Kingdom Anamalia Notes

Tracey Mancheski 09-10

http://www.ryanphotographic.com/images/JPEGS/Sponges%20vertical.jpg

Kingdom Porifera

• Kingdom Porifera is made up of organisms called sponges.

• Sponges are the simplest, most unusual animals, and most ancient animals.

• Sponges are “pore-bearers” meaning they have tine openings or pores all over their bodies.

• Sponges are classified as animals because they are multicellular, heterotrophic, have no cell walls, and contain a few specialized cells.

http://www.mbgnet.net/salt/animals/1sponge.jpg

Body Plan

• Asymmetrical• The body of a sponge forms a wall

around a large central cavity through which water is circulated continually by way of specialized cells that use flagella to move a current of water (several thousand liters per day!)

• The movement of water through the sponge provides a simple mechanism for feeding, respiration, circulation, and excretion.http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://7salemanimalkingdom.wikispaces.com/file/

view/I10-82-sponge2.jpg/33771369/I10-82-sponge2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://7salemanimalkingdom.wikispaces.com/Sponges%3Ff%3Dprint&usg=__T7Mfa-FZSh8Rm1sYPw1mtzz8hhI=&h=422&w=564&sz=59&hl=en&start=31&itbs=1&tbnid=65pPjtSBMupDfM:&tbnh=100&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsponges%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1

Feeding

• Filter-feeders (microscopic food particles).• Digestion is intracellular and food is passed

along the cells.

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/images/sponge_feed.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mesa.edu.au/friends/seashores/sponges1.html&usg=__Z1C2TmQQ705v6CTL2WUlgw8_7vQ=&h=249&w=277&sz=74&hl=en&start=3&itbs=1&tbnid=VMsYMQXj1jmeIM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=114&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsponges%2Bfilter%2Bfeeding%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1

Respiration, Circulation and Excretion

• Sponges rely on the movement of water through their bodies to carry out body functions.

• As water moves through the body cavity oxygen dissolved in the water diffuses into the surrounding cells.

• At the same time, carbon dioxide and other wastes, such as ammonia, diffuse into the water and are carried away.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/sponge_1.gif

Response

• No nervous system• Produce toxins

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://reefcolors.com/pictures/Science/Toxins/JACS_131_4_300px.jpg&imgrefurl=http://reefcolors.com/HTML_Science/science_toxins.html&usg=__Lh3bg1pL_bYZVWFp4uXUUD7kHCQ=&h=403&w=300&sz=86&hl=en&start=1&itbs=1&tbnid=5edqQY_6MkUzGM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=92&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsponges%2B%2Btoxins%26hl%3Den%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1

Reproduction

• Sexual or Asexual reproduction• A single sponge produces eggs

and sperm cells are releases them at different times.

• Internal fertilization• The larvae of sponges are

motile and are usually carried by currents before they settle to the sea floor.

• Asexual reproduction = budding

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.wetwebmedia.com/SpongePIX/Unknown.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.wetwebmedia.com/spongeselfaqs.htm&usg=__9R9F4M9RRmFanf2m0f9TfmGJD0w=&h=225&w=300&sz=12&hl=en&start=12&itbs=1&tbnid=cttgI8TOh6JQlM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsponge%2Breproduction%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://siera104.com/images/bio/sponges/sponge.jpg&imgrefurl=http://siera104.com/bio/porifera.html&usg=__PN2kZ221_EwFwyv-f8grbyK2xTk=&h=960&w=1138&sz=403&hl=en&start=20&itbs=1&tbnid=B_RhFhcbATxxxM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsponge%2Breproduction%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1

Ecology of Sponges

• Ideal habitats (sea starts, snails, sea cucumbers and shrimp.

• Mutualism (bacteria, algae and plantlike protists)

• Primary productivity• Can survive in a wide range of

habitats because of internal structures that act as a lens to redirect incoming sunlight

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v462/n7271/images/462255b-i1.0.jpg

http://i92.photobucket.com/albums/l11/tel52/St_Lucia/Coral_Shrimp_Sponge_SLjpg.jpg

Phylum Cnidaria

• Cnidarians are soft-bodied, carnivorous animals that have stinging tentacles arranged in circles around their mouths.

• They are the simplest animals to have body symmetry and specialized tissues.

Body Plan

• Radial symmetry

• Cnidarians have a life cycle that includes two different-looking stages: a polyp and a medusa

Feeding• When an unsuspecting shrimp or small fish brushes

up against the tentacles, thousands of nematocysts (poison-filled structure) explode into the animal causing paralysis or death.

• After paralyzing its prey, a cnidarian pulls the prey through its mouth and into its gastrovascular cavity, a digestive chamber with one opening where food enters and wastes leave.

• Extracellular digestion• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zJiBc_N1Zk&feat

ure=related

Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion

• Following digestion, nutrients are usually transported throughout the body by diffusion.

• Cnidarians respire and eliminate the wastes of cellular metabolism by diffusion through their body walls.

Response• Both polyps and medusas have a nerve net (loosely

organized network of nerve cells that together allow cnidarians to detect stimuli).

• Groups of sensory cells that help determine the direction of gravity

• Eyespots made of cells that detect light

Movement

• Hydrostatic skeleton – layer of circular muscles and a layer of longitudinal muscles that, together with the water in the gastrovascular cavity, enable the cnidarian to move

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-so6x9OzYww&feature=related

Reproduction

• Asexual and sexual• Asexual = Polyps can

reproduce by budding• Sexual = external

fertilization in the water• Fertilization (open water) ->

Zygote -> swimming larva -> polyp (budding polyp) -> Medusa

Groups of Cnidarians

• Jellyfish – The largest jellyfish ever found was almost 4

meters in diameter and had tentacles more than 30 meters long!

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pYUZxS1bZR4

• Hydras and their relatives• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kukv0AtIV

dU

• Portuguese man-of-war

• Sea Anemones and Coral– Only polyp stage– Use nematocysts and symbiosis– As colonies grow, they secrete an underlying

skeleton of calcium carbonate.

Ecology

• Coral distribution is determined by temperature, water depth and light intensity.

• Many coral reefs are suffering from human activity (recreational divers, sedimentation, pollutants, overfishing)

• Coral bleaching – high temperatures can kill the algae and leave behind only transparent cells atop ghostly white skeletons.

• Has become more common and causes more death

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

• Flatworms are soft, flattened worms that have tissues and internal organ systems. They are acoelomates and the simplest animals to have three embryonic germ layers, bilateral symmetry, and cephalization.

Body Plan• Because flatworms are thin and most of their cells are close

to the external environment, materials can pass easily into and out of their bodies.

Feeding

• Flatworms can be carnivores, detritivores, scavengers, or parasites

• Flatworms typically have a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening, or mouth, through which food and waste pass.

• Near the mouth is a muscular tube called a pharynx which is extended out of the mouth and pumps food into the cavity. Once in the cavity, digestion and nutrient absorption take place.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeJQdbMge84

• Parasitic worms feed on blood, tissue fluids, or pieces of cells within the host’s body.

• Very simple or no digestive tract at all.

Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion• Diffusion is used to

transport oxygen and nutrients to internal tissues and remove carbon dioxide and other wastes from their bodies.

• Flame cells (in some) – specialized cells that filter and remove excess water from the body as well as metabolic wastes (ammonia)

Response

• Cephalization• Ganglia – groups of nerve cells• Eyespot – detects changes in light and other

stimuli• Auricles - sensory

Movement

• Cilia to glide• Muscle cells and nerve cells to twist and turn• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HekwSO6

dBG0&NR=1

Reproduction• Sexual Reproduction– Hermaphrodite – individual has

both male and female reproductive organs

• Asexual Reproduction– Fission – organism splits in two

Groups of Flatworms

• Turbellarians – free-living flatworms. Most live in marine or freshwater.

• Flukes – parasitic flatworms that infect the internal organs of their host

• Tapeworms – long, flat, parasitic worms that are adapted to life inside the intestines of their host.

Ecology

• http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/flatworm.htm

• World without detritivores?

Phylum Nematoda

• Roundworms are unsegmented worms that have pseudocoeloms and digestive systems with two openings – a mouth and an anus.

Body Plan

• Round worms have specialized tissues and organ systems that carry out essential body functions.

Feeding

• Can be parasites, carnivores, herbivores, detritivores, filter-feeders or even prey on decomposers

Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion• Exchange gases

and wastes through body walls

• Nutrients and waste are carried by the process of diffusion

Nikon announced the winners of their annual Small World photomicroscopy contest yesterday, and slide shows of the top 20 images are bouncing around the blogosphere. But buried deep in the contest's "Images of Distinction" section is J. Claire Hoving's beautiful picture of a female Nippostrongylus brasiliensis – a nematode worm found in the intestines of rats. Her body wall glows blue; her body cavity is stuffed with eggs that may, in time, find a new rat host to cozy up to.

Response

• Simple nervous systems (ganglia and nerves that run length of body)

• Sense organs that detect chemicals given off by prey or hosts

Movement

• Hydrostatic skeleton – muscle contractions

Reproduction• Sexually• Usually males and females separate• Internal fertilization

Examples

• Most roundworms are free-living• Parasitic roundworms include trichinosis-causing

worms, filarial worms, ascarid worms, and hookworms

Trichinosis-Causing Worms

• The larvae travel through the bloodstream and burrow into organs and tissues, causing terrible pain for the host.

Patient had periorbital swelling, muscle pain, diarrhea, and 28% eosinophils. Content Providers(s): Emory U/Dr. Thom)

Filarial Worms

• Usually found in Asia• Threadlike and live in the blood

and lymph vessels of birds and mammals.

• Transmitted through biting insects• May cause elephantiasis

Ascarid Worms

• Found in the US• Causes

malnutrition in more than 1 billion people world wide

• Spread by eating vegetables or other foods that are not washed properly

In the lungs

Persistent coughShortness of breathWheezing

In the intestines

Vague abdominal painNausea and vomitingDiarrhea or bloody stoolsSevere abdominalFatigueWeight lossA worm in vomit or stool

Hookworms

• 25% of people in the world are infect• Enter through the foot• Travel through the blood to the lungs and intestines• Suck the host’s blood, causing weakness and poor

growth.

• Research – the first organism to have it’s DNA completely sequenced

• Important part of the food web• detritivore

Phylum Annelida

• Annelids are worms with segmented bodies. They have a true coelom that is lined with mesoderm.

Feeding and Digestion

• Filter-feeders, carnivores, detritivores (feed on decaying vegetation).

• Food goes into the – pharynx (pumps food and soil), – esophagus (tube connecting pharynx and crop), – then crop (stores food), – then gizzard (grinds food), – and then intestine (where food is digested)

Circulation

• Closed circulatory system (blood contained within a network of blood vessels).

• The dorsal blood vessel functions like a heart.

Respiration

• Aquatic annelids – gills (filamentous organ specialized for the exchange of gases underwater).

• Land-dwelling annelids, respire through their moist skin.

Excretion• Digestive waste – anus (at the end of the digestive

tract) = castings.• Cellular waste (ammonia) is eliminated by nephridia

Response

• Most have brain and nerve cords

Movement

• Hydrostatic skeleton– Longitudinal muscles (shorter and fatter)– Circular muscles (longer and thinner)– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWBTcs6HlGE

Reproduction

• Mostly sexual• Some separate sexes• Some hermaphrodites (earthworm)• External fertilization• Clitellum secretes a mucus ring into which

eggs and sperm are released (hatch a week later)

Examples

• (Oligochaetes) – annelids that typically have streamlined bodies and relatively few setae.– Most live in soil or freshwater– Earthworms, tubifex worms, – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWJFpJybe-M

• Leeches – typically external; parasites that suck the blood and body fluids of their host.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cePKpt5nOJ0

• (Polychaetes) – marine annelids that have paired, paddle like appendages tipped with setae

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWh6MOMMO60&feature=related

Ecology

• Medicine – leeches• Soil – aerate for air, water, and bacteria – add

fertilizer• Food web• Pollution tolerant

Phylum Mollusca

• Mollusks are soft-bodied animals that usually have an internal or external shell.

Body Plan

• True coeloms• Complex organ systems• Body plan – foot, mantle, shell and visceral

mass

Feeding

• Herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, detritivores, or parasites

• Digestive system includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and anus

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBg0k9GbHiw&feature=related

Respiration

• Aquatic mollusks use gills• Terrestrial mollusks use a moist mantle cavity

Circulation

• Open or closed circulatory system (open means that blood is pumped through vessels by a simple heart, leaves the vessels to gather in a sinus, then to the gills or mantle cavity)

• More advanced mollusks use a closed circulatory system (blood is pumped from the heart, to blood vessels, to the gills, to the body, then back to the heart again)

Excretion

• Nephridia – organs that remove ammonia from the blood and release it outside the body

• Anus – releases digestive wastes

Response

• Huge variety– Clams – small ganglia, few nerve cords, simple

sense organs (typically burrow into the sand)– Octopi – highly intelligent – well developed brain,

memory, complex behavior– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9A-oxUMAy8

Movement

• Snails – secrete mucus along the base of the foot and rippling motion

• Octopus – jet propulsion – draws water into the mantle cavity and forces water out through a siphon – moves in the opposite direction

Reproduction

• Most sexually• External fertilization or Internal fertilization• Some hermaphroditic

Examples

• Gastropods– Shell-less or single-shelled mollusks that move by

using a muscular foot located on the ventral side– Pond snails– Land slugs, – sea butterflies, – sea hares, – limpets and nudibrachs

• Bivalves– Have two shells that are held together by one or

two powerful muscles• Clams• Oysters• Mussels• Scallops

• Cephalopods– Typically soft-bodied mollusks in which the head is

attached to a single foot. The foot is divided into tentacles or arms.• Octopi• Squid• Cuttlefishes• Nautiluses

• The colossal squid, Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni (Robson, 1925), aka Antarctic cranch squid, is one of the largest and most elusive and mysterious of the cephalopods. This massive squid is reported to measure up to 14 m in total length with a mantle length of about 2-4 m and they can weigh an estimated 150 kg.

• This amazing creature was first identified in 1925 when 2 colossal squid arms were recovered from a sperm whale's stomach. Since then, few specimens have been recovered, so little is known about this species. The colossal squid has eyes that measure about 25 cm in diameter and are thought to be the largest eyes in the entire animal kingdom. They also have the largest beaks of any squid, which makes them a fearsome predator along with the 25 rotating hooks found in two rows on the ends of their tentacles.

Ecology

• Filter water• Cleaning up detritus• Important part of the food web• Symbiosis (mutualism) with

bacteria in deep sea vents, salt marshes, and mangrove swamps

• Monitor water quality• Biological research

– Some mollusks never seem to develop any form of cancer!

Phylum Arthropoda

• Arthropods have a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.

Body Plan

• (The evolution of arthropods has led to fewer body segments and highly specialized appendages for feeding, movement and other functions.)

• Arthropods use complex organ systems to carry out different essential functions.

Feeding• Include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, parasites, filter

feeders, and detritivores.• Arthropods mouthparts have evolved in ways that enable

different species to eat almost any food you can imagine.

Respiration• Tracheal tubes – extend throughout the body

attached to spiracles where air enters and leaves. (grasshopper)

• Book lungs – layers of respiratory tissue stacked like book pages (spiders)

• Gills (lobsters and crabs)• Book Gills – (horseshoe crabs)

Circulation

• Open circulatory system – A well-developed heart pumps blood through arteries, tissues, then sinuses.

•

Excretion• Most terrestrial

arthropods dispose of nitrogenous wastes using Malpighian tubules (saclike organs that extract wastes from the blood then add them to digestive wastes)

• Most aquatic arthropods use diffusion (to move cellular waste from the body to the surrounding water).

Response

• Most arthropods have a well-developed nervous system.

• All arthropods have a brain.• Most arthropods have

sophisticated sense organs, (such as eyes and taste receptors for gathering information from the environment).

Image reference: 24055

Title: Blackfly antenna

Description:Scanning electron microscope image of a blackfly antenna (x 350). These long sensory organs feel and 'taste' objects as well as sensing vibrations and smells (x 1.3K).

Movement

• Arthropods move using well-developed groups of muscles that are coordinated and controlled by the nervous system.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSnGWyGzsgo

Reproduction

• Terrestrial arthropods have internal fertilization.

• Aquatic arthropods may have internal or external fertilization

Ecology• When arthropods outgrow their

exoskeleton, they molt or shed it and manufacture a new one. At this stage they are a very vulnerable to predators.

• Some are detritivores• Carry diseases• Eat other pest species• One third of the food you eat

depends on plants pollinated by animals, including insects

• Produce products – silk, wax, and honey

• Food delicacies

Groups of Arthropods

• Arthropods are classified based on the number and structure of their body segments and appendages – particularly their mouthparts.

Crustaceans

• Crustaceans typically have two pairs of branched antennae, two or three body sections, and chewing mouthparts called mandibles.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oX2Zd3kCgSo

Spiders and their relatives

• Chelicerae's have mouthparts called chelicerae and two body sections, and nearly all have four pairs of walking legs.– Spiders– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxbuysNGLO

M

– Horseshoe Crabs– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8KlAmtIu1E&

feature=PlayList&p=28592485835ED3C1&playnext_from=PL&playnext=1&index=52

– Mites and ticks

– Scorpions

Uniramians have jaws, one pair of antennae and unbranched appendages.

Examples include insects, centipeds (each segment has one pair of legs), and millipeds (each segment has two pairs of legs)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTQZAiuDoTg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNQWf31S8G8&NR=1

Phylum Echinodermata

• Echinoderms are characterized by spiny skin, an internal skeleton, a water vascular system, and suction-cuplike structures called tube feet.

• Most adult echinoderms exhibit five-part radial symmetry.

• Echinoderms are deuterostomes

Body Plan• The water vascular system, which is filled with fluid,

carries out many essential body functions in echinoderms, including respiration, circulation, and movement.

Feeding

• Herbivores (algae eaters), filter-feeder (capture floating plankton), detritivores, carnivores (eating clams and mussels)

• Some echinoderms such as the sea star pushes its stomach out through its mouth, pours out enzymes, digests the mollusks and then pulls its stomach and partially digested prey back in.

• Planet Earth

Respiration and Circulation

• Water Vascular System• Tube feed provide the main surface for

respiration. • Some species also have skin gills.• Circulation of needed materials and wastes

takes place throughout the water vascular system.

Excretion

• Solid wastes released through the anus• Nitrogen-containing cellular wastes are

released through the tube feet and skin gills.

Response

• Not a highly developed nervous system• Nerve ring surrounds the mouth.• Scattered sensory cells for light, gravity and

chemicals from prey.

Movement

• Tube feet and then layers of muscle attached to their endoskeleton.

Reproduction

• External fertilization• Separate sexes• Fertilization takes place in open water – larva

swim to ocean bottom and develop into adults.

Examples

• Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars

• Brittle Stars

• Sea Cucumbers

• Sea Stars

• Sea Lilies and Feather Stars

Ecology

• Variety of Marine Habitats• Sea urchins, algae, and sea otters• Sea stars and clams• Crown-of-thorns – danger to reefs

Phylum Chordata

• A chordate is an animal that has, for at least some stage of its life, – a dorsal, hollow nerve cord (spinal cord); – a notochord (long supporting rod just below nerve

cord in embryos mostly – replaced by the backbone in 99 percent of chordates (vertebrates));

– pharyngeal pouches (may develop into gills); – and a tail that extends beyond the anus.

Feeding and Digestion

• Herbivores, omnivores, detritivores, carnivores, scavengers, parasites, filter-feeders

• Complex digestive system including mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine and anus or cloaca.

Respiration

• Gills (most fish)• Skin and mouth

cavity (some amphibians)

• Mouth and lungs

Circulation

• Closed circulatory system– Single-loop (heart to gills to body

to heart)– Double-loop (heart to lungs and

back; heart to body and back)– System includes heart (two, three

or four chambered), veins, arteries, and capillaries

Excretion

• Nitrogenous waste – Gills (fish)– Kidney – filters waste from

blood, also removes excess water

• Digestive waste– Anus – Cloaca

Response• Chordates have a well-developed nervous system including a brain

(with various parts) and other sense organs.– Some fish can even generate their own electricity!

Movement

• Various methods of movement, including– Tail for propulsion– Legs for walking, running, and hopping

Reproduction

• Can be external or internal, depending on the species.

• May require an aquatic environment depending on the species.

• Some species lay eggs, others give birth to live young.

Groups

• Fish• Amphibians• Reptiles• Birds• Mammals

Ecology

• Many predators – preserve the integrity of food webs• Sources of food• Pollution indicators• Provide habitats for other species• Symbiosis• Pollination• Aesthetic / economic value to humans