Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista

Protozoan Groups

Phylum: SarcomastigophoraSubphylum: Mastigophora

Class: PhytomastigophoreaClass: Zoomastigophorea

Subphylum: SarcodinaSuperclass: Rhizopoda

Class: LoboseaSuperclass: Actinopoda

Phylum LabyrinthhomorphaPhylum Apicomplexa

Class: SporozoeaPhylum MicrosporaPhylum AcetosporaPhylum MyxoozoaPhylum Ciliophora

Text: Zoology, by Miller and Harley – Chapter 8

1. Introduction

A. Origins

i. Endosymbiont

ii. Archaea

iii. Polyphyletic

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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista

B. General Characteristics of the Protozoa

i. Size

a. Surface to Volume Ratio -

ii. Complexity

iii. Pellicle

a. Ectoplasm

b. Endoplasm

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RetortamonadaAxostylata

Fungi

Split

SecondaryEndosymbiosis

CyanobacteriaChl a

Algal Stock

Secondary Endosymbiosis

Other Non-fungal Phyla

Endosymbiont(Mitochondria)

Euglenozoa(Chloroplasts)

Another proposed mechanismfor chloroplast development isthe evolution of chlorophyl ls inp rokaryotic organisms prior tosymbiogenesis

Alveolates (Chloroplasts)

Alveolates Dinoflagellates

GreenPlants

GreenAlga

Apicomplexans(lost photosynthetic Capabilityand now all parasitic)

Ciliates

Primitive Stock(Eukaryotic)

Primitive Stock(Prokaryotic)

Non-fungalMetazoa

*

*Note: acommon photoshytetic stockforEuglenozoa and Alveolatesis questionable as the two grouphave different chlorophyll types

There are two hypotheses regarding theorigins of eukaryotic cells

1. Bacteria lost cell wal l and acquiredthe vesicle making abi lity. This eventuallylead to a compartmentalization of the cytoplasm including the DNA.

2. An endosymbiogenetic eventoccured resulting in the nucleus.This may have begun as an obligateintracelluar parasi te with the abili tyto divide with the host bacterium, buteventually resulted in the genetic acquisition of all primary metaboliccontrol by the parasi te. Our "parasite"is now the nucleus.

** **Note: divergence may have occurredafter the secondary endosymbiosisresulting in photosynthetic alveolates,but then lost their plastids (not shown)

Chl a,b

Chl a,b

Chl a,c

Chl a,b

GreenPlants

GreenAlga

Chl a,bChl a,bNon-fungal Phyla

Non-fungal Phyla DinoflagellatesChl a,c

Prokaryote withchlorophyll a

Prochloron-like ancestorwith chlorophyll a,b

Heliobacterium-like ancestorwith chlorophyll a,c

Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista

iv. Excretion and Osmoregulation

a. Contractile Vacuoles

H2CO3 H+ HCO3-CO2H2O + +H2O

RemainsIsotonic

H2OHCO3

-H+

RemainsIsotonic

H2OHCO3

-H+

CarbonicAnhydrase

H+ HCO 3-

v. Nutrition and Digestion

a. Autotrophs

• Photosynthesis

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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista

b. Heterotrophic

• Phagocytosis

1. Pseudopodia form around food

PhagosomePhagolysosome

Exocytosis

Lysosome

• Cytopharynx

• Cytopyge

vi. Locomotion

a. Cilia

b. Flagella

c. Pseudopodia

• Process

vii. Reproduction

a. Asexual

• Binary Fission

• Budding

• Schizogony

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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista

b. Sexual

viii. Cysts

• Encystment

• Excystment

C. Symbiotic Relationships

i. Parasitic

a. Parasite and Host

b. Multiple Hosts

• Definitive Host

• Intermediate Host

ii. Commensalistic

iii. Mutualistic

2. Protozoan Taxonomy

A. Phylum Sarcomastigophora

i. Subphylum Mastigophora

a. Class Phytomastigophorea

• Dinoflagellates

* Abundance

* Autotrophic

* Mutualistic Relationships

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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista

* Red Tides

√ Example: Ceratium

√ Example: Pfisteria piscida

• Euglena

* General

* Stigma

* Chloroplasts

* Flagella

* Pyrenoid

• Volvox

* Asexual Reproduction

* Sexual Reproduction

√ Dioecious

√ Monecious

b. Class Zoomastigophorea

• Example: Trypanosoma sp. (Causes African Sleeping

Sickness)

* Vector: Tsetse Fly

* Intermediate host

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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista

* Definitive Host

ii. Subphylum Sarcodina (The Amebas)

a. Psudopodia

b. Test or Shell

* Calcareous

* Proteinaceous

* Siliceous

* Chitinous

c. SuperClass Rhizopoda

• Class Lobopodia (Lobosea)

• Class Filopodia

• Class Reticulopodia

• Class Axopodia

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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista

ii. Superclass Actinopoda

a. Foraminiferans

b. Heliozoans

c. Radiolarians

B. Phylum Labyrinthomorpha

C. Phylum Apicomplexa

i. Class Sporozoea

a. Example: Plasmodium

• Life Cycle – see diagram

* Schizogony

• Vector – mention the term vector

• Cryptosporidium

• Toxoplasma

D. Phylum Microspora

E. Phylum Acetospora

F. Phylum Myxozoa

G. Phylum Ciliophora

i. Cilia

ii. Pellicle

iii. Holozoic

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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista

iv. Nuclei: Dikaryotic

v. Trichocysts

vi. Trichocysts

vii. Nutrition

a. Example: Paramecium

caudatum

* Oral Groove

viii. Osmoregulation

a. Contractile Vacuole

ix. Reproduction

a. Asexual

• Budding

• Fission

b. Sexual: Conjugation

• Macronucleus

• Micronucleus

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