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PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC:KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT - ITS

BASIC TYPES

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MEANING OF K.M:-

Knowledge management is fundamentally the management ofcorporate knowledge and intellectual assets that can improve a

range of organizational performance characteristics and add

value by enabling an enterprise to act more intelligently.

Knowledge Managementis a process that helps organizationsidentify, select, organize, disseminate and transfer importantinformation and expertise that are a part of the organizationalmemory that typically resides within an organization in anunstructured manner.

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TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE:-

SHALLOW AND DEEP KNOWLEDGE

KNOWLEDGE AS KNOW HOW

COMMON SENSE AS KNOWLEDGE

PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE

DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGESEMANTIC KNOWLEDGE

EPISODIC KNOWLEDGE

EXPLICIT AND TACIT KNOWLEDGE

SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE

EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE

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1. SHALLOW AND DEEP KNOWLEDGE:-

Shallowor readily recalled surface,knowledge

indicates minimal understanding of the problemarea. E.g. approval of loan application forsecured loans of less than $1000depending onassets & salary would be based essentially on afew basic rules that hardly require humanconsultation.

In contrast, a loan approval scheme that

employs 14 variables would be more complexand risky.Deepknowledgeacquired throughyears of experience would be required to decideon such a loan.

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2.KNOWLEDGE AS KNOW HOW:-

Knowledge based on reading & training is muchdifferent from knowledge based on practicalexperience that spans many years. Knowledgebased on know how is what is needed for building

expert systems. The problem with practicalexperience is that it is rarely documented.

Know how distinguishes an expert from novice.Experts represent their know how in terms of

heuristics , rules of thumb based on their experience-empirical knowledge.

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3.COMMON SENSE AS

KNOWLEDGE:-Common sense is type of knowledge that all

human beings possess in varying forms and invarying amounts. It is a collection of personalexperiences and facts acquired over time and the

type of knowledge that human tend to take forgranted.

e.g. if someone asked you to look upShakespeare's phone no. you would know that

such a task is impossible. Common sense tellsyou that Shakespeare is dead and that thetelephone was not invented until years after hisdeath.

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4. PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE:-

It is an understanding of how to do a task or carry out a

procedure. It is knowledge contained in the application of a

procedure. Procedural knowledge usually involves

psychomotor skills such as holding onto the handrail while

riding an escalator.

e.g. when a person learns a language and speaks it fluently, it

becomes a natural part of the person. In the case of an expert,

when the same knowledge is used over & over again in a

procedure, it comes to be used automatically.

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5.DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE:-

It is information that experts can easily discuss. Unlikeprocedural knowledge, it is awareness knowledge , orroutine knowledge of which the expert is conscious.. It isshallow knowledge that is readily recalled, because it issimple uncomplicated information.

This type often resides in short term memory, the part ofthe brain that retains information for brief periods of time.It kicks in when you are at an airport and decide to call afriend in the area e.g. you look up the friends phone no. inthe phonebook & memorize it well enough to dial it.

Chances are by the time you have boarded the flight andyou will have forgotten the number. You remembered itonly long enough to dial it.

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6.SEMANTIC KNOWLEDGE:-

It is a deeper kind of knowledge. It is highly organized,

chunked knowledge that resides in long term memory. Such

knowledge may have been used so often that the information

seems like second nature. Semantic knowledge includes major

concepts, vocabulary facts and relationships. Semanticknowledge about the system would consists of understanding

about the battery, lights ,the ignition system & so forth and

their inter relationships. On the basis of this knowledge, one

can build rules about casual relationships among those things.

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7. EPISODIC KNOWLEDGE:-

It is knowledge based on experimental information orepisodes. Each episode is chunked in long term memory.In general, the longer a human expert takes to explain orverbalize his or her knowledge, the more semantic orepisodic it is. An interesting aspect about episodicknowledge is that its use is automated.

e.g., have u ever driven from point A to point Band yet notremembered many details of how you got there ? This isa common experience. Driving information is so chunkedthat most people have trouble remembering and

explaining it. In the process of conveying the expertsknowledge , the expert explains by examples orscenarios.

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8. EXPLICIT AND TACIT

KNOWLEDGE:-EXPLICIT :- This type of knowledge is formalized and codified, and

is sometimes referred to as know-what .It is therefore fairly easy to

identify, store, and retrieve. This is the type of knowledge most easily

handled by KMS, which are very effective at facilitating the storage,

retrieval, and modification of documents and texts.

From a managerial perspective, the greatest challenge with explicit

knowledge is similar to information. It involves ensuring that people

have access to what they need; that important knowledge is stored; and

that the knowledge is reviewed, updated, or discarded.

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Cont..

TACIT:- It is sometimes referred to as know-how and refers to intuitive,hard to define knowledge that is largely experience based. Because of

this, tacit knowledge is often context dependent and personal in nature. It

is hard to communicate and deeply rooted in action, commitment, and

involvement.

Tacit knowledge is also regarded as being the most valuable source ofknowledge, and the most likely to lead to breakthroughs in the

organization.. It is used to create explicit knowledge and is best

communicated personally through dialogues and scenarios, with use of

metaphors. Therefore, knowledge is not private but social.

Socially relayed knowledge becomes part of the real-life experience of theknower.

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9. SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE We can define social knowledge as "a result of the connections between the

individual members of society, resident in no single one of them, but rather

a property of the society working as a whole". They point out that social

knowledge is "not merely the aggregation and averaging of individual

knowledge" noting such an aggregation is unlikely.

The road to knowledge is via people, conversations, connections and

relationships. Knowledge surfaces through dialog, all knowledge is socially

mediated and access to knowledge is by connecting to people that know or

know who to contact.

The social Knowledgewebsite considers themselves a collection of peercommunity networks. They foster online communities so that people with

similar interests can connect to harness the distributed expertise of the

members. they state "The participants collaborate and manage their

community while constantly providing feedback that is used to shape and

extend the features of each Social Knowledge Network.

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10. EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE:-Embedded knowledge refers to the knowledge that is locked in processes,

products, culture, routines, artifacts, or structures. Knowledge is embeddedeither formally, such as through a management initiative to formalize a

certain beneficial routine, or informally as the organization uses and applies

the other two knowledge types.

Culture and routines can be both difficult to understand and hard to change.

Formalized routines on the other hand may be easier to implement andmanagement can actively try to embed the fruits of lessons learned directly

into procedures, routines, and products.

It is important to note, that while embedded knowledge can exist in explicit

sources (i.e. a rule can be written in a manual), the knowledge itself is not

explicit, i.e. it is not immediately apparent why doing something this way isbeneficial to the organization.

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