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Kingdom Plantae
• Characteristics:– Eukaryotic (has a nucleus)– Autotrophic – Photosynthetic– Contains Chlorophyll & Large Vacuole– Cellulose in cell wall– Most multi-cellular– Sexual/Asexual reproduction
Evolution
• Plants most likely evolved from green algae
• Over time plants developed vascular tissue and seeds
3 Main Plant Groups
• Seedless non-vascular• Seedless vascular• Seed vascular
– Gymnosperms
– Angiosperms
Seedless Non-vascular
• Known as Bryophytes• Ex. Mosses, liverworts,
hornworts• Found in damp areas• Small and low growing• Alternation of generations-
reproduction
Bryophyte Reproduction
• Gametophyte produces eggs and sperm
• Sperm fertilizes an egg to form a zygote
• Zygote becomes a sporophyte
• Sporophyte produces spores
• Spores become gametophytes
Seedless Vascular
• Ex. Club mosses, horsetails, ferns
• Live in shady, damp environments
• Grow larger than non-vascular plants due to vascular tissue
• Alternation of generations
Seedless Vascular Reproduction (FERNS)
• Gametophyte produces eggs and sperm
• Sperm fertilizes an egg to form a zygote
• Zygote develops into a sporophyte
• Sporophyte (sporangium) releases spores
• Spores develop into gametophytes
Seed Vascular Plants
• Adapted to drier environments
• Produce seeds and have vascular tissue
• 2 Main groups:– Gymnosperms
– Angiosperms
Tissue Types of Seed plants
• THREE tissue types:– Dermal tissue
• Protective, outer covering of plant
– Vascular tissue• Xylem: conducts water through plant
• Phloem: conducts sugars and foods
– Ground tissue• Between dermal and vascular tissues
• Used for support
“Organs” of Seed Plants
• Specialized tissues form these different structures:– Roots
– Stems
– Leaves
Roots
• Absorbs water and nutrients from the soil
• Anchors plant• Two types:
– Tap root- one main root with many root hairs
– Fibrous root- many small, branching roots
Stems
• Allows for transport of substances between roots and leaves
• Produces leaves, branches, flowers
• Supports plant (leaves held up)
Leaves
• Absorbs light and carries out photosynthesis
• Produces food• Exchanges gases with
environment (stomata)
Gymnosperms
• “Naked Seed”- seeds are not protected in an ovary
• Known as the “Cone-bearers”
• Ex. Gnetophytes, cycads, gingkoes, conifers (pine, spruce, etc.)
Angiosperms
• “Vessel Seeds”- seed is protected in an ovary (fruit)
• Known as “Flowering plants”
• Two Groups– Monocots
– Dicots
Monocots vs. Dicots
MONOCOTS DICOTS
SEEDS One cotyledon (seed leaf)
Two cotyledons
LEAVES Parallel veins Branched veins
FLOWERS Parts in multiples of three
Parts in multiples of four or five
STEMS Vascular bundles are scattered
Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring
ROOTS Fibrous roots Taproot
Angiosperms- Reproduction
• Mature sporophyte produces flowers
• Flowers contain anther (male) that releases pollen (sperm)
• Flowers contain ovary where eggs are found
• Pollen lands on stigma (female) travels down style to fertilize egg
• Seed forms and ovary ripens (becomes a fruit)
• Seed develops into sporophyte