KINGDOM PROTISTAKINGDOM PROTISTA

PROTISTSPROTISTS

Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells having a discrete having a discrete membrane-bound nucleus (see Page membrane-bound nucleus (see Page 420)420)

Contain Contain organellesorganelles (ribosomes, (ribosomes, mitochondria, & lysosomes)mitochondria, & lysosomes)

Most are unicellular and found in fresh Most are unicellular and found in fresh or salt water.or salt water.

Incredible biodiversity…occupying Incredible biodiversity…occupying almost every niche and habitat.almost every niche and habitat.

Three Distinct GroupsThree Distinct Groups1. Plant-like Protists1. Plant-like Protists

2. Animal-like Protists2. Animal-like Protists

3. Fungi-like Protists3. Fungi-like Protists

Plant-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists

– Organisms contain Organisms contain chlorophyll chlorophyll (autotrophs)(autotrophs)

– Can also absorb Can also absorb nutrients during nutrients during dark times dark times (heterotrophs)(heterotrophs)

– Most plantlike Most plantlike protists reproduce protists reproduce asexuallyasexually by by MITOSIS.MITOSIS.

EUGLENA

Animal-like ProtistsAnimal-like Protists Heterotrophs (engulf Heterotrophs (engulf

or absorb food)or absorb food) Reproduce Reproduce asexuallyasexually

by by BINARY FISSIONBINARY FISSION or or sexuallysexually by by CONJUGATIONCONJUGATION

Occupy a diverse Occupy a diverse range of moist range of moist habitats.habitats.

Locomotion: cilia or Locomotion: cilia or flagellaflagella

Sporozoans and Sporozoans and Malaria (see Malaria (see handout)handout)

Amoeba – Feeds by Phagocytosis

The Malarial Parasite's Life The Malarial Parasite's Life Cycle Cycle Plasmodium

The Malarial Parasite's Life The Malarial Parasite's Life CycleCycle

The Malarial Parasite's Life The Malarial Parasite's Life CycleCycle

Fungi-like ProtistsFungi-like Protists

Also referred to as Also referred to as Slime MouldsSlime Moulds

Prefer cool, shady, Prefer cool, shady, moist places and are moist places and are usually found under usually found under fallen leaves or on fallen leaves or on rotting logs.rotting logs.

Most fungi-like protists Most fungi-like protists reproduce sexually reproduce sexually through through meiosis meiosis and and SPORE FORMATIONSPORE FORMATION

The Importance of ProtistsThe Importance of Protists

Provide the critical Provide the critical base to most food base to most food webs.webs.

ZooplanktonZooplankton; ; animal-like protists.animal-like protists.

PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton; ; plant-like protists.plant-like protists.

Eg. Algae - 80% of Eg. Algae - 80% of world’s oxygenworld’s oxygen

KINGDOM FUNGIKINGDOM FUNGI

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi Common Examples: Common Examples:

Moulds, yeasts and Moulds, yeasts and mushrooms.mushrooms.

HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Saprobes – absorb their Saprobes – absorb their

food from decaying matterfood from decaying matter Bodies of most fungi Bodies of most fungi

consist of hyphae – consist of hyphae – threadlike filaments threadlike filaments (attached to a substrate)(attached to a substrate)

Fungi have cell walls made Fungi have cell walls made of chitinof chitin

Hyphae branch, forming a Hyphae branch, forming a tangled mass called tangled mass called myceliummycelium

Fungi ReproductionFungi Reproduction

Asexually: Asexually: Fragmentation and Fragmentation and BuddingBudding

Sexually: Spores. Sexually: Spores. Often the only Often the only

visible portion of visible portion of the fungi are its the fungi are its reproductive reproductive structures. (see structures. (see spore diagram)spore diagram)

SPORES

ReproductionReproduction

BUDDING

YUMMY!!

One Deadly ‘Shroom!One Deadly ‘Shroom! Amanita phalloidesAmanita phalloides

is the most is the most poisionous of all poisionous of all mushrooms. mushrooms.

Other mushrooms Other mushrooms have hallucinogenic have hallucinogenic properties (such as properties (such as the drug psilocybin) the drug psilocybin) important in native important in native religious rituals in religious rituals in Central and South Central and South America. America.

KINGDOM PLANTAEKINGDOM PLANTAE

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

CharacteristicsCharacteristics:: Lack mobilityLack mobility Eukaryotic, multi-cellular, have tissuesEukaryotic, multi-cellular, have tissues PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Cell walls contain celluloseCell walls contain cellulose May or may not have vascular tissue: May or may not have vascular tissue:

tissue that conducts/transports water and tissue that conducts/transports water and nutrients (xylem and phloem)nutrients (xylem and phloem)

Plants originated in water and since have Plants originated in water and since have been evolving for life on landbeen evolving for life on land

Plant KingdomPlant Kingdom

Non-vascular plantsNon-vascular plants Vascular plantsVascular plants

Seedless plants Seedless plants Seed plants Seed plants

““naked” seedsnaked” seeds enclosed seeds enclosed seeds (gymnosperms) (gymnosperms) (angiosperms)(angiosperms)

Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction

MITOSISMITOSIS Runners, cuttings, grafting etc.Runners, cuttings, grafting etc.

Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction ~Alternation of Generations~~Alternation of Generations~

Gametophyte generationGametophyte generation

Haploid = 1 Set Haploid = 1 Set (gamete)(gamete)

Sporophyte generationSporophyte generation

Diploid = 2 sets of chromosomesDiploid = 2 sets of chromosomes

See Page 435

Similarities and Differences Similarities and Differences Between Plants and FungiBetween Plants and Fungi

Similarities:Similarities: Cells are eukaryoticCells are eukaryotic Numerous OrganellesNumerous Organelles Have cell wallsHave cell walls Most anchored in soil or other Most anchored in soil or other substratesubstrate Reproduction can be asexual, sexual, or bothReproduction can be asexual, sexual, or both StationaryStationary

Differences:Differences: PLANTSPLANTS FUNGI FUNGI

Most are autotrophs Are HeterotrophsMost are autotrophs Are HeterotrophsStarch is the main storage Have few or no storage Starch is the main storage Have few or no storage moleculesmoleculesMost have roots Have no rootsMost have roots Have no rootsHave cellulose in cell walls Often have Have cellulose in cell walls Often have chitinchitin in cell in cell wallswallsSome reproduce by seed None reproduce by seedSome reproduce by seed None reproduce by seed

KINGDOM ANIMALIAKINGDOM ANIMALIA

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Cell membraneCell membrane HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Must Must coordinatecoordinate

their activitiestheir activities– Avoid predatorsAvoid predators– GrowGrow– ReproduceReproduce

Bilateral and Radial Bilateral and Radial SymmetrySymmetry

– Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry: if one half of a shape is the : if one half of a shape is the mirror image of the other half. Eg. Humansmirror image of the other half. Eg. Humans

– Radial symmetryRadial symmetry: if shape of one part is : if shape of one part is repeated a number of times about a central repeated a number of times about a central axis. Eg. Starfishaxis. Eg. Starfish

InvertebratesInvertebrates Zoology: study of Zoology: study of

animal lifeanimal life MulticellularMulticellular Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Heterotrophs that do Heterotrophs that do

not have a notochord not have a notochord (skeletal rod of (skeletal rod of connective tissue that connective tissue that runs lengthwise along runs lengthwise along dorsal surface and dorsal surface and beneath nerve cord). beneath nerve cord).

No backbone.No backbone.

Worm – Like AnimalsWorm – Like Animals

Eg. TapewormsEg. Tapeworms

ArthropodsArthropods

Jointed Jointed appendagesappendages

Chitin exteriorChitin exterior Spiders, insects, Spiders, insects,

crustaceanscrustaceans

Vertebrates – Internal SkeletonVertebrates – Internal Skeleton

MulticellularMulticellular EukaryoticEukaryotic Heterotrophs that Heterotrophs that

have a notochord at have a notochord at some stage in their some stage in their life. life.

Backbone.Backbone. Amphibians, Amphibians,

Reptiles, Mammals, Reptiles, Mammals, Fish, Birds. Fish, Birds.

Animal Reproduction Animal Reproduction StationsStations

Go from station to station and Go from station to station and examine the various specimens.examine the various specimens.

Use your text to fill out the Use your text to fill out the worksheet!worksheet!

Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria

Jellyfish Sting!!!

JellyfishJellyfish

Sea AnemonesSea Anemones

Coral ReefsCoral Reefs