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Klo and the Karen Karen version - Drum · PDF fileII usd.'D;unDzd = w>Ckoh.ngb.C;usd.t*h> The Bronze Drum and The Karen People (Karen version) Drum Publication Group P.O Box 66 Kanchanaburi,

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usd.'D;unDzd = w>Ckoh.ngb.C;usdusd.'D;unDzd = w>Ckoh.ngb.C;usd.t*h>.t*h>The Bronze Drum and The Karen People (Karen version)

Drum Publication GroupP.O Box 66Kanchanaburi, 71000Thailand

[email protected]

qH;q.vg< 2750 unDeH.October, 2011

ISBN 978-616-7225-34-0

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3I1 w>pl;ugusd.vXunDvk>v>xloEl< w>qJ;w>vR3I1 w>pl;ugusd.vXunDvk>v>xloEl< w>qJ;w>vR wz.tylR wz.tylR

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54 wICkohOngbOC;usdOt*hI

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vXclvX>tvHmylRpH;0J< vXysXRw>pl;ugusd.wz.tgwuh>vXw>ud;vDRrlcd.plRxHtrl;wz.tcgM.vDRI usd.tuvk>M.oD.vDR*m'fvDoD.'D;'h.yORoD.vXtud;vDRw>plRxHM.vDRI b.oh.oh.w>b.xGJwcgtHRwb.C;'D;w>pl;ugusd.wXwuvkmtqXuwD>tcgM.b.I rh>vXusd.vXngwz.M.wtd.'D;'h.tuh>t*DRb.tCdvDRI b.q.w>b.xGJvdmo;vX'h.'D;w>plRvDRM.b.w>rRtDRvXunDzdoh.wz.< rh>vXusd.oXuvkmwuvkmM.td.'D;'h.tuh>t*DRwz.M.vDRI zJclvX>vHmubsH;yR 205 tylR< bFL.[.ch.ymzsg0J< w>emtHRb.w>ymzsgtDRvXxg< vX usd.wz.tw>b.xGJtd.'D;unDzdwz.M.vDRI rlcd.[JzJ'h.yORcg n.xD.zJrlcd.plRcg xH'd.xD.zJn.[JxD. uqDCh>zJxH'd.xD. oh.b.vDRxGHzJuqDCh> [D.cd.'d.xD.xDxD.zJoh.b.[Jxgw,k>tHRb.w>[H;M>usdmxHtDRwqDM.vDRI xgtHRtcDynDM.w>rh> ydmusd.M.< 'h.wz.uyORxD.'D;rlcd.uplRvDR< n.uxD.< oh.y[H.wz.uvDRu>'D;u[JvDRxGHvXw>plRxH'd.tusg'D;zJw>rh>qgb.oh.y

56 wICkohOngbOC;usdOt*hI

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[H.M.< unDuD>ubD.unDxD.0JM.vDRI ySRCkoh.ngw>zd&DbX;t.c.jz.eHc. (Robert R. Capranica, The Evoked Vocal Responses of the Bull Frog, Research Monograph No. 3 (Cambridge: The M.I.T Press,

1965) P. 9) zJclvX>tvHmylRpH;0J< w>rRuG>w>tHR'D;w>xH.b.0JvXw>tuvk>vXtoD.vDR*m'fusd.tuvk>M.rRol.yd>o;0;xD.'h.vXuyORM.vDRI vXw>M.tCd< w>rh>ydmoD.usd.tuvk>M.'h.tJ.'d;yORxD.< 'D;w>emtd.0JvXw>urRto;uydmxGJxD.tcHwqDb.wqDM.vDRI 'D;w>b.xGJvdmo;vXusd.< 'h.'D;rlcd.xHwz.vXb.w>ymzsgxD.vXx;M.b.w>wl>vdmtDRvXunD'D;y,DRySRul.b.ul.ohwz.M.vDRI 'D;t0Jtw>uGJ;ylR< ymzsgxD.ph>uD;ySRul.b.ul.oht*Rw*RvXtrHRrh>'D;uxX.rhRpH.vXtuGJ;usd.tuh>t*DRzJubsH;yR 128 wcDpH;0J< zJw>ydmusd.tcg'h.yORxD.*hRwyORxD.*hRM.w>*h>tHRw>b.xGJvdmto;td.wtd.w>woh.ngtDRvDRwH>vDRqJ;eDw*Rb.I

3I1I1 usd.'D;w>ud;vDRrlcd.plRxHtrl;3I1I1 usd.'D;w>ud;vDRrlcd.plRxHtrl;

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57wICkohOngbOC;usdOt*hI

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58 wICkohOngbOC;usdOt*hI

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59wICkohOngbOC;usdOt*hI

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3I1I3 usd.'D;w>'k;w>,R3I1I3 usd.'D;w>'k;w>,R

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3I1I4 usd.zJw>,l>rk>tqXuwD>3I1I4 usd.zJw>,l>rk>tqXuwD>

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60 wICkohOngbOC;usdOt*hI

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3I1I6 w>pl;ugunDusd.vXuvkm*Rw>qJ;w>vRtusg3I1I6 w>pl;ugunDusd.vXuvkm*Rw>qJ;w>vRtusg

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61wICkohOngbOC;usdOt*hI

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Chapter III, The Karens of Burma, Origin of the Karen bronze - drum (page 28-30)Chapter IV, The Use of the Bronze Drum among the Karens of - Burma (page 31- 50) PLATES- Chapter VI, The manufacturing process.- Chapter X, The iconographic development of the Karen Bronze - Drum (Pictures)

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