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Kingdom Plantae
Plant Structure Size General Observations
Diversity Within the Plant Kingdom Pine Trees
What is a plant ?Multicellular Eukaryotes Perform Photosynthesis (base of all terrestrial food chains) Lack Mobility Cell wall made of cellulose.
What do plants need:
sunlight
water and minerals
gas exchange
transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body
__________________ is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert___________, normally from the sun, into ____________energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities.
Photosynthesis
Light Energy
Chemical
Bryophyte Pterophyte Coniferophyte Anthrophyte
Representative
Vascular Tissue
Size
Habitat
Water for Reproduction
Body Structures
Reproductive Adaptations
Includes mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
Bryophytes Mosses
Liverworts
Hornworts
Has no vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients.
Depends on water for reproduction (Sperm swims to meet egg)
Are low growing and found in shaded areas because they rely on osmosis to draw in water, which limits their size
In swamps, bogs, rainforests, well adapted to nutrient poor soils
Tolerant to cold temperatures - most abundant plants in polar regions
Spagnum mosses have sponge-like properties and form thick deposits of peat which can be burned as a fuel or used in gardening.
Peat Moss
Factoid- Bodies have been preserved in a mummified state, in peat bogs. This one was found in Ireland in 2003. He was probably hung as a sacrifice.
Everything has been preserved including hair, clothing and the rope they used to kill him.
Moss Structure
When you look at moss, most of what you see is _______________________.
The gametophyte grows from a _______ that has landed on soil. Moss grows in moist
conditions. All the cells in the gametophyte are haploid.
This means that they have only ______ set of chromosomes (n).
At the top of the gametophyte will grow a sex organ. This will either be the
male antheridium, or the female archegonium.
The antheridum produces sperm cells and the archegonium produces egg cells.
Gametophyte
SPORE
ONE
Phylum Pterophyta- Seedless vascular plants
Ferns Club Mosses
Horsetail
These and all later plants have vascular tissue which is a significant adaptive advantage for terrestrial life
First to display true roots, leaves and stems, which exist in all vascular plants.
Roots: underground organs that absorb water and minerals.Leaves: photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles of vascular tissue gathered into veins.Stems: supporting structures that connect roots and leaves to carry water and nutrients.
Ferns
Most numerous seedless vascular plant (~11 000 species)
-Require little light-Need considerable moisture-Live in shadows of forest trees; undergrowth-Abundant in temperate rainforests
Where do they grow?
Reproduction: - 'plant' we recognize is the
sporophyte
- sori on underside of fronds: clusters
of sporangia
- sperm (gametophyte) must swim to
meet egg
Sori
Crash Course
Fern Structure
Seeds - embryo of a plant encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply; may remain dormant for months or years, beginning to grow only when conditions are right.
Seed Coat - protects embryo and prevents seed contents from drying out, may have specialized features to aid in dispersal
Pollen grain - contains male gametophyte structure, carried to female reproductive structure via wind, insects and animals.
Have several adaptations allowing them to reproduce without water:
Pollination - transfer of pollen from male reproductive structure to female reproductive structure
Bees are our biggest pollinators
Seeds come in various shapes
Pro’s More distribution More Created Carried through wind/water
Con’s No protectionAt mercy of the environment
Pro’s Protection Food Supply
Con’s Less created
Phylum Coniferophyta
(Gymnosperms)
Older of two groups of seed plantsGymnosperms bear seeds directly on the surfaces of Includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipersOf great commercial interest
Cones
Sequoias Cones
Redwoods
Contain the oldest living organism: bristle cone pine tree (4000+ years)
Contain the tallest living organisms: redwoods
(100+ metres)
______________ retain their ‘leaves’ throughout winter. New needles will
eventually _________ old ones.
Evergreens
Replace
Mechanisms to reduce water loss: Long thin ‘leaves’ reduce the surface area where water can be _________________Evaporated
Thick waxy layer on leaves= “cuticle” Openings for gas exchange are located in cavities below the surface of the leaves (stomata)
Phylum Anthophyta (Angiosperms)
The most abundant plant phylum. It makes up over
_____________ of plants
Have seeds which contain a protective layer
Includes grasses, flowering trees, shrubs, and flowers.
Evolutionary trait of flowers
Helps attracts animals which transport flower for flower.
90%
Flowers Flowers contain ovaries which surround and protect seeds.
After pollination, ovary develops into a fruit which protects the seed and aids in its dispersal.
Fruit - wall of tissue surrounding seed, facilitate seed dispersion over large distances.
Flower Diagrams
•1) Sepals - enclose bud before
it opens and protects developing flower; usually green and closely resembles leaves.
Flowers have four kinds of specialized leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
•2) Petals - located inside sepals; brightly colored; attract pollinators.
•3) Stamen - male reproductive
structureAnther: sac where pollen grains are produced
Filament: long, thin stalk supporting anther.
•4) Carpel (pistil) - female reproductive structure
• Ovary: contains ovules (which contain eggs).
•Stigma: sticky surface on top of style where pollen grains often land
•Style: stalk above ovary; supports
Diversity of Angiosperms
1. Monocots and Dicots
- Monocots and dicots are named for the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons (the first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of the seed plant), in the plant embryo.
- Monocots: 1 seed leaf
(corn, wheat, lilies, palms
orchids).
- Dicots: 2 seed leaf
(roses, daises, clovers,
tomatoes).