAPRATION

Occurs only at boiling point Occurs below boiling point

Though out the liquid Only at the surface

Bubbles are formed No bubbles formed

HEATING CURVE: IT IS THE GRAPH THAT SHOWS THE CHANGE OF STATE WHEN A SUBSTANCE IS HEATED, IT IS

PLOTTED AS TEMPERATURE AGAINST TIME.