KIRIBATI JOINT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN - Pacific · PDF fileMw Moment Magnitude ... The groups of islands contain 33 scattered atoll islands, ... Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for

KIRIBATI JOINT IMPLEMENTATION PLANfor Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (KJIP)

2014-2023

© Government of Kiribati, 2014All rights for commercial/for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved.

Original text: English

Secretariat of the Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data

Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management / developed by the Government of Kiribati

1. Climatic changes - Kiribati.2. Climatic changes - Management - Kiribati.

3. Climatic changes - Environmental aspects - Kiribati.4. Climate change mitigation - Kiribati.

I. Title II. Kiribati III. Secretariat of the Pacific Community

577.220 99593 AACR2

ISBN: 978-982-00-0695-9

Cover illustration: Duane Leewai, Graphic Artist & Rimon Rimon, Office of the President Photos pages 11, 30, 36, 49: Carlos Iacovino, SPREP, 2013

Photos pages 14, 15, 28, 50, 56: Hanna Sabass, SPC/GIZ CCCPIR, 2013Photos pages 12, 17, 19, 25, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 41, 46, 60: Office of the President (OB)

The development of the Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management was initiated and coordinated by the Office of te Beretitenti and driven by the Kiribati National Expert Group (KNEG). The KJIP development was supported by the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program

(SPREP), the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), the SPC/Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region (CCCPIR) program on behalf of the Federal German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the United Nations

Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The KNEG received additional technical assistance from the Australia’s Aid Program (Ausaid), the European Union (EU) and the

United States Agency for International Development (USAID).The editing was funded by the EU African, Carribean and Pacific Natural Disaster Facility through EDF9. Layout

and printing funded by the SPC/GIZ CCCPIR program, on behalf of the BMZ.

Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management

Secretariat of the Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data 2Foreword 5Acknowledgements 6List of Abbreviations 7Executive Summary 8

1 Background 131.1 Key geographical and geological features 131.2 Environment and Biodiversity 151.3 Current climate and climate variability 151.4 Economy 171.5 Communications and transport 181.6 Government and governance 19

2 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Context 202.1 The changing climate of Kiribati 202.2 Hazard profile for Kiribati 242.3 Vulnerability and Impacts 262.4 The current status of mainstreaming climate change and disaster risk management in sectoral policies and strategies 36

3 Development of the Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 373.1 Rationale and guiding principles for the KJIP 373.2 KJIP in the context of national development priorities 373.3 KJIP linkages to relevant regional and international frameworks 383.4 KJIP development methodology 383.5 Costing methodology 39

4 The Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 404.1 Vision and goal 404.2 Strategies and key actions 404.3 KJIP indicative costs 44

5 KJIP Implementation Arrangements 455.1 Institutional arrangements 455.2 Financing strategy 475.3 Communication strategy 475.4 Monitoring and evaluation 48

Glossary 50References 56Annex 1: KJIP Detailed Action Matrix 61

Contents

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List of tablesTable 1: Financial costs (rounded) 11Table 2: Climate trends in Kiribati observed over a period from 1950 to 2009 21Table 3: Climate projections for Kiribati over the 21st century 23Table 4: Climate change projections of parameters 24Table 5: Climate change projections of variables with different emission scenarios 24Table 6: Sensitivity and impacts - environment 28Table 7: Sensitivity and impacts - economic development, trade and commerce 29Table 8: Sensitivity and impacts - - infrastructure 30Table 9: Sensitivity and impacts - fresh water and sanitation 31Table 10: Sensitivity impacts - fisheries and food security 32Table 11: Sensitivity and impacts - agriculture and food security 33Table 12: Sensitivity and impacts - health 34Table 13: Sensitivity and impacts - education and human resources 35Table 14: KJIP development methodology 39Table 15: Overview of KJIP strategies and anticipated results 42Table 16: Overall costs by strategy 44

List of figuresFigure 1: Map of Kiribati 13Figure 2: Average positions of the major climate features from November to April 16Figure 3: Seasonal rainfall and temperature on Tarawa and Kiritimati 16Figure 4: Ownership of transport and communication assets, Kiribati 2010 18Figure 5: Rising global mean surface temperatures 20Figure 6: Observed and projected sea-level change in Kiribati relative to 1990 levels 22Figure 7 Linkages of the KJIP to national frameworks 38Figure 8: The 12 KJIP strategies 40Figure 9 Share of costs per strategy 44Figure 10 Institutional arrangements under the KJIP 45

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Kiribati is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and disasters. Its vulnerability is principally due to geological and physical features as well as inherent socio-economic characteristics. Climate change and disasters can have serious adverse impacts on the environment, the people of Kiribati and their livelihoods. According to climate change projections, these impacts will intensify over time. The Government of the Republic of Kiribati has taken note of this worrying trend. It has therefore considered measures to cope with these impacts as high priorities in its National Development Plan 2012–2015.

The Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (KJIP) has been developed to reduce the vulnerabilities to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks and to coordinate priorities so that every single dollar spent will derive maximum value.

This plan is consistent with the regional and international frameworks on climate change and disaster risk management that the Government of the Republic of Kiribati has ratified.

Kiribati appreciates ongoing and future support, whether financial or technical, from its development partners which will enable the effective implementation of this plan for the enhancement of sustainable development and more resilient communities.

I humbly urge all stakeholders to harmoniously work together in implementing the priorities set out in the KJIP to enhance the resilience of tei-I-Kiribati and the country as a whole.

H.E Anote TongPresident

Foreword

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The preparation of the KJIP was initiated by the Office of te Beretitenti and driven by the Kiribati National Expert Group (KNEG) with representatives from government ministries, private enterprises and non-governmental organisations (NGOs).

The KNEG was supported directly by a Regional Support Team, comprising representatives from the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP), the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), the SPC/Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region program on behalf of the Federal German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The KNEG received additional technical assistance from Australia’s Aid Programme , the European Union (EU) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

Special gratitude is offered to the Government Cabinet Ministers, ministry secretaries, heads of departments, Parliamentary Select Committee, heads of NGOs and church leaders for investing their time and commitment in the development of the KJIP.

Acknowledgements

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ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research

ADB Asian Development BankANCORS Australian National Centre for Ocean

Resources and SecurityAUD Australian DollarAusaid Australia’s Aid ProgramBMZ Federal German Ministry for Economic

Cooperation and DevelopmentBoM Australian Bureau of MeteorologyBPoA+10 Barbados Program of Action +10CO2 Carbon dioxideCROP Council of Regional Organisations in the

PacificCSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

Research Organisation (Australia)DRM Disaster Risk ManagementEDF European Development FundEEZ Exclusive Economic ZoneEU European UnionENSO El Niño–Southern OscillationFAD Fish Aggregating DeviceFFA Forum Fisheries AgencyFSPKI Foundation of the People of the South

Pacific KiribatiFTC Fisheries Training CentreGDP Gross Domestic ProductGIS Geographic Information SystemGIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale

Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbHIFAD International Fund for Agricultural

DevelopmentIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

ChangeITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence ZoneITPGRFA International Treaty on Plant Genetic

Resources for Food and AgricultureKAP Kiribati Adaptation ProjectKCCI Kiribati Chamber of Commerce and

IndustryKDP Kiribati Development PlanKIT Kiribati Institute of TechnologyKJIP Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management

KMS Kiribati Meteorological ServiceKNDSAC Kiribati National Disability Survey

Advisory CommitteeKNEG Kiribati National Expert Group on

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management

KNSO Kiribati National Statistics OfficeKPA Key Policy AreaKTC Kiribati Teachers CollegeMIA Ministry of Internal AffairsMCIC Ministry of Commerce, Industry and

CooperativesMCTTD Ministry of Communications, Transport

and Tourism Development

MELAD Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agriculture Development

MFAI Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration

MFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

MFMRD Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development

MHMS Ministry of Health and Medical ServicesMLHRD Ministry of Labour and Human Resources

DevelopmentMOE Ministry of EducationMPWU Ministry of Public Works and UtilitiesMTC Marine Training CentreMw Moment Magnitude (of a Tsunami)MWYSA Ministry of Women, Youth and Social

AffairsNFCCCCA National Framework for Climate Change

and Climate Change AdaptationNDRMP National Disaster Risk Management PlanNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNPBC National Biodiversity Planning

CommitteeOB Office of te Beretitenti (Office of the

President)PIFACC Pacific Islands Framework Action on

Climate ChangePIMS Pacific Islands Meteorological StrategyPIFS Pacific Islands Forum Secretariatppm parts per millionRST Regional Support TeamSARS Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromSOPAC Applied Geoscience and Technology

Division (SPC)SPC Secretariat of the Pacific CommunitySPCZ South Pacific Convergence ZoneSPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional

Environment ProgramSRDP Strategy for Climate and Disaster

Resilient Development in the PacificTVET Technical and Vocational Education and

TrainingUNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological

DiversityUNCLOS United Nation Convention on the Law of

the SeaUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural OrganizationUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention

on Climate ChangeUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundUNISDR United Nations International Strategy for

Disaster ReductionUSAID United States Agency for International

DevelopmentUSP University of the South PacificWHO World Health OrganizationWoI Whole of Island approachWMO World Meteorological Organization

List of Acronyms

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BackgroundThe Republic of Kiribati is made up of three main island groups: The Gilbert, Phoenix and Line Islands and one isolated raised limestone island, Banaba (Ocean Island). The groups of islands contain 33 scattered atoll islands, dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometers in the central Pacific Ocean. The three main island groups stretch over 800 kilometers from north to south and over 3,210 kilometers from east to west.

The Kiribati 2010 census determined that the total population was 103,058, of whom 50.7% were female and 49.3% male. In all, 48.7% of the population lives in the capital of South Tarawa (in the Gilbert Islands), which has a population density of 3,173 people per square kilometer (KNSO & SPC 2012). The mean age of the I-Kiribati population is 24.9 years and 15.9% of the population is aged five years or younger, reflecting the high birth rate of 31,3 per 1,000 people per year (KNSO & SPC 2012). The latest Kiribati National Disability Survey identified 3,840 people living with disabilities, with 23% of those under the age of twenty (KNDSAC 2005).

The climate of Kiribati is hot and humid year around. This tropical climate is closely related to the temperature of the oceans surrounding the atolls and small islands. However, its seasonal rainfall is highly variable from year to year, mostly due to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

Kiribati is blessed with a vast ocean territory and great diversity of marine biodiversity, but is limited in its land area and terrestrial resources. The Kiribati economy depends heavily on its rich marine resources for employment, income and subsistence living. However, the resources provided by its limited land and terrestrial biodiversity are also central to the Kiribati way of life.

The public sector dominates Kiribati’s economy. It provides two-thirds of all formal sector employment and accounts for almost 50% of gross domestic product. Kiribati is highly exposed to external economic shocks, particularly surges in food and fuel commodity prices, due to its limited revenue base and high dependency on imports.

Kiribati is categorised by the United Nations as both a ‘Small Island Developing State’ and a ‘Least Developed Country’.

Executive Summary

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Climate change and disaster risk contextAs a result of its inherent characteristics as an atoll nation, a least developed country, and with its fragile economy and environment, Kiribati is extremely vulnerable to climate change and has little capacity to cope with natural and man-made disasters.

Climate variability, driven by the natural phenomena ENSO, intermittently causes extreme weather events. There are also other non-weather related hazards such as oil spills (man-made) or tsunamis (tectonically caused). Coupled with climate change, extreme weather events are predicted to become more frequent. Additionally, existing socio-economic and environmental pressures are intensifying. This highlights how these factors are strongly interrelated in the Kiribati context. It is therefore logical to consider and address climate change adaptation and disaster risk management in a systematic and integrated manner.

Already climate-related hazards such as salt-water inundation, droughts, plagues and epidemics as well as man-made hazards such as fires, oil spills and aircraft accidents pose challenges to the nation’s economy, food and water security, as well as the overall well-being of its people. Climate variability and climate change are already causing and are predicted to continue to cause: increasing surface air and sea temperatures, increasing precipitation throughout the year, more days of extreme rainfall and heat, rising sea-levels and increasing ocean acidification. In addition, although the risks are generally considered minimal, Kiribati could also be affected by a tsunami.

The social, economic and environmental ramifications of the observed and projected climatic changes and hazards are multiplied when overlaid with the high levels of vulnerability of people and their environment.

Climate change and disaster risks are being addressed in policies and strategies relating to population, water and sanitation, health and environment, and are progressively being incorporated into policies and strategies relating to fisheries, agriculture, labour, youth and education. However, only a few sectors have transferred strategic actions to address climate and disaster risks into their annual Sector Operational Plans and Ministerial Plans of Operations and budgeting. A climate change and disaster risk management rapid assessment report on budgetary allocations for 2011, 2012 and 2013 revealed that, over this period, a total of AUD 83 million (about 15.7% of the national budget) was allocated to programs related to climate change while AUD 90 million (about 17% of the national budget) was allocated to disaster risk management programs. Further analyses showed that between 2011 and 2013, the Consolidated Budget and Development Fund committed approximately AUD 82 million to addressing climate change and AUD 89 million to disaster risk management. Such budgetary commitments support the notion that, while measures to address climate change and disaster risks seem to be well integrated into key sectors, these efforts need to be maintained and upscaled in order to improve the resilience of the Kiribati population.

Development of the KJIP The Government of the Republic of Kiribati, following consultation with regional technical advisory organisations, initiated the process of developing a Kiribati Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (KJIP) in 2011. This document is designed to complement the National Disaster Risk Management Plan (GoK 2012b) and the National Framework for Climate Change and Climate Change Adaptation (GoK 2013). By identifying tangible, on-the-ground actions for resilience and measures that enable the Government to facilitate these, the plan will guide the implementation of these complementary policies in an integrated approach.

The main rationale for this approach is that a systematic and integrated plan, where tangible actions are identified, will maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of existing capacities and resources as well as ensuring new initiatives are well targeted and have maximum impact. In addition, the development of this plan was seen as a key vehicle for integration of climate change and disaster risks into all sectors, thus promoting a holistic approach that involves the cooperation of Government, civil society and the private sector.

Vision and goal

The vision of the 9 year KJIP (2014-2023) is that:I-Kiribati unique culture, heritage and identity are upheld and safeguarded through enhanced resilience and sustainable development.

The goal of the KJIP is: To increase resilience through sustainable climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction using a whole of country approach

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The KJIP identifies the following twelve major strategies:

1. strengthening good governance, policies, strategies and legislation;

2. improving knowledge and information generation, management and sharing;

3. strengthening and greening the private sector, including small-scale business;

4. increasing water and food security with integrated and sector-specific approaches and promoting healthy and resilient ecosystems;

5. strengthening health service delivery to address climate change impacts;

6. promoting sound and reliable infrastructure development and land management;

7. delivering appropriate education, training and awareness programs;

8. increasing effectiveness and efficiency of early warnings and disaster and emergency management;

9. promoting the use of sustainable, renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency;

10. strengthening capacity to access finance, monitor expenditures and maintain strong partnerships;

11. maintaining the existing sovereignty and unique identity of Kiribati; and

12. enhancing the participation and resilience of vulnerable groups.

Each strategy identifies results and a combination of outcome- and output-based indicators.

KJIP implementation arrangements – governance, coordination, communication and monitoring:The KJIP is building on and intended to strengthen existing implementation, financing and monitoring functions by integrating them with climate change and disaster risk management considerations. In addition, it is designed to strengthen coordination and communication among the Office of te Beretitenti, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration and line ministries as well as civil society and development partners.

The KJIP formalises the role of the newly established Kiribati National Expert Group on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (KNEG) to become the main advisory body and coordination mechanism as well as the entry point for climate change and disaster risk management initiatives. Furthermore, it is intended that a KJIP Secretariat will be established, with the main roles of: facilitating KNEG meetings; reviewing and monitoring KJIP implementation together with responsible lead agencies; and communicating with the general public, Parliament, Cabinet, development partners and the international community. The KJIP Secretariat will be under the guidance of the Development Coordinating Committee.

The KJIP vision, goal, strategies and results will be disseminated by all implementing partners through existing information sharing networks, media and forums at international, regional, national and local levels. This work will align with the Kiribati Climate Change and Climate Risk Communications Strategy that is currently being finalized.

The KJIP will be monitored through the Kiribati Development Plan Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (2012) in compliance with the Monitoring and Evaluation Policy. At the ministerial level, the KJIP strategies will be monitored through the annual Ministry Strategic Plans, which will have to incorporate relevant KJIP actions and outcome indicators. The KJIP is understood to be a living document and as such the KNEG can adjust it to meet emerging needs, to be approved by the Development Coordinating Committee.

Funding the KJIPThe implementation of the KJIP is to be financed through already existing strategies, ranging from the national budget to Overseas Development Assistance, including additional climate change funding and disaster related humanitarian aid.

The overall gross indicative value of the resources needed to implement the KJIP over the period 2014-2023 is estimated to be AUD 103,107,161. Of this total, it is estimated that the financial costs constitute 96%, as detailed in Table 1.

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Financial costs (in 1,000 AUD) In %

Strategy 1 $6,697 6

Strategy 2 $5,555 5

Strategy 3 $4,932 4

Strategy 4 $4,694 4

Strategy 5 $473 2

Strategy 6 $52,477 50

Strategy 7 $7,478 7

Strategy 8 $4,508 4

Strategy 9 $15,340 11

Strategy 10 $354 2

Strategy 11 $181 1

Strategy 12 $417 2

TOTAL $103,107 100

Table 1: Financial costs (rounded)

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1.1 Key geographical and geological featuresThe Republic of Kiribati is made up of 33 scattered islands, dispersed over 3.6 million square kilometres in the Central Pacific Ocean. From north to south of the group, the distance is only 800 km, but from east to west, it is more than 3,210 km (see Figure 1). There are three main island groups: Gilbert, Phoenix and the Line Islands consisting of 32 low-lying atolls that rise to no more than 2-3 metres above sea level, apart from Banaba, a raised coral island with a highest point of 81m, which was once a rich source of phosphate.

1: Background

Figure 1: Map of Kiribati

The Kiribati 2010 census determined that the total population was 103,058, of whom 50.7% were female and 49.3% male. This indicates an increase of 11.4% or 10,525 people over the five years since 2005, when the census recorded a population of 92,533. This increase represents an average annual rate of growth of 2.28% (KNSO 2010).

On the capital island South Tarawa (in the Gilbert Group) the population density is one of the highest at 3,173 people per square kilometre. It is here that 48.7% of the population of Kiribati resides, and that the population increased by 24% over the five years between 2005 and 2010 (ADB 2011). On the outer islands of the Gilbert Group the 2010 census recorded a population of 45,299, and another 7,577 in the islands of the Line and Phoenix Groups (MELAD ALD 2012).

More specifically, the populations in the islands of Teraina, Tamana, Butaritari, Kiritimati and North Tarawa increased from 2005 to 2010, whereas populations in Banaba, Makin, Tabuaeran, Nonouti and Onotoa decreased. High rates of population growth in urban centres have placed stress on water and sanitation infrastructure, causing a high incidence of water-borne disease (ADB 2009).

Youth represent more than 20% of the population of Kiribati and this percentage is projected to grow over the next decade (KNSO 2012). The mean age of the population is 24.9 years and 15.9% of the population is aged five years or younger, reflecting the high birth rate of 31,3 per 1,000 people per year (KNSO 2012). The latest Kiribati National Disability Survey identified 3,840 people with disabilities, with 23% of those under the age of 20 years (KNDSAC 2005).

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Geographical and Demographical Data

Geographic coordinates4 Lat. 4°N–3°S, long. 157°W–172°E

Total land area2 810,5 km2

Coastline4 1,410,000 km

Exclusive economic zone2 3,6 Mio km2

Geography2 33 islands, 21 inhabited; three island groups: Gilbert Islands, Line Islands and Phoenix Islands & one islolated volcanic island, Banaba

Population1 103,058

Female population1 52,262

Youth1 21,292 (males 10,824; females 10,468)

People with disabilities5 3,840 (males 2,122; females 1,718)

Population forecast (2015)2 110,280

Annual population growth rate2 2.26% (South Tarawa & Kiritimati: 4.1%6)

Population density2 142 people per km2 (South Tarawa: 3,184)

Infant mortality rate2 45 deaths before 1 year of age, per 1,000 life births

Life expectancy at birth2 63.2 (males 59.7, females 67.5)

Labour force participation rate2 59.3 % (male 66.8%, female 52.3%)

Climate3 Hot, humid, tropical

Nationality I-Kiribati

Language te-Kiribati, English

Religion2 Catholic 55.8%, Protestant 33.6%, Mormon 4.6%, Baha‘i 2.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 2%, other 1.7%

Sources: 1KNSO 2012; 2KNSO & SPC 2012; 3KMS & BoM & CSIRO 2011; 4 ADB 2011; 5KNDSAC 2005

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1.2 Environment and biodiversityKiribati ratified the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) in 1994 as well as the International Treaty of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) in 2005 and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in 2004. It has a National Biodiversity Planning Committee (NPBC) which is made up of a multi- disciplinary team comprising of stakeholders from a variety of Government Ministries as well as Civil Society partners.

OceanWith its large ocean territory, Kiribati has a rich marine biodiversity. The Phoenix Group is one of the largest marine parks in the world and in 2010 was added to the list of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage sites. There are two submerged reef systems in this protected area, the greater part of which is comprised of ocean floor with a water column averaging more than 4,000 metres deep and reaching a maximum at 6,147 metres. It is home to a number of predatory fish, sea turtles, sea birds, corals, giant clams and coconut crabs, most of which have been depleted elsewhere in the region (MELAD ECD 2006).

The relatively rich variety of marine fauna (consisting of approximately 300 to 400 species) continues to provide the people of Kiribati with their main source of protein – fish.

LandIn contrast, the indigenous land-based flora and fauna of Kiribati are among the poorest on earth and there are few, if any, endemic species. Despite the limitations of land, soil and freshwater resources, the people of Kiribati have developed sophisticated subsistence agricultural systems based mainly on coconut, breadfruit, pandanus and swamp taro.

Kiritimati in the Line Group is the largest atoll in the world and holds a diversity of avifauna that is of both regional and international significance. The atoll provides nesting, roosting, feeding and migration sites for over 40 bird species (MELAD ECD 2006).

1.3 Current climate and climate variabilityThe climate data presented here are derived from temperature and rainfall records that were started between 1909 and 1950 up to 2009 and analysed by the Kiribati Meteorological Service (KMS), the Australian Bureau of Meterology (BoM) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO, 2011). Kiribati is operating five meteorological stations – in Tarawa for the Gilbert Group, in Kiritimati for the Line Group and in Beru, Kanton and Tabuaeran.

Current ClimateKiribati has a hot, humid, tropical climate with an average air temperature of 28.3°C and average rainfall of about 2100 mm per year in Tarawa (1980–1999; Bell et al. 2011). Its climate is closely related to the temperature of the oceans surrounding the small islands and atolls. Across Kiribati the average temperature is relatively constant year round. From season to season the temperature changes by no more than about 1°C. Kiribati has two seasons – te Au Maiaki, the dry season and te Au Meang, the wet season. The periods of the seasons vary from location to location and are strongly influenced by the seasonal movement of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) (see Figure 2; KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011 Vol 2).

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Figure 2: Average positions of the major climate features from November to April

The six-month dry season (te Au Maiaki) for Tarawa starts in June, with the lowest mean rainfall in October. The wet season (te Au Meang) starts in November and lasts until April; the highest rainfall occurs from January to March, peaking with a mean of 268 mm in January. The highest rainfall usually occurs when the ITCZ is furthest south and closest to Tarawa; there are also high rainfalls, though to a lesser extent, when the SPCZ is strongest.

The average sea-surface temperature of oceans around Kiribati is 29.2°C (1980–1999). As Kiritimati is 2000 km to the east from Tarawa, its wet season starts at a different time, from January to June, with the wettest months being March and April (see Figure 3). Rainfall in the northeast of Kiribati is only affected by the ITCZ.

Grey bars: mean annual cycle of rainfall. Source: KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011: Kiribati Country Brochure

The arrows show near surface winds, the blue shading represents the bands of rainfall convergence zones, the dashed oval shows the West Pacific Warm Pool and H represents typical positions of moving high pressure systems.’ Source KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011 Vol 1: 37

Maximum temperature Average temperature Minimum temperature Sea surface temperature

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

Jan AprJ ul Oct

050

100

150

200

250

300

Mon

thly

rain

fall

(mm

)

Tem

pera

ture

(ºC

)

Jan Apr JulO ct

Mon

thly

rain

fall

(mm

)

Kiritimati, Kiribati, 157.48ºW, 1.98ºN

1520

2530

35

Tarawa, Kiribati, 172.92ºE, 1.35ºN

050

100

150

200

250

300

1520

2530

3515

35

Figure 3: Seasonal rainfall and temperature on Tarawa and Kiritimati

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Across Kiribati there is a change in mean monthly rainfall towards the end of the year. There is however, a large variation in mean annual rainfall across Kiribati. A notable zone of lower rainfall, less than 1500mm per year exists near the equator and extends eastwards from 170°E. On average, Tarawa at 1.1416ºN receives just under 2100mm, while the island of Butaritari at 3.1678ºN only 350km to the north, receives around 3000mm (KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011). Climate variability The climate of Kiribati, especially rainfall, is highly variable from year to year. Tarawa, for example, receives more than 4000 mm of rainfall in the wettest years, but only 150 mm in the driest. This huge range is similar in Kiritimati and has enormous impacts on water availability and quality, crop production and health.

The main reason for this variability is the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Many Kiribati islands lie within the equatorial waters that warm significantly during an El Niño event and cool during a La Niña event. As a result rainfall is much higher than normal during an El Niño and much lower during a La Niña. Maximum air temperatures tend to be higher than normal during El Niño years, driven by the warmer oceans surrounding the islands, while in the dry season minimum air temperatures in El Niño years are below normal. At Kiritimati, El Niño events also bring wetter conditions in both seasons and La Niña events bring drought (KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011; Vol. 2).

El Niño is generally associated with above-normal rainfall and strong westerly winds, while La Niña is associated with below-normal rainfall and the risk of drought.

1.4 EconomySmall scaleThe natural resources of Kiribati provide a narrow production base, consisting largely of subsistence agriculture, copra and fish. The very limited natural resource base and infertile soil of atoll islands constrain agricultural development. Kiribati does, however, possess abundant ocean resources – principally fish, seaweed, manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts.

The maritime and fisheries sector offers strong employment opportunities for I-Kiribati. Access agreements currently dictate I-Kiribati crewing requirements and I-Kiribati crew have built a strong regional reputation, particularly among Japanese fleets. It is estimated that approximately 325 I-Kiribati crew are working on Japanese fishing vessels and between 100 and 200 on Korean, Taiwanese and Chinese fleets (MFMRD 2013).

In addition, I-Kiribati are developing expertise and reputations as merchant seafarer with over 600 employed abroad. These maritime positions are now providing significant national income of over AUD 8 million for for Kiribati through remittances. Maritime training for I-Kiribati is a key development field.

The limited employment opportunities within the country have, however, forced skilled nationals to migrate abroad in search of jobs (Mendani et. al. 2008). Youth unemployment or underemployment is particularly high at 54% for those aged 15–24 years – more than double the rate of the broader Kiribati population (KNSO 2012).

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Large scaleThe public sector dominates the Kiribati economy. 34% of the paid labour force is employed by government and the government sector accounts for almost 31% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Agriculture and fishing account for 25 % followed by real estate with 12% of the GDP (real GDP in 2006 prices, MFED KNSO 2012 & KNSO & SPC 2012). Remittances and earnings from the Revenue Equalisation Reserve Fund are also important. Tourism plays a fairly modest role in the Gilbert Islands but for the Northern Line Islands, especially Kiritimati, tourism has a high priority (ADB 2009; Hay and Onorio 2006).

Fishery resources are critically important to the Kiribati economy for revenue, employment and income. The combined value of all Kiribati lagoon, coastal and oceanic fisheries is estimated to exceed AUD 110 million per year (MFMRD 2013). The lagoons and rich oceanic waters of Kiribati are home to numerous artisanal and small-scale commercial fisheries, aquaculture operations and commercial joint ventures, as well as foreign distant water fishing fleets that fish in Kiribati’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and primarily land in foreign ports for foreign markets.

Kiribati receives significant support from its development partners, which finances almost all the Government’s development expenditure. External grants in 2010 were estimated at AUD 55.8 million. The Government also borrowed AUD 4 million for development projects in 2010. No donor provides direct budget support at present. The proportion of aid flows that are managed using national procedures is relatively low (MFED 2008).

Kiribati is highly exposed to external economic shocks, particularly surges in food and fuel commodity prices, due to its limited revenue base and high dependency on imports. Progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals is poor, even by regional standards, particularly in relation to certain aspects of health, water and sanitation. It is unlikely that Kiribati will achieve the target of halving poverty by 2015 (Hay and Onorio 2006; World Bank n.d.).

1.5 Communications and transportCommunication services remain limited throughout Kiribati and when they are available they are very expensive. Television service has been re-established recently. The radio is providing the main form of mass communication. There are currently two radio stations as well as a number of weekly print newspapers.

Internet penetration remains relatively weak, with just 4% of households having access to the internet in 2010 (see figure 4). This figure does, however, represent an increase from 2% of houeholds in 2005 (KNSO 2010). While those on the outer islands (almost half of the population) are unlikely to have access to an internet connection, even those based in the capital South Tarawa are constrained by high costs of services.

Economic informationReal GDP (2011)1 AUD 156,681,000Real GDP per capita (2011)1 AUD 1,468Real growth rate (2011)1 3.3%Paid employment in labour force (2010)2 50.2 % (men 55%, women 45%)Unpaid work in labour force (2010)2 19.2 % (men 61%, women 39%) Unemployment rate in labour force (2010 estimate)2 30.6% (men 27.6%, women 34.1%)Not in the labour force (2010)2 40 % (men 33%, women 48%)(Sources: 1MFED KNSO 2012; 2based on KNSO & SPC 2012)

Figure 4: Ownership of transport and communication assets, Kiribati 2010

Source: KNSO & SPC 2012: 75

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Access to telephones is also extremely limited. Just 29.9% of the households in 2010 owned a mobile phone and only 8.4% of households had a landline phone (KNSO & SPC 2012). In 2013 a 3G network was introduced on Tarawa. To some extent, the high costs and lack of access reflect how much the population of Kiribati relies on satellites for communication. However, neighbouring island nations that also rely on satellites have a stronger telecommunications private sector and have managed to keep costs to approximately a quarter of those in Kiribati (World Bank 2012).

In addition to limited access to communication technology, communication between islands, particularly outer islands, is difficult because of extreme geographical constraints including isolation and a lack of access to affordable transport. Only 6.5% of the population own a car, 21% a motorbike and 7.6% a boat of any kind. Bicycles are the main form of land transport, particularly in the outer islands where road infrastructure is limited (KNSO & SPC 2012).

The main island of South Tarawa is connected through commercial flights twice weekly to both Fiji Islands and Nauru. Kiritimati is connected to Fiji Islands once a week and there are domestic services offered by the two operating domestic carriers. These services are, however, limited to the Gilbert Group. Transport from the capital South Tarawa to the biggest atoll and key tourist destination, Kiritimati, requires international transit through Fiji Islands (World Bank 2012). There are also four inter-island ferry and shipping services and a number of small, higher-speed boats available for charter.

1.6 Government and governanceFormerly part of the British territory known as the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Kiribati became an independent republic in 1979 and now enjoys full membership of the United Nations and all regional organisations. The country is a member of the Commonwealth and adopted a blend of both the British and American parliamentary systems. It is a sovereign, democratic state with a 42-member Maneaba ni Maungatabu (House of Parliament), elected every four years. The Beretitenti (President) is elected nationally from among three or four candidates nominated by the Maneaba from its ranks. The Beretitenti chooses a 12-member cabinet from the Maneaba.

The outer islands are well represented in Parliament, with 35 members representing the outer islands and six members for South Tarawa. Women make up just 4.3% of the members of the Kiribati Parliament, even though they represent 50% of the workforce (UNWomen n.d.).

There are 20 island councils and three urban councils. Members of the island councils have discretionary power through issuing licences for business development and setting prices such as bus fares (KILGA 2013). A number of councils have developed strategic and operational plans, including Betio Town Council, Eutan Council and Abaiang Council, and Teinainono Council has launched its plan.

Disability falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Women, Youth and Social Affairs (MWYSA) although there is neither a dedicated budget nor a dedicated position for it. Neither the Ministry of Education (MoE) or Health and Medical Services (MHMS) has dedicated positions that focus on disability support (UNICEF 2010).

While some women hold significant positions in the public service, historically not many women have been involved in the highest level of decision-making. Women’s voice and issues at the community level are being heard and incorporated into planning where women participated or had their views voiced by the men.

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As a result of its inherent characteristics as an atoll nation and a least developed country, Kiribati is extremely vulnerable to climate change and has very little capacity to cope with natural and man-made disasters.

Climate variability is causing and will continue to cause more frequent and increasingly intense weather events, and climate change will heighten existing socio-economic and environmental pressures. While some natural hazards are not climate related, such as tsunamis or oil spills, they share the common factors of vulnerability (including exposure) and the similar tools used to monitor, analyse and address adverse consequences. Therefore, it makes sense to consider and address disaster risk management and climate change adaptation in a systematic and integrated manner.

While it must be acknowledged that there are barriers to addressing these concepts in a joint approach, the potential benefits of doing so are immense. Both disaster risk management and climate change adaptation and mitigation aim to improve the resilience of communities so an integrated approach will help to advance sustainable national development, making better use of existing national and regional capacities and resources as well as more effectively targeting new initiatives to address multiple hazards and phenomena.

Chapter 2.1 to 2.2 report on the results of an analysis of the observed and predicted climatic changes and existing hazards Kiribati is exposed to. Chapter 2.3 highlights general and sector specific the socio-economic, physical and environmental sensitivities that Kiribati faces, and the observed as well as potential future impacts of its vulnerabilities. Chapter 4 presents responses to these challenges, with strategies and actions that address the vulnerabilities to increase resilience and offer ways of coping with potential impacts.

2.1 The changing climate of KiribatiMost of the global emissions that contribute to climate change originate from burning fossil fuels for transportation, electricity, heating and industry in economically fast-growing and industrialised countries. Since the beginning of the 20th century, global industrial activity has grown by 40 times, and the emission of greenhouse gases has grown by 10 times. In addition, land use changes due to deforestation and agricultural production have contributed to the higher emissions.

Despite all international efforts to reduce emissions, the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere increased from around 280 parts per million (ppm) at the beginning of the century to 400 ppm in 2013 (Tans and Keeling 2013). According to scientists, the safe upper limit for CO2 is 350ppm. In addition, methane (CH4) rose from a pre-industrial atmospheric concentration of around 700 parts per billion (ppb) to about 1789 ppb by 2007 (see Figure 5).

2 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Context

Figure 5: Rising global mean surface temperaturesSource: NASA and Earth Observatory 2013

The climate of Kiribati is changing and will continue to change in the future. Steadily increasing emissions of greenhouse gases have enhanced the greenhouse effect, causing the climate to warm all around the world, including in Kiribati.

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This trend is of great concern to Kiribati, as the increasing temperatures have a huge range of global implications. Due to the melting of land-based glaciers and ice sheets and the thermal expansion of the ocean, the sea level is rising. Rainfall patterns are changing and extreme weather events will get more frequent and intense. In addition, warmer oceans that take in more carbon dioxide impact on growth and productivity of marine life – in tropical areas, the effects are particularly negative for coral reef habitats.

The following subsections report on changes in climate in Kiribati – both those already observed and those predicted for the future.

Observed trendsTable 2 summarises the trends already observed in variables such as temperature, rainfall, sea level, extreme events and ocean acidification in Kiribati.

Table 2: Climate trends in Kiribati observed over a period from 1950 to 2009

Climate Variable Observed Trends

Air temperature Annual and seasonal mean air temperatures are getting warmer:• Maximum temperatures have increased at a rate of 0.18°C per decade.• Annual and seasonal minimum air temperatures have increased slightly more

than the increase in maximum air temperatures.

Sea-surface temperature

Water temperatures have risen since the 1970s:• in the Gilbert Group by approximately 0.15°C per decade;• in the Line Group by approximately 0.1°C per decade; and• in the Phoenix Group by approximately 0.12°C per decade.Since 1950 the rise has been gradual in the waters around the Gilbert Islands, but ithas been variable from one decade to the next in the Line and Phoenix Islands.

Rainfall Annual rainfall has increased:• Annual and wet season rainfall has increased for Kiritimati but there is no trend

in the dry season.• At Tarawa, rainfall data show no clear trends.• At both the above sites, rainfall has varied substantially from year to year.

Droughts The impact of droughts, usually associated with La Niña, can be severe in Kiribati; for example:

• In 1971, 1985, 1998 and 1999 annual rainfall was less than 750mm.• The recent drought from April 2007 to early 2009 severely affected the southern

Kiribati islands and Banaba. During this period, groundwater turned brackish and the leaves of most plants turned yellow.

Cyclones, severe storms and extreme sea levels

• Tropical cyclones rarely pass between the Kiribati islands.• Between 1969/70 and 2009/10 three cyclones passed within 400km of Arorae

Island in western Kiribati and three cyclones within 400km of Caroline Island in eastern Kiribati.

• Storm surges and extreme sea levels occur occasionally.

Sea level Sea level has risen (see figure 6):• Sea level measured by satellite altimeters has risen by 1–4mm per year (global

average is 3.2 +/– 0.4mm per year).• Sea-level rise naturally fluctuates from year to year at levels of about 26cm.

There are also decade to decade variations. These fluctuations over both timeframes are a result of phenomena such as ENSO.

Ocean acidification Ocean acidification has been increasing:• Since the 18th century ocean has been slowly becoming more acidic. The

aragonite saturation state has declined from about 4.5 in the late 18th century to an observed value of about 3.9 ± 0.1 by 2000.

• ‘Based [on] the large-scale distribution of coral reefs across the Pacific and the seawater chemistry, Guinotte et al. (2003) suggested that seawater aragonite saturation states above 4 were optimal for coral growth and for the development of healthy reef ecosystems, with values from 3.5 to 4 adequate for coral growth, and values between 3 and 3.5, marginal. Coral reef ecosystems were not found at seawater aragonite saturation states below 3 and these conditions were classified as extremely marginal for supporting coral growth’ (KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 2, p.100).

Source: KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011

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Projections based on Global ModelsThe projections for the climate of Kiribati in future presented here are based on up to 18 global climate models for up to three emission scenarios – low, medium and high – and three 20-year periods – centred on 2030, 2055 and 2090, relative to 1990 (see Figure 6, Table 3, 4 & 5). There is no single projected climate future for Kiribati, but rather a range of possible futures. Projections represent an average change over either the whole of Kiribati or over smaller but still broad geographic regions such as the Line Group. However, projections are not for specific locations such as towns (KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 2).

The projections listed in Table 3 are presented along with confidence levels based on expert judgement by scientists who conducted the analysis. The levels range from very high, high and moderate to low confidence.

Figure 6: Observed and projected sea-level change in Kiribati relative to 1990 levels‘The observed sea-level records are indicated in dark blue (relative tidegauge observations) and light blue (the satellite record since 1993). Reconstructed estimates of sea level near Kiribati (since 1950) are shown in purple. The projections for the A1B (medium) emissions scenario (representing 90% of the range of models) are shown by the shaded green region from 1990 to 2100. The dashed lines are an estimate of 90% of the range of natural year-to-year variability in sea level.’Source: KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011

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Climate Variable

Projected changes

Air temperature

Surface air temperature will continue to increase (very high confidence). Under a high emission scenario (see also Table 4):

• Annual and seasonal mean temperature will increase by 0.3–1.3°C for the Gilbert Islands and by 0.4–1.2°C for the Phoenix and Line Islands by 2030 (high confidence).

• Annual temperature increases could be greater than 3°C by 2090 (moderate confidence).

(As there is no consistency in projections of future ENSO activity, it is not possible to projectinterannual variability in temperature.)


Sea-surface temperature will continue to increase (very high confidence):• Sea-surface temperatures will increase by 0.6–0.8°C by 2035 and by 1.2–2.7°C by 2100

(Bell et al. 2011).(As there is no consistency in projections of future ENSO activity, it is not possible to projectinterannual variability in sea-surface temperature.)

Rainfall Rainfall patterns will change:• Wet season, dry season and annual average rainfall will increase (high confidence).• Anual and seasonal mean rainfall will increase (>5%) by 2030. The majority of models

simulate a large increase (>15%) by 2090 (low confidence).

Extremes There will be more extreme rainfall and very hot days:• The intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat and warm nights will increase and

cooler weather will decline (very high confidence).• The intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall will increase (high confidence).

Drought The incidence of drought will decrease (moderate confidence):• In the Gilbert, Phoenix and Line Islands mild drought will occur approximately seven

to eight times every 20 years by 2030, decreasing to six to seven times by 2090 (low confidence).

• The frequency of moderate drought is projected to decrease from two or three times every 20 years by 2030 to once or twice by 2090 (low confidence).

• Severe drought will occur approximately once or twice every 20 years by 2030, decreasing to once every 20 years by 2055 and 2090 (low confidence).

Sea level Mean sea level is projected to continue to rise (very high confidence):• Mean sea level will rise by approximately 5–15cm by 2030 and 20–60cm by 2090 under

the higher emissions scenario (moderate confidence; see Table 5 and Figure 5).• Interannual variability of sea level will lead to periods of lower and higher regional sea

levels with levels similar to the past.• The sea-level rise combined with natural year-to-year changes will increase the impact of

storm surges and coastal flooding.(Scientists warn that due to the melting of large ice sheets such as those in Antarctica andGreenland, rise could possibly be larger than predicted. But currently not enough is known tomake predictions confidently.)

Ocean acidification

The acidification of the ocean will continue to increase (very high confidence):• The annual maximum aragonite saturation state will reach values below 3.5 by about

2045 in the Gilbert Islands, by about 2030 in the Line Islands, and by about 2055 in the Phoenix Islands. The aragonite saturation will continue to decline thereafter (moderate confidence).

• Ocean pH will decrease by –0.1 units by 2035 and by –0.2 to –0.3 units by 2100 (Bell et al. 2011).

• Coral reefs are projected to degrade progressively with losses of live coral of > 25% by 2035 and > 50% by 2050 due to rising sea-surface temperatures and more acidic oceans (Bell et al. 2011).

Source: KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011; Bell et al. 2011

Table 3: Climate projections for Kiribati over the 21st century

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Table 5: Climate change projections of variables with different emission scenarios

Parameter (relative to 1990 baseline)

Year

2025 2050 2075 2100

Temperature (mean in °C)

28.5 – 29 29 – 30.3 29.7 – 32 30 – 33

Precipitation (mean in mm)

2,171 – 2,322 2,338 – 2,714 2,540 – 3,252 2,683 – 3,702

Sea-level rise (mean in cm)

15 – 18.5 26 – 40.5 38 – 70 50.6 – 107

Source: Warrick et al. 2013

Source: CSIRO 2013

Climate variable and emission scenario

Time Frame

2030 2055 2090

Temperature (change relative to the average of period 1989–1999 Kiribati recorded data) in degrees Celsius (°C)

Low emission 0.2 – 1.2 0.6 – 1.9 1.0 – 2.4

Medium 0.2 – 1.4 0.9 – 2.3 1.6 – 3.5

High 0.3 – 1.3 1.0 – 2.2 2.2 – 3.8

Sea-level rise (change relative to the average of period 1980–1999) in cm

Low 4 – 13 9 – 25 16 – 45

Medium 5 – 14 10 – 29 19 – 57

High 5 – 14 10 – 28 20 – 58

2.2 HazardprofileforKiribatiTraditionally disaster plans have focused on acute impact events, categorised as either ‘natural’ or ‘manmade’. However, chronic events that result from social, economic and environmental pressures have the potential to be as damaging to sustainable development and community vulnerability as acute impact events.

The National Disaster Risk Management Plan (NDRMP; GoK 2012b) identifies the following acute impact events threatening Kiribati that arise from ‘natural’ sources.

InundationAs a result of ENSO events, Tarawa already experiences significant natural fluctuations in sea level of about 0.5 metres. These fluctuations will affect the inundation potential of the atoll, particularly when combined with storm surges and the projected increase in sea level. The low-lying places along the atolls have already experienced this.

Inundation is also experienced in the atoll islands as the result of unexpected extreme high tides. The extreme high tides, when they coincide with the spring tide, result in a threshold of >2.8 metres, as in 2010 when wave overtopping damaged infrastructure and properties.

Storm surges have been experienced as well due to strong low-pressure systems that were nearing the Kiribati borders. A number of houses were washed away at Marakei in 2008, providing an example that needs to be considered even though the low pressure resulting in cyclones does not affect the country.

TsunamiThe following general background information provides an overview of potential sources of tsunami threat and the history of tsunami in Kiribati. It is not, however, a comprehensive picture of tsunami hazard and vulnerability for Kiribati. The dispersed nature of the islands and the features of the seabed within the archipelago mean that exposure to tsunami and possible tsunami impacts are likely to vary from island to island and between island groups.

Table 4: Climate change projections of parameters

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Tsunami risk modelling and the limited historical records of tsunami events would suggest Kiribati has a lower tsunami risk relative to other Pacific Island countries and territories closer to subduction trenches, where earthquakes with the potential to generate tsunami can occur. Although the Kiribati population and Government have had no direct experience with tsunami impacts, they are aware of the susceptibility of low-lying atolls to rising sea levels associated with climate change and of the potential for tsunami impact.

Historical stories collected revealed that unusual historical sea behaviour may provide anecdotal evidence of tsunami. Felt earthquakes caused a cracked reef and large rocks deposited on two islands by a series of three ‘magic waves’ to southern islands (Tamana and Makin) and eastern islands (Kiritimati) facing tsunami risk.

Thomas, Burbidge and Cummins (2007) used scenarios for 8.5 Moment Magnitude (Mw) and 9.0 Mw earthquakes to investigate normalised offshore (to a notional depth of 50 metres) wave amplitudes for tsunami caused by earthquakes along subduction zones (see Figure 2 in Section 1.3.1). In this study, Kiribati’s maximum amplitude for all tide gauges for all Mw 9 tsunami was 99cm, with the most significant source region being Peru (amplitude greater than 75cm at 50m depth or single most significant source region if no amplitude exceeds 75cm). For a Mw 8.5 tsunami the maximum amplitude reduced to 49cm but Peru still remained the most significant source region.

The southern end of the South Solomon trench poses a threat to the eastern end of the Gilbert Islands. Only events of very large magnitude pose a significant threat. The islands have not experienced a measurable tsunami from this source in the past 20 years. The central section of the New Hebrides trench and the northern half of the Tonga trench pose some limited threat to Kiribati. Although the tsunami energy is not anticipated to be directed specifically at the island groups, side lobe energy may result in detectable events. The last event that originated on the New Hebrides trench that was detected in Tarawa was in 1994. The Tarawa sea-level gauge has shown no records of tsunami impacting from the Tonga trench.

Since 1994 there have been three small events detected at the Tarawa sea-level gauge from the Kuril and Japan trench. These were 8.3 Mw events on 4 October 1994 and 15 November 2006 and a 9.0 Mw event on February 2012. Two events in 1994 and 2006 resulted in waves less than 10cm in height, while the 2012 event resulted in 20cm height recorded at the Tarawa tide gauge. Most recently, Kiribati has been place under a ‘tsunami warning’ by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre.

DroughtDuring La Niña events, the South Pacific Convergence Zone, which is associated with enhanced cloudiness (high rainfall), is shifted southwest of its normal position (away from the southern islands in Kiribati). As a result cloudiness is reduced, particularly over Nauru and western Kiribati. La Niña has historically been related to less precipitation (rainfall), and sometimes to drought, in the Kiribati region. In contrast, some parts of the Pacific such as Australia experience high rainfall during La Niña episodes.

Past La Niña events have shown that the impacts of droughts can be very severe in Kiribati. For example, in 1971, 1985, 1998 and 1999 annual rainfall was less than 750 mm. The recent drought from April 2007 to

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early 2009 severely affected the southern Kiribati islands and Banaba. During this period, groundwater turned brackish and the leaves of most plants turned yellow. Copra production, the main income source for people in the outer islands, declined. During the 1970–1971 drought, a complete loss of coconut palms was reported at Kenna village on Abemama in central Kiribati (KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011).

EpidemicsEpidemics that have threatened the Kiribati population include severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002–2004 and H1N1 (‘swine flu’) in 2009. Both epidemics had a global impact, to which the Kiribati authorities responded by strengthening border control. Other epidemics have a stronger relationship with climate change such as water, food and vector-borne diseases and are expected to increase because of climate change.

Maritime disastersMartime disasters are frequent in Kiribati due to the vastness of the ocean separating the islands as well as the population’s heavy dependence on marine resources for daily food needs.

With weather extremes becoming more severe due to climate change, Kiribati is at high risk of experiencing more intense storms and wave events, extreme rainfall, sea-level rise and increased temperatures and associated inundations and damage to buildings and infrastructure, plagues and epidemics, coastal erosion as well shortages of food and fresh water.

The impacts of all these hazards on Kiribati’s economy, environment and livelihoods are analysed in Section 2.3 below.

2.3 Vulnerabilities and ImpactsThe social, economic and environmental ramifications of the observed and projected climatic changes and hazards presented above are amplified when overlaid with the vulnerability of the i-Kiribati people and their environment. This is reflected in Kiribati’s status as a least developed country under Annex 6 of the Cotonou Agreement and in its 11th out of 14 ranking on the Pacific Human Development Index.

Whilst the exposure of Kiribati and its people to climate and disaster risks is described in chapter 2.1, this chapter focuses on the sensitivity of Kiribati as a whole and in its relevant sectors. Furthermore, the present and predicted future impacts of climate change and disaster risks are described in this chapter.

The following factors are contributing to the nation’s vulnerability to climate change and disaster risks, which apply across the various sectors:• A high population and growth rate on South Tarawa in the Gilbert Group (50,182 inhabitants with a

population density of 3,184 persons per square kilometer) as well as on Kiritimati in the Line Islands Group (5,586 inhabitants; GoK 2010 & KNSO & SPC 2012), which is due to: a high proportion of children and youth, high levels of fertility, low rates of contraceptive use, and disparities between the different islands of Kiribati (resulting in internal migration, displacement, and urbanisation) (GoK 2012c).

• In fast-growing urban areas, especially South Tarawa with a growth rate of 4.4% and to a certain extent also North Tarawa and Kiritimati, (KNSO & SPC 2012), the population pressure and lifestyle changes have strained the already limited freshwater resources. In many areas, the freshwater consumption rates are already exceeding the estimated sustainable yield of groundwater sources (such as in the Bonriki and Buota Water Reserves on South Tarawa).

• The increase in non-biodegradable waste usage in urban areas, as well as poor waste and sanitation management, result in limited access to unpolluted land and sea, degradation of land and ocean based ecosystems, and numerous isolated occurrences of diarrhoeal and vector borne diseases.

• Traditional food systems are declining in favour of imported food, and the number of people who preserve and apply traditional knowledge is decreasing.

• In rural outer islands, the people have limited access to employment opportunities, effective transport, communication, and community services such as education and health. These factors, combined with a high dependency on subsistence agriculture and coastal fisheries, make rural communities more vulnerable.

• Government revenue is declining and highly dependent on fisheries revenue (40–50%) with limited capacity to maximise the benefits of these resources (GoK 2012c).

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• Government programs, decision-making processes and budgets are centralised, with decision bottlenecks at all levels from national to local. The public finance management, reporting and monitoring system has been reviewed and changes are being implemented to meet development partner requirements for budget and sector-wide support. The development of an Island Council Strategic Plan will enhance the planning, budgeting and monitoring functions at the local government level.

• There are institutional challenges such as a high staff turnover rates in senior executive positions, limited sector specific training, and a lack of clarity on internal roles and responsibilities. Furthermore, there are constraints on knowledge sharing, coordination and collaboration among ministries as well as with non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the private sector, faith-based organisations and development partners. Yet, with the creation of the MWYSA there are increased opportunities for the community, especially women and youth, to participate in broader governance (GoK 2012c).

• There are knowledge, skill level and capacity gaps with regards to climate change adaptation and disaster risks throughout Kiribati society, particularly in the outer islands and among marginalised populations. A key challenge is to translate the climate science and predicted impacts into messages that the i-Kiribati population can relate to. In some instances there are cultural and religious barriers to awareness and action, such as cultural practices of guarding traditional knowledge and religious beliefs.

• Many laws do not take into account sustainable management concerns, climate change predictions and disaster risks. Laws relevant to these topics need to be reviewed in order to mainstream such issues.

• The safety and emergency response capacities of Kiribati are limited. However, with the implementation of the NDRMP, issues such as a lack of a dedicated marine rescue service, the inaccessibility of fire trucks to densely populated areas on South Tarawa, and the lack of evacuation plans for emergencies, will be addressed.

• The low-lying atoll islands are already experiencing severe coastal erosion and inundation due to natural and human causes, leading to a loss of land, public and private buildings, and infrastructure. The Environmental Impact Assessment under the Environment Act may need to be enforced on major projects throughout all of Kiribati’s islands. This would help to curb the removal of mangroves and mining of sand and aggregates that contribute to erosion.

In the long-term, the most serious concern is that sea-level rise will threaten the very existence of Kiribati as a nation. But in the short to medium term, a number of other projected impacts are of immediate concern. Of particular note is the question as to whether the water supply and food production systems can continue to meet the needs of the rapidly increasing population of Kiribati (GoK 2013).

Past La Niña events have shown that the impacts of droughts can be very severe in Kiribati. For example, in 1971, 1985, 1998 and 1999, annual rainfall was less than 750mm. The recent drought from April 2007 to early 2009 severely affected the southern Kiribati islands and Banaba. During this period, copra production significantly declined, depressing the outer island economies which rely on copra as a main income source. The groundwater also turned brackish and the leaves of most plants turned yellow. During the 1970–1971 drought, a complete loss of coconut palms was reported at Kenna village on Abemama in central Kiribati (KMS, BoM & CSIRO 2011).

The effects of climate change and disasters are felt first and most acutely by vulnerable and marginalised populations, including women, children, youth, people with disabilities, minorities, the elderly and the urban poor (GoK 2012c, Burton, D. et al. 2011). Violence against women and children is a widespread issue within Kiribati society, which can be exacerbated in times of disaster when normal social protection may be missing. In addition, the population is facing stress due to the uncertainty over their livelihood, culture and homeland (GoK 2012c).

Climate variability, climate change and disaster risks, in combination with the factors that make Kiribati particularly vulnerable to them, are affecting the environment and all socio-economic sectors, including agriculture, education, fisheries, freshwater, health, infrastructure, trade and commerce. For an overview of sector-specific sensitivities and existing and potential future impacts in relation to climate change and disaster risks, see Tables 6 to 13 below.

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Table 6: Sensitivity and impacts - environment

Sensitivity Observed and potential impacts

• Low-lying atolls with limited land-based natural resources and biodiversity. High dependency on and demand for coastal and marine resources.

• Narrow and low-lying land, climate variability influencing ocean characteristics and components, thin underground freshwater lens.

• Negative impact of poorly designed infrastructure on the environment due to lack of capacity, understanding natural processes and resources; e.g seawalls causing erosion or causeways harming marine habitats.

• Mining of beach sands and aggregates. • Pests and invasive species.• Low level of communication, education and

public awareness and lack of priority given to conservation and management of biodiversity including habitats at all levels.

• Low level of budget allocation and integration of climate change, disaster risk management, gender, environmental conservation and biodiversity management considerations in development strategies.

• Limited capacity for integrated assessments of risks, including gaps in enforcement of environnmental impact assessments, cost–benefit analyses and feasibility studies.

• Increasing coastal inundation, erosion and loss of land.

• Increasing loss of island biodiversity on land and at sea and degradation of important habitats (such as mangroves, coral reefs).

• Increasing environmental degradation and vulnerability of marine and terrestrial ecosystems and habitats to the additional stressors caused by climate change and hazards.

• Increasing outbreaks of invasive species, pests and diseases.

• Increasing water-, food- and vector-borne diseases.• Potentially high environmental costs of

development or private sector projects that have yet to fully consider environmental and possible disaster and climate change impacts.

• Salinisation of groundwater lens and decline in size of groundwater lens.

Sources: GoK 2012c; MELAD ECD 2006, MELAD 2007; Elrick and Kay 2009; KJIP Consultations 2013

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• Limited employment opportunities in country and overseas, especially for youth.

• Lack of access to capital and land for private sector development.

• Private sector environment is not conducive to investement due to excessive licensing and tariffs in current government service regulations and outdated laws.

• Increasing trade deficit.• Increasing household hardship and rates of

poverty.• Potential of oceanic tuna fisheries not fully

capitalised for private sector development.• No insurance coverage available for certain

natural hazards i.e. erosion, loss of land, inundation and flooding (Kiribati Insurance Company). Also gaps in obtaining existing insurances (such as fire).

• Low levels of financial literacy and gaps in training on business development.

• State owned enterprises (which get government subsidies) benefit from unfair competition with private sector.

• Cultural barriers to conducting business: property and wealth traditionally belong to the community whereas private sector business development is building on individualistic profit principles.

• Low quality and insufficient numbers of local private vessels that provide outer islands with basic food and other commodities.

• Private businesses sell low-quality imported food and equipment with short life cycles.

• Negative messages on the impacts of climate change (e.g. ‘Kiribati is sinking’) affecting investment.

• Decline in remittances and GDP, thus reducing capacity to reduce vulnerability and increasing hardship and poverty.

• The outbreaks of fire are threatening businesses in urban areas, especially as fire trucks cannot access densely populated areas.

• Economic losses due to damage caused by fire, erosion, loss of land and flooding. Small retailers might also have to close down.

• Decreasing investment from overseas.• Economic losses for small- and medium-scale

businesses (e.g. in artisanal fisheries, agriculture, handicrafts and food processing) due to decreased productivity of agriculture and coastal fisheries, which in turn increases hardship and poverty.

• Bad weather conditions (such as heavy storms) cause delays of freight ships to Tarawa and smaller trade vessels to outer islands, leading to shortages in basic food commodities (sugar, rice, flour) and economic losses.

• Coral bleaching will make Kiribati less attractive to tourists and foreign investment in the tourism sector.

Table 7: Sensitivity and impacts - economic development, trade and commerce

Sources: GoK 2012c; MFMRD 2013; Elrick and Kay 2009; KJIP Consultations 2013

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• Costs of construction are high, with most materials, tools and equipment needing to be imported and transported long distances.

• Lack of financial resources needed to maintain key infrastructure such as causeways, seawalls, buildings, government houses, health clinics and schools.

• The salty, humid and hot environment leads to rapid deterioration of equipment, while lack of funds means that much plant and machinery is being used beyond its planned economic life.

• Infrastructure such as causeways, seawalls, buildings, government houses, health clinics and schools are sometimes build very close to the sea (both South Tarawa and outer islands).

• Causeways and other coastal infrastructure often do not take into account their potential negative impact on marine ecosystems and coastal fish productivity.

• Lack of access to environmentally safe aggregates and increasing practice of beach mining carried on by individuals, households, communities and building contractors.

• Conflicts around land ownership and demarcation.

• Increasing loss of usable land and existing investments.

• Increasing destabilisation of beaches contribute to erosion (especially in South Tarawa, but potentially also other islands except Banaba).

• Increasing risk of damage and/or loss of major transport facilities (airport, ports).

• Increasing costs and challenges for maintenance.• Increasing risk of damage to government

property with negative impacts on basic services (hospital and health service, school and education, government housing).

• Increasing damage and interruption to roads, causeways and bridges, which might lead to isolation of communities, increased risk of accidents and increased costs for maintenance and repair of cars and road transport.

• Increasing risk of damage to civil society and cultural facilities (private schools, NGOs, churches, maneaba).

• Increasing damage to services water mains, sewerage and electricity.

• Increasing conflicts among private landowners if private buildings have to be relocated.

• Increasing conflicts between private landowners and Government about land demarcation if public infrastructure and buildings such as schools have to be relocated.

Table 8: Sensitivity and impacts - infrastructure

Sources: GoK 2013; GoK 2012c; Elrick and Kay 2009, KJIP Consultation 2013

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• Availability of drinking water is inadequate.• In urbanised areas with high population growth,

demand for fresh water is growing.• Lack of information on or systematic monitoring

of the microbiological quality of water supplies, especially on rural outer islands.

• Industrial contamination, particularly leaking hydrocarbons from diesel power generators.

• Despite regulations, encroachment is a continuing threat to water reserves especially in South Tarawa, Banaba and Tabakea.

• Lack of involvement of local landowners in management of water reserves.

• Lack of regulations for protecting water sources in rural areas or outer islands.

• Traditional practices of defecating on the beach cause algal bloom and ultimately can lead to health problems.

• Risk of plume of sewage from the Betio outfall to enter into the lagoon, and some households on South Tarawa are not connected to the sewerage system.

• Cultural sentiments against composting toilets.

• Continued and increasing contamination of groundwater.

• Increasing water-borne illnesses and high infant mortality rates

• Increasing socio-economic costs of water-borne illnesses (loss of family members, work absences and general lack of wellbeing).

• Continuous and increasing tensions and conflicts between affected communities and the Government because of declaration of water reserves over privately owned land, leading to costly ongoing disputes and vandalism of water infrastructure and groundwater monitoring boreholes.

• Increasing risks of contaminating the Tarawa lagoon with sewage, with impacts on health of people and the marine habitat.

• Frequent, long and severe droughts occurred regularly in the past (e.g. in South Tarawa, Banaba) causing severe shortages of fresh water and dramatic increases in salinity in domestic wells, death of some trees and dieback in others, and increasing demand for potable, reticulated water. Some islands were temporarily abandoned. It is still unclear, though, if and how the frequency and intensity of La Niña events will change.

• Increasing risks that the sea will overtop parts of or even whole islands, causing salinisation of some fresh groundwater.

Table 9: Sensitivity and impacts - fresh water and sanitation

Sources: GoK 2008a; GoK 2008b; SOPAC et al. 2007; White et al. 1999; 2010, et al. 2012, Falkland 2011; KJIP Consultation 2013

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• High dependence on coastal fisheries for subsistence (main protein source).

• Diminishing stocks of reef fish, especially for lagoon and coastal fisheries in South Tarawa, due to population pressure and associated socio-economic and environmental problems.

• A lack of understanding of actual fisheries stock which will make it more difficult to set distant fishing fees for the future.

• Bycatch of commercial oceanic tuna fisheries remains unused for food or for generating income.

• Coastal fisheries are largely unregulated, with existing management arrangements focusing on licensing revenue only and island councils tending to only discuss fisheries in the context of infrastructure concerns (e.g. lights, wharves).

• Design and building of causeways and other coastal infrastructure often do not take into account their potential negative impact on marine ecosystems and coastal fish productivity.

• While women dominate marketing and sales of fish and are engaged in shore-based harvesting and gleaning for marine resources, they are not granted the same status or public recognition as fishermen.

• Transshipment activities in Tarawa have exacerbated alcohol abuse and increased the incidence of prostitution involving young women and teenagers.

• Periodic outbreaks of ciguatera, shellfish contamination and algal blooms.

• Gaps in monitoring of ciguatera outbreaks, other outbreaks and coral reef bleaching and collaborative actions with the Ministry of Health and Medical Services (MHMS).

• The productivity for coral reef fish and invertebrates is projected to decline by 20% by 2050 due to both the direct effects (e.g. increased sea-surface temperature) and indirect effects (changes to fish habitats) of climate change. Population growth is further reducing the potential supply of reef fish per person.

• Higher water temperatures and rainfall and/or increased ocean acidification are expected to progressively reduce the efficiency of culturing seaweed, giant clams, pearl oysters and sea cucumbers.

• Possibly increasing incidence of ciguatera fish poisoning, shellfish contamination and algal blooms.

• Changes to the distribution and abundance of tuna: Concentrations of skipjack tuna will likely be located further to the east than in the past (potentially beneficial).

• Kiribati tuna-based revenue improves during El Niño years but drops during La Niña years.

• Sea-level rise will progressively convert the large areas of intertidal lagoon habitat in Kiribati to subtidal areas, with uncertain effects on the shellfish population.

• Mixed trends in aquaculture: Milkfish farming in earthen ponds is expected to be favoured by higher air temperatures and increased rainfall but the effects of sea-level rise are yet to be determined.

• Potentially increasing damage to infrastructure: More powerful storms, inundations and potential tsunami can damage wharfs and essential infrastructure. This may also increase financial risks for coastal aquaculture due to more frequent damage to equipment.

• Potential increase in social problems such as conflict between subsistence fisheries and commercial fishers over declining fish stocks and the risk of more prostitution and higher HIV rates with increased transshipment.

• Loss of traditional fishing skills and knowledge if marine habitats change and also due to a change in lifestyle.

• Potential discouragement of future national and overseas investors.

Table 10: Sensitivity impacts - fisheries and food security

Sources: MFMRD 2013; Bell et al. 2011; KJIP Consultations 2013

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• Harsh agricultural conditions due to small and remote atoll islands with poor soil conditions, high salinity and limited groundwater supply.

• Limited crop and genetic diversity.• Crop farming mostly for subsistence (trade and

export limited to coconut products: oil and copra).

• High dependency on imported basic food commodities and public outcries when shortages occur (especially rice, sugar and flour).

• Low quality of imported food due to a lack of national food standards.

• Imported equipment and tools are of poor quality and expensive. Lack of vocational and academic training in agriculture.

• Loss of traditional agroforestry systems.• Limited choices of livestock species for

production, poor housing conditions and high imports of livestock products.

• Animal waste is polluting coastal land, contaminating underground water and transmitting diseases and parasites to humans.

• Run-down livestock and agriculture facilities and challenges in the distribution system at the Agriculture and Livestock Division (Tannaea).

• Urban migration.

• Increasing risks that the sea will overtop parts of or even whole islands, causing salinisaton of some fresh groundwater, destruction of infrastructure and the death of crops and livestock.

• Decline in production of food crops (already observed) due to increase in salinity, extreme weather events, spread of pests and diseases.

• Reduced livestock productivity due to heat stress, increased disease susceptibility, lack of fresh water, water-borne diseases, decrease in production of feed, potential damage to livestock infrastructure, inundation.

• Diseases will interact with climate hazards to manifest in different ways. Some current disease problems will be exacerbated due to stress and nutrition-related immune challenges. Shifts in vector populations will change disease prevalence in different areas.

• Loss of traditional agriculture skills and knowledge.

• Poor nutrition and malnutrition.• Increase in noncommunicable diseases due to

change of diet.

Table 11: Sensitivity and impacts - agriculture and food security

Sources: MELAD-ALD 2012; MELAD-ALD & SPC & GIZ 2013; MELAD-ECD 2007; KJIP Consultations 2013

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• Existing high levels of diarrhoeal diseases, infant mortality and malnutrition among children and the elderly.

• Inefficient distribution of fresh water.• Unprotected sources of drinking water (especially wells).• A large proportion of households use the beach, bush, lagoon and

sea for toileting.• Difficulties in avoiding bacterial and chemical contamination

of water reservoirs: coliform counts frequently exceed World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, in both reticulated water supplies and wells.

• Difficulties in maintaining high standards of food hygiene.• Presence of breeding sites for mosquito vector (Aedes aegypti),

including abandoned vehicles and solid waste in proximity to settlements (e.g. South Tarawa).

• Changes in lifestyle, including poorer nutrition and less physical exercise, leading to a higher level of non-communicable diseases.

• Low immune status of the population and gaps in effective health care; access to health services especially limited in outer islands.

• Lack of specialised knowledge to conduct health assessments and treat health problems; e.g. health staff lack capacity to differentiate between food poisoning and ciguatera.

• The health information system is still struggling to provide sufficient, accurate and timely information for decision-making in planning, strategy and policy development. This is also true for disease surveillance and response systems, which are currently not meeting international agreed standards.

• Gaps in data storage and monitoring and collaborative actions with Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development (MFMRD), Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agriculture Development (MELAD) and Ministry of Public Works and Utilities (MPWU).

• Diminishing water safety and increase in water-borne diseases: Increasing risk of diarrhoeal diseases due to runoff following heavy rains and contamination of drinking water sources. Densely populated areas are at high risk.

• Diminishing food safety and increase in food-borne diseases: As temperatures rise, the risk of enteric infections transmitted by food increases (especially illnesses caused by salmonella, campylobacter and a wide range of enteroviruses). The risk is especially high in crowded conditions.

• High population density increasing risk of rapid transmission of infectious diseases.

• Increase in vector-borne diseases, especially dengue fever. During warmer and wetter conditions, outbreaks increase (already observed during El Niño events and wet season).

• Higher dependence on food imports with low nutrition value leads to increasing noncommunicable diseases.

• Increasing cost of health care.

Table 12: Sensitivity and impacts - health

Sources: GoK, MHMS & WHO 2011; Hales et al. 1999; KJIP Consultations 2013

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• In primary education, the net enrolment ratio has fallen from 92% to 84% for boys and from 93% to 87% for the girls between 2008 and 2010.

• More than a quarter of students do not make the transition to upper secondary levels.

• Gaps in professional standards of teachers.• The Ministry of Education (MOE), Marine Training

Centre (MTC), Kiribati Institute of Technology (KIT), Fisheries Training Centre (FTC), Kiribati Teachers College (KTC), schools, teachers and lecturers have insufficient capacities and resources to teach the students on matters relating to climate change (specifically on impacts and adaptation) and disaster risk management.

• Lack of training for police on preparedness and response to disasters, including operation of machinery such as fire trucks.

• Lack of effective early warning systems.• Lack of disability-friendly resources on climate

change and natural hazards and a lack of capacity to cope with and reduce risks among people with disabilities.

• General uncertainty and feelings of helplessness among the population about their country’s future.

• Schools, students, teachers and trainers are affected by climate change and hazards in relation to their safety, food security, access to drinking water, ability to commute and health.

• School infrastructure might have to be relocated due to coastal erosion and retro-fitted to withstand harsher conditions such as drought, heavy rain or heavy storms.

• Increasing maintenance costs for school infrastructure (also due to salt spray and rising temperatures).

• Lower rates of enrolment and secondary education limit opportunities for human resource development and employment (including overseas).

• Potential loss of life and damage due to lack of early warning systems and limited capacity to cope, especially for vulnerable groups (such as children, people with disabilities and women).

Table 13: Sensitivity and impacts - education and human resources

Sources: GoK 2012c; MoE 2012; KJIP Consultations 2013 35


2.4 The current status of mainstreaming climate change and disaster risk management in sectoral policies and strategiesClimate change and disaster risks are being addressed in policies and strategies relating to population, water and sanitation, health and environment. Similarly disaster risk management is progressively being incorporated into policies and strategies relating to fisheries, agriculture, labour, youth and education. The new Kiribati Integrated Environment Policy encourages all government programs to collect, manage and use environmental data to safeguard the environment and strengthen resilience to climate change and disasters.

The National Energy Policy incorporates measures to mitigate carbon emissions by promoting renewable energies and energy efficiency.

Only a few sectors have transferred strategic actions to address climate and disaster risks into their annual Sector Operational Plans and Ministerial Plans of Operations and budgeting.

Policies and strategies relating to human resource development, minerals and foreshore development, private sector development, investment, transport, communications, tourism and minerals do not explicitly consider climate change and disaster risks.

Most laws need to be reviewed as, with the exception of the Disaster Management Act 1995, they do not regulate responses to climate change and disaster risks and impacts.

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3.1 Rationale and guiding principles for the KJIPThe Government of the Republic of Kiribati, following consultation with regional technical advisory organisations, initiated the process to develop a joint national action plan on climate change and disaster risk management in 2012. This document is designed to complement the NDRMP (GoK 2012b) and the National Framework for Climate Change and Climate Change Adaptation (NFCCCCA; GoK 2013). By identifying tangible, on-the-ground actions for resilience, along with actions the Government can take to facilitate these, the plan will guide the implementation of these policies in an integrated approach.

The main rationale for this approach is that a systematic and integrated plan, identifiying tangible actions, will maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of existing capacities and resources as well as ensuring new initiatives are well targeted and have the maximum impact. In addition, the development of this plan was seen as a key vehicle for integrating climate change and disaster risks into all sectors, and promoting a whole-of-country approach that involves the cooperation of the Government, civil society and private sectors.

In recognition of the strong need to implement existing policies and to take more and stronger tangible actions to increase resilience, the Government of the Republic of Kiribati decided to call this action plan the Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (KJIP) and agreed on the following principles:

• The KJIP is to reflect the recently endorsed NFCCCCA and NDRMP and relevant sector policies and strategies of line ministries, and identify actions for implementing them.

• The KJIP has to align to rules and procedures that the Government of the Republic of Kiribati must follow.• Long-term consequences of climate change must be considered.• Because climate change and disasters have negative impacts on welfare of I-Kiribati, the process needs to

be consultative and inclusive of all people, including the most vulnerable and the outer island population.• The KJIP is to be based on priorities identified during the development phase, reflect country priorities

and build on ongoing initiatives.• To build resilience the KJIP needs to be implemented in the next 10 years or so.• Priorities may change over time; hence regular reviews through a sound monitoring and evaluation

framework are important.• Adaptation to climate change is a long-term and ongoing task for Kiribati; hence, after the current KJIP has

been implemented and a final evaluation has been conducted, a follow-up plan should be developed.• The KJIP is to enhance and strengthen the sense of ownership by the Government, private sector, faith-

based organisations, NGOs and communities.

It is expected that, as part of the process of developing and implementing the KJIP:• required funds and resources for climate change and disaster risk management priority actions will be

identified and planned, and required budgets allocated;• access to financial resources and technical assistance will be increased;• local capacities will be built and technologies transferred to plan, write and cost proposals and monitor

implementation;• roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders will be clarified, collaboration and coordination enhanced and

the competition for resources reduced; and• national, sectoral and community priority actions to cope with climate change and reduce disaster risks are

communicated inside and outside of the country.

3.2 KJIP in the context of national development prioritiesThe Kiribati Development Plan (KDP) 2012–2015 is the overarching national development plan detailing national priorities (GoK 2012c). The KDP is linked to the Millennium Development Goals, the Pacific Plan and the Mauritius Strategy for Small Island Developing States (BPoA+10).

The KDP has six broad key policy areas (KPAs). Climate change is incorporated into KPA 4 on environment, providing the link to the KJIP. The key objective of KPA 4 is to facilitate sustainable development by mitigating the effects of climate change through approaches that protect biodiversity and support the reduction of environmental degradation by the year 2015.

The NFCCCCA highligths that climate change has more far-reaching implications than for the environment alone and that it has the potential to impact on all six KPAs of the current KDP (GoK 2013).

Legal functions and responsibility for climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction and disaster responses and management continue to be vested in various agencies, as determined by national legislation. However, some laws need to be adjusted to enable agencies to respond effectively to impacts of climate change and disasters.

3 Development of the Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management

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The KJIP contributes to the realisation of the KDP outcomes and provides the implementation plan for the NFCCCCA (2013) and the NDRMP (2012). Figure 7 below shows how it links to these and other national frameworks.

The KJIP is leading in advocating and operationalising an integrated approach to including climate change and disaster risks in national and community development planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluations.

The Government of the Republic of Kiribati sees the KJIP as a means to prioritise actions on climate change and related disaster risks that are highlighted in national communications (see also chapter 3.3) and sector policies and action strategies impacted by climate change and disaster risks.

3.3 KJIP linkages to relevant regional and international frameworksThis KJIP is part of the commitments Kiribati made under the Pacific Islands Framework for Action on Climate Change (PIFACC), the Regional Framework for Action on Disaster Risk Management endorsed by the Pacific Leaders in 2005 and the Pacific Islands Meteorological Strategy (PIMS) approved in 2012. The KJIP is consistent with these three inter-related regional frameworks, specifically in terms of the national priorities for actions.

The KJIP is also timely as the region moves towards an integrated regional framework, the Strategy for Climate and Disaster Resilient Development in the Pacific (SRDP), by 2016.

As party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC; ratified in 1992), the Government sees the KJIP as its National Action Plan on climate change. Similarly, the KJIP is contributing to the implementaiton of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005–2015) under the United Nations International Strategy on Disaster Risk Management (UNISDR) and the Climate Services priorities of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). 3.4 KJIP development methodologyThe Office of te Beretitenti (OB) led the development of the KJIP. For this task, it established a Kiribati National Expert Group on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (KNEG), encompassing experts from core and line ministries, NGOs, the Kiribati Chamber of Commerce and Industries and other non-state actors.

A Regional Support Team (RST), led by the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP), supported the KNEG and the development of the KJIP. Other members of the RST were representatives of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) (through the SPC/GIZ Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region program), United Nations Development Program (UNDP – Suva Office), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (Government of Australia).

Figure 7 Linkages of the KJIP to national frameworks

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Table 14 below provides an overview of the steps involved in developing the KJIP from October 2012 to June 2014, along with the steps required following its development into the future.

Table 14: KJIP development methodology

Steps KJIP development tasks Lead responsibility Timeframe

1 Planning for engagement • Country request• Regional partnership planning

• OB• RST

October to December 2012

2 Consultation – Part 1Introductory and advocacy Situation analysis • Information collection• Identification of key problems (hazards context, risk

and vulnerability context, institutional arrangements and policies, stakeholders analysis, existing programs/projects, donor analysis etc).

• KNEG• RST

January to February 2013

3 KJIP strategic action development process• Problem validation process• Problem prioritisation process • Problem–solution tree analysis • Strategy (theme) development• Action matrix development

KNEG supported by RST April to August 2013

4 Costing of KJIP and development of the strategic plan• Institutional arrangements• Results-based monitoring framework• Funding strategy• Communication strategy• Project concepts • Narrative

KNEG supported by RST

April to September 2013

5 National approval process for the KJIP, including consultation on Kiritimati island

KNEG August 2013 to June 2014

6 Country and development partner discussions KNEG supported by RST

Third quarter of 2014

7 KJIP implementation, monitoring and evaluation All Ministries, KNEG, KJIP Secreteriat

August 2014 to 2023

3.5 Costing methodologyThe estimated cost of the KJIP includes both the financial cost of actions and the in-kind contributions made by the Government of the Republic of Kiribati and partners (such as bilateral and multilateral development partners and the Council of Regional Organisations in the Pacific – CROP) to execute actions. The estimated costs include ongoing and future investments. The indicative cost was developed using various assumptions that were based on information from local suppliers as well as from government departments.

The following were the assumptions used:• Costs of travel to the outer islands are for air travel only, except where agencies have their own boat in

which cases the cost of fuel and rations are included.• Lump sum estimates are being made on implementation of recommendations of reviews, studies or

assessments.• The cost of technical assistance differs between an overseas and a locally engaged consultants based on (i)

experience and qualifications and (ii) travel costs and per diem. The use of only local rates to estimate the cost of consultants can therefore under-cost an activity if an appropriate local consultant is not available.

• Advertisement costs are being estimated on the 30-minute slots made by the Publication and Broadcasting Authority. In most instances, single messages may be provided at cheaper rates.

• The costings are estimates and the actual cost may be determined during the development of proposals when a relevant donor is being identified and interested in supporting that particular action.

• A number of actions were proposed to recruit short-term project position. If the agency wished the position to be ongoing, it had to seek the necessary support from the Government.

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4.2 Strategies and key actionsTo reduce vulnerabilities and respond to observed and likely impacts of climate change and disaster risks, the KJIP identifies 12 major strategies, as shown in Figure 8.

Strengthening good governance, policies, strategies and legislation1

Improving knowledge and information generation, management and sharing2

Strengthening and greening the private sector, including small-scale business3

Increasing water and food security with integrated and sector-specific approaches and promoting healthy and resilient ecosystems4

Strengthening health-service delivery to address climate change impacts5

Promoting sound and reliable infrastructure development and land management6

Delivering appropriate education, training and awareness programmes7

Increasing effectiveness and efficiency of early warnings and disaster and emergency management8

Promoting the use of sustainable renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency9

Strengthening capacity to access finance, monitor expenditures and maintain strong partnerships10

Maintaining the sovereignty and unique identity of Kiribati11

Enhancing the participation and resilience of vulnerable groups12

4.1 Vision & goalThe vision of the 9-year KJIP (2014 – 2023) is:I-Kiribati unique culture, heritage and identity are upheld and safeguarded through enhanced resilience and sustainable development.

The goal of the KJIP is: To increase resilience through sustainable climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction using a whole of country approach

4 The Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management

Figure 8: The 12 KJIP strategies

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Each strategy has one or more key actions, sub-actions, outcomes and performance indicators (outcome- and output-based) to address climate change and disaster risks in response to the identified vulnerabilities and impacts. Table 15 summarises the results of each strategy. For the detailed strategic plan with key actions, sub-actions, results and performance indicators, lead and support agencies and partners associated with each strategy, see Annex 1.

All strategies and actions in the KJIP are inclusive of vulnerable groups, considering gender, youth and children, the elderly and people with disabilities.

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Table 15: Overview of KJIP strategies and anticipated results

Strategy 1: Strengthening good governance, strategies and legislation

Results

1.1 All policies, strategies, Sector Operational Plans, Ministry Annual Workplans, Ministerial Plans of Operations, project proposals and monitoring and evaluation systems enable the proactive and inclusive reduction of climate change and disaster risks.

1.2 Appropriate national and sector legislation is providing an enabling environment to enforce climate and disaster risk reduction.

1.3 Climate change and disaster risk management initiatives are coordinated by government departments, island councils, NGOs, faith-based organisations and the private sector in a collaborative manner across sectors.

Strategy 2: Improving knowledge and information generation, management and sharing

Results

2.1 An integrated and up-to-date national database providing all relevant information for resilient development is available and accessible for all.

2.2 Capacities to communicate science and best practices are strengthened by developing and disseminating effective and relevant information, communication and awareness products for decision-making and awareness raising across sectors and at all levels (see also Strategy 7).

2.3 Capacities for data collection, assessment, analysis, interpretation, monitoring and reporting are strengthened across sectors.

Strategy 3: Strengthening and greening the private sector, including small-scale business

Results

3.1 The number of small-scale businesses that process local produce for domestic and export markets (fish produce, agricultural produce, livestock, handicraft) increases.

3.2 The private sector implements greening initiatives (in areas such as tourism, trade, transport, import/export).

3.3 The private sector incorporates climate change and disaster risks into its strategic and business plans (and assesses feasibility of insurance).

Strategy4:Increasingwaterandfoodsecuritywithintegratedandsector-specificapproaches and promoting healthy and resilient ecosystems

Results

4.1 Communities with island councils manage and implement climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction measures as an integral part of their development efforts and inclusive of vulnerable groups.

4.2 Salt-, drought-, rain- and heat-stress resilient crops, fruit, vegetables and livestock breeds are identified and promoted and communities preserve local food (fruit trees and seafood).

4.3 Communities manage coastal fisheries taking into consideration sustainability of marine resources as well as climate change and disaster risks.

4.4 Communities have constant access to basic food commodities.

4.5 Communities manage their water resources (including during extreme events such as drought, heavy rain and storm surges; see also Strategy 6).

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Strategy 5: Strengthening health-service delivery to address climate change impacts

Results

5.1 The public is aware of water safety and proactively reduces the spread of vector-, water- and food-borne diseases.

5.2 Routine systems for surveillance of environmental health hazards and climate-sensitive diseases are strengthened.

5.3 Capacities are enhanced and equipment provided to the MHMS Central Laboratory and Environmental Health Laboratory to test water and food, conduct vector control activities and analyse results.

5.4 I-Kiribati population’s general health status is enhanced to be more resilient to climate-related diseases.

5.5 A national outbreak preparedness and response plan and a sectoral environmental health plan, which incorporate surveillance and response to climate-sensitive diseases, are in place.

Strategy 6: Promoting sound and reliable infrastructure development and land management

Results

6.1 The livelihood of I-Kiribati is improved through public buildings, infrastructure and utilities that are well maintained and resilient to climate change and disasters (climate proofing).

6.2 Land planning and management for all islands that provides clear regulations on land development with competent planning authorities strengthened to implement & enforce land use regulatory frameworks and water regulations (see also Strategy 1).

6.4 Water reserves are protected and communities have access to sufficient and adequate fresh water at all times (including during extreme events such as drought, heavy rain and storm surges; see also Strategy 4) and to improved sanitation facilities.

Strategy 7. Delivering appropriate education, training and awareness programs

Results

7.1 Students and professionals have capacities to take action on adaptation, and risk reduction and coping strategies before, during and after disasters and emission mitigation.

7.2 The I-Kiribati population is well informed and all stakeholders have access to up-to-date and accurate, contemporary and traditional information on climate change and disaster risk management (see also Strategy 2) and communities take voluntary action to reduce climate change and disaster risks.

7.3 The I-Kiribati population (inclusive of vulnerable groups) are well qualified with formal and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) qualifications to get employment outside of Kiribati.

Strategy8:Increasingeffectivenessandefficiencyofearlywarningsanddisasterandemergency management

Results

8.1 Damage to infrastructure and properties, and injuries and loss of life are reduced.

Strategy 9: Promoting the use of sustainable renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency

Results

9.1 Renewable energy has an increased share of the total energy mix.

9.2 Energy efficiency and conservation measures increase.

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Strategy10:Strengtheningcapacitytoaccessfinance,monitorexpendituresandmaintain strong partnerships

Results

10.1 Existing coordination and approval mechanisms are strengthened to review proposals from the perspective of climate change and disaster risk reduction, and the national and external finance to support climate change and disaster risk initiatives increases (as reflected in national budgets, overseas development assistance and additional climate change and disaster finance).

Strategy 11: Maintaining the existing sovereignty and unique identity of Kiribati

Results

11.1 The rights of Kiribati over its existing EEZ and the resources within it are protected forever for the people of Kiribati.

Strategy 12: Enhancing the participation and resilience of vulnerable groups

Results

12.1 Members of vulnerable groups are increasingly engaged in climate change and disaster risk management initiatives and their needs are addressed.

4.3 KJIP indicative costsThe overall gross indicative resource costs to implement the KJIP over the period 2013–2023 are estimated to be AUD 103,107,161. Of this total, it is estimated that financial cost constitutes 96% of overall costs while the in-kind contributions constitute 4%. Table 16 below details the estimated costs for each strategy of the KJIP.

Table 16: Overall costs by strategy

Total cost in (AUD) In %

Strategy 1 6,697,308 6

Strategy 2 5,555,248 5

Strategy 3 4,932,242 4

Strategy 4 4,693,577 4

Strategy 5 472,747 2

Strategy 6 52,476,513 50

Strategy 7 7,478,480 7

Strategy 8 4,508,477 4

Strategy 9 15,340,322 11

Strategy 10 354,340 2

Strategy 11 180,532 1

Strategy 12 417,375 2

TOTAL 103,107,161 100

The single greatest cost arises in implementing Strategy 6: “Infrastructure”, which accounts consequently for 51% of the estimated cost of the entire KJIP. Followed by Strategy 9 (11%), Strategy 7 (7%), Strategy 1 (6%), Strategy 2 (5%), Strategies 3, 4, and 8 ( 4%), Strategies 5, 10 and 12 (2%) and Strategys 11 (1%), as shown in Figure 9 below.

Figure 9 Share of costs per strategy

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The Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan is to be implemented through existing mechanisms and aligned to rules and procedures that the Government of the Republic of Kiribati must follow.

The KJIP is building on and intended to strengthen existing implementation, financing and monitoring functions by integrating climate change and disaster risk management considerations. To strengthen coordination and communication among the Office of te Beretitenti, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agriculture Development (MELAD), Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MFED), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration (MFAI) and line ministries, as well as civil society and development partners, the KJIP formalises the role of the newly established KNEG to become the main coordination mechanism and entry point for climate change and disaster risk management initiatives. Furthermore, it is intended that a KJIP Secretariat will be established, with the main roles of facilitating KNEG meetings; reviewing and monitoring KJIP implementation together with responsible lead agencies; and communicating with the general public, Parliament, Cabinet, development partners and the international community. The KJIP Secretariat will be under the guidance of the Development Coordinating Committee.

It is expected that the KJIP, the KJIP Secretariat and the KNEG will guide development partners and support the realisation of the Cairns Compact on Strengthening Development Coordination. The Pacific Islands Forum designed this Compact in 2009 to strengthen coordination and use of all development resources in the Pacific, in line with international best-practice as expressed in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, the Accra Action Agenda and Principles on Aid Effectiveness.

5 KJIP Implementation Arrangements

Figure 10 Institutional arrangements under the KJIP

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5.1 Institutional arrangementsThe newly established KJIP Secretariat under the Office of the Beretitenti will facilitate the coordination, implementation and monitoring of the KJIP through the KNEG, guided by the Development Coordination Committee. Figure 10 provides an overview of the institutional arrangements under the KJIP.

The KJIP SecretariatThe KJIP Secretariat, hosted by the Office of te Beretitenti, will be responsible for coordinating the implementation, monitoring and reporting of the KJIP. It will convene and facilitate meetings of the KNEG and ensure that relevant information is shared with all KNEG members, partners, observers and the public. It will be a focal point for new climate change and disaster risk management initiatives and will act as a guiding partner for the KNEG and its members.

The KJIP Secretariat, through the KNEG, will collate priorities and progress reporting to be tabled to the Development Coordinating Committee, for discussion during biannual donor roundtables, and to Parliament as requested.

Before undertaking any new initiatives relating to climate change and disaster risk management, MFAI, MFED, line ministries, NGOs, faith-based organisations and development partners are asked to inform the KJIP Secretariat and consult with the KNEG.

The KJIP Secretariat will be housed within the Office of te Beretitenti and will compile reports to the Development Coordinating Committee through the Office of te Beretitenti. The KJIP Secretariat does not replace the Development Coordinating Committee Secretariat which is hosted in MFED.

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The Kiribati National Expert GroupThe KNEG will act as a coordination mechanism for climate change and disaster risk management initiatives. In particular, it will:• ensure any initiatives are aligned to national development and KJIP priorities;• guide and coordinate program implementation and monitoring;• develop joint annual work plans on the KJIP and relevant initatives;• provide institutional and advisory support to national agencies, beneficiaries and partners;• help to mobilise current and future resources to support program implementation;• share key results and outcomes annually; and• exchange information and lessons learned regularly.

It can take an overall steering function for the design, implementation and monitoring of climate change and disaster risk management initiatives and also form sub-steering groups for sector-specific measures or integrated approaches targeting outer islands and community level (such as the Whole of Island Approach; WoI). It can be an entry point for new initiatives.

The KNEG is chaired by the Office of te Beretitenti and consists of representatives from MFED, MFAI, MIA and all line ministries, the private sector, NGOs and faith-based organisations.

5.2 Financing strategyThe implementation of the KJIP is to be financed through already existing strategies ranging from national budgets and other internal sources to overseas development assistance, additional climate change funding and humanitarian aid.

National budgets are being and will be used in all areas where climate change and disaster risks are mainstreamed into the budgets of Ministerial Plans of Operations and corresponding projects across sectors. MFED will have a key role in ensuring climate change and disaster risks and response measures are incorporated into project proposals, budgeting, reporting and monitoring procedures. The KJIP Secretariat and the KNEG meetings will increasingly be maintained through national budgets. The implementation of the KJIP is further enabled through in-kind contributions such as staff time. Furthermore, communities, NGOs and faith-based organisations may contribute by cost sharing for similar activities and fund-raising.

Development partners are invited to consider supporting KJIP strategies with programs such as budget support and strategy-wide approaches. The Government of the Republic of Kiribati would like to investigate the feasibility of a National Climate Change Fund. It wishes to acknowledge its partners for their support in enhancing institutional capacities and performance requirements to ensure all ministries have robust management and financial systems in place.

Existing technical and financial assistance mechanisms should be used to support the implementation of the KJIP, including multilateral, international and bilateral development partners, CROP agencies, NGOs and faith-based organisations. Development partners need to consider national priorities and follow national procedures in making decisions on development assistance and also integrate the consideration of climate change and disaster risks into their development aid.

As the KJIP strategies represent both ongoing and new activities, the KJIP Secretariat and the KNEG will work to identify resource gaps to be presented to Kiribati development partners during biannual donor roundtables and respective funding and programming cycles of development partners. (This work includes direct exchange with line ministries.)

5.3 Communication strategyAll implementing partners will disseminate information about the KJIP and its vision, goal and strategies and results through existing information-sharing networks, media and forums at international, regional, national and local levels.

Tangible outputs, such as lessons learned, knowledge products, awareness and education materials, reports and media products, will be produced in most KJIP strategies. This information will also be made available to contribute to national and international best practice.

The Climate Change and Climate Risk Communications Strategy (currently being developed by the Office of te Beretitenti) aims to strengthen awareness, partnerships and practical actions to increase resilience of I-Kiribati in response to the impacts of climate change. In support of the KJIP, the Strategy outlines clear and targeted

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communications initiatives aimed to help the Government to promote priority actions. It identifies the key messages, channels and tools to reach national and community stakeholders, civil society organisations, agencies and development partners. Part of this work involves a media engagement strategy, products to promote the KJIP, a partnership mechanism to promote and build on existing and future opportunities, and a knowledge management system.

5.4 Monitoring and evaluationThe KJIP will be monitored through the KDP Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (2012) in compliance with the Monitoring and Evaluation Policy (expected to be endorsed).

At the ministerial level the KJIP strategies are to be monitored through the annual Ministry Strategic Plans, which will have to incorporate relevant KJIP actions and performance indicators. Detailed baselines and targets for the performance indicators will have to be identified by the respective national stakeholder (government or non-government) that has been identified as responsible lead agency.

The KJIP Secretariat through the KNEG will compile a biannual KJIP Progress Report. As the KJIP is a 10-year plan, it will be reviewed in alignment with the KDP period, with the first one due by 2015 (the second by 2019 and the third by 2023). Progress reports and reviews have to be approved by the Development Coordinating Committee before being endorsed by Cabinet.

The KJIP is understood to be a living document and as such the KNEG can adjust it to meet emerging needs, subject to the approval of the Development Coordinating Committee.

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Glossary

Adaptation Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. (UNFCCC 2013)

In simpler terms, adaptation is making changes in order to reduce the vulnerability of a community, society or system to the negative effects of climate change, or make the most of potential positive effects. It includes building skills and knowledge, as well as making practical changes, such as strengthening coastal infrastructure, adjusting farming systems, and improving water management. (SPREP 2013)

Aerosol A collection of airborne solid or liquid particles, with a typical size of between 0.01 and 10 micrometres (a millionth of a metre), that reside in the atmosphere for at least several hours. Aerosols may be of either natural or anthropogenic origin. Aerosols may influence climate in several ways: directly through scattering and absorbing radiation, and indirectly through acting as cloud condensation nuclei or modifying the optical properties and lifetime of clouds. (IPCC 2007)

Afforestation Establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land that, until then, was not classified as forest. (FAO 2010)

Anthropogenic Resulting from or produced by human beings. (IPCC 2013)

Aragonite A form of calcium carbonate that makes up the shells and skeletons of key organisms in reef ecosystems, including reef-building corals. (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)

Atmosphere The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93% volume mixing ratio), helium and radiatively active greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (0.035% volume mixing ratio) and ozone. In addition, the atmosphere contains the greenhouse gas water vapour, whose amounts are highly variable but typically around 1% volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols. (IPCC 2007)

Biodiversity or Biological Diversity

The variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. (CBD 2013)

Carbon cycle The term used to describe the flow of carbon (in various forms, e.g. as carbon dioxide) through the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere and lithosphere. (IPCC 2007)

Carbon sequestration The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir. (UNFCCC 2013).

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Carbon sink A natural or artificial reservoir that takes up and stores carbon. Trees, plants, oceans, rocks and soils are natural sinks, while landfills are artificial sinks. (SPREP 2012)

Climate The average weather conditions over a long period of time (usually over at least 30 years), based mainly on measurements of temperature, precipitation and wind. (SPREP 2012)

Climate change A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. Note that the UNFCCC, in its Article 1, defines climate change as: ‘a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods’. The UNFCCC thus makes a distinction between climate change attributable to human activities altering the atmospheric composition, and climate variability attributable to natural causes. (IPCC 2013)

In simpler terms, climate change involves changes in the Earth’s climate due to human activities (anthropogenic climate change) or natural processes that are already occurring or predicted to occur. These include increasing air and sea-surface temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, and changes in frequency and intensity of extreme events such as droughts, floods and tropical cyclones. Anthropogenic climate change is expected to happen much more rapidly than natural changes in the climate, posing an enormous challenge to both natural and human systems. (SPREP 2012)

Climate variability Variations in the mean state and other statistics (such as standard deviations, the occurrence of extremes, etc.) of the climate on all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due to natural internal processes within the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing (external variability). (IPCC 2013)

Convergence zone An area where winds flow from different directions toward each other, thus meeting at one point or along one line (like the ITCZ or SPCZ). Convergence zones could be called ‘cloud meeting places’ (BoM, CSIRO, RCCCC 2013). Similarly, in oceanography, where water currents flow toward each other and meet. Horizontal convergence usually forces vertical motion to occur, such as convection (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1).

Coral bleaching The paling in colour which results if a coral loses its symbiotic, energy providing organism. (IPCC 2007)

Cyclone (also typhoon or hurricane)

A violent rotating windstorm that develops over tropical waters warmer than 26.5°C and located between 5° and 15° latitude.

Deforestation The conversion of forest to other land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy cover below the minimum 10% threshold. (FAO 2010)

Deposition The process by which sediments, soil, rock and other matter are laying down / added to a landform or land mass such as a soft beach or coast.

Disaster A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. (UNISDR 2009)

Disaster management Component of the social system that involves the planning, organising, leading and controlling of activities related to the managing of disasters in any of its phases and stages. (TAF/OFDA 2008)

Disaster preparedness Policy and administrative decisions and operational activities at all levels to ensure preparedness for, response to and recovery from potential disaster events. (Pacific Disaster Net 2012)

Disaster risk management

The systematic process of using administrative directives, organisations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster. (UNISDR 2009)

Disaster risk reduction The minimising of vulnerabilities and disaster risks through prevention and mitigation to avoid or reduce the adverse impacts of hazards within the broad context of sustainable development. (TAF/OFDA 2008)

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Drought A period of abnormally dry weather long enough to cause a serious hydrological imbalance. Drought is a relative term, therefore any discussion in terms of precipitation deficit must refer to the particular precipitation-related activity that is under discussion. For example, shortage of precipitation during the growing season impinges on crop production or ecosystem function in general (due to soil moisture drought, also termed agricultural drought), and during the runoff and percolation season primarily affects water supplies (hydrological drought). Storage changes in soil moisture and groundwater are also affected by increases in actual evapotranspiration in addition to reductions in precipitation. A period with an abnormal precipitation deficit is defined as a meteorological drought. A megadrought is a very lengthy and pervasive drought, lasting much longer than normal, usually a decade or more. (IPCC 2013)

In simpler terms, a drought is a long period with no rain during a time when rain would be expected. It results in reduced groundwater, and a shortage of water for drinking, sanitation and watering plants. It is a slow-onset phenomenon – which means it does not happen suddenly, caused by one single event like a storm or cyclone, but emerges gradually over time. (SPREP 2012; IFRC 2013)

Earthquake Sudden break within the upper layers of the earth, whether on land or underwater, causing massive vibration. The resulting vibration on land causes liquefaction, cracks on ground surfaces, collapse of buildings and destruction of life. An underwater earthquake causes displacement of huge volume of water and generates tsunami waves that can travel thousands of miles at high speed. There are two scales for measuring the impact of an earthquake: the Richter scale and the Mercalli scale.

Ecosystem A complex set of relationships of living organisms functioning as a unit and interacting with their physical environment. The boundaries of what could be called an ecosystem are somewhat arbitrary, depending on the focus of interest or study. Thus the extent of an ecosystem may range from very small spatial scales to, ultimately, the entire Earth. (IPCC 2007)

A community of plants and animals, and their relationships and interactions with each other and with their physical environment. (SPREP 2012)

Emergency A situation generated by the real or imminent occurrence of an event that requires immediate attention. A significant or unusual event, requiring the coordinated response of more than one agency. (TAF/OFDA 2008)

Emission The release of a gas into the atmosphere. (SPREP 2012)

ENSO – El Niño Southern Oscillation

The term El Niño was initially used to describe a warm-water current that periodically flows along the coast of Ecuador and Peru, disrupting the local fishery. It has since become identified with a basin-wide warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean east of the dateline. This oceanic event is associated with a fluctuation of a global-scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure pattern called the Southern Oscillation. This coupled atmosphere–ocean phenomenon, with preferred time scales of two to about seven years, is known as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). It is often measured by the surface pressure anomaly difference between Darwin and Tahiti or the sea-surface temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. During an ENSO event, the prevailing trade winds weaken, reducing upwelling and altering ocean currents such that the sea-surface temperatures warm, further weakening the trade winds. This event has a great impact on the wind, sea-surface temperature and precipitation patterns in the tropical Pacific. It has climatic effects throughout the Pacific region and in many other parts of the world, through global teleconnections. The cold phase of ENSO is called La Niña. (IPCC 2013)

Epidemic An unusual increase in the number of cases of an infectious disease as a result of changes in climatic conditions or even natural disasters such as tropical storms, floods, earthquakes and droughts. Epidemics may also attack animals.

Erosion The process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth’s surface by wind or water flow, and then transported and deposited in other locations.

Flood Significant rise of water level in a river, lake, reservoir or coastal region causing harmful inundation of property and land used by humans. (TAF/OFDA 2008)

Forest Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of more than 10%, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. (FAO 2010)

Forest degradation The reduction of the capacity of a forest to provide goods and services. (FAO 2010)

Fossil fuels Carbon-based fuels from fossil hydrocarbon deposits, including coal, peat, oil and natural gas. (IPCC 2007)

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Global warming The increase in average global temperature that has occurred since industrialisation, due to increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Since the early 20th century, the average surface temperature of Earth has increased by 0.8°C, and it is predicted to continue to rise, with the actual amount depending on mitigation measures taken in the coming years. (SPREP 2012)

Greenhouse A glass house in which plants are grown. It is usually used in colder climates to trap heat and moisture for plants, especially vegetables and flowers, to grow better than they would outside.

Greenhouse effect The infrared radiative effect of all infrared-absorbing constituents in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases, clouds and (to a small extent) aerosols absorb terrestrial radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface and elsewhere in the atmosphere. These substances emit infrared radiation in all directions but, everything else being equal, the net amount emitted to space is normally less than would have been emitted in the absence of these absorbers because of the decline of temperature with altitude in the troposphere and the consequent weakening of emission. An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases increases the magnitude of this effect; the difference is sometimes called the enhanced greenhouse effect. The change in a greenhouse gas concentration because of anthropogenic emissions contributes to an instantaneous radiative forcing; surface temperature and troposphere warm in response to this forcing, gradually restoring the radiative balance at the top of the atmosphere. (IPCC 2013).

In simpler terms, the greenhouse effect is the heating of the Earth’s surface as a result of certain gases in the atmosphere, which radiate heat back to the Earth. (SPREP 2012)

Greenhouse gases Gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of terrestrial radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere itself and clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ozone (O3) are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. Moreover, there are a number of entirely human-made greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as the halocarbons and other chlorine- and bromine-containing substances, dealt with under the Montreal Protocol. Besides CO2, N2O and CH4, the Kyoto Protocol deals with the greenhouse gases sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). (IPCC 2013)

Hazard A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. (UNISDR 2009).

In simpler terms, a hazard is the potential for a natural- or human-induced event to occur with negative consequences.

Indicator Quantitative or qualitative factor or variable that provides a simple and reliable basis for assessing achievement, change or performance in a specific condition. (GoK 2012c)

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

A band of high rainfall that stretches across the Pacific just north of the equator. It is an east–west band of low-level wind convergence near the equator where the southeast trade winds of the southern hemisphere meet the northeast trade winds of the northern hemisphere. ITCZ is strongest in the northern hemisphere summer and affects most countries on, or north of, the equator. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)

Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan at the Third Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC. It contains legally binding commitments, in addition to those included in the UNFCCC. Countries included in Annex B of the Protocol (most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries and countries with economies in transition) agreed to reduce their anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulphur hexafluoride) by at least 5% below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005. (IPCC 2013)

Mitigation (of disaster risks)

The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. (UNISDR 2009)

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Mitigation (of emissions)

A human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. (IPCC 2013).

In simpler terms, mitigation of emissions involves efforts to reduce the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, either by limiting the sources or by enhancing the sinks. Examples include using fossil fuels more efficiently, switching to renewable energy sources such as solar energy and hydro-power, and expanding forests and other sinks to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. (SPREP 2012)

Objective A specific statement detailing the desired accomplishments or outcomes of a project at different levels (short to long term). (GoK 2012c)

Ocean acidification A reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period, typically decades or longer, which is caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but can also be caused by other chemical additions or subtractions from the ocean. Anthropogenic ocean acidification refers to the component of pH reduction that is caused by human activity (IPCC 2011, p. 37).

In simpler terms, ocean acidification is an ongoing rise in acidity of ocean and sea waters. This is due to higher levels of dissolved carbon dioxide, which are a direct result of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Acidification is likely to damage ocean ecosystems (SPREP 2012). The pH of Earth’s oceans is decreasing, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Lower pH makes the oceans more acidic (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol 1).

Oil spill Accidental discharge of oil from a ship in the open ocean, with the potential to damage marine life.

Outcome The result achieved in fulfilling the ‘purpose’ of activities, as identified in the hierarchy of objectives. An outcome can also be a change in conditions, or maintenance of a set of conditions, resulting from the interaction of outputs and external factors, which is described so that the direction and extend of any such change can be assessed. (GoK 2012c)

Output The product of one or more activities, intended to contribute to a desired outcome, described so that its quantity, quality and time of completion can be verified, and the inputs used in producing it can be identified, measured and costed. (GoK 2012c)

Performance The degree to which a development intervention or a development partner operates according to specific criteria/standards/ guidelines or achieves results in accordance with stated goals or plans. (GoK 2012c)

Preparedness The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organisations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely imminent or current hazard events or conditions. (UNISDR 2009)

Prevention The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. (UNISDR 2009)

Reforestation Re-establishment of forest through planting and/or deliberate seeding on land classified as forest. (FAO 2010)

Rehabilitation Restoring people’s lives back to normal after a disaster, including by beginning to repair the physical, social and economic damage.

Renewable energy Energy that comes from sources that are not depleted or can be easily replenished; for example, hydroelectric power, solar energy and biofuels.

Resilience The capacity of a community, society or natural system to maintain its structure and functioning through stress or change. (SPREP 2012)

Result The measurable output, outcome or impact (intended or unintended, positive or negative) of a development situation Strategies. The overall direction and approach to be taken in planning and managing activities to achieve a desired result (GoK 2012c)

Risk The probability that loss will occur as the result of an adverse event, given the hazard and vulnerability.

Runoff That part of precipitation that does not evaporate and is not transpired, but flows through the ground or over the ground surface and returns to bodies of water. (IPCC 2013)

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Salt water intrusion Displacement of fresh water by salt water in coastal areas or estuaries. Salt water enters the underground freshwater lens as an effect of sea-level rise, storm surges, periods of low rainfall and high temperatures and when large quantities of fresh water are removed for human use. Seawater seeps in from the bottom of the lens and eventually mixes with the fresh water to form brackish water, which is unfit for humans to drink and for plants to survive. (SPREP 2012)


The temperature of the ocean surface. It represents the temperature of the upper few metres of the ocean as opposed to the skin temperature, which is the temperature of the upper few centimetres. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)

Sink Any process, activity or mechanism that removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere. Forests and other vegetation are considered sinks because they remove carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. (UNFCCC 2013)

South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ)

A band of high rainfall stretching approximately from Solomon Islands to the east of the Cook Islands. It is a persistent and greatly elongated zone of low-level convergence. It is strongest in the southern hemisphere summer and affects most countries in the South Pacific. A persistent and greatly elongated zone of low-level convergence extending from approximately 140°E near the equator to approximately 120°W at 30°S. The zone is not quite linear, but is oriented more west to east near the equator and has a more diagonal orientation. (northwest to southeast) at higher latitudes. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)

Storm surge A sudden rise of the sea as a result of high winds and low atmosphere pressure; sometimes called a storm tide, storm wave or tidal wave.

Sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (UNFCCC)

Target A specified objective that indicates the number, timing and location of that which is to be realized (GoK 2012c)

Thermal expansion The increase in volume (and decrease in density) that results from warming water. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)

Trade winds The wind system occupying most of the tropics that blows from the subtropical high pressure areas toward the equator. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)

Tsunami Series of large sea waves generated by sudden displacement of seawater (caused by earthquake, volcanic eruption or submarine landslide); capable of travelling over a long distance.

Vulnerability The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity. (UNFCCC 2013; note this definition is in the climate change context only).

In simpler terms, and broadened to include disasters as well, vulnerability is the level of susceptibility of an individual, a community, an organisation or a system to adverse conditions, emergencies or disasters; a measure of its ability, or inability, to cope. (SPREP 2012)

Warm pool (West Pacific warm pool)

An extensive pool of the world’s warmest water, with temperatures higher than 28–29°C ranging from the central Pacific to the far eastern Indian Ocean. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1, p. 250)

Weather The effects of atmospheric conditions, at a specific time and place, in terms of variables such as temperature, rainfall and wind (SPREP 2012). Compared with climate, which is a long-term description, weather describes the current situation or predictions for the next few days. Apart from daily weather, also seasonal and annual weather patterns are described and sometimes referred to as the ‘prevailing climate’.

West Pacific monsoon (WPM)

The West Pacific Monsoon (WPM) moves north to mainland Asia during the northern hemisphere summer and south to Australia in the southern hemisphere summer. The seasonal arrival of the monsoon usually brings a switch from very dry to very wet conditions. It affects countries in the far western Pacific. (BoM & CSIRO 2011, Vol. 1)

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ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2009. Kiribati’s political economy and capacity development. Pacific Studies Series. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank.

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IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Synthesis Report Glossary. Accessed June 20th, 2013 at http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/annexessannex-ii.html.

KILGA (Kiribati Logal Government Association) 2013: About Councils. Accessed on March 20th 2013 at http://www.kilga.org.ki/?page_id=2.

KMS, BoM & CSIRO (Kiribati Meteorological Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation). 2011. Climate change in the Pacific: Scientific assessment and new research. Volume 1: Regional Overview. Volume 2: Country Reports Chapter (6): Kiribati. Kiribati Country Brochure.

KNDSAC (Kiribati National Disability Survey Advisory Committee). 2005. Kiribati National Disability Survey Report. May 2005. Inclusion International, Asia Pacific Region & NZAID Regional Health Program.

KNSO (Kiribati National Statistics Office). 2012. Report on the Kiribati 2010 Census of Population and Housing. Vol 1: Basic Information and Tables.

KNSO (Kiribati National Statistics Office) & SPC (Secretariat of the Pacific Community). 2012. Kiribati 2010 Census. Volume 2: Analytical Report.

Mendani, R. and Mario, R. 2008. Government of Kiribati: Situation analysis report. Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat and SOPAC.

MoE (Ministry of Education). 2012. Kiribati Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP) 2012–2015. Government of Republic of Kiribati.

57


MELAD-ALD (Ministry of Environment, Land and Agriculture Development - Agriculture and Livestock Division). 2012. Agriculture and Livestock Division Strategic Plan 2012–2015. Government of Republic of Kiribati.

MELAD-ALD & SPC & GIZ (Ministry of Environment, Land and Agriculture Development - Agriculture and Livestock Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community & Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH). 2013. Draft Kiribati Livestock Production Concept to support Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security.

MELAD ECD (Ministry of Environment, Land and Agriculture Development – Environment and Conservation Division). 2006. Republic of Kiribati. National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans.

MELAD ECD (Ministry of Environment, Land and Agriculture Development – Environment and Conservation Division). 2007. National Adaptation Program of Action. Government of Republic of Kiribati.

MFED KNSO (Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Kiribati National Statistics Office). 2012. Brief Notes for Kiribati Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Accessed on December 16th, 2013 at http://www.mfed.gov.ki/sample-page/statistic-division.

MFMRD (Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development). 2013. Kiribati National Fisheries Policy (KNFP) 2013 to 2025. Supported and sponsored by the Government of Australia through Australia’s Aid Program.

MISA (Ministry of Internal and Social Affairs). 2012. National Youth Policy 2012–2016. Government of Republic of Kiribati.

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Earth Observatory. 2013: Global mean surface temperatures. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/page2.php. Accessed 20 June 2013.

SOPAC et al. (Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission, Global Environment Facility, United Nations Development Program, United Nations Environmental Program). 2007. National Integrated Water Resource Management. Diagnostic Report. Kiribati.

SPC & GIZ (Secretariat of the Pacific Community & Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH) 2013: Draft Learning about Climate Change the Pacific Way.

SPREP (Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program). 2012. Pacific Climate Change Portal. Glossary. Accessed June 20th 2013 at http://www.pacificclimatechange.net/.

Tans, Pieter and Keeling, Ralph. 2013. NOAA/ESRL. Recent Monthly Average Mauna Loa CO2. www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ & scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/. Accessed on 4 October 2013.

Thomas, C., Burbidge, D. and Cummins, P. 2007. A preliminary study into the tsunami hazard faced by southwest Pacific nations. Geoscience Australia.

UNESCO et al. (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Orgnisation & University of Waikato). 2012. Kiribati Climate Change Framework for primary, junior secondary and senior secondary levels.

UNICEF 2010: Pacific Children with Disabilities. A Report for UNICEF’s Pacific Mid Term Review. http://www.unicef.org/pacificislands/Children_with_disabilities_final_report.pdf. Accessed on 6 September 2013.

Warrick, R.; Ye, W.; Li, Y.; Dooley, M.; Kouwenhoven, P.; Urich, P. 2013. SimCLIM: A Software System for Modelling the Impacts of Climate Variability and Change. CLIMsystems Ltd. Hamilton, New Zealand.

White, I. 2010. Tarawa Water Master Plan: Te Ran-Maitira ae Kainanoaki. Future Water Demand. Report prepared for the Kiribati Adaptation Program Phase II Water Component 3.2.1. Australian National University. Canberra.

58


White, I., and Falkland, A. 2012. Practical Responses to Climate Change: Developing National Water Policy and Implementation Plans for Pacific Small Island Countries. In Proceedings, Water and Climate: Policy Implementation Challenges. Practical Responses to Climate Change 2012. 1-3 May 2012. Engineers Australia.

White, I., Falkland, A., Crennan, L., Jones, P., Etuati, B., Metai, E., and Metutera, T. 1999. Issues, Traditions and Conflicts in Groundwater Use and Management. UNESCO-International Hydrological Program.

World Bank. (n.d.) Reducing the risk of disasters and climate variability in the Pacific Islands: Republic of Kiribati Country Assessment. Washington, DC: World Bank.

World Bank. 2006. Kiribati: Kiribati Adaptation Project – Implementation Phase (KAP II). Project document on a proposed grant from the Global Environment Facility Trust Fund in the Amount of USD 1.80 Million to the Republic of Kiribati for a Kiribati Adaptation Project – Implementation Phase (KAP II). Document of the World Bank.

World Bank. 2012. Kiribati. Telecommunications and ICT Development Project. Project Appraisal Document. Washington, DC: World Bank. Accessed on December 17th 2013 at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2012/07/16561225/kiribati-telecommunications-information-communication-technologies-ict-development-project.

59


60


Stra

tegy

1: S

tren

gthe

ning

goo

d go

vern

ance

, str

ateg

ies

and

legi

slat

ion

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncie

sSu

ppor

t ag

enci

esD

evel

opm

ent

part

ners

an

d C

ROP

mem

bers

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

1.1

: All

polic

ies,

stra

tegi

es, S

ecto

r O

pera

tiona

l Pla

ns, M

inis

try

Ann

ual W

orkp

lans

, Min

iste

rial

Pla

ns o

f Ope

ratio

ns, p

roje

ct p

ropo

sals

and

m

onito

ring

and

eva

luat

ion

syst

ems

enab

le t

he p

roac

tive

and

incl

usiv

e re

duct

ion

of c

limat

e ch

ange

and

dis

aste

r ri

sks.

Inte

grat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

and

disa

ster

ri

sk m

anag

emen

t co

nsid

erat

ions

in e

xist

ing

and

new

na

tiona

l sec

tor

stra

tegi

c pl

ans,

min

istr

ies’

pol

icie

s an

d st

rate

gic

plan

s, M

inis

teri

al P

lans

of O

pera

tions

(in

clus

ive

of v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

; ide

ntifi

ed

fram

ewor

ks2 )

.•

Seek

min

iste

rial

app

rova

l for

the

rev

iew

.•

Enga

ge r

elev

ant

reso

urce

per

sonn

el t

o le

ad t

he

revi

ew.

• C

ondu

ct p

ublic

con

sulta

tion

of t

he d

raft

pol

icy

(6 c

omm

unity

con

sulta

tions

mee

tings

– 3

in

Out

er G

ilber

t Is

land

, 1 in

Lin

e an

d Ph

oeni

x, 2

in

Tara

wa)

.•

Fina

lise

draf

t an

d su

bmit

for

endo

rsem

ents

.

Incr

ease

d pe

rcen

tage

of p

olic

ies,

stra

tegi

es, l

egis

latio

n, M

inis

try

Ann

ual

Wor

kpla

ns, a

nd M

inis

teri

al P

lans

of

Ope

ratio

ns a

nd S

ecto

r O

pera

tiona

l Pla

ns

that

hav

e pr

ovis

ions

for

redu

cing

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

s, in

clus

ive

of

vuln

erab

le g

roup

s3

Res

pons

ible

M

inis

trie

sA

G O

ffice

, O

B, M

FED

, K

NEG

Aus

AID

, New

Z

eala

nd A

id

Prog

ram

me,

USA

ID,

EU, U

N-

Org

anis

atio

ns,

AD

B,

WB,

GIZ

/BM

Z, e

tc.;

SPC

, SPR

EP

2,56

6,44

2.00

Ann

ex 1:

KJI

P D

etai

led

Act

ion

Mat

rix

All

stra

tegi

es a

nd a

ctio

ns in

the

KJIP

sha

ll be

incl

usiv

e of

vul

nera

ble

grou

ps, c

onsi

deri

ng g

ende

r, yo

uth

and

child

ren,

the

eld

erly,

and

peo

ple

with

dis

abili

ties.

2 Fra

mew

orks

to b

e re

view

ed; H

uman

Res

ourc

e D

evel

opm

ent P

olic

y, In

tegr

ated

Inve

stm

ent P

olic

y, P

rivat

e Se

ctor

Dev

elop

men

t Str

ateg

y, To

urism

Man

agem

ent P

lan

for

Phoe

nix

Isla

nds

Prot

ecte

d Ar

ea.

Fram

ewor

ks to

be/

in d

evel

opm

ent;

Agric

ultu

re P

olic

y; Ec

o-To

urism

Pol

icy,

Fish

erie

s Im

plem

enta

tion

Stra

tegy

(ba

sed

on K

NFP

) (d

raft)

, Lab

our

Mob

ility

Polic

y (d

raft)

, Min

eral

s St

rate

gic

Plan

, MLH

RD S

trat

egic

Pla

n, N

atio

nal F

ores

hore

Man

agem

ent P

lan,

Nat

iona

l Pan

dem

ic P

lan,

Urb

anisa

tion

Polic

y.3 L

inke

d to

KD

P Pe

rform

ance

Indi

cato

r KP

A 4:

Num

ber

and

stat

us o

f pol

icie

s, se

ctor

pla

ns a

nd le

gisla

tion

inte

grat

ing

disa

ster

risk

man

agem

ent a

nd d

isast

er r

isk r

educ

tion.

61


Stra

tegy

1: S

tren

gthe

ning

goo

d go

vern

ance

, str

ateg

ies

and

legi

slat

ion

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncie

sSu

ppor

t ag

enci

esD

evel

opm

ent

part

ners

an

d C

ROP

mem

bers

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

1.2

: App

ropr

iate

nat

iona

l and

sec

tor

legi

slat

ion

is p

rovi

ding

an

enab

ling

envi

ronm

ent

to e

nfor

ce c

limat

e an

d di

sast

er r

isk

redu

ctio

n.

Rev

iew

and

dev

elop

ena

blin

g le

gisl

atio

n an

den

forc

emen

t m

echa

nism

s to

sup

port

effe

ctiv

e ri

skre

duct

ion,

lega

l res

pons

es t

o im

pact

s (id

entifi

edle

gisl

atio

n4 ).

• Se

ek m

inis

teri

al a

ppro

val f

or t

he r

evie

w.

• En

gage

rel

evan

t re

sour

ce p

erso

nnel

to

lead

the

re

view

.•

Con

duct

pub

lic c

onsu

ltatio

n of

the

dra

ft p

olic

y (6

com

mun

ity c

onsu

ltatio

ns m

eetin

gs –

3 in

O

uter

Gilb

ert

Isla

nd, 1

in L

ine

and

Phoe

nix,

2 in

Ta

raw

a th

e se

cond

for

MPs

).•

Fina

lise

draf

t an

d su

bmit

for

endo

rsem

ent

to

Cab

inet

and

the

n, in

cas

e of

Bill

and

Act

, to

Parl

iam

ent.

See

page

60

Res

pect

ive

min

istr

ies,

Offi

ce o

f A

ttor

ney

Gen

eral

OB,

KN

EGA

ustr

alia

’s A

id P

rogr

am,

New

Zea

land

A

id P

rogr

am,

USA

ID, E

U,

AD

B, W

B,

UN

DP,

WH

O, W

MO

G

erm

an

Dev

elop

men

t C

oope

ratio

n FF

A, S

PC,

SPR

EP e

tc

$3,7

93,1

67.0

0

4 Leg

islat

ion

to b

e re

view

ed; B

iose

curit

y Ac

t, Bi

osaf

ety

Regu

latio

n, D

ecla

ratio

n fo

r Wat

er R

eser

ves,

Disa

ster

Man

agem

ent A

ct, E

nviro

nmen

tal i

mpa

ct a

sses

smen

t lic

ensin

g sy

stem

, Fish

erie

s Act

, Fo

resh

ore

and

Land

Rec

lam

atio

n O

rdin

ance

, hea

lth im

pact

ass

essm

ent s

yste

m (

polic

y), L

ocal

Gov

ernm

ent A

ct, M

CIC

legi

slatio

n, Pu

blic

Hea

lth O

rdin

ance

, Qua

rant

ine

Ord

inan

ce, r

egul

atio

ns

unde

rpin

ning

levy

for

loca

l agr

icul

tura

l pro

duce

, Tou

rism

Act

. Leg

islat

ion

to b

e de

velo

ped;

Ener

gy B

ill, E

nviro

nmen

t Gen

eral

Reg

ulat

ion,

Kirib

ati M

eteo

rolo

gy B

ill, M

arin

e Po

llutio

n St

anda

rds a

nd o

ther

m

arin

e le

gisla

tion,

Min

eral

s D

evel

opm

ent A

ct, P

rote

cted

Are

as R

egul

atio

n, Pr

otec

ted

Spec

ies

Regu

latio

n.

62


Stra

tegy

1: S

tren

gthe

ning

goo

d go

vern

ance

, str

ateg

ies

and

legi

slat

ions

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncie

sSu

ppor

t ag

enci

esD

evel

opm

ent

part

ners

an

d C

ROP

mem

bers

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

1.3

: Clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

man

agem

ent

initi

ativ

es a

re c

oord

inat

ed b

y go

vern

men

t de

part

men

ts, i

slan

d co

unci

ls, N

GO

s, fa

ith-b

ased

or

gani

satio

ns a

nd t

he p

riva

te s

ecto

r in

a c

olla

bora

tive

man

ner

acro

ss s

ecto

rs.

Esta

blis

h an

d st

reng

then

mec

hani

sms

to c

oord

inat

e,co

mm

unic

ate

and

colla

bora

te c

limat

e ch

ange

and

disa

ster

ris

k m

anag

emen

t in

itiat

ives

(K

JIPSe

cret

aria

t, cl

imat

e ch

ange

com

mun

icat

ion

plan

).•

Esta

blis

h th

e K

JIP S

ecre

tari

at (

to c

oord

inat

e th

e K

NEG

and

Clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

m

anag

emen

t (D

RM

) in

itiat

ives

) w

ith r

esou

rces

an

d fu

ll eq

uipm

ent

with

in t

he O

B.•

Esta

blis

h m

echa

nism

s fo

r th

e K

JIP S

ecre

tari

at t

o re

gula

rly

repo

rt o

n th

e K

JIP im

plem

enta

tion

to

deci

sion

-mak

ers

and

the

publ

ic.

• Es

tabl

ish

mec

hani

sms

and

proc

esse

s fo

r th

e K

JIP S

ecre

tari

at t

o fo

rmal

ise

its li

nkag

es a

nd

com

mun

icat

ions

with

KN

EG, f

aith

-bas

ed

orga

nisa

tions

, pri

vate

sec

tor,

NG

Os

and

com

mun

ity g

roup

s.•

Coo

rdin

ate

and

impl

emen

t th

e C

omm

unic

atio

ns

Stra

tegy

on

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

and

Dis

aste

r R

isk

Man

agem

ent.

• In

tegr

atio

n of

CC

A a

nd D

RM

issu

es in

to is

land

co

unci

ls s

trat

egic

pla

ns a

nd b

y-la

ws.

All

min

istr

ies,

oute

r is

land

cou

ncils

, th

e K

irib

ati C

ham

ber

of C

omm

erce

an

d In

dust

ries

, NG

Os

and

faith

-bas

ed

orga

nisa

tions

hav

e no

min

ated

foca

l po

ints

for

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

man

agem

ent

by 2

014

Num

ber

of c

limat

e ch

ange

and

dis

aste

r ri

sk m

anag

emen

t in

itiat

ives

the

KN

EG

has

take

n a

stee

ring

func

tion

with

.

Num

ber

of is

land

cou

ncils

str

ateg

ic p

lans

an

d by

-law

s in

corp

orat

ing

CC

A &

DR

M

issu

es

OB,

KN

EGM

FED

, pri

vate

se

ctor

, NG

Os,

com

mun

ity

and

vuln

erab

le

grou

ps,

faith

-bas

ed

orga

nisa

tions

$305

,338

.31

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t a

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

and

Clim

ate

Ris

ks C

omm

unic

atio

ns P

lans

.•

Dev

elop

a C

omm

unic

atio

ns P

lan

base

d on

wid

e co

nsul

tatio

ns.

• Im

plem

ent

the

Com

mun

icat

ion

Plan

, inc

ludi

ng

capa

city

bui

ldin

g an

d po

tent

ially

equ

ipm

ent.

Con

sulta

tion

repo

rts

Num

ber

of C

omm

unic

atio

n Pl

ans

appr

oved

and

impl

emen

ted

OB

All

min

istr

ies,

KN

EGA

ustr

alia

’s A

id

Prog

ram

, EU

; SP

C (

Glo

bal

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

Alli

ance

), SP

REP

$32

,361

Tota

l Cos

ts S

trat

egy

1

$6,6

97,3

08

5 Lin

ked

to K

DP

KPA

4 In

dica

tor:

Num

ber

of jo

int

clim

ate

chan

ge in

itiat

ives

(pr

ogra

ms,

proj

ects

, com

mitt

ees

etc)

.

63


Stra

tegy

2: I

mpr

ovin

g kn

owle

dge

and

info

rmat

ion

gene

ratio

n, m

anag

emen

t an

d sh

arin

g

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Pe

rfor

man

ce in

dica

tors

Res

pons

ible

le

ad a

genc

ies

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

2.1

: An

inte

grat

ed a

nd u

p-to

-dat

e na

tiona

l dat

abas

e pr

ovid

ing

all r

elev

ant

info

rmat

ion

for

resi

lient

dev

elop

men

t is

ava

ilabl

e an

d ac

cess

ible

for

all.

Dev

elop

a N

atio

nal D

ata

and

Info

rmat

ion

Cen

tre

(incl

udin

g a

geog

raph

ic in

form

atio

n sy

stem

– G

IS)

to c

oord

inat

e, s

hare

and

man

age

info

rmat

ion

rela

ted

to d

isas

ter

risk

and

clim

ate

chan

ge

for

impr

oved

dec

isio

n-m

akin

g an

d in

crea

sed

effe

ctiv

enes

s an

d ef

ficie

ncy

(Cen

tre

to c

over

soc

io-

econ

omic

, env

iron

men

tal a

nd s

peci

es m

igra

tory

da

ta, G

IS a

nd m

aps)

.•

Con

duct

a s

tock

take

of a

vaila

ble

data

base

s, ex

istin

g da

ta s

hari

ng m

echa

nism

s (e

.g. w

ebsi

tes,

publ

icat

ions

), re

spon

sibi

litie

s an

d ne

eds.

• D

esig

n a

conc

ept

for

data

and

info

rmat

ion

man

agem

ent

base

d on

the

res

ults

of t

he

stoc

ktak

e an

d de

velo

p a

natio

nal d

ata

shar

ing

prot

ocol

for

inte

rnal

dec

isio

n-m

akin

g an

d de

velo

pmen

t ne

eds.

• Es

tabl

ish

the

Nat

iona

l Dat

a an

d In

form

atio

n C

entr

e (p

oten

tially

und

er e

xist

ing

Nat

iona

l St

atis

tics

Offi

ce, l

inke

d to

exi

stin

g na

tiona

l and

re

gion

al p

orta

ls s

uch

as P

acifi

c D

isas

ter

Net

an

d Pa

cific

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

Port

al).

• Es

tabl

ish

and

supp

ort

a K

irib

ati N

atio

nal D

ata

and

Info

rmat

ion

Shar

ing

Gro

up.

• Es

tabl

ish

a lin

kage

mec

hani

sm b

etw

een

oute

r-is

land

s an

d na

tiona

l dat

a in

form

atio

n sy

stem

(in

clud

ing

tool

s, in

stru

men

ts a

nd t

rain

ing

on

oute

r is

land

s)•

Esta

blis

h a

form

al c

omm

unic

atio

ns li

nk b

etw

een

oute

r-is

land

cou

ncil,

MIA

and

OB

• R

ecru

itmen

t of

per

sonn

el in

MIA

and

Isla

nd

coun

cils

to

act

as fo

cal p

oint

and

to

prov

ide

and

coor

dina

te m

onito

ring

and

rep

ortin

g of

CC

&

DR

M (

pote

ntia

lly r

evie

win

g an

d de

finin

g Is

land

Pr

ojec

t O

ffice

r TO

R)

A n

atio

nal d

atab

ase

is a

cces

sibl

e an

d pr

ovid

es u

p-to

-dat

e in

form

atio

n

Incr

ease

of d

ata

avai

labi

lity

and

freq

uent

upd

ates

on

clim

ate

chan

ge

and

disa

ster

ris

k in

dica

tors

on

oute

r is

land

s.

The

num

ber

of r

ecru

itmen

ts fo

r C

CA

& D

RM

foca

l poi

nt p

ositi

on

on o

uter

isla

nds

and

in s

trat

egic

m

inis

trie

s

Nat

iona

l St

atis

tics

Offi

ce

(MFE

D)

and

OB

MFM

RD

, MEL

AD

, M

IA, M

PWU

, KM

S, M

CT

TD

, MO

E (a

ll lin

e m

inis

trie

s),

NG

Os,

faith

-bas

ed

orga

nisa

tions

, med

ia,

tele

com

mun

icat

ions

, et

c.

All

deve

lopm

ent

part

ners

, es

peci

ally

SPC

(in

clud

ing

Stat

istic

s),

FFA

, SPR

EP,

USP

and

PIF

S w

ith e

xist

ing

data

base

s, on

line

port

als

and

rese

arch

pr

ogra

ms

$200

,854

64


Stra

tegy

2: I

mpr

ovin

g kn

owle

dge

and

info

rmat

ion

gene

ratio

n, m

anag

emen

t an

d sh

arin

g

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Pe

rfor

man

ce in

dica

tors

Res

pons

ible

le

ad a

genc

ies

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

2.2

: Cap

aciti

es t

o co

mm

unic

ate

scie

nce

and

best

pra

ctic

es a

re s

tren

gthe

ned

by d

evel

opin

g an

d di

ssem

inat

ing

effe

ctiv

e an

d re

leva

nt in

form

atio

n,

com

mun

icat

ion

and

awar

enes

s pr

oduc

ts fo

r de

cisi

on-m

akin

g an

d aw

aren

ess

rais

ing

acro

ss s

ecto

rs a

nd a

t al

l lev

els

(see

als

o St

rate

gy 7

).

Dev

elop

and

inte

rpre

t in

tegr

ated

dat

a se

ts fo

rdi

ssem

inat

ion

to s

uppo

rt p

lann

ing

and

deci

sion

mak

ing

at a

ll le

vels

(in

clud

ing

info

rmat

ion

and

awar

enes

s pr

oduc

ts).

• A

naly

se d

ata

sets

bas

ed o

n ne

eds.

• A

men

d th

e fo

rmat

of H

ouse

hold

Inco

me

and

Expe

nditu

re S

urve

ys t

o ef

fect

ivel

y ca

ptur

e da

ta

rela

ted

to c

limat

e ch

ange

and

dis

aste

r ri

sk

man

agem

ent.

• D

evel

op a

nd d

isse

min

ate

rele

vant

info

rmat

ion

and

awar

enes

s pr

oduc

ts fo

r a

rang

e of

use

s (s

uch

as a

gric

ultu

ral m

aps)

.•

Equi

p re

sour

ce c

entr

es o

n ou

ter

isla

nds

with

in

form

atio

n pr

oduc

ts a

nd lo

w-c

ost

mea

ns o

f co

mm

unic

atio

n.

Nee

ds-b

ased

wea

ther

and

clim

ate

info

rmat

ion

is a

pplie

d by

a r

ange

of

user

s in

a t

imel

y m

anne

r

OB

and

all

min

istr

ies,

NG

Os,

faith

-bas

ed

orga

nisa

tions

an

d pr

ivat

e se

ctor

As

on p

age

64$1

56,1

80

65


Stra

tegy

2: I

mpr

ovin

g kn

owle

dge

and

info

rmat

ion

gene

ratio

n, m

anag

emen

t an

d sh

arin

g

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Pe

rfor

man

ce in

dica

tors

Res

pons

ible

le

ad a

genc

ies

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

2.3

: Cap

aciti

es fo

r da

ta c

olle

ctio

n, a

sses

smen

t, an

alys

is, i

nter

pret

atio

n, m

onito

ring

and

rep

ortin

g ar

e st

reng

then

ed a

cros

s se

ctor

s.

Stre

ngth

en t

he c

apac

ity o

f the

Kir

ibat

i M

eteo

rolo

gica

l Ser

vice

(K

MS)

to

colle

ct a

nd

man

age

data

and

info

rmat

ion

on w

eath

er a

nd

clim

ate

vari

abili

ty –

esp

ecia

lly s

ever

e w

eath

er a

nd

natu

ral h

azar

d ev

ents

and

impa

cts.

- M

oder

nize

dat

a lo

ggin

g fo

r w

ind,

sol

ar, t

idal

, sea

le

vel ,

sea

sur

face

tem

pera

ture

.•

Rep

lace

wea

ther

and

clim

ate

serv

ices

sta

tions

w

ith n

ewly

est

ablis

hed

ones

.•

Esta

blis

h a

wel

l-equ

ippe

d w

eath

er fo

reca

stin

g of

fice.

• M

obili

se o

n-sh

ift s

taff

24/7

at

the

mai

n of

fice

and

oute

r is

land

s.•

Build

cap

acity

with

wea

ther

fore

cast

ing,

data

an

alys

is a

nd e

quip

men

t m

aint

enan

ce.

• En

hanc

e ou

trea

ch a

nd c

omm

unic

atio

n ne

twor

ks.

• Se

t up

an

effe

ctiv

e m

onito

ring

sys

tem

to

impr

ove

earl

y w

arni

ngs

for

all h

azar

ds. R

esea

rch

and

inco

rpor

atio

n of

tra

ditio

nal s

kills

on

seas

onal

and

wea

ther

fore

cast

ing

• R

esea

rch

and

on-t

rial

use

of s

easo

nal f

orec

ast

to p

redi

ct m

ovem

ent

of h

ighl

y m

igra

tory

sp

ecie

s (e

.g T

una

)

The

num

ber

of n

eeds

-bas

ed w

eath

er

and

clim

ate

info

rmat

ion

is a

pplie

d by

a

rang

e of

use

rs in

a t

imel

y m

anne

r

The

num

ber

of w

ell-e

quip

ed w

eath

er

stat

ions

est

ablis

hed

and

oper

atio

nal

24/7

Num

ber

of t

rain

ed a

nd q

ualifi

ed s

taff

Effe

ctiv

e co

mm

unic

atio

n ne

twor

k es

tabl

ishe

d

Ava

ilabi

lity

of s

peci

al w

eath

er

bulle

tin t

o Fi

sher

ies

The

use

of s

easo

nal f

orec

ast

in

pred

ictin

g th

e ho

t sp

ot o

f hig

hly

mig

rato

ry s

peci

es (

e.g

Tuna

spe

cies

) st

artin

g 20

15

KM

S (O

B)M

PWU

, MEL

AD

, M

FMR

D, M

HM

S, M

IA,

oute

r is

land

cou

ncils

, N

GO

s, co

mm

uniti

es,

faith

-bas

ed

orga

nisa

tions

, med

ia,

tele

com

mun

icat

ions

, et

c.

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

(in

clud

ing

Bure

au o

f M

eteo

rolo

gy,

CSI

RO,

CO

SPA

C),

UN

Offi

ce

for

the

Coo

rdin

atio

n of

H

uman

itari

an

Affa

irs;

WM

O, S

PREP

(F

inni

sh–

Paci

fic

Proj

ect)

, SPC

, U

SP e

tc.

$287

,876

66


Stra

tegy

2: I

mpr

ovin

g kn

owle

dge

and

info

rmat

ion

gene

ratio

n, m

anag

emen

t an

d sh

arin

g

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Pe

rfor

man

ce in

dica

tors

Res

pons

ible

le

ad a

genc

ies

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

2.3

: Con

tinue

d

Stre

ngth

en c

apac

ities

to

colle

ct, a

naly

se, m

onito

ran

d m

anag

e en

viro

nmen

tal d

ata

to e

stab

lish

the

stat

e of

the

env

iron

men

t, th

e tr

ends

and

envi

ronm

enta

l out

look

as

a ba

sis

for

deci

sion

mak

ing

and

lear

ning

in c

limat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

initi

ativ

es.

• C

ondu

ct t

rain

ing

on c

olle

ctin

g an

d an

alys

ing

envi

ronm

enta

l dat

a.•

Ensu

re t

he a

vaila

bilit

y of

nec

essa

ry m

onito

ring

an

d as

sess

men

t eq

uipm

ent.

• D

evel

op a

n ac

cess

ible

and

reg

ular

en

viro

nmen

tal o

utlo

ok r

epor

t.•

Rev

iew

, upd

ate

and

man

age

envi

ronm

enta

l dat

a.•

Rev

iew

and

upd

ate

the

envi

ronm

ent

outlo

ok

repo

rt.

• Im

plem

enta

tion

of t

he a

sses

smen

t re

port

re

com

men

datio

ns t

hrou

gh t

rain

ing,

proc

urem

ent

of r

equi

red

mon

itori

ng e

quip

men

t, m

onito

ring

pro

toco

ls a

nd p

rogr

amm

es.

Dat

a m

anag

emen

t an

d m

onito

ring

ca

paci

ty a

sses

smen

t re

port

ava

ilabl

e

Reg

ular

mon

itori

ng a

nd r

evie

w,

outlo

ok r

epor

ts

Envi

ronm

ent

and

Con

serv

atio

n D

ivis

ion

(MEL

AD

)

MPW

U, M

ELA

D,

MFM

RD

, MH

MS,

MIA

, ou

ter

isla

nd c

ounc

ils,

NG

Os,

com

mun

ities

, fa

ith-b

ased

or

gani

satio

ns, m

edia

, te

leco

mm

unic

atio

ns,

etc.

All

deve

lopm

ent

part

ners

, SP

REP

, USP

, in

tern

atio

nal

and

regi

onal

en

viro

nmen

tal

NG

Os

$120

,042

67


Stra

tegy

2: I

mpr

ovin

g kn

owle

dge

and

info

rmat

ion

gene

ratio

n, m

anag

emen

t an

d sh

arin

g

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Pe

rfor

man

ce in

dica

tors

Res

pons

ible

le

ad a

genc

ies

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

2.3

: Con

tinue

d

Stre

ngth

en t

he c

apac

ity t

o co

llect

, ass

ess

and

anal

yse

rele

vant

agr

o-m

eteo

rolo

gica

l dat

a an

dim

pact

s on

cro

p yi

elds

, div

ersi

ty a

nd s

easo

nalit

yof

loca

l cro

ps, a

gric

ultu

ral p

ests

and

dis

ease

s,in

vasi

ve s

peci

es, s

oil p

rodu

ctiv

ity a

nd li

vest

ock.

• C

ondu

ct t

rain

ing

on g

ener

atin

g, an

alys

ing,

inte

rpre

ting

and

com

mun

icat

ing

real

tim

e an

d ac

cura

te a

gro-

met

eoro

logi

cal d

ata

and

info

rmat

ion.

• C

ondu

ct n

atio

nal s

urve

ys (

incl

udin

g da

ta

colle

ctio

n on

inva

sive

spe

cies

pre

sent

on

oute

r is

land

s, cr

op y

ield

, div

ersi

ty a

nd s

easo

nalit

y of

cro

ps, a

gric

ultu

ral p

est

and

dise

ases

, soi

l pr

oduc

tivity

and

live

stoc

k) w

ith t

he u

se o

f GPS

•

Ensu

re t

he a

vaila

bilit

y of

nec

essa

ry e

quip

men

t in

clud

ing

glob

al p

ositi

onin

g sy

stem

(G

PS),

soil

heal

th a

naly

sis,

crop

mod

ellin

g so

ftw

are

and

wea

ther

and

clim

ate

fore

cast

ing

equi

pmen

t as

re

late

d to

agr

icul

tura

l nee

ds.

• D

evel

op G

IS t

hat

inte

grat

e w

eath

er/c

limat

e an

d na

tura

l dis

aste

rs in

form

atio

n in

to s

oil t

ype

and

prod

uctiv

ity, i

ncur

sion

s of

pes

ts a

nd d

isea

ses,

crop

and

live

stoc

k di

vers

ity, a

nd s

easo

nalit

y pr

oduc

tion

of fo

od c

rops

.•

Con

duct

res

earc

h, e

spec

ially

mod

ellin

g of

impa

cts

of c

limat

e ch

ange

on

coco

nut

prod

uctiv

ity (

copr

a pr

oduc

tion)

.•

Dev

elop

a s

elf-h

elp

serv

ice

for

farm

ers

on

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd n

atur

al d

isas

ters

info

rmat

ion

and

data

rel

evan

t fo

r ad

aptiv

e fa

rmin

g.

Nat

iona

l sur

veys

pub

lishe

d on

agr

o-m

eteo

rolo

gica

l dat

a, cr

op m

odel

ling

appl

icat

ions

10 %

of f

arm

ers

use

adap

tive

farm

ing

prod

uces

Agr

icul

ture

an

d Li

vest

ock

Div

isio

n an

d En

viro

nmen

t an

d C

onse

rvat

ion

Div

isio

n (M

ELA

D)

KM

S, En

viro

nmen

t an

d C

onse

rvat

ion

Div

isio

n (M

ELA

D),

MIA

, com

mun

ities

Kir

ibat

i de

velo

pmen

t pa

rtne

rs s

uch

as A

ustr

alia

’s A

id P

rogr

am,

USA

ID, U

ND

P, FA

O, T

aiw

an,

EU, G

erm

an

Dev

elop

men

t C

oope

ratio

n;

SPR

EP, S

PC

and

rese

arch

in

stitu

tions

su

ch a

s IF

AD

$309

,466

Stre

ngth

en t

he c

apac

ity t

o re

gula

rly

mon

itor

the

salin

ity, w

ater

qua

lity,

and

thic

knes

s of

fres

hwat

er le

nses

in lo

catio

ns t

hat

are

used

for

wat

er s

uppl

ies

(wat

er r

eser

ves)

on

Sout

h Ta

raw

aan

d th

e ou

ter

isla

nds.

• A

cqui

re m

onito

ring

equ

ipm

ent

and

trai

n m

onito

ring

offi

cers

on

the

use

of a

nd s

tand

ard

oper

atin

g pr

oced

ures

for

equi

pmen

t.•

Rev

iew

and

str

engt

hen

equi

pmen

t m

onito

ring

.•

Con

duct

tra

inin

g on

ana

lysi

ng o

f dat

a an

d pr

ovid

e su

ppor

t fo

r re

port

ing

on t

he

mon

itori

ng d

ata.

• D

evel

op a

wat

er r

eser

ves

man

agem

ent

plan

.•

Dev

elop

an

annu

al r

epor

t on

sta

tus

of w

ater

le

ns a

nd w

ater

pro

tect

ion

zone

s.

App

ropr

iate

tra

inin

g pr

ogra

ms

and

eval

uatio

n

Num

ber

of s

taff

trai

ned

and

repo

rts

on m

onito

ring

res

ults

pre

sent

ed t

o C

abin

et

Num

ber

of r

eser

ves

map

ped,

st

ockt

akes

und

erta

ken,

man

agem

ent

plan

s in

pla

ce a

nd im

plem

ente

d

MPW

UM

HM

SA

ll$7

60,3

07

68

Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk ManagementSt

rate

gy 2

: Im

prov

ing

know

ledg

e an

d in

form

atio

n ge

nera

tion,

man

agem

ent

and

shar

ing

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Pe

rfor

man

ce in

dica

tors

Res

pons

ible

le

ad a

genc

ies

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

2.3

: Con

tinue

d

Dev

elop

a n

atio

nal h

ub fo

r G

IS in

form

atio

n to

impr

ove

deci

sion

-mak

ing

on s

usta

inab

le

deve

lopm

ent

in t

he c

onte

xt o

f dis

aste

r ri

sk

redu

ctio

n an

d cl

imat

e ch

ange

impa

cts

(esp

ecia

lly

min

eral

s, la

nd u

se p

lann

ing

and

man

agem

ent,

and

fishe

ries

pla

nnin

g an

d m

anag

emen

t).

• Es

tabl

ish

a G

IS s

yste

m fo

r th

e M

iner

al D

ivis

ion

and

Fish

erie

s D

ivis

ion

to fa

cilit

ate

acce

ss t

o da

ta.

• Es

tabl

ish

‘geo

detic

ben

chm

arks

’ on

sele

cted

is

land

s of

Kir

ibat

i for

mon

itori

ng c

oast

al

mov

emen

t la

nd e

rosi

on/a

ccre

tion

in r

elat

ion

to c

limat

e ch

ange

and

sea

-leve

l ris

e –

incl

udin

g K

iriti

mat

i, Tab

uaer

an a

nd K

anto

n (p

rocu

re

glob

al p

ositi

onin

g sy

stem

(G

PS)

incl

udin

g so

ftw

are

and

upgr

adin

g pa

ckag

e w

ith

inst

alla

tion

syst

em, c

onsi

deri

ng c

ompa

tibili

ty

with

exi

stin

g so

ftw

are

and

equi

pmen

t).

• D

evel

op a

web

site

and

sta

ff to

man

age

thes

e m

onito

ring

act

iviti

es in

ord

er t

o pr

ovid

e go

vern

men

t bo

dies

, par

tner

s an

d in

tere

sted

au

dien

ce w

ith r

egul

ar u

pdat

es o

n M

iner

al, L

ands

an

d Fi

sher

ies

data

and

est

ablis

h a

virt

ual l

ibra

ry

to im

prov

e ac

cess

to

Min

istr

y an

d G

over

nmen

t e-

repo

rts

to a

ssis

t de

cisi

on-m

akin

g.•

Con

duct

mon

itori

ng s

urve

ys u

sing

est

ablis

hed

geod

etic

con

trol

ben

chm

arks

on

sele

cted

is

land

s of

Kir

ibat

i for

mon

itori

ng c

oast

al

mov

emen

t –

land

ero

sion

/acc

retio

n in

rel

atio

n to

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd s

ea-le

vel r

ise

– (p

rocu

re

glob

al n

avig

atio

nal s

atel

lite

syst

em p

erfo

rman

ce

syst

em, s

oftw

are

and

upgr

adin

g pa

ckag

e, a

nd

inst

all s

yste

m, c

onsi

deri

ng c

ompa

tibili

ty w

ith

exis

ting

soft

war

e an

d eq

uipm

ent)

.•

Con

duct

and

dev

elop

a K

irib

ati N

atio

nal D

eep

Sea

Min

eral

s R

epor

t.•

Trai

n M

FMR

D s

taff

on d

ata

entr

y an

d an

alys

is

to s

uppo

rt d

ecis

ions

to

achi

eve

sust

aina

ble

deve

lopm

ent

of n

atur

al r

esou

rces

.•

Esta

blis

h a

virt

ual l

ibra

ry t

o im

prov

e ac

cess

to

Min

istr

y an

d G

over

nmen

t e-

repo

rts

to a

ssis

t de

cisi

on-m

akin

g.•

Prov

ide

ongo

ing

inst

itutio

nal s

tren

gthe

ning

and

su

ppor

t fo

r st

aff m

anag

ing

web

pag

e to

be

able

to

kee

p up

with

cur

rent

rel

evan

t so

ftw

are

etc.

• C

olla

te r

epor

ts fr

om d

iffer

ent

regi

onal

or

gani

satio

ns, g

over

nmen

t m

inis

trie

s et

c.,

conv

ert

to e

-cop

ies

and

add

to t

he v

irtu

al

libra

ry.

• C

olla

te e

xist

ing

GIS

dat

a an

d pl

ace

on M

D G

IS

syst

em.

Spat

ial d

ata

is m

ade

read

ily a

vaila

ble

eith

er a

s w

eb o

r se

rver

bas

ed

appl

icat

ions

Benc

hmar

ks o

n is

land

s ar

e in

pla

ce

that

cou

ld fu

rthe

r be

util

ised

to

dete

rmin

e th

e ex

tent

of c

oast

l er

osio

n/ac

cret

ion

Num

ber

of D

eep

Sea

Min

eral

s re

port

s re

leas

ed

Num

ber

of r

elev

ant

staf

f inc

lude

d in

on

the

job

trai

ning

and

oth

er

rele

vant

tra

inin

gs a

nd r

elev

ant

repo

rts

rele

ased

Min

eral

s D

ivis

ion,

Fi

sher

ies

Div

isio

n (M

FMR

D),

Land

s (M

ELA

D)

Nat

iona

l Sta

tistic

s O

ffice

, , O

BK

irib

ati

deve

lopm

ent

part

ners

suc

h as

USA

ID,

Japa

n; C

ROP

mem

bers

su

ch a

s SP

C

(SO

PAC

D

ivis

ion)

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sear

ch

inst

itutio

ns

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Stra

tegy

2: I

mpr

ovin

g kn

owle

dge

and

info

rmat

ion

gene

ratio

n, m

anag

emen

t an

d sh

arin

g

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Pe

rfor

man

ce in

dica

tors

Res

pons

ible

le

ad a

genc

ies

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

2.3

: Con

tinue

d

Esta

blis

h an

d fo

rmal

ise

an in

terd

epar

tmen

tal

natio

nal m

onito

ring

tea

m o

n co

asta

l cha

nges

.•

Und

erta

ke n

atio

nal c

onsu

ltatio

n to

iden

tify

curr

ent

skill

s, ar

eas

of w

ork

and

gaps

in

map

ping

and

mon

itori

ng e

ffort

s.•

Dev

elop

a C

abin

et p

aper

to

seek

app

rova

l for

es

tabl

ishm

ent

of n

atio

nal m

onito

ring

tea

m.

• Es

tabl

ish

a na

tiona

l mon

itori

ng t

eam

to

map

co

ral,

seag

rass

, ben

thic

hab

itats

, wat

er q

ualit

y, ci

guat

era

etc.

• Ex

amin

e ho

w w

ell m

ajor

con

trib

utor

s to

ree

f is

land

sed

imen

t su

ch a

s co

rals

and

fora

min

ifera

w

ill c

ope

with

clim

ate

chan

ge e

ffect

s su

ch a

s in

crea

sed

tem

pera

ture

, sal

inity

and

aci

dity

of

seaw

ater

.•

Con

duct

sur

veys

and

mon

itori

ng o

f mar

ine

life

and

cora

l ble

achi

ng a

t Ph

oeni

x Is

land

s Pr

otec

ted

Are

a6 and

in t

he K

irib

ati I

slan

ds.

• Es

tabl

ish

a na

tura

l mar

ine

scie

nce

labo

rato

ry in

K

anto

n7 . •

Esta

blis

h a

mon

itori

ng a

nd m

appi

ng s

yste

m fo

r ci

guat

era

site

s, an

d st

reng

then

pub

lic a

war

enes

s of

how

to

iden

tify

pote

ntia

l cig

uato

xic

fish

spec

ies

and

loca

tions

.•

Prov

ide

regu

lar

repo

rts

to p

olic

y ad

vise

rs t

o im

prov

e de

cisi

on-m

akin

g.•

Tran

slat

e sc

ienc

e an

d ke

y ad

apta

tion

actio

ns

into

aw

aren

ess

mat

eria

ls in

te-

Kir

ibat

i for

th

e w

ider

I-K

irib

ati c

omm

unity

to

incr

ease

un

ders

tand

ing

of t

he im

pact

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge

on m

arin

e re

sour

ces.

Num

ber

of m

onito

ring

sur

veys

on

cor

al b

leac

hing

in P

IPA

and

at

leas

t 2

isla

nds

in K

irib

ati (

excl

udin

g A

bem

ama)

pub

lishe

d.

Cig

uate

ra o

utbr

eak

site

s a

re

com

mun

icat

ed t

o Is

land

D

evel

opm

ent

Cou

ncils

and

am

ong

Min

istr

ies

on a

reg

ular

bas

is.

Num

ber

of c

igua

tera

cas

es r

educ

ed

by 1

0% b

y 20

20

Num

ber

of t

hem

atic

isla

nd

map

s sh

owin

g un

ique

hab

itats

an

d ec

osys

tem

s (e

.g. c

oral

ree

f ec

osys

tem

, sea

gras

s, be

nthi

c ha

bita

ts

etc.

).

Scie

ntifi

c re

port

on

the

impa

ct o

f oc

ean

tem

pera

ture

, sal

inity

and

ac

idity

on

cora

ls a

nd fo

ram

inife

ra in

K

irib

ati.

All

oute

r is

land

s ha

ve a

cces

s to

re

leva

nt a

war

enes

s m

ater

ials

on

coas

tal c

hang

es (

eros

ion,

mar

ine

and

land

-bas

ed h

abita

ts)

in t

e-K

irib

ati

Min

eral

s D

ivis

ion,

Fi

sher

ies

Div

isio

n (M

FMR

D),

Land

s; M

HM

S, M

ELA

D

(Pho

enix

Is

land

s Pr

otec

ted

Are

a O

ffice

)

All

min

istr

ies

Kir

ibat

i de

velo

pmen

t pa

rtne

rs s

uch

as U

SAID

, Ja

pan;

CRO

P m

embe

rs s

uch

as, S

PREP

and

SP

C (

SOPA

C

Div

isio

n);

rese

arch

in

stitu

tions

$3,2

78,6

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Tota

l Cos

ts S

trat

egy

2$5

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6 Sou

rce:

Phoe

nix

Isla

nds

Prot

ecte

d Ar

ea S

AP 2

.7 (

clim

ate

chan

ge).

7 Sou

rce:

Phoe

nix

Isla

nds

Prot

ecte

d Ar

ea S

AP 1

.10

(res

earc

h &

sci

ence

).

70


Stra

tegy

3: S

tren

gthe

ning

and

gre

enin

g th

e pr

ivat

e se

ctor

, inc

ludi

ng s

mal

l-sca

le b

usin

ess

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

Res

ult

(Out

com

e/O

utpu

t) 3

.1: T

he n

umbe

r of

sm

all-s

cale

bus

ines

ses

that

pro

cess

loca

l pro

duce

for

dom

estic

and

exp

ort

mar

kets

(fis

h pr

oduc

e, a

gric

ultu

ral

prod

uce,

live

stoc

k, h

andi

craf

t) in

crea

ses.

Stre

ngth

en a

nd a

chie

ve ‘g

reen

ing’

of l

ocal

proc

essi

ng b

usin

ess

to a

dd v

alue

to

loca

l pro

duce

and

deve

lop

smal

l- to

med

ium

-sca

le b

usin

esse

s(u

sing

cro

ps, fi

sh, l

ives

tock

and

han

dicr

aft

and

focu

sing

on

nich

e m

arke

ts).

• Id

entif

y an

d pr

omot

e cr

ops

and

spec

ies

of

lives

tock

, fru

it an

d fis

h th

at a

re m

ore

resi

lient

to

the

impa

cts

of c

limat

e ch

ange

.•

Prom

ote

proc

essi

ng o

f and

add

ing

valu

e to

se

lect

ed c

rops

, fru

its, n

uts,

lives

tock

, fish

and

ot

her

prod

ucts

tha

t ar

e re

silie

nt t

o th

e im

pact

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge (

this

can

incl

ude

pres

ervi

ng

food

e.g

. dri

ed t

una

or p

roce

ssin

g fo

od li

ke

virg

in c

ocon

ut o

il an

d co

conu

t sa

p su

gar)

. (N

ote:

rev

iew

Kir

ibat

i Han

dicr

aft

and

Loca

l Pr

oduc

e co

mpa

ny’s

capa

city

to

proc

ess

frui

t an

d to

tak

e ov

er t

he o

pera

tion

of t

he fr

uit

proc

essi

ng fa

ctor

y at

Tem

wai

ku.)

• In

vest

igat

e ho

w p

riva

te s

ecto

r ca

n ge

t en

gage

d in

mee

ting

the

dem

ands

for

orga

nica

lly

proc

esse

d fo

od a

nd o

ther

loca

l pro

duct

s (m

arin

e an

d ag

ricu

ltura

l pro

duct

s). P

rocu

re a

nd

deliv

er r

equi

red

and

suita

ble

equi

pmen

t an

d m

achi

nery

for

proc

essi

ng (

e.g.

Dir

ect

Mic

ro

Expe

ller

for

virg

in c

ocon

ut o

il pr

oces

sing

, pot

s fo

r pr

oduc

ing

coco

nut

sap

suga

r, so

lar

drye

rs

for

brea

dfru

it, fi

sh).

• D

evel

op a

nd p

rovi

de t

rain

ing

on p

roce

ssin

g an

d m

arke

ting

of ‘c

limat

e re

silie

nt p

rodu

cts’

(on

Ta

raw

a an

d ou

ter

isla

nds)

.

Inco

me

gene

ratio

n of

loca

l pr

oduc

ers

incr

ease

d by

10

%

thro

ugh

bett

er p

roce

ssed

and

m

arke

ted

prod

ucts

.

Num

ber

of s

mal

l to

med

ium

sca

le

busi

ness

es in

volv

ed in

gre

enin

g of

lo

cal p

roce

ssin

g/va

lue

addi

ng.

Incr

ease

in p

rodu

ctiv

ity o

f cro

ps,

lives

tock

and

fish

farm

ing

Num

ber

and

vari

ety

of lo

cally

pr

oduc

ed a

nd p

roce

ssed

food

and

ot

her

prod

ucts

for

dom

estic

and

ex

port

mar

kets

MEL

AD

, M

FMR

D,

MC

IC,

MLH

RD

KH

LP, M

IA, K

CC

I, pr

ivat

e se

ctor

, NG

Os

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, U

SAID

, New

Z

eala

nd A

id

Prog

ram

, G

IZ/ G

erm

an

Dev

elop

men

t C

oope

ratio

n,

SPC

, in

tern

atio

nal

NG

Os

$2,0

62,6

33

71


Stra

tegy

3: S

tren

gthe

ning

and

gre

enin

g th

e pr

ivat

e se

ctor

, inc

ludi

ng s

mal

l-sca

le b

usin

ess

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

Res

ult

(Out

com

e/O

utpu

t) 3

.1: C

ontin

ued

Stre

ngth

en c

apac

ities

of e

xist

ing

expo

rt c

ompa

nies

to in

crea

se e

xpor

t of

loca

lly m

ade

prod

ucts

.•

Impr

ove

capa

citie

s of

exi

stin

g ex

port

com

pani

es

to in

crea

se t

heir

exp

orts

(su

ch a

s K

irib

ati

Cop

ra M

ill C

ompa

ny L

td a

nd K

irib

ati F

ish

Ltd,

pr

ivat

e se

ctor

bus

ines

ses)

.•

Faci

litat

e an

d pr

omot

e es

tabl

ishm

ent

of n

ew

proc

essi

ng a

nd m

anuf

actu

ring

bus

ines

ses

to

vent

ure

into

new

pro

duct

s th

at h

ave

nich

e m

arke

ts.

• St

reng

then

the

Kir

ibat

i Han

dicr

afts

and

Loc

al

Prod

ucts

Mar

ketin

g A

utho

rity

(in

cha

rge

of

mar

ketin

g) t

o fa

cilit

ate

dom

estic

mar

kets

(lo

cal

prod

ucts

) an

d ex

port

s.

% in

crea

se in

vol

ume

of e

xpor

ts

Num

ber

of n

ew p

roce

ssin

g an

d m

anuf

actu

ring

bus

ines

ses

esta

blis

hed

MC

ICM

FMR

D, M

ELA

D,

MLH

RD

All

part

ners

$389

,811

Res

ult

(Out

put)

3.2

: Pri

vate

sec

tor

impl

emen

ts g

reen

ing

initi

ativ

es (

in a

reas

suc

h as

tou

rism

, tra

de, t

rans

port

, im

port

/exp

ort)

.

Expl

ore

and

impl

emen

t op

port

uniti

es o

f gre

enin

gim

port

-bas

ed p

riva

te s

ecto

r (e

spec

ially

in S

outh

Tara

wa

and

Kir

itim

ati).

• C

onsu

lt an

d ra

ise

awar

enes

s on

gre

en g

row

th

(incl

udin

g cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

dis

aste

r ri

sks)

w

ith p

riva

te s

ecto

r to

iden

tify

oppo

rtun

ities

(e

.g. l

ow-im

pact

pro

duct

s, gr

een

tech

nolo

gies

, m

inim

um e

nerg

y pe

rfor

man

ce s

tand

ards

and

la

belli

ng).

Incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

bus

ines

ses

adop

ting

gree

ning

initi

ativ

es

Num

ber

of e

coto

uris

m b

usin

esse

s (t

hat

also

sup

port

CC

ada

ptat

ion

and

DR

M).

Num

ber

of s

elec

ted

gree

n to

uris

m

prod

ucts

bei

ng p

rom

oted

.

KC

CI,

priv

ate

sect

orM

ELA

D, K

NEG

All

part

ners

, in

tern

atio

nal

NG

Os,

fore

ign

gree

n bu

sine

sses

$87,

878

Stre

ngth

en a

nd a

chie

ve e

coto

uris

m in

itiat

ives

tha

tsu

ppor

t C

CA

and

DR

M (

e.g

bone

fish

tour

ism

)•

Rev

iew

and

ana

lyse

exi

stin

g an

d ne

w p

oten

tial

tour

ism

des

tinat

ions

and

pro

duct

s (b

uild

ing

on

exis

ting

stud

ies)

.•

Wor

k w

ith t

ouri

sm c

ompa

nies

and

gue

st

hous

es t

o de

velo

p an

d pr

omot

e se

lect

ed g

reen

to

uris

m p

rodu

cts

(for

all i

slan

ds, i

nclu

ding

bo

nefis

hing

on

Kir

itim

ati a

nd N

onou

ti).

• En

cour

age

peop

le t

o es

tabl

ish

ecot

ouri

sm

busi

ness

es, a

nd p

rovi

de g

uida

nce

on t

ouri

st

dem

ands

as

wel

l as

gree

ning

and

mar

ketin

g to

uris

m p

roje

cts.

MC

TT

D,

priv

ate

sect

or

MO

E, O

B, M

IA,

oute

r is

land

cou

ncils

, M

ELA

D a

nd o

ther

co

ncer

ned

min

istr

ies

All

part

ners

, So

uth

Paci

fic

Tour

ism

O

rgan

isat

ion,

SP

REP

, SPC

$768

,227

72


Stra

tegy

3: S

tren

gthe

ning

and

gre

enin

g th

e pr

ivat

e se

ctor

, inc

ludi

ng s

mal

l-sca

le b

usin

ess

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

Res

ult

(Out

put)

3.2

: Con

tinue

d

Dev

elop

and

str

engt

hen

loca

l bus

ines

ses

and

artis

anal

fish

erie

s to

cap

italis

e on

the

like

ly in

crea

sein

ski

pjac

k tu

na s

tock

s an

d to

bet

ter

use

byca

tch

for

food

sec

urity

.•

Dev

elop

Tra

nssh

ipm

ent

and

Seco

ndar

y Se

rvic

es

Busi

ness

Pla

n (fo

r ba

itfish

, loc

al m

achi

ne s

hops

, sa

lt et

c.),

cove

ring

pro

hibi

tion

and

enfo

rcem

ent

of a

ll tr

anss

hipm

ents

at-

sea

in E

EZ (

incl

udin

g lo

nglin

e8 ).

• Id

entif

y vi

able

mar

ket

nich

es fo

r tu

na s

peci

es

of le

ss t

han

10 k

g in

wei

ght

and

conc

omita

ntly

de

velo

p vi

able

pro

duct

s pr

oces

sed

from

suc

h tu

na.

• Es

tabl

ish

Bait-

Cat

chin

g U

nits

(Ba

gans

) at

re

leva

nt lo

catio

ns in

lago

onal

isla

nds

to

com

plem

ent

supp

ly o

f bai

t fo

r sm

all-s

cale

ar

tisan

al fi

sher

s to

use

in t

heir

fish

ing

oper

atio

ns t

arge

ting

skip

jack

, yel

low

fin a

nd

bige

ye t

una

spec

ies9 .

• Es

tabl

ish

and

mai

ntai

n ef

fect

ive

and

wel

l-re

sour

ced

Com

pete

nt A

utho

rity

, with

exp

ertis

e an

d re

sour

ces

to d

evel

op a

nd c

ertif

y ch

ain

of c

usto

dy p

roce

sses

(im

port

ant

for

enab

ling

the

expo

rt o

f sea

food

pro

duct

s to

Eur

opea

n m

arke

ts).

• Im

plem

ent

Part

ies

to N

auru

Agr

eem

ent V

esse

l D

ay S

chem

e an

d ot

her

com

mitm

ents

thr

ough

ac

cess

/lice

nsin

g ag

reem

ents

.

At

leas

t 10

Bai

t-C

atch

ing-

Uni

ts

esta

blis

hed

on o

uter

isla

nds

by 2

020.

A C

ompe

tent

Aut

hori

ty is

fully

op

erat

iona

l by

2018

% o

f int

egra

tion

of n

atio

nal

com

mitm

ent

in c

ompl

ianc

e to

PN

A

MFM

RD

Nat

iona

l tun

a fis

hing

ass

ocia

tions

, fis

hers

’ coo

pera

tives

(in

clus

ive

of w

omen

), K

CC

I and

pri

vate

se

ctor

, MC

IC, u

rban

co

unci

ls, a

nd o

ther

s

Kir

ibat

i de

velo

pmen

t pa

rtne

rs s

uch

as A

ustr

alia

’s A

id P

rogr

am,

EU, N

ew

Zea

land

Aid

Pr

ogra

m,

Wor

ld B

ank,

et

c.; C

ROP

mem

bers

su

ch a

s SP

C,

FFA

; Par

ties

to N

auru

A

gree

men

t Se

cret

aria

t

$1,1

22,0

05

8 Sou

rce:

MFM

RD (

2013

).9 S

ourc

e: M

FMRD

(20

13).

73


Stra

tegy

3: S

tren

gthe

ning

and

gre

enin

g th

e pr

ivat

e se

ctor

, inc

ludi

ng s

mal

l-sca

le b

usin

ess

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

Res

ult

(Out

put)

3.2

: Con

tinue

d

Dev

elop

Fis

heri

es M

anag

emen

t Pl

ans

for

key

com

mer

cial

spe

cies

, inc

ludi

ng: b

eche

-de-

mer

,aq

uari

um, b

onefi

sh (

spor

t fis

hing

and

sub

sist

ence

),ar

c sh

ells

, gia

nt c

lam

s, se

awee

d et

c., t

o st

reng

then

sust

aina

ble

man

agem

ent

and

resi

lienc

e an

dco

nsid

erin

g lik

ely

effe

cts

of c

limat

e ch

ange

and

disa

ster

ris

ks o

n th

ese

com

mer

cial

res

ourc

es.

• D

evel

op M

anag

emen

t Pl

ans

(incl

udin

g co

nsul

tatio

ns).

• D

evel

op r

egul

atio

ns (

incl

udin

g co

nsul

tatio

ns).

• G

ain

appr

oval

from

Cab

inet

.•

Impl

emen

t M

anag

emen

t Pl

ans

and

enfo

rce

regu

latio

ns.

• (P

oten

tially

res

tore

the

fish

ery

for

arc

shel

l (te

bu

n) in

Tar

awa.

)

Prop

ortio

n of

fish

sto

cks

with

in t

heir

sa

fe b

iolo

gica

l lim

its

Res

tora

tion

of 1

0% o

f ‘te

bun

’ sto

ck

at s

elec

ted

pilo

t M

PA s

ites

(suc

h as

Te

aora

erek

e- N

anik

ai a

nd A

baia

ng)

by 2

017

MFM

RD

MIA

, MEL

AD

, Offi

ce

of A

udito

r-G

ener

al,

isla

nd c

ounc

ils,

and

othe

r re

leva

nt

min

istr

ies,

fishe

rs’

asso

ciat

ion

(incl

udin

g w

omen

)

All

part

ners

, SP

C, F

FA$2

61,2

60

Rev

iew

aqu

acul

ture

act

iviti

es a

nd d

evel

opaq

uacu

lture

dev

elop

men

t st

rate

gy t

o m

axim

ise

food

sec

urity

and

to

bene

fit li

velih

oods

.•

Rev

iew

and

con

duct

feas

ibili

ty s

tudy

on

exis

ting

aqua

cultu

re c

onte

xt in

Kir

ibat

i to

dete

rmin

e co

nstr

aint

s an

d po

tent

ial f

or e

nhan

cing

ec

onom

ic g

row

th, e

mpl

oym

ent

and

food

se

curi

ty (

incl

udin

g ex

istin

g po

nd in

fras

truc

ture

of

Tar

awa

and

Kir

itim

ati).

• Fo

rmul

ate

natio

nal a

quac

ultu

re d

evel

opm

ent

stra

tegy

.•

Impl

emen

t th

e na

tiona

l aqu

acul

ture

de

velo

pmen

t st

rate

gy b

y 2

015.

Incr

ease

in a

quac

ultu

re p

rodu

ctiv

ity

by 2

0 %

in 2

018.

MFM

RD

MIA

, isl

and

coun

cils

, Ta

iwan

Tec

hnic

al

Mis

sion

, Eco

-Far

m,

Kir

ibat

i Fis

h Lt

d,

fishe

rs’ a

ssoc

iatio

ns

(incl

udin

g w

omen

), pr

ivat

e se

ctor

s

Kir

ibat

i de

velo

pmen

t pa

rtne

rs s

uch

as A

ustr

alia

’s A

id P

rogr

am,

New

Zea

land

A

id P

rogr

am,

FAO

, Tai

wan

G

over

nmen

t, et

c.; C

ROP

mem

bers

suc

h as

SPC

, FFA

; in

tern

atio

nal

NG

Os

such

as

Wor

ldFi

sh

$27,

440

74


Stra

tegy

3: S

tren

gthe

ning

and

gre

enin

g th

e pr

ivat

e se

ctor

, inc

ludi

ng s

mal

l-sca

le b

usin

ess

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

Res

ult

(Out

put)

3.3

: Pri

vate

sec

tor

inco

pora

tes

clim

ate

chan

ge &

dis

aste

r ri

sks

into

its

stra

tegi

c &

bus

ines

s pl

ans

(and

ass

esse

s fe

asab

ility

of i

nsur

ance

).

Inco

rpor

ate

the

cons

ider

atio

n of

ris

ks a

ndre

spon

ses

to c

limat

e ch

ange

and

haz

ards

into

stra

tegi

c an

d bu

sine

ss p

lans

and

exp

lore

opt

ions

to t

rans

fer

risk

s to

the

thi

rd p

artie

s (m

icro

insu

ranc

e) t

o pr

otec

t lo

cal b

usin

esse

s fr

om lo

ss o

fbu

sine

ss a

nd/o

r pr

ofit

due

to d

amag

e ca

used

by

fire,

inun

datio

ns, s

torm

s, co

asta

l ero

sion

and

tsun

ami.

• D

evel

op g

uida

nce

on in

tegr

atin

g ad

apta

tions

an

d ri

sk-r

educ

ing

mea

sure

s in

to b

usin

ess

oper

atio

n pl

ans

(as

a ba

selin

e).

• C

ondu

ct a

feas

ibili

ty s

tudy

on

intr

oduc

ing

mic

ro in

sura

nce

sche

mes

(po

tent

ially

pro

duct

de

velo

pmen

t, tr

aini

ng a

nd p

rom

otio

n th

roug

h K

irib

ati I

nsur

ance

Cor

pora

tion)

.

Incr

ease

in p

erce

ntag

e of

bus

ines

ses

inco

rpor

atin

g cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

di

sast

er r

isk

in t

heir

str

ateg

ic a

nd

busi

ness

pla

ns in

clud

ing

insu

ranc

e by

20

18

MC

IC,

Kir

ibat

i In

sura

nce

Cor

pora

tion

MFE

D, p

riva

te s

ecto

r, K

CC

I, O

BR

eins

uran

ce

com

pani

es, a

ll pa

rtne

rs

$212

,989

Tota

l Cos

ts S

trat

egy

3$4

,932

,242

75


Stra

tegy

4: I

ncre

asin

g w

ater

and

food

sec

urity

with

inte

grat

ed a

nd s

ecto

r-sp

ecifi

c ap

proa

ches

and

pro

mot

ing

heal

thy

and

resi

lient

eco

syst

ems

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

rR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

4.1

: Com

mun

ities

with

isla

nd c

ounc

ils m

anag

e an

d im

plem

ent

clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

n an

d di

sast

er r

isk

redu

ctio

n m

easu

res

as a

n in

tegr

al p

art

of

thei

r de

velo

pmen

t ef

fort

s an

d in

clus

ive

of v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

.

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t a

prog

ram

for

com

mun

ityba

sed

inte

grat

ed v

ulne

rabi

lity

asse

ssm

ent,

clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

n an

d di

sast

er r

isk

man

agem

ent

(suc

h as

the

Who

le o

f Isl

and

App

roac

h, W

oI).

• D

evel

op a

nat

iona

l com

mun

ity-b

ased

inte

grat

ed

vuln

erab

ility

ass

essm

ent

fram

ewor

k (in

dica

tors

, su

rvey

app

roac

h, p

lann

ing

and

cost

ing

of

actio

ns),

build

ing

on t

he G

over

nmen

t’s e

xist

ing

vuln

erab

ility

ass

essm

ent

fram

ewor

k (2

011)

.•

Pilo

t ne

w o

r co

ntin

ue a

pply

ing

exis

ting

appr

oach

es o

n se

lect

ed o

uter

isla

nds.

• Es

tabl

ish

loca

l ste

erin

g fu

nctio

n at

out

er is

land

co

unci

l lev

el a

nd fo

cal p

oint

.•

Con

duct

inte

grat

ed a

nd p

artic

ipat

ory

vuln

erab

ility

ass

essm

ents

to

iden

tify

adap

tatio

n an

d di

sast

er r

isk

redu

ctio

n ac

tions

, bui

ldin

g on

ex

istin

g as

sess

men

ts.

• D

evel

op a

loca

l ada

ptat

ion

and

DR

M p

lan

and/

or r

espe

ctiv

ely

inte

grat

e id

entifi

ed a

ctio

ns in

to

Isla

nd C

ounc

il St

rate

gic

Plan

s an

d Is

land

Cou

ncil

Ope

ratio

nal P

lans

(an

nual

).•

Rai

se a

war

enes

s an

d co

nduc

t tr

aini

ng o

n cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

DR

M, t

arge

ting

oute

r is

land

cou

ncil

mem

bers

, out

er is

land

chi

ef e

xecu

tive

offic

ers

and

trea

sure

rs, a

nd e

xten

sion

offi

cers

, NG

Os,

yout

h an

d w

omen

, pri

vate

sec

tor

and

faith

-ba

sed

orga

nisa

tions

’ rep

rese

ntat

ives

. Ex

chan

ge

info

rmat

ion

on a

nd r

eplic

ate

good

pra

ctic

es o

n fu

rthe

r ou

ter

isla

nds.

• M

onito

r an

d ev

alua

te a

chie

vem

ents

.•

Exch

ange

info

rmat

ion

on a

nd r

eplic

ate

good

pr

actic

es o

n fu

rthe

r ou

ter

isla

nds.

• R

evie

w o

f the

Who

le o

f Isl

and

App

roac

h (W

oI)

(s

elec

tion

crite

ria,

less

ons

lear

nt,..

.)•

Dev

elop

a w

hole

of c

ount

ry p

lan

for

repl

icat

ion

of “

WO

I”

Kir

ibat

i Int

egra

ted

Vuln

erab

ility

Fr

amew

ork

deve

lope

d an

d ap

prov

ed

by 2

014

Num

ber

of Is

land

Cou

ncil

Stra

tegi

c Pl

ans

and

isla

nd c

ounc

il st

eeri

ng

com

mitt

ees

that

con

side

r C

C &

C

CA

and

DR

M

Kir

ibat

i app

roac

hes

to c

omm

unity

-ba

sed

clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

n an

d di

sast

er r

isk

man

agem

ent

(inte

grat

ed

and

sect

or-s

peci

fic)

are

bein

g re

plic

ated

bas

ed o

n le

sson

s le

arne

d an

d be

st p

ract

ice

revi

ews

on a

t le

ast

six

oute

r is

land

s by

201

5

Incr

ease

d sh

are

of o

uter

isla

nd

coun

cil s

trat

egic

pla

ns in

corp

orat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

and

DR

M

(bas

elin

e: in

201

3 A

baia

ng, T

eina

inan

o U

rban

Cou

ncil

and

Betio

Tow

n C

ounc

il ha

ve s

trat

egic

pla

ns, w

ith

Betio

Tow

n C

ounc

il co

nsid

erin

g cl

imat

e ch

ange

; tar

get

to h

ave

all

oute

r is

land

cou

ncils

inco

rpor

atin

g cl

imat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

and

DR

M

into

the

ir p

lans

by

end

of 2

015)

Bios

ecur

ity A

ct is

inco

rpor

ated

into

th

e is

land

cou

ncils

’ byl

aws

on a

ll ou

ter

isla

nds

by 2

023

(bas

elin

e 20

13:

Aba

iang

is d

one)

Less

ons

lear

ned

and

best

pra

ctic

es

from

who

le-o

f-isl

and

appr

oach

to

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd D

RM

are

pu

blis

hed

by 2

016

MEL

AD

, M

FMR

D,

MIA

, MPW

U,

oute

r is

land

co

unci

ls

OB,

KN

EG M

FED

, N

atio

nal S

tatis

tics

Offi

ce, K

irib

ati

Loca

l Gov

ernm

ent

Ass

ocia

tion,

N

GO

s, fa

ith-b

ased

or

gani

satio

ns

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, N

ew Z

eala

nd

Aid

Pro

gram

, U

SAID

, GIZ

/ G

erm

an

Dev

elop

men

t C

oope

ratio

n,

EU, A

DB,

WB,

U

ND

P, SP

C,

SPR

EP, U

SP,

ING

O

$757

,990

76


Stra

tegy

4: I

ncre

asin

g w

ater

and

food

sec

urity

with

inte

grat

ed a

nd s

ecto

r-sp

ecifi

c ap

proa

ches

and

pro

mot

ing

heal

thy

and

resi

lient

eco

syst

ems

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

rR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

4.1

: Con

tinue

d

Dev

elop

com

mun

ity-b

ased

pro

tect

ed a

reas

and

prot

ect

spec

ies

at o

uter

isla

nd le

vel.

• D

evel

op o

uter

isla

nd c

omm

unity

-bas

ed

prot

ecte

d ar

eas.

• U

nder

take

con

trol

and

era

dica

tion

mea

sure

s to

co

mba

t in

vasi

ve s

peci

es.

• D

evel

op n

etw

orki

ng a

nd o

uter

isla

nd

coun

terp

arts

with

com

mun

ities

to

enha

nce

loca

l pa

rtic

ipat

ion

in m

aint

aini

ng a

nd r

epor

ting

on

the

stat

us o

f inv

asiv

e sp

ecie

s, an

d im

pact

s on

en

viro

nmen

tal p

robl

ems

affe

ctin

g co

mm

unity

-ba

sed

prot

ecte

d ar

eas

and

prot

ecte

d sp

ecie

s.•

Iden

tify

loca

l cou

nter

part

to

be t

rain

ed o

n en

viro

nmen

tal i

ssue

s to

car

ry o

ut in

vasi

ve a

lien

spec

ies

mon

itori

ng s

yste

m in

out

er is

land

s.•

Inte

grat

e co

mm

unity

-bas

ed p

rote

cted

are

as a

nd

prot

ecte

d sp

ecie

s in

to o

uter

isla

nd b

ylaw

s.•

Con

serv

e is

land

bio

dive

rsity

thr

ough

con

trol

ling

inva

sive

alie

n sp

ecie

s (m

ynah

bir

d) o

n al

l out

er

isla

nds

(st

artin

g w

ith O

noto

a an

d Ta

b N

orth

).

The

num

ber

of c

omm

unity

-bas

ed

prot

ecte

d ar

eas

and

prot

ecte

d sp

ecie

s es

tabl

ishe

d on

out

er is

land

s.

The

num

ber

of c

ontr

ols

that

hav

e be

en a

pplie

d to

add

ress

the

issu

e on

in

vasi

ve s

peci

es.

Inva

sive

spe

cies

hav

e be

en g

ener

ally

re

duce

d by

10%

by

2020

.

The

num

ber

of in

vasi

ve s

peci

es

netw

ork

batt

lers

and

out

er is

land

in

vasi

ve s

peci

es r

epor

ters

est

ablis

hed.

The

num

ber

of t

rain

ed lo

cal

coun

terp

arts

tha

t pa

rtic

ipat

ed in

in

vasi

ve s

peci

es m

onito

ring

.

The

Isla

nd c

ounc

il by

law

inte

grat

es

the

prov

isio

ns fo

r co

mm

unity

-bas

ed

prot

ecte

d ar

eas

and

prot

ecte

d sp

ecie

s by

202

0

Inva

sive

alie

n sp

ecie

s (m

ynah

bir

ds)

are

redu

ced

on O

noto

a &

Tab

-Nor

th

by 1

0% b

y 20

20.

Envi

ronm

ent

and

Con

serv

atio

n D

ivis

ion

(MEL

AD

)

Kir

ibat

i Loc

al

Gov

ernm

ent

Ass

ocia

tion,

N

GO

s, fa

ith-b

ased

or

gani

satio

ns, I

slan

d C

ounc

ils, A

LD,

All

deve

lopm

ent

part

ners

, SP

REP

, in

tern

atio

nal

NG

Os

$132

,970

77


Stra

tegy

4: I

ncre

asin

g w

ater

and

food

sec

urity

with

inte

grat

ed a

nd s

ecto

r-sp

ecifi

c ap

proa

ches

and

pro

mot

ing

heal

thy

and

resi

lient

eco

syst

ems

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

rR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

4.2

: Sal

t, dr

ough

t, ra

in &

hea

t-st

ress

res

ilien

t cr

ops,

frui

t, ve

geta

bles

& li

vest

ock

bree

ds a

re id

entifi

ed &

pro

mot

ed a

nd c

omm

uniti

es p

rese

rve

loca

l fo

od (

frui

t tr

ees

and

seef

ood)

.

Con

duct

agr

icul

tura

l res

earc

h pr

ogra

ms

onsu

stai

nabl

e an

d re

silie

nt fo

od c

rop

and

lives

tock

prod

uctio

n sy

stem

s (in

clud

ing

soil–

wat

erm

anag

emen

t te

chni

ques

in v

eget

able

pro

duct

ion,

grey

wat

er u

se a

nd w

aste

wat

er t

reat

men

t, liv

esto

ckw

aste

man

agem

ent,

pest

and

dis

ease

con

trol

,co

nstr

uctio

n, w

etla

nds)

.•

Upg

rade

the

Agr

icul

ture

and

Liv

esto

ck D

ivis

ion

and

its C

entr

e of

Exc

elle

nce

rese

arch

sta

tions

an

d fa

cilit

ies

for

rese

arch

rel

ated

to

crop

s an

d liv

esto

ck –

Tan

aea,

Aba

tao

and

Buta

rita

ri s

tatio

ns

(incl

udin

g re

sear

ch a

nd d

iagn

ostic

equ

ipm

ent

for

and

staf

f tra

inin

g on

fiel

d re

sear

ch a

nd a

naly

sis)

.•

Iden

tify

sour

ces

and

cond

uct

tria

ls a

nd

expe

rim

ents

on

resi

lient

cro

ps a

nd li

vest

ock

bree

ds a

nd e

valu

ate

them

for

thei

r to

lera

nce

and

resi

stan

ce t

o cl

imat

e ch

ange

impa

cts.

• D

evel

op c

apac

ity o

f fiel

d an

d re

sear

ch s

taff

of A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

ives

tock

Div

isio

n fo

r co

nduc

ting

agri

cultu

ral a

nd c

limat

e ch

ange

re

sear

ch.

• Im

prov

e di

agno

stic

faci

litie

s an

d pe

rson

nel o

f A

gric

ultu

re a

nd L

ives

tock

Div

isio

n to

dea

l with

bo

th c

rop

and

lives

tock

pes

ts a

nd d

isea

ses.

• C

ondu

ct a

tri

al o

n aq

uapo

nic

food

pro

duct

ion

syst

em a

t th

e C

entr

e of

Exc

elle

nce

• Es

tabl

ish

rev

olvi

ng fu

nds

with

in c

omm

unity

ba

sed

coop

erat

ives

for

agri

cultu

ral a

ctiv

ities

Incr

ease

in h

ouse

hold

acc

ess

to

frui

t tr

ees,

root

s an

d tu

ber

crop

s, ve

geta

bles

, chi

cken

and

cro

ss-b

reed

pi

gs t

hat

are

cons

ider

ed r

esili

ent

to

clim

ate

extr

emes

and

sal

inity

by

2016

an

d on

an

ongo

ing

basi

s (b

asel

ine:

ba

sed

on t

he 2

010

Nat

iona

l Cen

sus,

aver

age

acce

ss t

o fo

od c

rops

is s

ix

crop

s pe

r ho

useh

old

and

to li

vest

ock

(pig

s an

d ch

icke

ns)

is s

ix p

igs

and/

or

chic

kens

per

hou

seho

ld; t

arge

t is

to

incr

ease

the

se fi

gure

s by

70%

)

Agr

icul

tura

l cen

tral

and

out

er is

land

s re

sear

ch a

nd m

ajor

pro

duci

ng

stat

ions

are

wel

l equ

ippe

d an

d es

tabl

ishe

d w

ith p

lant

ing

mat

eria

ls

Dia

gnos

tic a

nd s

oil m

ini l

abor

ator

y up

grad

ed a

t ALD

.

ALD

sta

ff co

nduc

ts d

iagn

ostic

s an

d re

sear

ch o

n pe

st a

nd d

isea

ses

and

clim

ate

chan

ge in

rel

atio

n to

cro

p an

d liv

esto

ck.

Eval

uatio

n re

port

on

aqua

poni

c fo

od

prod

uctio

n sy

stem

res

ults

pub

lishe

d.R

evol

ving

fund

s es

tabl

ishe

d

Agr

icul

ture

an

d Li

vest

ock

Div

isio

n (M

ELA

D)

MFE

D, M

FMR

D,

MIA

, Env

iron

men

t an

d C

onse

rvat

ion

Div

isio

n an

d La

nds

(MEL

AD

)

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, U

SAID

, EU

, FA

O, U

ND

P, G

erm

an

Dev

elop

men

t C

oope

ratio

n;

SPC

(La

nd

Res

ourc

es

Div

isio

n an

d SO

PAC

); A

CIA

R, I

FAD

, U

SP

$1,1

33,0

98

78


Stra

tegy

4: I

ncre

asin

g w

ater

and

food

sec

urity

with

inte

grat

ed a

nd s

ecto

r-sp

ecifi

c ap

proa

ches

and

pro

mot

ing

heal

thy

and

resi

lient

eco

syst

ems

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

rR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

4.2

: Con

tinue

d

Des

ign,

tes

t, im

plem

ent

and

eval

uate

agr

icul

ture

prod

uctio

n sy

stem

s to

est

ablis

h fo

od-s

ecur

eco

mm

uniti

es in

the

face

of c

limat

e ch

ange

s an

ddi

sast

er r

isks

at

com

mun

ity le

vel.

• Id

entif

y an

d se

lect

com

mun

ity p

ilot

site

s hi

ghly

im

pact

ed b

y cl

imat

e ch

ange

.•

Esta

blis

h a

mul

ti-se

nsin

g an

d m

onito

ring

sys

tem

fo

r ac

quir

ing

sign

ifica

nt p

aram

eter

s re

late

d to

ag

ricu

lture

and

clim

ate

chan

ge (

e.g.

tem

pera

ture

, hu

mid

ity, s

olar

rad

iatio

n, s

oil p

H, s

oil m

oist

ure,

le

af w

etne

ss, p

est

and

dise

ase

acco

untin

g, ca

rbon

di

oxid

e co

ncen

trat

ion,

soi

l and

wat

er s

alin

ity).

• C

arry

out

clim

ate

chan

ge v

ulne

rabi

lity

asse

ssm

ents

and

ada

ptiv

e ca

paci

ties

in

agri

cultu

re a

t se

lect

ed fa

rmin

g co

mm

uniti

es.

• D

ocum

ent

trad

ition

al k

now

ledg

e, a

mon

g m

en

and

wom

en, o

f cul

tivat

ion,

pre

para

tion

and

pres

erva

tion

tech

niqu

es fo

r tr

aditi

onal

food

cr

ops

and

frui

t tr

ees.

• D

evel

op c

omm

unity

and

out

er is

land

s aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

and

dem

onst

ratio

n si

tes

to p

rom

ote

clim

ate-

resi

lient

cro

p an

d liv

esto

ck p

rodu

ctio

n sy

stem

s (t

akin

g in

to c

onsi

dera

tion

trad

ition

al

and

cont

empo

rary

kno

wle

dge

and

prac

tices

, su

ch a

s ag

rofo

rest

ry, d

roug

ht/s

alin

ity-r

esili

ent

crop

s an

d liv

esto

ck, s

usta

inab

le m

anag

emen

t pr

actic

es).

• Im

plem

ent

iden

tified

act

ions

and

mon

itor

prog

ress

(su

ch a

s pr

omot

ion

and

enha

ncem

ent

of h

ouse

hold

agr

ofor

estr

y sy

stem

s, re

-pla

ntin

g of

tra

ditio

nal a

nd c

limat

e re

silie

nt s

tapl

e fo

od

crop

s (e

.g. c

ocon

ut t

rees

, cas

sava

, sw

eet

pota

to,

etc)

, upg

radi

ng is

land

nur

seri

es, p

ract

ice

of

orga

nic

and

cons

erva

tion

agri

cultu

re,c

ompo

stin

g, m

ulch

ing

and

cove

r cr

ops)

.•

Eval

uate

agr

icul

ture

pro

gram

s to

iden

tify

best

pr

actic

es a

nd le

sson

s le

arne

d.•

Rep

licat

e go

od p

ract

ices

on

all o

uter

isla

nd.

Incr

ease

in p

eopl

e tr

aine

d on

pr

eser

vatio

n on

food

Incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

hou

seho

lds

pres

ervi

ng t

radi

tiona

l sta

ple

food

s

Rep

orts

, doc

umen

ts, a

nd o

ther

aw

aren

ess

and

prom

otio

nal m

ater

ials

on

tra

ditio

nal k

now

ledg

e of

food

pr

eser

vatio

n te

chni

ques

pro

duce

d an

d pr

omot

ed

Num

ber

of c

omm

uniti

es a

nd

rese

arch

sta

tions

at

OIs

with

m

ulti-

sens

ing

and

mon

itori

ng

syst

em e

stab

lishe

d an

d pi

lote

d (in

co

llabo

ratio

n w

ith K

MS)

Num

ber

of O

Is d

emon

stra

tion

site

s an

d pi

lot

com

mun

ities

pra

ctic

ed

or t

rial

ed c

limat

e-re

silie

nt c

rop

and

lives

tock

pro

duct

ion

syst

ems

esta

blis

hed

(2 s

ites

or c

omm

uniti

es

at e

ach

Isla

nd o

f diff

eren

t gr

oups

/re

gion

s to

pro

duce

per

yea

r)

Agr

icul

ture

an

d Li

vest

ock

Div

isio

n an

d En

viro

nmen

t an

d C

onse

rvat

ion

Div

isio

n (M

ELA

D)

MIA

, OB,

KM

S, W

ater

En

gine

erin

g U

nit

(MPW

U),

MFM

RD

, K

NEG

, MC

IC,

MC

TT

D, N

GO

s

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, U

SAID

, EU

, FA

O, U

ND

P, G

erm

an

Dev

elop

men

t C

oope

ratio

n;

SPC

(La

nd

Res

ourc

es

Div

isio

n an

d SO

PAC

); A

CIA

R, I

FAD

, U

SP

$1,0

20,5

56

79


Stra

tegy

4: I

ncre

asin

g w

ater

and

food

sec

urity

with

inte

grat

ed a

nd s

ecto

r-sp

ecifi

c ap

proa

ches

and

pro

mot

ing

heal

thy

and

resi

lient

eco

syst

ems

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

rR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

4.2

: Con

tinue

d

Impr

ove

agri

cultu

re s

ervi

ces

to p

rom

ote

sust

aina

ble

agri

cultu

re m

anag

emen

t sy

stem

s an

d re

silie

nt c

rops

and

lives

tock

.•

Rep

air

the

chic

ken

faci

lity,

the

feed

sto

rage

she

d an

d th

e pi

gger

y, an

d im

plem

ent

wat

er t

anks

to

enha

nce

prod

uctio

n.•

Dev

elop

and

con

serv

e ad

apte

d lo

cal p

ig a

nd

chic

ken

bree

ds a

nd fe

ed.

• Im

prov

e an

d pr

omot

e an

imal

was

te m

anag

emen

t te

chno

logi

es.

• En

hanc

e liv

esto

ck a

nd c

rop

dist

ribu

tion

mec

hani

sm t

o ou

ter

isla

nds.

• D

evel

op a

nd d

istr

ibut

e liv

esto

ck a

nd a

gric

ultu

ral

man

agem

ent

guid

elin

es.

• Es

tabl

ish

a re

volv

ing

fund

with

in A

gric

ultu

re

and

Live

stoc

k D

ivis

ion

to m

aint

ain

the

lives

tock

fa

cilit

y.

Live

stoc

k pr

oduc

tion

is m

aint

aine

d or

incr

ease

s in

spi

te o

f clim

ate

chan

ge (

with

in s

usta

inab

le li

mits

)

Incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

live

stoc

k (p

igs

and

chic

kens

) di

stri

bute

d to

OIs

(B

asel

ine

need

to

esta

blis

h by

201

4)

Incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

chi

cken

and

pi

g pe

ns/h

ouse

s an

d nu

mbe

r of

st

ocks

mai

ntai

ned

for

bree

ding

and

im

prov

emen

t

Agr

icul

ture

an

d Li

vest

ock

Div

isio

n (M

ELA

D)

MIA

, OB,

KM

S, W

ater

En

gine

erin

g U

nit

(MPW

U),

MFM

RD

, K

NEG

, MC

IC,

MC

TT

D, N

GO

s

USA

ID,

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, G

erm

an

Dev

elop

men

t C

oope

ratio

n,

UN

DP,

FAO

, SPC

(S

OPA

C, L

and

Res

ourc

es

Div

isio

n), I

FAD

(Incl

uded

in

abov

e to

tal)

80


Stra

tegy

4: I

ncre

asin

g w

ater

and

food

sec

urity

with

inte

grat

ed a

nd s

ecto

r-sp

ecifi

c ap

proa

ches

and

pro

mot

ing

heal

thy

and

resi

lient

eco

syst

ems

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

rR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

4.3

: Com

mun

ities

man

age

coas

tal fi

sher

ies

taki

ng in

to c

onsi

dera

tion

sust

aina

bilit

y of

mar

ine

reso

urce

s as

wel

l as

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

s.

Impl

emen

t C

omm

unity

Bas

ed F

ishe

ries

Man

agem

ent

(CBF

M)

in t

hree

pilo

t co

mm

uniti

es10

to in

crea

se r

esili

ence

to

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd m

ake

use

of p

oten

tial b

enefi

ts (

such

as

likel

y in

crea

se o

fsk

ipja

ck t

una)

.•

Iden

tify

pilo

t co

mm

uniti

es fo

r C

BFM

.•

Con

duct

fish

erie

s-sp

ecifi

c vu

lner

abili

ty

asse

ssm

ent

to p

lan

adap

tatio

n ac

tiviti

es.

• D

ocum

ent

trad

ition

al k

now

ledg

e on

fish

ing,

navi

gatio

n an

d pr

eser

vatio

n te

chni

ques

.•

Dev

elop

com

mun

ity a

nd o

uter

isla

nds

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

m a

nd d

emon

stra

tion

site

s to

pro

mot

e C

BFM

(ta

king

into

con

side

ratio

n tr

aditi

onal

and

co

ntem

pora

ry k

now

ledg

e an

d pr

actic

es).

• Im

plem

ent

iden

tified

act

ions

and

mon

itor

prog

ress

(su

ch a

s ar

tifici

al r

eefs

, pre

serv

atio

n of

sea

food

, dep

loym

ent

of n

ears

hore

fish

ag

greg

atin

g de

vice

s (F

AD

s), m

anag

emen

t pl

ans,

esta

blis

hmen

t of

mar

ine

prot

ecte

d ar

ea, f

arm

ing

of c

lam

s, et

c.).

• Ev

alua

te C

BFM

pro

gram

s to

iden

tify

best

pr

actic

es a

nd le

sson

s le

arne

d.•

Exch

ange

info

rmat

ion

on a

nd r

eplic

ate

best

pr

actic

es.

Incr

ease

in h

ouse

hold

acc

ess

to

ocea

nic

and

aqua

cultu

re s

eafo

od

At

leas

t th

ree

vul

nera

bilit

y as

sess

men

t on

fish

erie

s re

port

s pu

blis

hed.

Trad

ition

al k

now

ledg

e an

d sc

ient

ific

and

adap

tatio

n m

essa

ges

publ

ishe

d as

aw

aren

ess

mat

eria

ls a

nd d

istr

ibut

ed

to t

arge

t co

mm

uniti

es

Ado

ptio

n of

bes

t pr

actic

es t

o ne

w

iden

tified

site

s

Agr

icul

ture

an

d Li

vest

ock

Div

isio

n (M

ELA

D)

MIA

, OB,

KM

S, W

ater

En

gine

erin

g U

nit

(MPW

U),

MFM

RD

, K

NEG

, MC

IC,

MC

TT

D, N

GO

s

USA

ID,

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, G

erm

an

Dev

elop

men

t C

oope

ratio

n,

UN

DP,

FAO

, SPC

(S

OPA

C, L

and

Res

ourc

es

Div

isio

n), I

FAD

(Incl

uded

in

abov

e to

tal)

10So

urce

: MFM

RD (

2013

).

81


Stra

tegy

4: I

ncre

asin

g w

ater

and

food

sec

urity

with

inte

grat

ed a

nd s

ecto

r-sp

ecifi

c ap

proa

ches

and

pro

mot

ing

heal

thy

and

resi

lient

eco

syst

ems

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

rR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

4.3

: Con

tinue

d

Dep

loy

netw

orks

of n

ears

hore

FA

Ds11

to

incr

ease

acce

ss t

o pe

lagi

c fis

h an

d re

duce

pre

ssur

e on

coas

tal fi

sher

ies.

• Id

entif

y FA

D d

eplo

ymen

t pr

iori

ty lo

catio

ns a

nd

FAD

num

ber/

budg

et (

i.e. d

eplo

y an

d m

aint

ain

50–1

00 F

AD

s fo

r fiv

e ye

ars)

and

rat

io o

f ne

arsh

ore

and

deep

wat

er F

AD

s ba

sed

on a

co

untr

y-w

ide

cost

–ben

efit

anal

ysis

.•

Iden

tify

indi

cato

rs a

nd d

evel

op r

esea

rch

plan

to

mon

itor

FAD

impa

cts/

bene

fits

and

impl

emen

t m

onito

ring

of c

atch

es.

• Id

entif

y an

d se

cure

fund

ing

for

cont

inuo

us F

AD

de

ploy

men

t an

d m

aint

enan

ce p

rogr

am, w

ith

cont

ribu

tion

from

acc

ess

agre

emen

t co

nditi

on

fund

ing.

• D

eplo

y an

d m

aint

ain

FAD

s, w

ith m

onito

ring

of

impa

ct in

dica

tors

.

Incr

ease

d ac

cess

of h

ouse

hold

s to

oc

eani

c an

d aq

uacu

lture

sea

food

FAD

dep

loye

d in

at

leas

t 5

loca

tions

ea

ch y

ear.

Mon

itori

ng r

epor

ts o

n FA

Ds

effe

cts

on in

crea

sing

fish

cat

ches

and

m

aint

enan

ce c

osts

pub

lishe

d ev

ery

2cd

year

.

MFM

RD

MIA

, MEL

AD

, isl

and

coun

cils

, MC

IC, O

B,

KN

EG, p

riva

te s

ecto

r (s

uch

as K

irib

ati F

ish

Ltd)

and

NG

Os,

fishe

rs (

men

and

w

omen

, com

mun

ities

an

d ar

tisan

al

fishe

ries

)

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, U

ND

P, EU

, G

IZ /

Ger

man

D

evel

opm

ent

Coo

pera

tion;

SP

C, F

FA,

AN

CO

RS,

Wor

ldFi

sh,

AC

IAR

$385

,170

11 S

ourc

e: M

FMRD

(20

13).

82


Stra

tegy

4: I

ncre

asin

g w

ater

and

food

sec

urity

with

inte

grat

ed a

nd s

ecto

r-sp

ecifi

c ap

proa

ches

and

pro

mot

ing

heal

thy

and

resi

lient

eco

syst

ems

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

rR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 4

.4: C

omm

uniti

es h

ave

cons

tant

acc

ess

to b

asic

food

com

mod

ities

.

Ensu

re c

onst

ant

avai

labi

lity

of b

asic

food

com

mod

ities

(su

ch a

s ri

ce, s

ugar

and

flou

r) t

oin

crea

se fo

od s

ecur

ity o

n Ta

raw

a an

d ou

ter

isla

nds.

• R

evie

w c

urre

nt n

atio

nal q

uota

for

basi

c fo

od

com

mod

ities

(ri

ce, fl

our

and

suga

r) t

o en

sure

it

mee

ts t

he p

opul

atio

n’s

need

s.•

Neg

otia

te a

bet

ter

ship

ping

rou

te t

hrou

gh

arra

ngem

ents

with

shi

ppin

g ag

enci

es t

o en

sure

th

at t

he fr

eque

ncy

of la

ndin

g is

com

puls

ory

(agr

eem

ent

coul

d be

par

t of

the

lice

nsin

g ar

rang

emen

t).

• C

ondu

ct o

ngoi

ng m

onito

ring

of m

inim

um o

rder

le

vels

to

ensu

re m

ajor

impo

rter

s pl

ace

mon

thly

or

ders

wel

l in

adva

nce.

• Es

tabl

ish

a re

serv

e fo

r ba

sic

food

com

mod

ities

to

cat

er fo

r sh

orta

ge o

f car

goes

in c

ase

of

dela

ys in

impo

rts

and

emer

genc

y ca

ses

(sug

ar,

rice

, flou

r) –

oft

en c

ause

d by

sev

ere

wea

ther

co

nditi

ons.

• C

onst

ruct

car

go w

areh

ouse

(ba

sic

food

res

erve

/bu

ffer)

.•

Iden

tify

optio

ns t

o im

prov

e th

e ca

rgo

ship

ping

ar

riva

ls fr

om o

vers

eas

and

subs

eque

nt

dist

ribu

tion

in K

irib

ati (

dela

ys c

ause

d by

bad

w

eath

er c

ondi

tions

).•

Con

duct

logi

stic

al a

nd e

cono

mic

cos

t–be

nefit

an

alys

is o

f exi

stin

g pr

ivat

e an

d pu

blic

shi

ppin

g lin

es t

o id

entif

y co

nstr

aint

s an

d ne

eds,

prio

ritis

e st

rate

gic

actio

ns (

note

: pri

vate

bus

ines

ses

pref

er c

ater

ing

for

neig

hbou

ring

isla

nds

whi

le

gove

rnm

ent

shou

ld lo

ok a

fter

long

dis

tanc

e ro

utes

, unl

ess

subs

idis

ed)

and

enha

nce

tran

spor

t se

rvic

es.

• Im

plem

ent

prio

ritis

ed s

trat

egic

act

ions

.

Red

uctio

n in

num

ber

of t

imes

th

at M

CIC

has

to

ratio

n ba

sic

com

mod

ities

by

2016

(ba

selin

e 20

13:

ratio

ning

req

uire

d on

ce t

o tw

ice

a ye

ar)

Ann

ual r

evie

w c

ondu

cted

Num

ber

of a

gree

men

t m

ade.

Reg

ular

and

con

sist

ent

orde

r pl

aced

fr

om o

vers

eas

Nat

iona

l Res

erve

for

basi

c fo

od

com

mod

ities

est

ablis

hed

Nat

iona

l car

go w

areh

ouse

co

nstr

ucte

d

Logi

stic

al a

nd e

cono

mic

cos

t be

nefit

an

alys

is p

ublis

hed.

MC

IC,

MC

TT

DK

CC

I, N

GO

, MFE

D,

ship

ping

line

s, pr

ivat

e se

ctor

(co

mm

erce

an

d tr

ade)

, MEL

AD

All

$245

,469

83


Stra

tegy

4: I

ncre

asin

g w

ater

and

food

sec

urity

with

inte

grat

ed a

nd s

ecto

r-sp

ecifi

c ap

proa

ches

and

pro

mot

ing

heal

thy

and

resi

lient

eco

syst

ems

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

rR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 4

.4: C

ontin

ued

Dev

elop

ince

ntiv

es a

nd s

trat

egie

s fo

r en

gagi

ng lo

cal

com

mun

ities

in p

rote

ctin

g w

ater

sou

rces

for

publ

ic w

ater

sup

ply

and

form

vill

age

wat

er a

ndsa

nita

tion

com

mitt

ees.

• C

ondu

ct c

ost–

bene

fit a

naly

sis

for

prov

idin

g fr

ee

wat

er t

o th

e la

ndow

ners

whe

re t

he r

eser

ves

are

loca

ted

• Im

plem

ent

the

resu

lts o

f the

cos

t–be

nefit

an

alys

is.

• D

evel

op a

nd c

ondu

ct e

duca

tion

and

com

mun

ity

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

ms

on p

rote

ctin

g w

ater

so

urce

s in

Kir

ibat

i

Cos

t-be

nefit

ana

lysi

s re

port

on

prov

idin

g fr

ee w

ater

to

land

ow

ners

co

nduc

ted.

Num

ber

of v

illag

es t

hat

rece

ived

aw

aren

ess

mat

eria

ls o

n th

e pr

otec

tion

of w

ater

sou

rces

.

All

oute

r is

land

s ha

ve d

roug

ht

resp

onse

pla

ns in

pla

ce b

y 20

16

(bas

elin

e 20

13: a

dro

ught

res

pons

e pl

an is

in p

lace

in S

outh

Tar

awa)

Dec

reas

e of

rep

orte

d em

erge

ncie

s co

used

by

drou

ghts

.

Rev

iew

car

ried

out

on

drou

ght

met

hodo

logy

for

Sout

h Ta

raw

a

The

pro

port

ion

of w

ater

qua

lity

sam

ples

with

exc

ess W

HO

sta

ndar

ds

for

para

met

ers

such

as

colif

orm

co

unts

and

nitr

ates

is r

educ

ed

(bas

elin

es a

nd t

arge

ts a

re p

aram

eter

sp

ecifi

c an

d w

ill b

e es

tabl

ishe

d at

the

N

atio

nal W

ater

Qua

lity

Mon

itori

ng

Com

mitt

ee le

vel)

MPW

UO

B, M

FED

, MEL

AD

All

$196

,288

Stre

ngth

en m

anag

emen

t of

wat

er r

esou

rce

duri

ngdr

ough

t.•

Dev

elop

dro

ught

man

agem

ent

plan

s fo

r al

l is

land

s of

Kir

ibat

i.•

Impl

emen

t dr

ough

t re

spon

se a

ctiv

ities

for

affe

cted

isla

nds.

• D

evel

op a

wat

er u

se S

ecto

r O

pera

tiona

l Pla

n du

ring

dro

ught

for

all i

slan

ds.

• R

evie

w d

roug

ht m

etho

dolo

gy fo

r So

uth

Tara

wa.

• Su

ppor

t tim

ely

resp

onse

of N

atio

nal D

isas

ter

Cou

ncil

and

Dro

ught

Com

mitt

ee d

urin

g dr

ough

ts.

MPW

UN

atio

nal W

ater

Q

ualit

y M

onito

ring

C

omm

ittee

All

$796

,746

Tota

l Cos

ts S

trat

egy

4$4

,693

,577

84


Stra

tegy

5: S

tren

gthe

ning

hea

lth s

ervi

ce d

eliv

ery

to a

ddre

ss c

limat

e ch

ange

impa

cts

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 5

.1: T

he p

ublic

is a

war

e of

wat

er s

afet

y an

d pr

oact

ivel

y re

duce

s th

e sp

read

of v

ecto

r-, w

ater

- an

d fo

od-b

orne

dis

ease

s.

Dev

elop

and

pro

vide

com

mun

ities

with

hea

lthin

form

atio

n ne

cess

ary

to a

ddre

ss h

ealth

ris

ks o

fcl

imat

e ch

ange

(in

clud

ing

spec

ific

info

rmat

ion

targ

etin

g yo

ung

peop

le, p

eopl

e w

ith d

isab

ilitie

s, w

omen

and

men

).•

Dev

elop

and

com

men

ce im

plem

enta

tion

of a

co

mm

unic

atio

n pl

an.

• Pr

epar

e co

mm

unic

atio

n to

ols

e.g.

web

por

tal,

broc

hure

s, fa

ct s

heet

s, po

ster

s.•

Dev

elop

hea

lth-r

elat

ed m

ater

ials

tha

t ca

n be

us

ed in

the

ong

oing

sch

ool c

urri

culu

m r

evis

ion.

• D

evel

op p

ublic

/hou

seho

ld a

war

enes

s an

d ed

ucat

ion

mat

eria

ls.

An

info

rmat

ion

syst

em fo

r en

viro

nmen

tal h

ealth

par

amet

ers

and

dise

ase

outb

reak

s an

d a

relia

ble

syst

em t

o re

cord

and

arc

hive

en

viro

nmen

tal h

ealth

dat

a ar

e in

pl

ace

MH

MS

MIS

A, M

OE,

Fai

th-

base

d O

rgan

isat

ions

, N

GO

EU, W

HO

, U

NIC

EF, S

PC

(GC

CA

)

58,9

40,0

0

Res

ult

(Out

put)

5.2

: Rou

tine

syst

ems

for

surv

eilla

nce

of e

nvir

onm

enta

l hea

lth h

azar

ds a

nd c

limat

e-se

nsiti

ve d

isea

ses

are

stre

ngth

ened

.

Stre

ngth

en r

outin

e sy

stem

s fo

r su

rvei

llanc

e of

envi

ronm

enta

l haz

ards

and

clim

ate-

sens

itive

dise

ases

.•

Con

duct

tra

inin

g in

env

iron

men

tal h

ealth

m

onito

ring

and

dat

a an

alys

is (

cour

ses,

atta

chm

ents

, on-

the-

job)

.•

Esta

blis

h en

viro

nmen

tal h

ealth

info

rmat

ion

syst

em (

unde

r di

scus

sion

).•

Ref

urbi

sh a

nd e

quip

env

iron

men

tal h

ealth

la

bora

tory

incl

udin

g eq

uipm

ent,

reag

ents

and

co

mpu

ters

.•

Proc

ure

vehi

cula

r tr

ansp

orta

tion

for

envi

ronm

enta

l hea

lth m

onito

ring

and

res

pons

e.

See

abov

e

25%

incr

ease

in o

uter

isla

nds

that

ar

e en

gage

d in

reg

ular

env

iron

men

tal

heal

th s

urve

illan

ce a

ctiv

ities

(ta

rget

an

d ba

selin

e to

be

esta

blis

hed

by t

he

end

2015

)

% d

ecre

ase

in t

he in

cide

nce

of

clim

ate-

rela

ted

dise

ases

(ta

rget

and

ba

selin

e to

be

esta

blis

hed

by 2

016)

MH

MS

MFM

RD

, MEL

AD

, M

PWU

, MIA

EU, W

HO

, U

NIC

EF,

SPC

(G

loba

l C

limat

e C

hang

e A

llian

ce)

$164

,133

85


Stra

tegy

5: S

tren

gthe

ning

hea

lth s

ervi

ce d

eliv

ery

to a

ddre

ss c

limat

e ch

ange

impa

cts

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

5.3

: Cap

aciti

es a

re e

nhan

ced

and

equi

pmen

t pr

ovid

ed t

o th

e M

HM

S C

entr

al L

abor

ator

y an

d En

viro

nmen

tal H

ealth

Lab

orat

ory

to t

est

wat

er a

nd

food

, con

duct

vec

tor

cont

rol a

ctiv

ities

and

ana

lyse

res

ults

.

Stre

ngth

en p

repa

redn

ess

for

resp

onse

to

outb

reak

sof

clim

ate-

sens

itive

dis

ease

s.•

Rev

iew

and

rev

ise

proc

esse

s an

d pr

oced

ures

of

Envi

ronm

enta

l Hea

lth U

nit

and

the

Surv

eilla

nce

Com

mitt

ee fo

r re

spon

ding

to

dise

ase

outb

reak

s.•

Ensu

re E

nvir

onm

enta

l Hea

lth U

nit

is e

quip

ped

with

res

pons

e eq

uipm

ent

e.g.

vect

or c

ontr

ol

kits

.•

Esta

blis

h na

tiona

l out

brea

k pr

epar

edne

ss a

nd

resp

onse

pla

n.•

Stre

ngth

en d

iagn

ostic

cap

acity

to

iden

tify

food

po

ison

ing

case

s (c

igua

toxi

ns v

s fo

od p

oiso

ning

)

A n

atio

nal o

utbr

eak

prep

ared

ness

an

d re

spon

se p

lan

and

a se

ctor

al

envi

ronm

enta

l hea

lth p

lan,

whi

ch

inco

rpor

ates

sur

veill

ance

and

re

spon

se t

o cl

imat

e-se

nsiti

ve

dise

ases

, are

in p

lace

the

end

of

2015

12

The

EH

cap

acity

is s

tren

gthe

ned

to c

ontr

ol v

ecto

r-re

late

d di

seas

e ou

tbre

aks

Dat

a av

aila

ble

diffe

rent

iatin

g sp

ecifi

c fo

od p

oiso

ning

cas

es

MH

MS

KN

EGEU

, WH

O,

UN

ICEF

, SP

C (

Glo

bal

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

Alli

ance

)

$157

,487

Res

ult

(Out

com

e): 5

.4 I-

Kir

ibat

i pop

ulat

ion’

s ge

nera

l hea

lth s

tatu

s is

enh

ance

d to

be

mor

e re

silie

nt t

o cl

imat

e-re

late

d di

seas

es.

Red

uce

inci

denc

e of

non

com

mun

icab

le d

isea

ses

(res

earc

h an

d pu

blic

ise

nutr

ition

con

tent

of l

ocal

food

s).

• C

ondu

ct r

esea

rch

on t

he n

utri

ent

cont

ent

of

loca

l foo

ds (

mai

, bab

ai, k

umar

a).

• C

reat

e aw

aren

ess

of t

he n

utri

tiona

l val

ue o

f lo

cal f

oods

. •

Rel

ate

pric

ing

of im

port

ed fo

od it

ems

to t

heir

nu

triti

onal

val

ues.

Ove

rall

heal

th in

dica

tors

impr

oved

us

ing

2004

as

a ba

selin

e

Base

line

surv

ey c

ompl

eted

The

peo

ple

are

awar

e of

the

hea

lth-

rela

ted

impo

rtan

ce o

f foo

d

Incr

ease

d co

st t

o un

heal

thy

food

s an

d re

duce

d co

st o

f hea

lthy

food

MH

MS

MEL

AD

, MFM

RD

, M

CIC

, KC

CI

EU, W

HO

, U

NIC

EF, S

PC

(Glo

bal C

limat

e C

hang

e A

llian

ce)

$52,

107

Res

ult

(Out

put)

5.5

: A n

atio

nal o

utbr

eak

prep

ared

ness

and

res

pons

e pl

an a

nd a

sec

tora

l env

iron

men

tal h

ealth

pla

n, w

hich

inco

rpor

ate

surv

eilla

nce

and

resp

onse

to

clim

ate-

sens

itive

dis

ease

s, ar

e in

pla

ce.

Stre

ngth

en c

oord

inat

ion,

pla

nnin

g an

d bu

dget

ing

mec

hani

sm w

ithin

the

hea

lth s

ecto

r.•

Empl

oy t

wo

qual

ified

sta

ff to

dri

ve a

nd

impl

emen

t th

e pr

ojec

t.•

Prep

are

a m

aint

enan

ce a

nd fi

nanc

ing

plan

for

beyo

nd p

roje

ct li

fe.

• In

tegr

ate

envi

ronm

enta

l hea

lth in

form

atio

n in

to

the

MH

MS

info

rmat

ion

man

agem

ent

syst

em.

Incr

ease

d nu

mbe

r of

qua

lified

hea

lth

sect

or s

taff

as c

ompa

red

with

201

1 ro

ster

Envi

ronm

enta

l hea

lth in

form

atio

n is

cap

ture

d in

the

nat

iona

l hea

lth

data

base

MH

MS

OB,

MFE

DEU

, WH

O,

UN

ICEF

, SP

C (

Glo

bal

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

Alli

ance

)

$40,

080

Tota

l Cos

ts S

trat

egy

5$4

72,7

47

12 S

ourc

e: Lo

gfra

me

MH

MS

and

SPC

Glo

bal C

limat

e Ch

ange

Allia

nce

2013

.

86


Stra

tegy

6: P

rom

otin

g so

und

and

relia

ble

infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent

and

land

man

agem

ent

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 6

.1: T

he li

velih

ood

of I-

Kir

ibat

i is

impr

oved

thr

ough

pub

lic b

uild

ings

, inf

rast

ruct

ure

and

utili

ties

that

are

wel

l mai

ntai

ned

and

resi

lient

to

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ters

(cl

imat

e pr

oofin

g).

Ret

rofit

sch

ool i

nfra

stru

ctur

e w

here

req

uire

d to

with

stan

d ex

trem

e w

eath

er e

vent

s (c

limat

epr

oofin

g) a

nd r

eloc

ate

if re

quir

ed.

• A

sses

s th

e vu

lner

abili

ty o

f the

infr

astr

uctu

re o

f ea

ch s

choo

l in

Tara

wa

and

oute

r is

land

s by

end

of

201

3 (o

ngoi

ng).

• D

evel

op a

pla

n an

d im

plem

ent

in s

tage

s, st

artin

g fr

om n

orth

ern

isla

nds

and

mos

t vu

lner

able

sc

hool

s (t

oget

her

with

the

com

mun

ity w

here

th

e sc

hool

s ar

e lo

cate

d).

% o

f sch

ool b

uild

ings

eith

er r

eloc

ated

or

ret

rofit

ted

afte

r be

ing

asse

ssed

as

at h

igh

risk

(70

% o

f hig

h ri

sk s

choo

l bu

ildin

gs b

y 20

16/1

7)

MO

EM

PWU

, Lan

ds

(MEL

AD

), M

IA,

MFE

D

Wor

ld B

ank,

EU

, AD

B,

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pr

ogra

m

$1,5

51,0

54

Esta

blis

h a

revo

lvin

g fu

nd (

not

the

Rev

enue

Equa

lisat

ion

Res

erve

Fun

d) t

o su

stai

n in

fras

truc

ture

proj

ects

and

the

ir r

esili

ence

to

clim

ate

chan

ge a

ndha

zard

s.•

Dev

elop

an

optio

n pa

per

for

infr

astr

uctu

re

mai

nten

ance

(lin

ked

to t

he a

ctio

n an

d su

b-ac

tions

abo

ve),

whi

ch c

an b

e us

ed in

dis

cuss

ions

to

iden

tify

the

mos

t fe

asib

le a

nd s

usta

inab

le

optio

n fo

r ap

prov

al.

• C

onsi

der

and

deve

lop

a C

abin

et c

once

pt p

aper

on

the

est

ablis

hmen

t of

a r

evol

ving

fund

(lin

ked

to t

he m

ost

appr

opri

ate

optio

n) t

o pr

esen

t to

C

abin

et (

incl

udin

g co

nsul

tatio

n on

sco

pe, f

ees,

type

s of

infr

astr

uctu

re p

roje

cts,

man

agem

ent

and

oper

atio

n) fo

r pu

blic

infr

astr

uctu

res

mai

nten

ance

.

% o

f mai

nten

ance

cos

ts o

f pub

lic

build

ings

and

coa

stal

and

wat

er

infr

astr

uctu

re c

over

ed b

y th

e re

volv

ing

fund

(pe

rcen

tage

to

be

esta

blis

hed)

MFE

DO

B, K

NEG

PIFS

, Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, EU

$525

,805

87


Stra

tegy

6: P

rom

otin

g so

und

and

relia

ble

infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent

and

land

man

agem

ent

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 6

.1: C

ontin

ued

Ret

rofit

coa

stal

infr

astr

uctu

re (

road

s, ca

usew

ays,

jett

ies)

to

sust

ain

it ag

ains

t th

reat

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

s.•

Ass

ess

the

curr

ent

stat

us o

f roa

ds, c

ause

way

s an

d je

ttie

s in

the

con

text

of c

urre

nt v

aria

bilit

y an

d fu

ture

tre

nd o

f clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

s.•

Des

ign

suita

ble

retr

ofitt

ing

alte

rnat

ives

to

stre

ngth

en c

oast

al in

fras

truc

ture

tha

t is

at

high

ri

sk.

• Im

plem

ent

pilo

t re

trofi

ttin

g al

tern

ativ

es t

o co

asta

l inf

rast

ruct

ure

that

is a

t hi

gh r

isk.

• A

sses

s an

d re

com

men

d ap

prop

riat

e re

trofi

ttin

g te

chni

ques

to

all p

ublic

bui

ldin

gs t

hat

are

unde

r th

reat

from

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

s.

Incr

ease

in t

he %

of c

oast

al

infr

astr

uctu

re t

hat

has

been

re

trofi

tted

aft

er b

eing

ass

esse

d as

vu

lner

able

to

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd

disa

ster

s(as

sess

men

t ne

eds

to b

e ca

rrie

d by

201

4)

MPW

U,

MC

TT

DTo

be

defin

edA

ny in

tere

sted

pa

rtne

r$4

99,3

40

(act

ual

retr

ofitt

ing

cost

s to

be

esta

blis

hed

afte

r as

sess

men

t)

Ret

rofit

or

relo

cate

pub

lic, e

ssen

tial s

ervi

ces

build

ings

and

em

erge

ncie

s an

d ev

acua

tion

cent

res

(incl

udin

g po

wer

, fue

l and

ren

ewab

le e

nerg

yin

stal

latio

ns a

nd fa

cilit

ies)

.•

Rev

iew

and

ass

ess

the

build

ing

code

and

/or

min

imal

sta

ndar

ds u

sed

and

stat

us o

f pub

lic a

nd

esse

ntia

l ser

vice

s bu

ildin

gs a

nd in

fras

truc

ture

in

the

con

text

of c

limat

e va

riab

ility

and

dis

aste

r ri

sks.

• Im

plem

ent

prio

rity

rec

omm

enda

tions

for

retr

ofitt

ing

incl

udin

g de

sign

, mat

eria

l and

te

chni

ques

to

publ

ic b

uild

ings

and

infr

astr

uctu

re

that

are

at

high

ris

k.

Safe

ty s

tand

ards

for

infr

astr

uctu

re

and

cons

truc

tion

sect

ors

are

adop

ted

by 2

020

% o

f bui

ldin

gs a

nd in

fras

truc

ture

co

mpl

ying

with

new

saf

ety

stan

dard

s by

202

3 (

targ

et a

nd b

asel

ine

to b

e es

tabl

ishe

d in

the

ass

essm

ent)

MPW

U, O

BA

ll m

inis

trie

s, K

irib

ati O

il C

ompa

ny L

td, P

ublic

U

tiliti

es B

oard

, En

ergy

Pla

nnin

g U

nit

(MPW

U)

Any

inte

rest

ed

part

ner

$550

,993

(a

ctua

l re

trofi

ttin

g co

sts

to b

e es

tabl

ishe

d af

ter

asse

ssm

ent)

88


Stra

tegy

6: P

rom

otin

g so

und

and

relia

ble

infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent

and

land

man

agem

ent

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 6

.1: C

ontin

ued

Enha

nce

air

tran

spor

t in

fras

truc

ture

and

sec

urity

to b

ette

r w

ithst

and

impa

cts

of c

limat

e ch

ange

and

disa

ster

ris

ks.

• C

onst

ruct

run

way

sea

wal

l and

run

way

end

sa

fety

are

a to

pro

tect

run

way

from

sea

-leve

l ri

se a

nd e

rosi

on a

nd t

o ac

com

mod

ate

relie

f pl

ane

in t

imes

of d

isas

ter.

• St

reng

then

nav

igat

iona

l cap

acity

thr

ough

ca

libra

tion

of n

avig

atio

nal r

equi

rem

ents

an

d in

stal

latio

n of

nav

igat

iona

l aid

s at

eve

ry

inte

rnat

iona

l and

dom

estic

air

port

. •

Impr

ove/

reha

bilit

ate

all a

irpo

rts

(incl

udin

g C

anto

n an

d Fa

nnin

g).

Kir

ibat

i int

erna

tiona

l air

port

mee

ts

basi

c in

tern

atio

nal s

tand

ards

aft

er

reha

bilit

atio

n

Nav

igat

iona

l aid

s in

stal

led

and

bein

g us

ed in

100

% o

f air

port

s na

tiona

lly

MC

TT

DM

PWU

WB,

AD

B ,

Any

inte

rest

ed

part

ner

$19,

874,

352

Enha

nce

sea

tran

spor

t in

fras

truc

ture

to

bett

erw

ithst

and

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

s.•

Proc

ure

and

inst

all n

avig

atio

nal/r

adio

equ

ipm

ent

(incl

udin

g K

iriti

mat

i).•

Incl

ude

risk

red

uctio

n co

nsid

erat

ions

in

reha

bilit

atio

n of

Kir

itim

ati P

ort.

Nav

igat

iona

l/ ra

dio

equi

pmen

t in

stal

led

in x

% o

f all

ship

s by

202

0D

isas

ter

risk

s in

corp

orat

ed in

to t

he

desi

gn o

f the

reh

abili

tate

d K

iriti

mat

i Po

rt.

MC

TT

DM

CT

TD

, MPW

U,

Min

istr

y of

Lin

e an

d Ph

oeni

x D

evel

opm

ent,

Offi

ce

of A

ttor

ney-

Gen

eral

EU, A

ny

inte

rest

ed

part

ner

$249

,245

(n

ot in

clud

ing

cost

s fo

r re

habi

litat

ion

of K

iriti

mat

i Po

rt)

89


Stra

tegy

6: P

rom

otin

g so

und

and

relia

ble

infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent

and

land

man

agem

ent

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

6.2

: Lan

d pl

anni

ng a

nd m

anag

emen

t fo

r al

l isl

ands

tha

t pr

ovid

es c

lear

reg

ulat

ions

on

land

dev

elop

men

t w

ith c

ompe

tent

pla

nnin

g au

thor

ities

st

reng

then

ed t

o im

plem

ent

& e

nfor

ce la

nd u

se r

egul

ator

y fr

amew

orks

and

wat

er r

egul

atio

ns (

see

also

Str

ateg

y 1)

.

Form

ulat

ion

of la

nd u

se p

lans

and

dev

elop

men

tgu

idel

ines

for

all K

irib

ati i

slan

ds a

nd s

tren

gthe

nco

mpe

tent

land

pla

nnin

g au

thor

ities

at

the

cent

ral

and

loca

l lev

els

for

effe

ctiv

e m

anag

emen

t of

cont

empo

rary

land

pla

nnin

g is

sues

con

side

ring

CC

and

DR

M.

• St

reng

then

& d

evel

op c

apac

ity o

f lan

d pl

anni

ng

auth

ority

at

the

cent

ral a

nd lo

cal l

evel

s w

ith

rele

vant

tra

inin

gs, a

ppro

pria

te e

quip

men

t an

d so

ftw

are

are

proc

ured

for

prod

ucin

g re

alis

tic

land

use

pla

ns•

Con

duct

tra

inin

g fo

r al

l app

ropr

iate

offi

cers

fr

om is

land

cou

ncils

with

form

ulat

ion

of la

nd

use

plan

s an

d la

nd d

evel

opm

ent

guid

elin

es fo

r ou

ter

isla

nds.

• R

evie

w o

f exi

stin

g la

nd u

se p

lans

& u

rban

de

velo

pmen

t gu

idel

ine

inco

rpor

atin

g el

emen

ts

of C

CA

& D

RM

whe

re n

eces

sary

.•

Ado

ptio

n an

d im

plem

enta

tion

of la

nd u

se p

lans

&

land

pla

nnin

g de

velo

pmen

t gu

idel

ines

for

all

isla

nds

in K

irib

ati

• U

rban

/rur

al p

rofil

ing

stud

ies

for

deve

lopm

ent

of R

ural

Lan

d D

evel

opm

ent

Plan

pro

mot

ing

the

Out

er Is

land

s G

row

th C

entr

e C

once

pt

~in

vest

igat

e ut

ilisa

tion

of n

egle

cted

land

s at

th

e ou

ter

isla

nds

to a

ddre

ss k

ey is

sues

of f

ood

secu

rity

& d

ecen

tral

isat

ion

• D

esig

ning

& im

plem

ent

land

pla

nnin

g fo

r re

silie

nt c

omm

uniti

es (

urba

n/ru

ral/h

ighl

y vu

lner

able

com

mun

ities

) w

ith a

bilit

y &

cop

ing

capa

city

to

redu

ce d

amag

es &

rec

over

from

un

pred

icta

ble

disa

ster

& d

istu

rban

ces.

Publ

icly

ow

ned

land

is c

lear

ly

dem

arca

ted

by 2

017

Land

use

pla

ns &

dev

elop

men

t gu

idel

ines

inco

rpor

atin

g C

CA

& D

RM

ar

e en

dors

ed a

nd im

plem

ente

d fo

r al

l ou

ter

isla

nds

by 2

016

Plan

ning

aut

hori

ties

are

prov

ided

w

ith a

dequ

ate

trai

ning

s an

d ar

e fu

lly

func

tiona

l in

perf

orm

ing

dele

gate

d pl

anni

ng r

oles

by

2016

Rur

al L

and

Dev

elop

men

t R

oadm

ap is

pr

epar

ed fo

r en

dors

emen

t by

201

5.

Thi

s R

oadm

ap w

ill c

ompl

emen

t th

e U

rban

isat

ion

Polic

y (S

trat

egy

1) a

nd

oute

r is

land

s la

nd u

se p

lann

ing

Com

mun

ities

are

bet

ter

prep

ared

fo

r un

cert

aint

ies

and

able

to

adap

t &

res

pond

to

disa

ster

s &

cha

ngin

g co

nditi

ons

Land

s (M

ELA

D)

MPW

U, M

ELA

DA

gric

ultu

re, O

BA

ny in

tere

sted

pa

rtne

r$4

,317

,052

90


Stra

tegy

6: P

rom

otin

g so

und

and

relia

ble

infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent

and

land

man

agem

ent

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 6

.3: W

ater

res

erve

s ar

e pr

otec

ted

and

com

mun

ities

hav

e ac

cess

to

suffi

cien

t an

d ad

equa

te fr

esh

wat

er a

t al

l tim

es (

incl

udin

g du

ring

ext

rem

e ev

ents

suc

h as

dro

ught

, hea

vy r

ain

and

stor

m s

urge

s; se

e al

so S

trat

egy

4) a

nd t

o im

prov

ed s

anita

tion

faci

litie

s.

Iden

tify

and

asse

ss p

oten

tial g

roun

dwat

er s

ourc

es(a

nd c

apac

ity),

taki

ng in

to c

onsi

dera

tion

curr

ent

vari

abili

ty a

nd c

limat

e ch

ange

pro

ject

s on

all

isla

nds14

. •

Con

duct

wat

er r

eser

ve a

sses

smen

ts o

n al

l the

is

land

s of

Kir

ibat

i inc

ludi

ng L

ine

and

Phoe

nix

Gro

ups

(incl

udin

g su

stai

nabl

e yi

eld

estim

atio

n of

maj

or g

roun

dwat

er r

esou

rces

).•

Prov

ide

trai

ning

on

the

appl

icat

ion

of in

unda

tion

mod

els

deve

lope

d fo

r th

e Bo

nrik

i wat

er

rese

rve

and

its a

pplic

abili

ty t

o ot

her

sim

ilar

wat

er r

eser

ves

or w

ater

pro

tect

ion

zone

s.•

Esta

blis

h an

d pr

ovid

e tr

aini

ng o

n G

IS

appl

icat

ions

for

wat

er r

esou

rce

man

agem

ent

and

mon

itori

ng o

f wat

er q

ualit

y an

d po

tent

ial

yiel

d of

gro

undw

ater

res

ourc

es o

n al

l isl

ands

.•

Dev

elop

wat

er m

aps

that

inte

grat

e se

ason

al

clim

ate

pred

ictio

ns a

nd w

ater

ava

ilabi

lity

• Im

plem

ent

appr

opri

ate

wat

er s

ourc

es in

18

pilo

t si

tes.

• C

ondu

ct e

duca

tion

cam

paig

n to

exp

lain

the

re

sults

of a

sses

smen

ts a

nd d

ange

rs o

f ove

r-pu

mpi

ng t

o co

mm

uniti

es.

Wat

er r

eser

ve a

sses

smen

ts

cond

ucte

d an

d da

ta o

n su

stai

nabl

e yi

eld

avai

labl

e fo

r al

l isl

ands

GIS

bei

ng u

sed

for

wat

er r

esou

rce

man

agem

ent

and

mon

itori

ng

Wat

er m

aps

deve

lope

d w

ith

inte

grat

ed s

easo

nal c

limat

e pr

edic

tions

and

wat

er a

vaila

bilit

y

The

num

ber

of c

omm

uniti

es m

ade

awar

e of

dan

gers

of o

ver-

pum

ping

MPW

U, M

IAM

OE,

MH

MS,

MEL

AD

, fai

th-b

ased

or

gani

satio

ns (

e.g.

Mor

mon

s)

EU, A

ustr

alia

’s A

id P

rogr

am,

AD

B, U

NIC

EF,

SPC

(SO

PAC

)

$4,2

05,9

72

14 O

ngoi

ng w

ith K

IRIW

ATSA

N, U

SSKA

P, an

d pa

st w

ork

of K

APII

(Nor

th Ta

raw

a, Ta

b N

orth

and

Tam

ana)

. 91


Stra

tegy

6: P

rom

otin

g so

und

and

relia

ble

infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent

and

land

man

agem

ent

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 6

.3: C

ontin

ued

Iden

tify

and

impl

emen

t m

ost

appr

opri

ate

tech

nolo

gica

l and

sus

tain

able

man

agem

ent

mea

sure

s to

incr

ease

wat

er s

afet

y (q

ualit

y an

dqu

antit

y) a

t vi

llage

leve

l bas

ed o

n as

sess

men

ts o

fgr

ound

wat

er r

esou

rces

(se

e ac

tion

abov

e) a

ndas

sess

men

t of

rai

nwat

er c

atch

men

t ca

paci

tyon

out

er is

land

s (p

riva

te h

ouse

hold

s, pu

blic

build

ings

suc

h as

sch

ools

, gov

ernm

ent

offic

es,

heal

th c

entr

es, c

hurc

hes

and

man

eaba

).•

Iden

tify

mos

t ap

prop

riat

e w

ater

sou

rces

an

d te

chno

logi

cal a

ctio

ns s

uch

as in

filtr

atio

n ga

lleri

es; p

rote

ctio

n of

hou

seho

ld w

ells

from

w

ave

over

topp

ing,

cont

amin

atio

n an

d he

avy

rain

; rai

nwat

er h

arve

stin

g; de

salin

atio

n pl

ants

.•

Con

duct

cos

t–be

nefit

ana

lysi

s fo

r th

e di

ffere

nt

optio

ns t

o se

lect

the

mos

t ap

prop

riat

e on

e.•

Impl

emen

t ap

prop

riat

e se

lect

ed a

ctio

ns,

incl

udin

g bu

t no

t ex

clus

ivel

y th

e fo

llow

ing:

– Es

tabl

ish

a se

lect

ion

of g

uide

lines

and

as

set

man

agem

ent

plan

s fo

r th

e de

liver

y an

d m

aint

enan

ce o

f rai

nwat

er h

arve

stin

g sc

hem

es t

o ev

ery

hous

ehol

d.–

Prov

ide

rain

wat

er h

arve

stin

g fa

cilit

y to

ho

useh

olds

in c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith t

he b

uild

ing

code

thr

ough

loan

s sc

hem

e.

– In

stal

l infi

ltrat

ion

galle

ries

at

villa

ge le

vel o

n ou

ter

isla

nds.

– Im

plem

ent

appr

opri

ate

wat

er s

ourc

es in

18

pilo

t si

tes.

The

num

ber

of w

ater

sou

rces

and

te

chno

logi

es id

entifi

ed

Cos

t-be

nefit

ana

lysi

s re

port

pr

oduc

ed

15%

incr

ease

in t

he n

umbe

r of

ho

useh

olds

and

pub

lic b

uild

ings

with

ra

inw

ater

cat

chm

ents

by

2013

and

a

30%

incr

ease

by

2018

50%

incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

ho

useh

olds

and

com

mun

ity s

yste

ms

that

are

con

nect

ed t

o th

e pu

blic

w

ater

sup

ply

by 2

018

MPW

UM

HM

S A

ny in

tere

sted

do

nors

$6,8

94,1

40

92


Stra

tegy

6: P

rom

otin

g so

und

and

relia

ble

infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent

and

land

man

agem

ent

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 6

.3: C

ontin

ued

Red

uce

wat

er w

asta

ge a

nd lo

sses

and

reh

abili

tate

and

incr

ease

the

cov

erag

e of

ret

icul

ated

wat

ersu

pply

on

Sout

h Ta

raw

a (in

clud

ing

prot

ectio

n an

dre

furb

ishm

ent

of t

he B

onri

ki W

ater

Res

erve

).•

Prov

ide

trai

ning

and

equ

ipm

ent

to P

ublic

U

tiliti

es B

oard

in le

akag

e de

tect

ion.

• D

etec

t an

d re

pair

loss

es in

tra

nsm

issi

on a

nd

dist

ribu

tion

lines

.•

Dep

loy

wat

er m

eter

s on

all

conn

ectio

ns t

o en

cour

age

wat

er c

onse

rvat

ion.

• R

epla

ce p

umps

at

exis

ting

infil

trat

ion

galle

ries

an

d in

stal

l add

ition

al in

filtr

atio

n ga

llery

at

Bonr

iki,

trea

t ch

lori

ne g

ases

with

pow

ered

ch

lori

ne s

yste

m, a

nd a

erat

e an

d re

habi

litat

e ch

ambe

rs.

Trai

ning

and

equ

ipm

ent

prov

ided

for

leak

age

dete

ctio

n

% o

f det

ecte

d an

d re

pair

ed lo

sses

in

tran

smis

sion

and

dis

trib

utio

n lin

es

% o

f wat

er m

etre

con

nect

ions

co

vera

ge

% o

f pum

ps r

epla

ced

Publ

ic U

tiliti

es

Boar

dBe

tio T

own

Cou

ncil,

MPW

U, M

OE,

KIT

an

d pr

ivat

e se

ctor

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pr

ogra

m, E

U,

Wor

ld B

ank,

A

DB,

UN

, any

in

tere

sted

pa

rtne

rs, S

PC

$ 3,

554,

652

Dev

elop

san

itatio

n an

d an

ope

n de

feca

tion-

free

envi

ronm

ent

for

impr

oved

hea

lth in

sup

port

of

adap

tatio

n in

itiat

ives

. (SM

EC p

roje

ct)

• R

ehab

ilita

te e

xist

ing

sani

tatio

n in

fras

truc

ture

on

Sou

th T

araw

a (in

clud

ing

outf

alls

, pum

ping

st

atio

ns, s

altw

ater

sup

ply

syst

em).

• D

evel

op a

ppro

pria

te, a

ccep

tabl

e an

d af

ford

able

on

-site

san

itatio

n de

sign

s fo

r no

n-se

wer

ed

wat

er s

uppl

y sy

stem

s fo

r So

uth

Tara

wa.

• In

corp

orat

e on

-site

san

itatio

n de

sign

s in

the

bu

ildin

g co

de a

nd im

plem

ent

insp

ectio

n an

d m

onito

ring

of i

mpa

cts.

• Im

plem

ent

initi

ativ

es t

o el

imin

ate

open

de

feca

tion

on b

oth

Sout

h Ta

raw

a an

d ou

ter

isla

nds

and

supp

ort

isla

nd c

ounc

ils in

thi

s ta

sk.

• C

onst

ruct

and

sup

port

com

mun

ity a

nd s

choo

l to

ilets

and

han

dwas

h fa

cilit

ies.

Indi

cato

rs o

f san

itatio

n m

arke

dly

impr

oved

from

a 2

004

base

line

Base

line

surv

ey c

ompl

eted

usi

ng

impr

oved

nat

iona

l ind

icat

ors

Sani

tatio

n in

fras

truc

ture

reh

abili

tate

d

App

ropr

iate

san

itatio

n de

sign

s de

velo

ped

and

inco

rpor

ated

in

build

ing

code

s

% o

f out

er-is

land

s ad

optin

g th

e el

imin

atio

n of

ope

n de

feca

tion

initi

ativ

es (

Kir

ibat

i to

be

OD

F- O

pen

Def

ecat

ion

Free

by

2015

)

The

num

ber

of c

omm

uniti

es a

nd

scho

ols

with

han

dwas

h an

d to

ilet

faci

litie

s

MPW

U, M

IAM

HM

S, M

ELA

DA

ny in

tere

sted

pa

rtne

rs$4

3,26

8

93


Stra

tegy

6: P

rom

otin

g so

und

and

relia

ble

infr

astr

uctu

re d

evel

opm

ent

and

land

man

agem

ent

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 6

.3: C

ontin

ued

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t as

set

man

agem

ent

plan

sfo

r w

ater

and

san

itatio

n re

sour

ces

• G

athe

r da

ta fo

r de

velo

pmen

t of

ass

et

man

agem

ent

plan

s. •

Dev

elop

ass

et m

anag

emen

t pl

ans

•

Con

duct

cap

acity

bui

ldin

g (t

rain

ing)

on

impl

emen

tatio

n of

pla

ns.

• Es

tabl

ish

and

supp

ort

revo

lvin

g fu

nd fo

r on

goin

g m

aint

enan

ce o

f com

mun

ity w

ater

and

san

itatio

n sy

stem

s.

Ass

et m

anag

emen

t pl

ans

are

in p

lace

fo

r al

l com

mun

ity a

nd g

over

nmen

t in

fras

truc

ture

by

2018

(ba

selin

e 20

13:

num

ber

of g

over

nmen

t as

sets

with

as

set

man

agem

ent

plan

s )

MPW

U, M

IAM

HM

S, M

ELA

DA

ny in

tere

sted

pa

rtne

rs$1

0,21

0,64

0

Tota

l Cos

ts S

trat

egy

6$5

2,47

6,51

3

94

Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk ManagementSt

rate

gy 7

. Del

iver

ing

appr

opri

ate

educ

atio

n, t

rain

ing

and

awar

enes

s pr

ogra

ms

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

(AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 7

.1: S

tude

nts

and

prof

essi

onal

s ha

ve c

apac

ities

to

take

act

ion

on a

dapt

atio

n, a

nd r

isk

redu

ctio

n an

d co

ping

str

ateg

ies

befo

re, d

urin

g an

d af

ter

disa

ster

s an

d em

issi

on m

itiga

tion.

Defi

ne, s

peci

fy a

nd m

onito

r cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

disa

ster

ris

k m

anag

emen

t le

arni

ng o

utco

mes

and

cont

ent

in t

he n

ew s

ylla

bus

for

form

al p

rim

ary

and

seco

ndar

y ed

ucat

ion,

incl

udin

g ag

ricu

lture

and

lives

tock

, fish

erie

s, w

ater

, env

iron

men

t an

dhe

alth

(ba

sed

on E

duca

tion

for

Sust

aina

ble

Dev

elop

men

t pr

inci

ples

– o

ngoi

ng).

• In

corp

orat

e re

leva

nt t

opic

s, le

arni

ng o

utco

mes

an

d co

nten

t on

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd D

RM

, alo

ng

with

oth

er a

reas

, int

o sy

llabu

s of

Yea

rs 3

–6, Y

ears

7–

9 an

d Ye

ars

10–1

2 ba

sed

on c

onsu

ltatio

n ou

tcom

es a

nd fr

amew

ork

(incl

udin

g qu

ality

as

sura

nce)

.•

Con

sult

on t

he n

ew s

ylla

bus

in t

he G

ilber

t an

d Li

ne G

roup

s (K

iriti

mat

i).•

Dev

elop

tea

chin

g m

ater

ials

and

inco

rpor

ate

rele

vant

con

tent

and

met

hods

into

tea

cher

gui

des

(incl

udin

g qu

ality

ass

uran

ce).

Clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

m

anag

emen

t el

emen

ts a

re in

tegr

ated

in

to t

he n

atio

nal c

urri

culu

m fo

r pr

imar

y sc

hool

s, ju

nior

sec

onda

ry

scho

ols

by 2

017

Incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

ext

ra-c

urri

cula

r ac

tiviti

es o

n cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

di

sast

er r

isk

man

agem

ent

cond

ucte

d by

sch

ools

(ta

rget

and

bas

elin

e to

be

esta

blis

hed

by 2

015)

KT

C le

ctur

ers

have

inco

rpor

ated

kn

owle

dge

gain

ed in

Pro

fess

iona

l D

evel

opm

ent

(PD

) tr

aini

ngs

on c

limat

e ch

ange

, DR

M a

nd r

elat

ed a

reas

into

te

ache

r gu

ides

by

end

of t

erm

2 o

f 20

14

Pre-

serv

ice

and

TPD

tra

inin

g m

ater

ials

an

d fa

cilit

ator

s gu

ides

wri

ting

on C

C

DR

M a

nd r

elat

ed a

reas

for

diff

eren

t Ye

ar le

vels

com

plet

ed b

y en

d of

ter

m

3 20

14

Kir

ibat

i tea

cher

s ha

ve in

corp

orat

ed

know

ledg

e ga

ined

in P

D w

orks

hops

on

clim

ate

chan

ge, D

RM

and

rel

ated

ar

eas

and

on d

eliv

ery

appr

oach

es a

nd

stra

tegi

es in

to le

sson

pla

ns fo

r:•

Year

1, 2

, & 3

by

end

of t

erm

3 2

015

• Ye

ar 4

, 5 &

6 b

y en

d of

ter

m 3

201

6•

Year

7 ,

8 &

9 b

y en

d of

ter

m 3

20

17N

ew p

re-s

ervi

ce c

ours

es in

del

iver

ing

CC

, DR

M a

nd r

elat

ed a

reas

dev

elop

ed:

• Te

achi

ng P

rim

ary

by 2

014

• Te

achi

ng JS

S by

201

6St

uden

t an

d te

ache

r re

sour

ces

are

avai

labl

e fo

r th

e di

ffere

nt Y

ear

leve

ls:

• Ye

ar 1

, 2 &

3 b

y e

nd o

f ter

m 3

20

14•

Year

4, 5

& 6

by

end

of t

erm

3 2

015

• Ye

ar 7

, 8 &

9 b

y en

d of

ter

m 3

201

6

MO

E (C

urri

culu

m

Dev

elop

men

t an

d R

esou

rce

Cen

tre)

MEL

AD

, OB,

MFM

RD

, M

PWU

, MH

MS,

MLH

RD

, KN

EG,

Sand

wat

ch N

etw

ork,

FS

PKI,

othe

r N

GO

s

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, G

erm

an

Dev

elop

men

t C

oope

ratio

n,

UN

ESC

O,

UN

ICEF

, SP

C, S

PREP

, in

tern

atio

nal

NG

Os

such

as

Pla

n In

tern

atio

nal

$1,2

63,8

77

Inco

rpor

ate

clim

ate

chan

ge, D

RM

and

oth

erre

late

d ar

eas

such

as

agri

cultu

re, l

ives

tock

,en

viro

nmen

t, fis

heri

es, w

ater

and

hea

lth in

to K

TC

’spr

e-se

rvic

e pr

imar

y, ju

nior

sec

onda

ry a

nd s

enio

rse

cond

ary

teac

her

trai

ning

pro

gram

and

tea

cher

prof

essi

onal

dev

elop

men

t tr

aini

ng (

in-s

ervi

cepr

ogra

ms

– on

goin

g).

• Tr

ain

KT

C le

ctur

ers

on c

limat

e ch

ange

, DR

M

and

rela

ted

area

s an

d on

tea

chin

g an

d de

liver

y ap

proa

ches

and

str

ateg

ies

to t

hese

sub

ject

s.•

Wri

te p

re-s

ervi

ce a

nd T

PD c

ours

es, t

rain

ing

mat

eria

ls a

nd fa

cilit

ator

gui

des.

• C

ondu

ct t

each

er p

rofe

ssio

nal d

evel

opm

ent

trai

ning

s fo

r al

l in-

serv

ice

teac

hers

in S

outh

Tar

awa

and

on a

ll ou

ter

isla

nds.

• Tr

ain

stud

ent

teac

hers

at

KT

C b

ased

on

revi

sed

cour

ses

in li

ne w

ith t

he n

ew c

urri

culu

m in

clud

ing

clim

ate

chan

ge, D

RM

and

rel

ated

are

as (

pre-

serv

ice)

.15

• Pr

ovis

ion

of r

esou

rces

to

supp

ort

the

deliv

ery

of

CC

, DR

M a

nd r

elat

ed a

reas

for

Pre-

serv

ice

and

in-s

ervi

ce p

rogr

ams

MO

E (K

TC

)M

ELA

D, O

B, M

FMR

D,

MPW

U, M

HM

S, M

LHR

D, K

NEG

, Sa

ndw

atch

Net

wor

k,

FSPK

I, ot

her

NG

Os

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, G

erm

an

Dev

elop

men

t C

oope

ratio

n,

UN

ESC

O,

UN

ICEF

, SPC

, SP

REP

, USP

; in

tern

atio

nal

NG

Os

such

as

Pla

n In

tern

atio

nal

$3,2

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49

15 B

ased

on

new

syll

abus

, nat

iona

l tea

chin

g m

ater

ials

and

teac

her

guid

es a

nd th

e pi

ctur

e-ba

sed

teac

hing

res

ourc

e ‘L

earn

ing

abou

t Clim

ate

Chan

ge th

e Pa

cific

Way

’ (SP

C/G

IZ 2

013)

, the

Kiri

bati

Clim

ate

Chan

ge F

ram

ewor

k fo

r pr

imar

y, ju

nior

sec

onda

ry a

nd s

enio

r se

cond

ary

leve

ls (U

NES

CO 2

012)

and

oth

er r

esou

rces

.

95


Stra

tegy

7. D

eliv

erin

g ap

prop

riat

e ed

ucat

ion,

tra

inin

g an

d aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

s

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

(AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 7

.1: C

ontin

ued

Inte

grat

e re

leva

nt c

limat

e ch

ange

and

dis

aste

r ri

skm

anag

emen

t co

nten

t an

d sk

ills

into

Tec

hnic

al a

ndVo

catio

nal E

duca

tion

and

Trai

ning

(T

VET

).•

Con

duct

aw

aren

ess

cam

paig

n fo

r ne

w T

VET

po

licy

(par

tly o

ngoi

ng).

• In

tegr

ate

alre

ady

iden

tified

com

pete

ncie

s an

d le

arni

ng o

utco

mes

into

exi

stin

g tr

aini

ng

prog

ram

s of

Fis

heri

es T

rain

ing

Cen

tre,

Mar

ine

Trai

ning

Cen

tre,

Sch

ool o

f Nur

sing

and

Kir

ibat

i Po

lice

Serv

ice.

• C

ondu

ct t

rain

ing

need

ana

lyse

s w

ith r

elev

ant

TV

ET t

rain

ing

prov

ider

s.•

Trai

n le

ctur

ers

on s

trat

egie

s fo

r te

achi

ng a

bout

cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

DR

M.

• D

evel

op a

nd/o

r pr

ovid

e se

ctor

-spe

cific

and

ge

neri

c tr

aini

ng m

ater

ials

on

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd

DR

M.

Clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

m

anag

emen

t el

emen

ts a

re in

tegr

ated

in

to t

he T

VET

syl

labu

s by

201

5

Ass

essm

ent

resu

lts s

how

tha

t st

uden

ts a

chie

ve c

ompe

tenc

ies

for

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

m

anag

emen

t

MLH

RD

(K

IT,

FTC

, MT

C),

MH

MS

(Sch

ool

of N

urse

s),

Kir

ibat

i Pol

ice

Serv

ice

App

rent

ices

hip

Boar

d, M

TC

, FT

C,

KIT

, reg

iona

l TV

ET

bodi

es

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, N

ew Z

eala

nd

Aid

Pro

gram

, G

erm

an

Dev

elop

men

t C

oope

ratio

n,

UN

ESC

O, S

PC,

SPR

EP, U

SP

$1,5

00,0

26

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t a

hum

an r

esou

rce

deve

lopm

ent

plan

to

supp

ort

long

-ter

m c

limat

ech

ange

ada

ptat

ion

and

DR

M.

• A

sses

s ca

paci

ty g

aps

and

need

s fo

r cl

imat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

and

DR

M.

• Id

entif

y tr

aini

ng p

rogr

ams

and

reso

urce

nee

ds,

and

alig

n to

pre

-ser

vice

and

pub

lic s

ervi

ce

trai

ning

pro

gram

s on

clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

n an

d di

sast

er r

isk

man

agem

ent

skill

s (w

ater

en

gine

ers,

coas

tal e

ngin

eers

, oce

an m

odel

lers

, cl

imat

olog

ists

, met

eoro

logi

sts,

ento

mol

ogis

ts,

psyc

holo

gist

s).

• D

evel

op n

ew h

uman

res

ourc

e de

velo

pmen

t po

licy

for

NSA

pro

cedu

res,

alon

g w

ith a

tra

inin

g m

anua

l.

Incr

ease

in t

he n

umbe

r of

I-K

irib

ati

with

qua

lifica

tions

rel

ated

to

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

man

agem

ent

by 2

018

(ter

tiary

qua

lifica

tions

, pr

ofes

sion

al o

n-th

e-jo

b tr

aini

ng

cert

ifica

tes,

atta

chm

ent

cert

ifica

tes;

targ

et a

nd b

asel

ine

to b

e es

tabl

ishe

d by

201

5)

Publ

ic S

ervi

ce

Offi

ceO

B, K

NEG

Any

inte

rest

ed

part

ners

$269

,330

96


Stra

tegy

7. D

eliv

erin

g ap

prop

riat

e ed

ucat

ion,

tra

inin

g an

d aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

s

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

(AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

7.2

: The

I-K

irib

ati p

opul

atio

n is

wel

l inf

orm

ed a

nd a

ll st

akeh

olde

rs h

ave

acce

ss t

o up

-to-

date

and

acc

urat

e, c

onte

mpo

rary

and

tra

ditio

nal i

nfor

mat

ion

on c

limat

e ch

ange

and

dis

aste

r ri

sk m

anag

emen

t (s

ee a

lso

Stra

tegy

2)

and

com

mun

ities

tak

e vo

lunt

ary

actio

n to

red

uce

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

s.

Stre

ngth

en t

he c

apac

ity o

f com

mun

ity-b

ased

orga

nisa

tions

to

prov

ide

trai

ning

and

aw

aren

ess

oncl

imat

e ch

ange

and

dis

aste

r ri

sk m

anag

emen

t to

com

mun

ities

(ch

urch

es, N

GO

s, et

c.).

• Tr

ain

NG

O s

taff

with

tra

inin

g of

tra

iner

s ap

proa

ch o

n co

mm

unity

-bas

ed c

limat

e ch

ange

an

d D

RM

(in

clud

ing

inte

grat

ion

of c

limat

e ch

ange

and

DR

M in

the

des

ign,

impl

emen

tatio

n an

d ev

alua

tion

of p

roje

cts

with

com

mun

ities

; in

clus

ive

of v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

).•

Con

duct

aw

aren

ess

wor

ksho

p in

vill

ages

(o

utre

ach)

.•

Impr

ove

plan

ning

to

mak

e pr

ogra

ms

sust

aina

ble

by d

evel

opin

g N

GO

Act

ion

Plan

with

long

-ter

m

obje

ctiv

es a

nd p

rovi

ding

gra

nt-w

ritin

g tr

aini

ng

to lo

ng-t

erm

pro

ject

s.•

Build

adv

ocac

y sk

ills

on c

limat

e ch

ange

and

D

RM

am

ong

com

mun

ity-b

ased

org

anis

atio

ns.

Incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

com

mun

ity-

base

d or

gani

satio

ns p

rovi

ding

tra

inin

g to

com

mun

ities

on

clim

ate

chan

ge

and

disa

ster

ris

k m

anag

emen

t in

itiat

ives

(ta

rget

and

bas

elin

e to

be

esta

blis

hed

2015

)

All

new

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

man

agem

ent

awar

enes

s, ed

ucat

ion

and

trai

ning

mat

eria

ls

incl

ude

up-t

o-da

te a

nd a

ccur

ate,

lo

cally

rel

evan

t, co

ntem

pora

ry a

nd

trad

ition

al k

now

ledg

e

NG

Os

such

as

Kir

iCan

, Pa

cific

Cal

ling

Part

ners

hip,

C

arita

s, Ec

oCar

e,

FSPK

I, Sa

ndw

atch

N

etw

ork,

Te

ToaM

atoa

, MIA

KN

EGA

ustr

alia

’s A

id P

rogr

am,

Ger

man

D

evel

opm

ent

Coo

pera

tion,

U

NES

CO

, U

NIC

EF, N

ew

Zea

land

Aid

Pr

ogra

m; S

PC,

SPR

EP, U

SP;

inte

rnat

iona

l N

GO

s su

ch

as P

lan

Inte

rnat

iona

l

$533

,420

Stre

ngth

en c

apac

ities

of m

edia

out

lets

, gov

ernm

ent

depa

rtm

ents

, NG

Os

and

faith

-bas

ed o

rgan

isat

ions

to d

eliv

er m

essa

ges

on c

limat

e ch

ange

and

DR

M.

• M

essa

ges

follo

w t

he K

irib

ati C

C a

nd D

RM

C

omm

unic

atio

ns S

trat

egy

curr

ently

bei

ng

final

ized

• T

he S

trat

egy

is im

plem

ente

d ac

cord

ing

to t

he

activ

ities

out

lined

in t

he w

orkp

lan

• D

evel

op a

med

ia p

rogr

am t

o co

nvey

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd D

RM

issu

es b

ased

on

the

Stra

tegy

in

rad

io, n

ewsp

aper

and

tel

evis

ion.

• D

evel

op p

lays

or

dram

as o

n cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

D

RM

bas

ed o

n th

e ke

y m

essa

ges

outli

ned

in t

he

Stra

tegy

.

Med

ia o

utle

ts, g

over

nmen

t de

part

men

ts, N

GO

s an

d fa

ith-

base

d or

gani

satio

ns u

se c

omm

on

key

mes

sage

s fo

r C

C a

nd D

RM

co

mm

unic

atio

ns in

Kir

ibat

i

The

Kir

ibat

i CC

and

DR

M

Com

mun

icat

ions

Str

ateg

y is

im

plem

ente

d

OB,

KJIP

Se

cret

aria

t En

viro

nmen

t an

d C

onse

rvat

ion

Div

isio

n (M

ELA

D),

Kir

ibat

i Br

oadc

astin

g, Yo

uth

Gro

up

Car

itas

MIA

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, EU

, UN

ESC

O,

UN

ICEF

, New

Z

eala

nd A

id

Prog

ram

, G

erm

an

Dev

elop

men

t C

oope

ratio

n,

SPC

(G

loba

l C

limat

e C

hang

e A

llian

ce),

SPR

EP, U

SP;

inte

rnat

iona

l N

GO

s

$90,

240

97


Stra

tegy

7. D

eliv

erin

g ap

prop

riat

e ed

ucat

ion,

tra

inin

g an

d aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

s

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

(AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put)

7.3

: The

I-K

irib

ati p

opul

atio

n (in

clus

ive

of v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

) ar

e w

ell q

ualifi

ed w

ith fo

rmal

and

TV

ET fo

rms

of q

ualifi

catio

n to

get

em

ploy

men

t ou

tsid

e of

Kir

ibat

i.

Gen

erat

e fu

rthe

r em

ploy

men

t op

port

uniti

es in

in

tern

atio

nal m

arke

ts.

• Fo

rm a

tas

k fo

rce

acro

ss k

ey m

inis

trie

s, tr

aini

ng

inst

itutio

ns a

nd t

he p

riva

te s

ecto

r. •

Con

duct

a t

race

r su

rvey

for

Kir

ibat

i peo

ple

with

sig

nific

ant

voca

tiona

l qua

lifica

tions

.•

Ana

lyse

ski

ll ga

ps fo

r in

tern

atio

nal l

abou

r m

arke

t re

quir

emen

ts a

gain

st e

xist

ing

voca

tiona

l tr

aini

ng.

• R

e-de

sign

voc

atio

nal c

ours

es w

ith a

ssis

tanc

e fr

om lo

cal t

echn

ical

exp

erts

.•

Mak

e a

mar

ketin

g/pr

omot

iona

l vis

it to

A

ustr

alia

n em

ploy

ers

for

empl

oym

ent

oppo

rtun

ities

in a

ccom

mod

atio

n, c

otto

n, s

ugar

ca

ne a

nd a

quac

ultu

re in

dust

ries

.•

Neg

otia

te w

ith T

echn

ical

and

Fur

ther

Edu

catio

n So

uth

Aus

tral

ia fo

r fu

ture

em

ploy

men

t op

port

uniti

es fo

r K

IT g

radu

ates

.•

Inte

grat

e la

bour

mob

ility

goa

ls in

to t

rade

ag

reem

ents

and

str

engt

hen

MC

IC in

ne

gotia

tions

.•

Und

erta

ke la

bour

mar

ketin

g/pr

omot

ion

in

over

seas

mar

kets

.

Incr

ease

in r

emitt

ance

s fr

om t

his

over

seas

em

ploy

men

t (t

arge

t to

be

esta

blis

hed)

Incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

I-K

irib

ati

empl

oyed

ove

rsea

s (t

arge

t to

be

esta

blis

hed)

MLH

RD

, M

CIC

, MFA

IO

B, K

NEG

, MO

E,

MH

MS,

MT

C, K

irib

ati

Aus

tral

ia N

ursi

ng

Initi

ativ

e, K

IT, F

TC

, K

CC

I, M

HM

S, A

ppre

ntic

eshi

p Bo

ard,

pri

vate

sec

tor

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, N

ew Z

eala

nd

Aid

Pro

gram

, U

NES

CO

, SPC

, U

SP, S

outh

Pa

cific

Tou

rism

O

rgan

isat

ion,

FF

A, F

iji

Nat

iona

l U

nive

rsity

$602

,638

Tota

l Cos

t St

rate

gy 7

$7,4

78,4

80

98


Stra

tegy

8: I

ncre

asin

g ef

fect

iven

ess

and

effic

ienc

y of

ear

ly w

arni

ngs

and

disa

ster

and

em

erge

ncy

man

agem

ent

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

(AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 8

.1: D

amag

e to

infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd p

rope

rtie

s, an

d in

juri

es a

nd lo

ss o

f life

are

red

uced

.

Enha

nce

gove

rnan

ce in

stitu

tiona

l arr

ange

men

ts fo

rdi

sast

er m

anag

emen

t at

nat

iona

l and

loca

l lev

els

(Nat

iona

l Dis

aste

r M

anag

emen

t O

ffice

; Isl

and

Dis

aste

r C

omm

ittee

).•

Form

alis

e a

polic

y fo

r th

e N

atio

nal D

isas

ter

Cou

ncil

to p

rovi

de a

qua

rter

ly r

epor

t to

th

e D

evel

opm

ent

Coo

rdin

atio

n C

omm

ittee

m

eetin

gs.

• Es

tabl

ish

the

Nat

iona

l Dis

aste

r M

anag

emen

t O

ffice

with

full-

time

staf

f and

res

ourc

es w

ithin

go

vern

men

t st

ruct

ure.

• Es

tabl

ish

Isla

nd D

isas

ter

Com

mitt

ee in

clo

se

colla

bora

tion

with

isla

nd c

ounc

ils.

Incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

isla

nd

and

tow

n co

unci

l Str

ateg

ic P

lans

th

at in

corp

orat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

an

d di

sast

er r

isk

man

agem

ent

cons

ider

atio

ns b

y 20

15

Infr

astr

uctu

re lo

sses

due

to

disa

ster

s ar

e re

duce

d by

202

3

Rep

orte

d ca

ses

of in

juri

es a

nd

fata

litie

s du

e to

dis

aste

rs a

re r

educ

ed

(bas

elin

e to

be

esta

blis

hed,

to

be

disa

ggre

gate

d by

sex

, age

and

peo

ple

with

dis

abili

ties)

OB,

Nat

iona

l Ec

onom

ic

Plan

ning

O

ffice

MIA

, out

er is

land

co

unci

ls, M

OE,

faith

-ba

sed

orga

nisa

tions

, M

HM

S, N

GO

s, K

irib

ati P

olic

e Se

rvic

e

EU, W

orld

Ba

nk, S

PC,

SPR

EP, a

ny

inte

rest

ed

part

ners

$1,8

11,0

41

99


Stra

tegy

8: I

ncre

asin

g ef

fect

iven

ess

and

effic

ienc

y of

ear

ly w

arni

ngs

and

disa

ster

and

em

erge

ncy

man

agem

ent

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

(AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 8

.1: C

ontin

ued

Stre

ngth

en e

ffect

ive

prep

ared

ness

, res

pons

e an

dre

cove

ry a

rran

gem

ents

by

revi

ewin

g th

e ai

rpor

tan

d ot

her

com

mun

icat

ion;

dev

elop

ing

Sect

orO

pera

tiona

l Pla

ns, h

azar

d su

ppor

t pl

ans,

trai

ning

and

awar

enes

s ca

mpa

igns

; and

est

ablis

hing

sto

ckdi

stri

butio

n ce

ntre

s, em

erge

ncy

evac

uatio

n pl

ans

and

tria

lling

.•

Con

stru

ct a

per

man

ent

Nat

iona

l Dis

aste

r R

isk

Man

agem

ent

Offi

ce w

ith a

ll ap

prop

riat

e eq

uipm

ent.

• R

evie

w a

irpo

rts/

airs

trip

s an

d en

sure

the

y ar

e fu

nctio

ning

with

rel

ief s

uppo

rt a

nd

com

mun

icat

ion

equi

pmen

t in

the

out

er is

land

s th

at c

an b

e us

ed t

o is

sue

earl

y w

arni

ng a

nd

disa

ster

res

pons

e.•

Dev

elop

and

con

sist

ently

tes

t St

anda

rd

Ope

ratin

g Pr

oced

ures

for

the

Nat

iona

l Em

erge

ncy

Ope

ratio

n C

entr

e.•

Dev

elop

haz

ard

supp

ort

plan

s an

d m

odel

s of

ke

y ha

zard

s th

at p

ose

thre

ats

(dro

ught

, fire

, los

s at

sea

, tsu

nam

i, an

d st

orm

sur

ges)

.•

Dev

elop

mod

els

that

can

bet

ter

assi

st in

un

ders

tand

ing

haza

rds

(tsu

nam

i, st

orm

sur

ges)

.•

Con

duct

cap

acity

bui

ldin

g pr

ogra

ms

to e

nhan

ce

staf

f per

form

ance

in d

isas

ter

risk

man

agem

ent.

• D

evel

op c

omm

unity

dis

aste

r pl

ans

in p

ilot

villa

ges

to g

uide

com

mun

ity r

espo

nse

in

disa

ster

s.•

Con

duct

com

mun

ity a

war

enes

s ca

mpa

igns

and

tr

aini

ng fo

r co

mm

unity

lead

ers,

wom

en, y

outh

an

d ot

her

grou

ps (

cons

ider

ing

com

mun

ity r

oles

of

wom

en a

nd m

en)

on a

ll ha

zard

s, in

loca

l la

ngua

ges.

Incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

isla

nd

and

tow

n co

unci

l Str

ateg

ic P

lans

th

at in

corp

orat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

an

d di

sast

er r

isk

man

agem

ent

cons

ider

atio

ns b

y 20

15

Infr

astr

uctu

re lo

sses

due

to

disa

ster

s ar

e re

duce

d by

202

3

Rep

orte

d ca

ses

of in

juri

es a

nd

fata

litie

s du

e to

dis

aste

rs a

re r

educ

ed

(bas

elin

e to

be

esta

blis

hed,

to

be

disa

ggre

gate

d by

sex

, age

and

peo

ple

with

dis

abili

ties)

OB,

Kir

ibat

i Po

lice

Serv

ice,

al

l min

istr

ies,

K

irib

ati R

ed

Cro

ss S

ocie

ty

MIA

, Out

er Is

land

C

ounc

ils, M

OE,

faith

-ba

sed

orga

nisa

tions

, M

HM

S, N

GO

s, ,O

B,

MC

TT

D

EU, W

orld

Ba

nk, S

PC,

SPR

EP, a

ny

inte

rest

ed

part

ners

(N

Z N

avy,

Aus

tral

ian

Nav

y fo

r th

e Po

lice

Mar

itim

e U

nit)

$2,5

86,3

95

100


Stra

tegy

8: I

ncre

asin

g ef

fect

iven

ess

and

effic

ienc

y of

ear

ly w

arni

ngs

and

disa

ster

and

em

erge

ncy

man

agem

ent

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

(AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 8

.1: C

ontin

ued

• Es

tabl

ish

and

stoc

k di

stri

butio

n ce

ntre

s of

non

-fo

od it

ems

in c

olla

bora

tion

with

Red

Cro

ss•

Dev

elop

a s

tron

g di

sast

er in

form

atio

n sy

stem

th

at c

an e

nhan

ce in

form

atio

n sh

arin

g be

twee

n N

atio

nal E

mer

genc

y O

pera

tion

Cen

tre

and

oute

r is

land

s in

Gilb

ert,

Line

and

Pho

enix

G

roup

s.•

Dev

elop

and

tes

t em

erge

ncy

evac

uatio

n pl

ans

for

busi

ness

es, o

ffice

s, sc

hool

s, ho

tels

, gue

st

hous

es a

nd h

ospi

tals

for

fast

-ons

et h

azar

ds (

fire

and

tsun

ami)

and

esta

blis

h an

nual

dri

ll pr

ogra

ms

in a

ll se

ctor

s.•

Stre

ngth

en in

ter-

oper

abili

ty o

f em

erge

ncy

serv

ices

(Po

lice,

Hea

lth a

nd N

atio

nal D

isas

ter

Man

agem

ent

Offi

ce).

• R

evie

w t

he c

apac

ity o

f the

Pol

ice

Serv

ice

and

impl

emen

t fir

e-fig

htin

g pr

iori

ties.

• Fa

cilit

ate

proc

ess

for

Kir

ibat

i Fir

e Se

rvic

e to

be

com

e m

embe

r of

Pac

ific

Isla

nds

Fire

Ser

vice

s A

ssoc

iatio

n.•

Wor

k w

ith c

omm

unity

pol

icin

g an

d de

velo

p co

mm

unity

aw

aren

ess

of fi

re s

afet

y.•

Con

duct

in-c

ount

ry t

rain

ing

on s

earc

h an

d re

scue

for

both

mar

itim

e an

d la

nd-b

ased

re

scue

s.•

Impr

ove

the

skill

s of

the

Pol

ice

Mar

itim

e U

nit

to

incl

ude

man

agem

ent

and

lead

ersh

ip t

rain

ing.

• U

pgra

de e

quip

men

t to

per

form

sea

rch

and

resc

ue, i

nclu

ding

com

mun

icat

ions

equ

ipm

ent

for

all o

pera

tions

of t

he p

atro

l boa

t.

Incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

isla

nd

and

tow

n co

unci

l Str

ateg

ic P

lans

th

at in

corp

orat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

an

d di

sast

er r

isk

man

agem

ent

cons

ider

atio

ns b

y 20

15

Infr

astr

uctu

re lo

sses

due

to

disa

ster

s ar

e re

duce

d by

202

3

Rep

orte

d ca

ses

of in

juri

es a

nd

fata

litie

s du

e to

dis

aste

rs a

re r

educ

ed

(bas

elin

e to

be

esta

blis

hed,

to

be

disa

ggre

gate

d by

sex

, age

and

peo

ple

with

dis

abili

ties)

OB,

Kir

ibat

i Po

lice

Serv

ice,

al

l min

istr

ies,

K

irib

ati R

ed

Cro

ss S

ocie

ty

MIA

, Out

er Is

land

C

ounc

ils, M

OE,

faith

-ba

sed

orga

nisa

tions

, M

HM

S, N

GO

s, ,O

B,

MC

TT

D

EU, W

orld

Ba

nk, S

PC,

SPR

EP, a

ny

inte

rest

ed

part

ners

(N

Z N

avy,

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tral

ian

Nav

y fo

r th

e Po

lice

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itim

e U

nit)

$2,5

86,3

95

101


Stra

tegy

8: I

ncre

asin

g ef

fect

iven

ess

and

effic

ienc

y of

ear

ly w

arni

ngs

and

disa

ster

and

em

erge

ncy

man

agem

ent

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

(AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 8

.1: C

ontin

ued

Incr

ease

the

cap

acity

of s

ervi

ces

to a

ddre

ss t

hesp

ecifi

c ne

eds

of p

eopl

e w

ith d

isab

ilitie

s du

ring

times

of e

mer

genc

y (t

rain

ing,

shel

ter

avai

labi

lity,

disa

bilit

y m

ains

trea

med

in d

isas

ter

actio

n pl

an).

• Pr

ovid

e tr

aini

ng fo

r ca

rers

, fam

ilies

and

tea

cher

s on

firs

t ai

d (in

clud

ing

men

and

wom

en).

• Pr

ovid

e tr

aini

ng fo

r em

erge

ncy

pers

onne

l on

mob

ilisi

ng p

eopl

e w

ith d

isab

ilitie

s (in

clud

ing

gend

er c

onsi

dera

tions

).•

Des

igna

te a

saf

e sp

ace

whe

re p

eopl

e w

ith

disa

bilit

ies

can

go in

dis

aste

rs (

incl

udin

g ge

nder

co

nsid

erat

ions

).•

Dev

elop

an

isla

nd-s

peci

fic d

isas

ter

plan

in

cons

ulta

tion

with

peo

ple

with

dis

abili

ties,

incl

udin

g pr

ovis

ion

of r

atio

ns, w

ater

, bla

nket

s an

d em

erge

ncy

equi

pmen

t as

req

uire

d, t

akin

g in

to a

ccou

nt t

radi

tiona

l pro

toco

ls a

nd g

over

ning

sy

stem

s.

Incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

isla

nd

and

tow

n co

unci

l Str

ateg

ic P

lans

th

at in

corp

orat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

an

d di

sast

er r

isk

man

agem

ent

cons

ider

atio

ns b

y 20

15

Infr

astr

uctu

re lo

sses

due

to

disa

ster

s ar

e re

duce

d by

202

3

Rep

orte

d ca

ses

of in

juri

es a

nd

fata

litie

s du

e to

dis

aste

rs a

re r

educ

ed

(bas

elin

e to

be

esta

blis

hed,

to

be

disa

ggre

gate

d by

sex

, age

and

peo

ple

with

dis

abili

ties)

MH

MS,

Kir

ibat

i Pol

ice

Serv

ice,

MIA

, O

B

Red

Cro

ss, M

arin

e Tr

aini

ng C

entr

e,

FTC

, Kir

ibat

i R

ehab

ilita

tion

Cen

tre,

chu

rche

s, bu

sine

sses

, vill

age

coun

cils

EU, W

orld

Ba

nk, U

NIC

EF,

SPC

, SPR

EP,

any

inte

rest

ed

part

ners

$63,

831

Ensu

re a

ll em

erge

ncy

and

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ster

man

agem

ent

initi

ativ

es a

re r

espo

nsiv

e to

gen

der.

• D

evel

op a

nd d

eliv

er g

ende

r se

nsiti

vity

tra

inin

g fo

r al

l em

erge

ncy

and

disa

ster

man

agem

ent

pers

onne

l.

MIA

, MW

YSA

OB

EU, W

orld

Ba

nk, U

NIC

EF,

SPC

, SPR

EP,

any

inte

rest

ed

part

ners

$47,

210

Tota

l Cos

ts S

trat

egy

8

$4,5

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102


Stra

tegy

9: P

rom

otin

g th

e us

e of

sus

tain

able

ren

ewab

le s

ourc

es o

f ene

rgy

and

ener

gy e

ffici

ency

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 9

.1: R

enew

able

ene

rgy

has

an in

crea

sed

shar

e of

the

tot

al e

nerg

y m

ix.

Mai

ntai

n gr

id s

tabi

lity

with

hig

h so

lar

pene

trat

ion

• D

evel

op s

tand

ards

and

gui

delin

es fo

r fu

ture

so

lar

phot

ovol

taic

gri

d-co

nnec

ted

syst

ems.

• Bu

ild c

apac

ity t

o m

anag

e hi

gh le

vels

of g

rid

conn

ecte

d s

olar

inst

alla

tions

.•

Aut

omat

e di

esel

gen

sets

and

pro

vide

ap

prop

riat

e st

orag

e te

chno

logy

to

pow

er

utili

ties.

• In

vest

igat

e op

tions

of c

onne

ctin

g m

ore

rene

wab

le e

nerg

y to

the

gri

d in

Tar

awa

and

Kir

itim

ati.

• In

vest

igat

e th

e ap

prop

riat

enes

s of

pri

vate

ly

owne

d so

lar

phot

ovol

taic

gri

d-co

nnec

ted

syst

ems,

incl

udin

g fe

ed-in

-tar

iff a

nd/o

r ne

t-m

eter

ing.

• D

evel

op b

est

prac

tice

regu

latio

ns a

nd s

tand

ards

fo

r th

e sa

fe a

nd r

elia

ble

supp

ly, g

ener

atio

n,

tran

smis

sion

and

dis

trib

utio

n of

pow

er in

urb

an

and

rura

l ins

titut

ions

Incr

ease

d sh

are

of g

rid

conn

ecte

d re

new

able

ene

rgy

(Bas

elin

e: 0

% s

olar

en

ergy

inte

rmitt

ent

in 2

013;

tar

get

60%

by

2025

).

Best

pra

ctic

es, s

tand

ards

and

re

gula

tions

und

erst

ood

and

put

into

pr

actic

e fo

r el

ectr

ical

sup

ply

and

dist

ribu

tion

in u

rban

and

rur

al a

reas

.

Inte

rmitt

ent

rene

wab

le e

nerg

y re

ache

s pa

rity

with

sta

ndar

d gr

id

pow

er.

Pow

er u

tiliti

es fu

nctio

ning

at

a hi

gher

ef

ficie

ncy

due

to a

utom

atio

n an

d st

orag

e te

chno

logy

.

Polic

y es

tabl

ishe

d an

d im

plem

ente

d fo

r en

cour

agin

g fe

ed-in

-tar

iff a

nd/

or n

et-m

eter

ing.

Elec

tric

ity A

ct

appr

oved

and

enf

orce

d.

MPW

U

(Ene

rgy

Plan

ning

Uni

t),

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ic U

tiliti

es

Boar

d

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ronm

ent

and

Con

serv

atio

n D

ivis

ion

(MEL

AD

), M

FED

, MIA

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, EU

, AD

B,

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Zea

land

A

id P

rogr

am,

Ger

man

D

evel

opm

ent

Coo

pera

tion;

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C, P

IFS;

SP

REP

, In

tern

atio

nal

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ewab

le

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gy A

genc

y

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Stre

ngth

en c

ocon

ut o

il (C

NO

) ca

paci

ty fo

r bi

ofue

ls•

Dev

elop

a c

ocon

ut o

il im

plem

enta

tion

plan

fo

r K

irib

ati t

o de

term

ine

the

spec

ific

actio

ns

and

sub-

actio

ns a

nd t

imel

ines

nec

essa

ry t

o de

velo

p co

conu

t oi

l as

an a

ccep

tabl

e di

esel

fuel

re

plac

emen

t.•

Esta

blis

h fu

el s

tand

ards

and

a t

estin

g fa

cilit

y fo

r co

conu

t oi

l-bas

ed b

iofu

el t

o be

use

d fo

r po

wer

ge

nera

tion

and

tran

spor

t.•

Dev

elop

a m

obile

cop

ra m

ill fo

r Bi

odie

sel

prod

uctio

n an

d re

finin

g fo

r us

e on

out

er is

land

s.•

Con

duct

a fe

asib

ility

stu

dy o

n th

e us

e of

sm

all-

scal

e, m

obile

cru

shin

g m

ills

for

the

prep

arat

ion

of a

dequ

ate

qual

ity C

NO

for

biof

uel o

n ou

ter

isla

nds.

• D

evel

op in

dust

ry s

cale

CN

O b

iodi

esel

pla

nt fo

r K

iriti

mat

i and

Tar

awa.

• Su

ppor

t th

e Po

wer

util

ities

to

proc

ure

a ge

nset

des

igne

d fo

r us

e w

ith C

BI fo

r ba

se lo

ad

gene

ratio

n.

Roa

dmap

dev

elop

ed fo

r su

bstit

utin

g di

esel

fuel

with

coc

onut

oil

biof

uel f

or p

ower

gen

erat

ion

and

tran

spor

tatio

n.

Test

ing

faci

lity

esta

blis

hed

and

CN

O

Biof

uel m

eets

req

uire

d st

anda

rd.

Feas

ibili

ty s

tudy

rep

ort

prov

ided

Esta

blis

hmen

t of

indu

stry

sca

le C

NO

bi

odie

sel p

lant

.

Dua

l fue

l gen

sets

inst

alle

d.

Incr

ease

in u

sage

of b

iofu

el a

s co

mpa

red

to d

iese

l fue

l in

Kir

ibat

i

MPW

U

(Ene

rgy

Plan

ning

Uni

t),

Publ

ic U

tiliti

es

Boar

d, K

irib

ati

Cop

ra M

ill

Com

pany

Li

mite

d,

MEL

AD

Fina

nce,

MC

ICA

ustr

alia

’s A

id

Prog

ram

, EU

, A

DB,

New

Z

eala

nd A

id

Prog

ram

; SPC

, PI

FS; S

PREP

, In

tern

atio

nal

Ren

ewab

le

Ener

gy A

genc

y

$3,5

33,3

38

103


Stra

tegy

9: P

rom

otin

g th

e us

e of

sus

tain

able

ren

ewab

le s

ourc

es o

f ene

rgy

and

ener

gy e

ffici

ency

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e) 9

.1: C

ontin

ued

Incr

ease

use

of r

enew

able

ene

rgy

for

off-g

rid

elec

trifi

catio

n on

all

oute

r is

land

s•

Sola

r K

its fo

r lig

htin

g in

all

rura

l hou

seho

lds.

• O

uter

Isla

nd C

ounc

il PV

- m

ini g

rid

syst

em•

Mer

eang

Tab

wai

Sec

onda

ry S

choo

l PV-

min

i gri

d•

PV-m

ini g

rid

syst

em fo

r So

uthe

rn K

irib

ati

Hos

pita

l•

Juni

or s

econ

dary

sch

ool s

olar

sys

tem

• O

uter

Isla

nd F

ish

Cen

ter

PV-g

rid

• D

esal

inat

ion

plan

t fo

r vu

lner

able

rur

al

com

mun

ity•

Out

er is

land

Pol

ice

stat

ion

sola

r w

ater

sys

tem

ha

bilit

atio

n•

Out

er is

land

clin

ic s

olar

sys

tem

reh

abili

tatio

n

Rur

al e

lect

rific

atio

n ro

adm

ap

deve

lope

d fo

r ut

ilisi

ng r

enew

able

en

ergy

sou

rces

.

Rur

al h

ouse

hold

acc

ess

to c

lean

and

ad

equa

te li

ghtin

g re

ache

s 10

0%

All

isla

nd c

ounc

ils u

tilis

e pv

-gri

d sy

stem

s

MT

SS fu

el r

educ

tion.

SKH

fuel

red

uctio

n.

All

rura

l JSS

util

ise

sola

r po

wer

for

offic

e du

ties

and

stud

y ve

nue

at n

ight

.

All

OI F

ish

Cen

ters

ach

ieve

si

gnifi

cant

fuel

red

uctio

n.

All

vuln

erab

le c

omm

uniti

es h

ave

acce

ss t

o po

rtab

le w

ater

All

OI P

olic

e po

st s

olar

sys

tem

s re

habi

litat

ed

All

OI c

linic

s so

lar

syst

ems

reha

bilit

ated

.

MPW

U

(Ene

rgy

Plan

ning

Uni

t)

MFE

D, M

inis

try

of

Line

and

Pho

enix

D

evel

opm

ent,

MIA

, K

irib

ati S

olar

Ene

rgy

Com

pany

All

Min

istr

y st

akeh

olde

rs

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pro

gram

, EU

, AD

B,

New

Zea

land

A

id P

rogr

am,

Ger

man

D

evel

opm

ent

Coo

pera

tion;

SP

C, P

IFS;

SP

REP

, In

tern

atio

nal

Ren

ewab

le

Ener

gy A

genc

y

$8,8

09,5

00

104


Stra

tegy

9: P

rom

otin

g th

e us

e of

sus

tain

able

ren

ewab

le s

ourc

es o

f ene

rgy

and

ener

gy e

ffici

ency

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e): 9

.2 E

nerg

y ef

ficie

ncy

and

cons

erva

tion

mea

sure

s in

crea

se.

Prom

ote

ener

gy e

ffici

ency

and

con

serv

atio

n.•

Dev

elop

a p

olic

y to

gui

de a

nd e

nfor

ce t

he

effic

ient

use

of e

nerg

y in

the

tra

nspo

rt s

ecto

r an

d po

wer

sec

tor.

• D

evel

op a

pol

icy

to m

inim

ise

the

impo

rtat

ion

of s

econ

d-ha

nd v

ehic

les

that

are

not

en

viro

nmen

tally

frie

ndly

and

fuel

effi

cien

t.•

Dev

elop

a fi

nanc

ing

mec

hani

sm fo

r en

ergy

ef

ficie

ncy

(ene

rgy

effic

ienc

y re

volv

ing

fund

).•

Inst

all a

pre

-pai

d m

eter

sys

tem

to

cons

erve

en

ergy

.•

Esta

blis

h st

anda

rds

and

labe

lling

for

min

imum

en

ergy

per

form

ance

of e

lect

rica

l app

lianc

es.

• D

evel

op b

est

prac

tice

guid

elin

es fo

r su

pply

sid

e m

anag

emen

t.•

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t pu

blic

aw

aren

ess

and

educ

atio

nal p

rogr

ams

for:

• go

od t

rans

port

man

agem

ent;

• el

ectr

icity

use

; and

• en

ergy

effi

cien

cy a

nd c

onse

rvat

ion.

Legi

slat

ion

for

min

imum

ene

rgy

perf

orm

ance

sta

ndar

ds a

nd la

belli

ng

appr

oved

Dec

reas

e in

num

ber

of im

port

ed

used

and

inef

ficie

nt v

ehic

les

by 2

020

Rev

olvi

ng fu

nd e

stab

lishe

d.

Num

ber

of p

re-p

aym

ent

met

ers

inst

alle

d in

res

iden

tial a

nd

com

mer

cial

gri

d cu

stom

ers.

Stan

dard

s an

d la

belli

ng g

uide

lines

de

velo

ped

and

enfo

rced

Red

uctio

n in

inte

nsity

of

conv

entio

nal e

nerg

y u

sed

6690

kJ/

GD

P in

201

2.

MPW

U

(Ene

rgy

Plan

ning

Uni

t),

Publ

ic U

tiliti

es

Boar

d

MFE

D, M

CT

TD

, M

OE,

NG

Os

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pr

ogra

m, E

U,

AD

B, N

ew

Zea

land

Aid

Pr

ogra

m; S

PC,

PIFS

; SPR

EP,

Inte

rnat

iona

l R

enew

able

En

ergy

Age

ncy

$2,7

66,3

13

Res

ult

9.3

(Out

put)

: Ren

ewab

le e

nerg

y an

d en

ergy

effi

cien

cy a

re s

uppo

rted

by

appr

opri

ate

polic

y, le

gisl

atio

n an

d re

gula

tion.

Stre

ngth

en e

nerg

y go

vern

ance

thr

ough

rev

iew

and

crea

tion

of a

ppro

pria

te p

olic

ies

and

regu

latio

ns.

• Es

tabl

ish

a K

irib

ati N

atio

nal E

nerg

y C

oord

inat

ing

Com

mitt

ee (

KN

ECC

).•

Rev

iew

exi

stin

g in

cent

ives

, reg

ulat

ions

and

po

licie

s re

latin

g to

ene

rgy

and

prop

ose

chan

ges

whe

re t

here

are

dis

ince

ntiv

es fo

r re

new

able

en

ergy

.•

Rev

iew

hum

an r

esou

rces

and

tec

hnic

al c

apac

ity

need

ed in

the

ene

rgy

sect

or.

• R

evie

w t

he K

irib

ati S

olar

Ene

rgy

Com

pany

bu

sine

ss m

odel

.

KN

ECC

form

alis

ed a

nd e

stab

lishe

d.

Rel

ated

ene

rgy

Act

s re

view

ed t

o be

con

duci

ve fo

r re

new

able

ene

rgy

tran

sitio

n.

Incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

pro

fess

iona

lly

trai

ned

staf

f in

the

ener

gy s

ecto

r

KSE

C p

erfo

rmin

g an

d co

mpe

ting

in

the

loca

l mar

ket.

MPW

U

(Ene

rgy

Plan

ning

Uni

t),

Publ

ic U

tiliti

es

Boar

d

MFE

D, M

CC

TT,

MoE

, N

GO

A

ustr

alia

’s A

id

Prog

ram

, EU

, A

DB,

New

Z

eala

nd A

id

Prog

ram

; SPC

, PI

FS, S

PREP

, In

tern

atio

nal

Ren

ewab

le

Ener

gy A

genc

y

$136

,660

Tota

l Cos

ts S

trat

egy

9$1

5,34

0,32

2

105


Stra

tegy

10:

Str

engt

heni

ng c

apac

ity t

o ac

cess

fina

nce,

mon

itor

expe

nditu

res

and

mai

ntai

n st

rong

par

tner

ship

s

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e/O

utpu

t) 1

0.1:

Exi

stin

g co

ordi

natio

n an

d ap

prov

al m

echa

nism

s ar

e st

reng

then

ed t

o re

view

pro

posa

ls fr

om t

he p

ersp

ectiv

e of

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd

disa

ster

ris

k re

duct

ion

and

natio

nal a

nd e

xter

nal fi

nanc

e to

sup

port

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

initi

ativ

es in

crea

ses

(as

refle

cted

in n

atio

nal b

udge

ts, o

vers

eas

deve

lopm

ent

assi

stan

ce a

nd a

dditi

onal

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

finan

ce).

Incl

ude

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd D

RM

in t

heim

plem

enta

tion

of t

he p

ublic

fina

nce

and

fisca

lre

form

pro

gram

(M

FED

Str

ateg

ic P

lan,

Act

ion

7)to

faci

litat

e bu

dget

sup

port

and

to

mon

itor

expe

nditu

re o

n cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

DR

M.

• A

dapt

and

str

engt

hen

exis

ting

data

base

to

incl

ude

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd D

RM

(e.

g. co

ding

).•

Incl

ude

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd D

RM

in

impr

ovem

ent

of r

epor

ting

syst

ems

(act

ions

, re

sult

indi

cato

rs, e

xpen

ditu

re).

• St

reng

then

com

mun

icat

ion

mec

hani

sm b

etw

een

OB

and

MFE

D s

o bo

th a

re a

war

e of

key

do

nors

for

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

m

anag

emen

t.•

Trai

n M

FED

sta

ff on

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd D

RM

.

All

sect

oral

and

cor

pora

te p

lans

an

d an

nual

bud

gets

exp

licitl

y re

flect

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd D

RM

co

nsid

erat

ions

Incr

ease

in e

xpen

ditu

re o

n cl

imat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

and

disa

ster

ri

sk m

anag

emen

t as

an

achi

evab

le

perc

enta

ge o

f GD

P

Incr

ease

in fu

nds

sour

ced

from

su

cces

sful

res

ourc

e m

obili

satio

n w

ith

a fo

cus

on c

limat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

(KD

P K

PA 4

).

MFE

DO

B, K

NEG

, all

min

istr

ies

Kir

ibat

i de

velo

pmen

t pa

rtne

rs s

uch

as E

U, W

orld

Ba

nk, A

DB,

A

ustr

alia

’s A

id

Prog

ram

, UN

/U

ND

P, N

ew

Zea

land

Aid

Pr

ogra

m

$90,

465

Stre

ngth

en t

he in

tegr

atio

n of

clim

ate

chan

ge a

ndD

RM

into

mon

itori

ng a

nd e

valu

atio

n at

nat

iona

lan

d lo

cal l

evel

s w

ithin

MFE

D, l

ine

min

istr

ies,

MIA

and

KJIP

Sec

reta

riat

.•

Inco

rpor

ate

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd D

RM

co

nsid

erat

ions

into

MFE

D S

trat

egic

Act

ion

10 t

o im

prov

e m

anag

emen

t fo

r de

velo

pmen

t re

sults

thr

ough

cap

acity

dev

elop

men

t fo

r m

onito

ring

and

eva

luat

ion

and

resu

lts b

ased

m

anag

emen

t.•

Ass

ess

capa

city

nee

ds b

road

ly t

o m

onito

r an

d ev

alua

te c

limat

e ch

ange

and

DR

M in

itiat

ives

• Tr

ain

iden

tified

gov

ernm

ent,

oute

r is

land

and

N

GO

sta

ff.•

Dev

elop

and

inte

grat

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

DR

M

indi

cato

rs fo

r m

onito

ring

and

eva

luat

ing

acro

ss

sect

ors,

loca

l gov

ernm

ent

prog

ram

s an

d M

FED

pr

ojec

t pr

opos

al t

empl

ates

.•

Link

mon

itori

ng a

nd e

valu

atin

g of

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd D

RM

indi

cato

rs t

o th

e N

atio

nal

Dat

a C

entr

e an

d re

spec

tive

sect

or-s

peci

fic d

ata

mon

itori

ng s

yste

ms

(see

Str

ateg

y 2)

.•

Con

duct

mid

-ter

m a

nd fi

nal r

evie

w a

nd

eval

uatio

n of

KJIP

(K

JIP S

ecre

tari

at).

The

mon

itori

ng a

nd e

valu

atio

n sy

stem

und

er M

FED

pro

vide

s re

gula

r re

port

s ag

ains

t K

JIP o

utco

me

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

rs a

nd s

ecto

r le

vel p

erfo

rman

ce In

dica

tors

tha

t re

late

to

the

KJIP

MFE

D, M

IA

OB,

all

Line

M

inis

trie

s, K

NEG

, N

atio

nal S

tatis

tics

Offi

ce, N

GO

s

Aus

tral

ia’s

Aid

Pr

ogra

m, N

ew

Zea

land

Aid

Pr

ogra

m, E

U,

AD

B, W

orld

Ba

nk, U

SAID

, G

erm

an

Dev

elop

men

t C

oope

ratio

n, ,

UN

, PIF

S, SP

C,

SPR

EP, F

FA,

USP

, Sou

th

Paci

fic T

ouri

sm

Org

anis

atio

n

$258

,829

106


Stra

tegy

10:

Str

engt

heni

ng c

apac

ity t

o ac

cess

fina

nce,

mon

itor

expe

nditu

res

and

mai

ntai

n st

rong

par

tner

ship

s

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

com

e/O

utpu

t) 1

0.1:

Con

tinue

d

Impr

ove

aid

coor

dina

tion

and

dono

r ha

rmon

isat

ion

for

clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

n an

d D

RM

.•

Tabl

e cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

DR

M K

JIP r

epor

ts

and

reso

urce

gap

s du

ring

bia

nnua

l don

or

roun

dtab

les.

• Es

tabl

ish

a co

ordi

natio

n m

echa

nism

for

inte

rnat

iona

l NG

Os.

See

abov

e an

d St

rate

gy 1

Effe

ctiv

e an

d ef

ficie

nt fi

nanc

ing

mod

ality

for

exte

rnal

clim

ate

chan

ge

adap

tatio

n an

d D

RM

fund

MFE

D, M

FAI,

MIA

, NG

OO

B (K

NEG

), in

tern

atio

nal N

GO

sA

ustr

alia

’s A

id

Prog

ram

, New

Z

eala

nd A

id

Prog

ram

, EU

, A

DB,

Wor

ld

Bank

, USA

ID,

Ger

man

D

evel

opm

ent

Coo

pera

tion,

, U

N, P

IFS,

SPC

, SP

REP

, FFA

, U

SP, S

outh

Pa

cific

Tou

rism

O

rgan

isat

ion

$5,0

46

Tota

l Cos

ts S

trat

egy

10$3

54,3

40

107


Stra

tegy

11:

Mai

ntai

ning

the

exi

stin

g so

vere

ignt

y an

d un

ique

iden

tity

of K

irib

ati

Act

ions

and

sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st (

AU

D)

Res

ult

(Out

put/

Out

com

e) 1

1.1:

The

rig

hts

of K

irib

ati o

ver

its e

xist

ing

EEZ

and

the

res

ourc

es w

ithin

it a

re p

rote

cted

fore

ver

for

the

peop

le o

f Kir

ibat

i.

Safe

guar

d K

irib

ati s

over

eign

ty (

EEZ

) on

impa

cts

of

sea-

leve

l ris

e,•

Dev

elop

pro

ject

to

cond

uct

rese

arch

on

the

impa

cts

of s

ea-le

vel r

ise

as a

res

ult

of c

limat

e ch

ange

on

Kir

ibat

i EEZ

bas

e po

ints

.•

Ass

ess

the

UN

CLO

S an

d its

impl

icat

ions

on

Kir

ibat

i EEZ

in t

he c

onte

xt o

f clim

ate

chan

ge

impa

cts

(sea

-leve

l ris

e).

• R

evie

w e

xist

ing

Kir

ibat

i Con

stitu

tion

and

rele

vant

legi

slat

ion

affe

ctin

g th

e EE

Z a

nd

the

prov

isio

ns o

f the

UN

CLO

S an

d pr

ovid

e re

com

men

datio

ns t

o G

over

nmen

t on

how

to

prot

ect

Kir

ibat

i sov

erei

gnty

and

ext

end

curr

ent

EEZ

. •

Seek

oth

er lo

w-ly

ing

coun

trie

s th

at w

ould

be

affe

cted

by

this

issu

e to

gai

n su

ppor

t on

issu

e at

the

inte

rnat

iona

l are

na.

• Su

bmit

natio

nal r

epor

t on

issu

es t

o U

NC

LOS

secr

etar

iat.

• A

men

d na

tiona

l con

stitu

tion

and

legi

slat

ion

as

appr

opri

ate

to s

afeg

uard

Kir

ibat

i sov

erei

gnty

.

Res

earc

h an

d po

licy

revi

ew

com

plet

ed w

ith r

ecom

men

datio

ns fo

r th

e EE

Z a

s re

late

d to

clim

ate

chan

geA

n in

tern

atio

nally

rec

ogni

sed

agre

emen

t be

twee

n U

NC

LOS

mem

bers

to

safe

guar

d K

irib

ati’s

EEZ

MFM

RD

, O

ffice

of

Att

orne

y G

ener

al, O

B,

MFA

I

EU, W

orld

Ba

nk, A

DB,

A

ustr

alia

’s A

id

Prog

ram

, UN

/U

ND

P, N

ew

Zea

land

Aid

Pr

ogra

m; P

IFS

$180

,532

Tota

l Cos

ts S

trat

egy

11$1

80,5

32

108


Stra

tegy

12:

Enh

anci

ng t

he p

artic

ipat

ion

and

resi

lienc

e of

vul

nera

ble

grou

p

Act

ions

and

Sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

Res

ult

(Out

com

e/O

utpu

t) 1

2.1:

Mem

bers

of v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

are

incr

easi

ngly

eng

aged

in c

limat

e ch

ange

and

dis

aste

r ri

sk m

anag

emen

t in

itiat

ives

and

the

ir n

eeds

are

ad

dres

sed.

Faci

litat

e th

e pa

rtic

ipat

ion

of c

hild

ren

and

youn

g pe

ople

in c

limat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

and

disa

ster

ri

sk m

anag

emen

t in

itiat

ives

and

con

duct

you

th

empo

wer

men

t.•

Trai

n yo

ung

peop

le (

girl

s an

d bo

ys),

usin

g tr

aini

ng o

f tra

iner

s m

etho

d, o

n cl

imat

e ch

ange

ad

apta

tion

and

DR

M t

o de

liver

chi

ld-

and

yout

h-fr

iend

ly in

form

atio

n an

d tr

aini

ng,

incl

udin

g in

out

er is

land

s.•

Esta

blis

h yo

uth

repr

esen

tatio

n on

clim

ate

chan

ge w

orki

ng g

roup

s an

d co

mm

ittee

s in

ord

er t

o fa

cilit

ate

yout

h to

you

th

com

mun

icat

ion

and

inte

grat

e in

to c

limat

e ch

ange

ada

ptat

ion

and

DR

M p

lann

ing.

• D

eliv

er s

uppo

rt t

o yo

uth

and

child

-led

adap

tatio

n pr

ojec

t, w

ith a

focu

s on

you

th-t

o-yo

uth

and

child

-to-

child

kno

wle

dge

shar

ing

and

capa

city

bui

ldin

g.•

Dev

elop

com

mun

icat

ion

stra

tegi

es w

ith t

he

invo

lvem

ent

of b

oth

youn

g m

en a

nd y

oung

w

omen

. Com

mun

icat

ions

str

ateg

ies

shou

ld

invo

lve

the

deliv

ery

of m

essa

ges

thro

ugh

the

scho

ol c

urri

cula

, ext

ra-c

urri

cula

r ac

tiviti

es,

advi

sory

/sup

port

ser

vice

s in

sch

ools

as

wel

l as

thro

ugh

com

mun

ity-b

ased

and

non

- go

vern

men

tal o

rgan

isat

ions

(K

NY

P 3.

2).

• D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent

stra

tegi

es w

ith y

oung

pe

ople

to

prom

ote

men

tal h

ealth

for

youn

g pe

ople

(K

NY

P 3.

3) a

nd a

ddre

ss a

nxie

ty a

bout

un

cert

ain

futu

re r

elat

ed t

o cl

imat

e ch

ange

.•

Expl

ore

oppo

rtun

ities

to

deve

lop

mar

kets

an

d pr

ovid

e liv

elih

oods

and

tra

inin

g fo

r yo

ung

peop

le b

ased

on

Kir

ibat

i cul

ture

s an

d tr

aditi

ons,

in o

rder

to

build

res

ilien

ce t

o cl

imat

e ch

ange

(K

NY

P 2.

3).

Incr

ease

in n

umbe

r of

vul

nera

ble

grou

ps e

ffect

ivel

y en

gage

d in

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd d

isas

ter

risk

initi

ativ

es

Sect

or D

isas

ter

Ris

k R

educ

tion

plan

s co

nsid

er t

he n

eeds

of v

ulne

rabl

e gr

oups

MIA

– Y

outh

D

ivis

ion,

M

ELA

D, M

OE

Paci

fic Y

outh

Cou

ncil,

Kir

ibat

i Nat

iona

l Yo

uth

Cou

ncil,

FSPK

I, 35

0.or

g, K

iriC

AN

UN

ICEF

, all

part

ners

; SPC

, SP

REP

; USP

; in

tern

atio

nal

NG

Os

$200

,016

109


Stra

tegy

12:

Enh

anci

ng t

he p

artic

ipat

ion

and

resi

lienc

e of

vul

nera

ble

grou

p

Act

ions

and

Sub

-act

ions

Perf

orm

ance

indi

cato

rsR

espo

nsib

le

lead

age

ncy

Supp

ort

agen

cies

Dev

elop

men

t pa

rtne

rs

and

CRO

P m

embe

rs

Indi

cativ

e co

st

Res

ult

(Out

com

e/O

utpu

t) 1

2.1:

Con

tinue

d

Prom

ote

the

equa

l par

ticip

atio

n of

wom

en a

nd

men

in c

limat

e ch

ange

and

DR

M in

itiat

ives

.•

Dev

elop

a g

ende

r se

nsiti

vity

indi

cato

r/

mea

sure

/ too

lkit.

Gen

der

sens

itivi

ty t

oolk

it pr

oduc

ed

and

bein

g ap

plie

dM

IAK

NEG

UN

ICEF

, U

ND

P, al

l pa

rtne

rs; S

PC,

SPR

EP; U

SP;

inte

rnat

iona

l N

GO

s

To b

e es

timat

ed

Dev

elop

con

duct

-app

ropr

iate

tra

inin

g an

d aw

aren

ess

prog

ram

s ta

rget

ing

com

mun

ities

and

sp

ecifi

cally

wom

en, y

outh

, peo

ple

with

dis

abili

ties,

on c

limat

e ch

ange

and

dis

aste

r ri

sk m

anag

emen

t lin

ked

to s

afet

y, se

curi

ty a

nd li

velih

oods

MIA

– Y

outh

D

ivis

ion

Paci

fic Y

outh

Cou

ncil,

Kir

ibat

i Nat

iona

l Yo

uth

Cou

ncil,

FSPK

I, 35

0.or

g, K

iriC

AN

$76,

642

Incr

ease

kno

wle

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and

awar

enes

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd D

RM

am

ong

peop

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isab

ilitie

s in

C

C a

nd D

RM

initi

ativ

es:

• D

eliv

er d

isas

ter

prep

ared

ness

tra

inin

g fo

r pe

ople

with

dis

abili

ties

and

thos

e th

at a

re

supp

ortin

g th

em

Min

istr

y of

Ed

ucat

ion/

MIA

Toam

atoa

, Sch

ool

and

cent

re fo

r ch

ildre

n w

ith s

peci

al

need

s K

irib

ati

$140

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Tota

l Cos

ts S

trat

egy

12$4

17,3

75

OV

ERA

LL T

OTA

L C

OST

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3,10

7,16

1 110

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