Kingdom Protista

Phylum Euglenophycophyta

Euglenoids (Plantimals)

- single celled

- whip-like projections (flagella)

- Pellicle

- Paramylon

- Photosynthetic pigments

a. chlorophyll a and b

b. carotenoids

c. xanthophyll

- Asexual only (binary fission)

pellicle

long flagellum

contractile vacuolechloroplast

mitochondrion

eyespot

nucleusER

Golgi body

Phylum Xanthophycophyta

• Yellowish green algae

(chlorophyll a and c, beta carotene and xanthophyll)

• Unicellular, filamentous or multinucleated

• Long tubular coenocyte

• Leucosin and oil

• pectin with silica (some with cellulose)

• free floating or

epiphytic in freshwater

Vaucheria

Phylum ChrysophycophytaGolden Brown Algae

- Unicellular with one , two or

more flagella

- chromatophores (pigment

cells ) have golden brown

color

a. carotene

b. diatomin

- photosynthetic reserved

foods (leucosin and oil)

chrysolaminarin

- Cell wall- pectin with silica

and calcium

SynuraOchromonas

Phylum Chrysophcophyta/Bacillariophycophyta

Diatoms

Cell wall (silica) and called valves or frustules

a. epitheca – upper and larger valve

b. hypotheca – lower and smaller

valve

Grouped based on symmetry

a. bilateral – pennate type

b. radial – centric type

Yellowish to brownish chromatophores

1. chlorophyll a and b

2. beta carotene

3. xanthophylls (fucoxanthin, neofucoxanthin A and B and diatomin )

Phylum PyrrophycophytaDinoflagellates• marine

• Pair of flagella

1. whiplash – long and directed posteriorly

- forward movement

2. tinsel flagellum – ribbon like

- rotation

• Gonyaulax and Gymnodinium

- toxin (bivalves)

- PSR (paralytic shellfish poisoning)

• yellowish green or yellowish brown (chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthophyll (peridinin, dinoxanthin)

• Starch and oil

• Cell wall if present- cellulose and pectin

Phylum Chlorophycophyta

Green algae

• Chlorophyll a and b, carotenes and

xanthophyll

• Starch

• Unicellular, colonial, filamentous, branched

or unbranched

• Freshwater and marine habitats

Representative Genera of Green Algae:

I. Unicellular Species

A. Chlamydomonas

Unicellular, oval with 2 flagella

B. Volvox

II. Motile Colonial Species

A. Volvox

• 50,000 cells

• gelatinous matrix

• Asexual reproduction

• Gonidium(daughter cell)

III. Filamentous Species

A. Ulothrix

• filamentous green algae

• unbranched

• Rows of cells with cross wall

• Bracelet like chloroplast

B. Oedogonium

• Unbranched filament

• Basal cell (holdfast)

• cell with one nucleus and single reticulate chloroplast

• Sexual reproduction – Macandrous

– nannandrous

- large oogonium containing the eggs is fertilized by spermatozoid from the antheridium forming the oospore

C. Spirogyra

• conjugating green algae

• filamentous

• spiral chloroplast

• uninucleated

• Sexual reproduction

- conjugation (2 similar

cells unite to form

zygospore)

Papillae , conjugation

tube

IV. Laminar Species

D. Ulva

• Marine algae

• Sea lettuce

• Dibiontic life cycle

(alternation of generation)

V. Parenchymatous SpeciesA. Chara

• Stoneworts

(tankmosses or

brittleworts)

• Stemlike body divided

into nodes and

internodes

• 1 meter long

Other representative genera:

• Pediastrum

- colonial, non-motile, flat plate-shape colonies of cells

- coenobic

Acetabularia Caulerpa

Phylum Phaeophycophyta

• Most live in temperate or cool seas

• Range from microscopic filaments to

plantlike forms

• Multicellular – cellulose, pectin

• Cell wall – alginic acid (algin);

laminarin and mannitol

• Include the rockweeds and kelps, the

largest of the protists

a. holdfast (rootlike) - anchorage

b. stipes (stem-like)

c. blades (leaf-like)

Xanthophylls (fucoxanthin.

Violaxanthin and diatoxanthin)

A. Ectocarpus

• attached on rocks or

epiphytic on larger algae

or vascular plants

• Asexually – fragmentation

or by zoospores

• Exhibit alternation of

generation

B. Sargassum

• Rockweed

• Largest and most

abundant

• Thallus

a. root-like

b. stem-like

c. leaf-like parts

Air bladders (air

filled vesicles)

C. Fucus• Thallus (blade, stipe

and holdfast)

• Air bladders or floats

• Swollen receptacles

- pits or cavities

(conceptacles)

1. ostiole

2. oogonium

3. filament or

paraphysis

4. oogonia;

antheridia

Polysiphonia

tetrasporophyte

Phylum Rhodophycophyta

• Red algae

• Marine

• Phycoerythrin, phycobilins, phycocyanin,carotenes, xanthophylls

• Floridean starch

• Small epiphytes, crust-like, paper-like (parenchymatous), calcified

• Exhibit triphasic life cycle

– 1. carposporophyte – carpospores (2N)

– 2. tetrasporophyte – tetraspores(produced by meiosis)

– 3. gametophyte –gametangia :spermatangium, carpogonium; egg, spermatium

Economic importance 1. source of carrageenan (used as stabilizer

in paints, cosmetics and dairy products

2. source of agar ( used to make gelatinous capsules for pills, cosmetic base , culture medium in microbiology)

3. some species

- deposit calcium carbonate in cell walls

- coralline algae- build coral reef

- provide food for algae (together with dinoflagellates)

2. Porphyra

• “Purple laver”

• “gamet”

• Edible

• Coralline algae

• Cell walls impregnated with carbonates of calcium and magnesiu

• Mastophora

• Corralina

Kingdom Protista

PHYUM THALUS

FORMAT

PHOTOSYNTHETIC

PIGMENTS

FORM OF

FOOD

STORAGE

CELL WALL

COMPOSITION

Euglenophyta

(Euglenoids) Unicellular

Chlorophylls a and

b,Carotenoids,

Xanthophyll

Paramylon

(a Starch)

No Cell Wall,

Protein-rich

Pellicle

Phylum

Xanthophycophyta

Unicellular

filamentous

Chlorophylls a and c ,

beta- carotene

xanthophyll

Leucosin

and oil Pectin and silica

Chrysophyta

(Golden

BrownAlgae)

Mostly

Unicellular,

Some Colonial

Xanthophyll (lutein

and fucoxanthin, beta

carotene

Leucosin

and oil Cellulose

Bacillariophycophyta

(Diatoms)

Mostly

Unicellular,

Some Colonial

Chlorophylls a and c,

beta carotene,

Xanthophylls

(fucoxanthin,

neofucoxanthin a and

b, diatomin)

Leucosin silica

Pyrrophycophyta

Dinoflagellates unicellular

Chlorophylla a and c,

Carotene, xanthophylls

and peridinin

Cellulose

(some are naked)

Chlorophycophyta

(Green Algae)

Unicellular,

Colonial,

Filamentous,

and

Multicellular

Chlorophyll a and b

Carotenes

Xanthophylls

starch cellulose

Phaecophyta

(Brown Algae) multicelluar fucoxanthin

Laminarin

and

mannitol

Cellulose with

Alginic Acid

Rhodophycophyta Multicellular phycoerythrin floridean cellulose

(Red Algae) starch or pectin

calcium

carbonate

THALUS FORMAT PHYUM PHOTOSYNTHETIC

PIGMENTS

FORM OF FOOD

STORAGE

CELL WALL

COMPOSITION

Unicellular, Colonial,

Filamentous, and

Multicellular

Chlorophyta

(Green Algae)

Chlorophylls a and b,

Carotenoids Starch

Polysaccharides, Primarily

Cellulose

Multicellular Phaeophyta

(Brown Algae)

Chlorophylls a and c,

Carotenoids, Fucoxanthin

Laminarin (an oily

carbohydrate) Cellulose with Alginic Acid

Multicellular Rhodophyta

(Red Algae)

Chlorophylls a, Phycobilins,

Carotenoids Starch

Cellulose or Pectin, many with

Calcium Carbonate

Mostly Unicellular, Some

Colonial Bacillariophyta

(Diatoms)

Chlorophylls a and c,

Carotenoids, Xanthophyll

Leucosin (an oily

carbohydrate)

Pectin, many with Silicon

Dioxide

Unicellular Dinoflagellata

(Dinoflagellates)

Chlorophylls a and c,

Carotenoids Starch Cellulose

Mostly Unicellular, Some

Colonial Chrysophyta

(Golden Algae)

Chlorophylls a and c,

Xanthophyll, Carotenoids

Laminarin (an oily

carbohydrate) Cellulose

Unicellular Euglenophyta

(Euglenoids)

Chlorophylls a and

b,Carotenoids, Xanthophyll Paramylon (a Starch)

No Cell Wall, Protein-rich

Pellicle