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Knowledge, attitudes and practices of traceabilityamong livestock traders in south-western Nigeria:implications for sustainable livestock industry

Hezekiah K. Adesokan & Samuel E. Ocheja

Accepted: 4 September 2013 /Published online: 13 September 2013# Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013

Abstract Livestock diseases and other animal health eventsare a threat to achieving sustainable livestock industry. Theknowledge of trace-back and the practice of providing feed-back on diseases encountered in slaughtered animals from theabattoir to the farm can help limit the spread as well as managepotential future incidents of such diseases. We assessed theknowledge, attitudes and practices of 200 willing livestocktraders on traceability in Bodija Municipal Abattoir, south-western Nigeria. The results reveal that the majority of thesetraders had poor knowledge (79.5 %) and practices (74.0 %)of traceability, though 89.5 % demonstrated good attitudes.While 22.9 % knew that traceability could be an effectivemeans to control diseases, only a lower proportion (9.0 %)knew the health status of the animals being purchased.Though 29.0 % reported the diseases encountered in theiranimals during slaughter to the farm, only 9.5 % followedup to ensure the farmers take steps at preventing furtheroccurrence of the reported diseases. While age (p =0.000;0.014) and education (p =0.000; 0.000) were both significantfor good knowledge and attitudes, frequency of condemnedcases (p =0.000) and length of years in the trade (p =0.004)were, respectively, significant for good knowledge and atti-tudes with none associated with practice. These poor levels ofknowledge and practices of traceability are a threat to sustain-able livestock industry, food security and human health;hence, there is an urgent need to institute national feedbackmechanism on slaughtered animals in order to strengtheninterventions against diseases at farm levels.

Keywords Animalhealth .Disease reporting .Foodsecurity .

Livestock production . Slaughterhouse

Introduction

Animal disease outbreaks pose significant threats to livestocksectors throughout the world, both from the standpoint of theeconomic impacts of the disease itself and the measures taken tomitigate the risk of disease introduction (Rich and Perry 2011).In the developing world, livestock diseases have broader effectsonmarkets, poverty, and livelihoods (Rich and Perry 2011). Thisis because livestock serve as a source of household livelihoodsand a pathway out of poverty (Perry and Grace 2009) in mostdeveloping countries like Nigeria. The Fulanis (a particular tribein Nigeria) depends entirely on livestock production for theirlivelihood. In such contexts as this where livestock contributefood, income and other forms of sustenance, the impacts ofanimal diseases become a matter of serious concern, hence theneed for informed control strategies.

Traceability and feedback from the slaughterhouse to thefarm can help limit the spread and future incidents of animaldiseases. The feedback will acquaint the farmers with theirherd-health status and also assist in making informed controlmeasures against further spread of such diseases. Likewise,traceability has been shown to be the key in improving animalhealth management through increased disease response capa-bilities as well as the delimitation and maintenance of diseaseriskmanagement zones (Toto 2010). This practice has becomea global issue and could foster collaborative research to en-hance transparency and the product tracking and tracing ca-pabilities of agri-food businesses (IFT 2013). Furthermore,traceability can signal potential outbreaks, thus enabling con-trol measures in advance and hence ensuring the sustainabilityof the livestock industry. It also plays the role of connectingdomestic products' inspection system with international certi-fication system (Hu 2013).

Despite these potentials, there is no such national pro-gramme in Nigeria that traces animal diseases detected at theslaughterhouse back to the affected farms of origin. Yet, there

H. K. Adesokan (*) : S. E. OchejaDepartment of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine,University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeriae-mail: latterglory70@yahoo.co.in

Trop Anim Health Prod (2014) 46:159–165DOI 10.1007/s11250-013-0467-3

are increasing cases of animal diseases daily encountered inmost abattoirs in the country. To a very large extent, thelivestock sector is characterized with lack of feedback onthe diseases encountered in these slaughtered animalsfrom the food animal processing plants to the farm.This is a major gap that undermines disease control strat-egies in the country. This also has international implications assome of the slaughtered animals in Nigeria are brought fromneighbouring agro-ecological zones such as such asCameroon, Burkina Faso, Niger Republic, Chad and Mali(Adesokan et al. 2012).

We therefore aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitudesand practices of livestock traders who engaged in buying andslaughtering of animals on traceability in south-westernNigeria with a view to determining possible implications onthe sustainability of the livestock industry.

Materials and methods

Study area

The study was carried out in Ibadan, the capital of Oyo State insouth-western Nigeria. Ibadan lies between latitude 70321 Nand longitude 30541E, with a population of 2,893,137 in 2010(Wahab 2011). It has a major abattoir (Bodija MunicipalAbattoir) which is the main meat processing plant in the citywhere an average of 250 cattle aside small ruminants and pigsare slaughtered on a daily basis. It supplies meat to most partsof the city and its surrounding areas.

Participants and questionnaire administration

The actual list of livestock traders who engaged in buying andslaughtering of animals from a total population of 320 abattoirworkers (as some only engaged in processing food animalswithout necessarily trading in buying and slaughtering ani-mals) was not available. However, 200 respondents whoengaged in buying and slaughtering animals, selected basedon their willingness, participated in this study after explainingthe purpose of the study to them.

A semi-structured questionnaire was designed to obtaindata on the livestock traders' knowledge, attitudes andpractices of traceability. The questionnaire included fourparts. In the first part, we aimed at determining theirsocio-demographic profiles as well as their operationshistory with four questions each. The second part hadfive questions to determine their level of knowledge ontraceability. The third and fourth parts contained ten andfive questions to determine their attitudes and work placepractices on traceability, respectively. A pre-test was carriedout after which some of the questions were modified in orderto improve clarity.

Data analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15.0. Knowledge ontraceability was scored with reference to answers to fivequestions. Positive responses were scored 1 and negative 0.Scores ranged between 0 and 5. Scores ≥3 were taken as goodknowledge, while scores <3 were taken as poor knowledge.Attitudes toward traceability were similarly scored with refer-ence to ten questions. Scores ≥5 were taken as good attitudes,while scores <5 were taken as poor attitudes. Likewise, prac-tices related to traceability were scored based on five questionswith scores ≥3 as good practices and scores <3 as poor prac-tices. Chi-square analysis was used to determine associationbetween the socio-demographic characteristics as well as theoperations history of the livestock traders and their knowledge,attitudes and practices of traceability.

Results

Demographics and operations history of participants

Two hundred livestock traders agreed to participate in this study.Most (61.5 %) of them were within age group 31–40 years,98.0 % were males, 95.0 % were Muslims and only 41.5 % hadpost-primary education. Based on the length of years in thetrade, 53.5 % had been involved in buying and slaughtering ofanimals for between 11 and 20 years, while 66.5 % bought andslaughtered at least five animals weekly. More than three quar-ters (77.0 %) almost always had cases of condemned carcassesor organs in their slaughtered animals, while 67.5 % had aminimum of one animal with diseased organ per week.

Knowledge of livestock traders on traceability

Out of the 200 livestock traders, 20.5 % (41/200) had goodknowledge of traceability. Table 1 shows that the proportions ofrespondents with correct answers to themajority of the questions

Table 1 Responses of livestock traders (n =200) to questions related toknowledge on traceability

Questions YesN (%)

NoN (%)

Do you know traceability canbe used to control or preventdisease?

45 (22.5) 155 (77.5)

Do you know the managementpractices of the seller?

125 (62.5) 75 (37.5)

Do you often have detailedinformation on the animal?

38 (19.0) 162 (81.0)

Do you know the transport route? 167 (83.5) 33 (16.5)

Do you know the herd-healthstatus you purchase animals from?

18 (9.0) 182 (91.0)

160 Trop Anim Health Prod (2014) 46:159–165

asked were far below average. For instance, only 22.5 % knewthat traceability could be used as a tool to control or prevent thespread of a disease or disease outbreak, while just 19.0 % didhave detailed information on the animals purchased. Overall,only age group (p=0.000), education (p=0.000) and frequencyof condemned cases (p=0.000) were significantly associatedwith good knowledge of traceability (Table 2).

Attitudes of livestock traders to traceability

The results on their attitudes show that 89.5 % (179/200) hadgood attitudes. As shown in Table 3, most of them had correctresponses to the majority of the questions. For example,88.0 % of the livestock traders were of the opinion thattraceability would assist farmers improve on the managementof their herds, and 89.0 % indicated that traceability wasessential to attaining improved livestock production. Overall,age group (p =0.014), education (p =0.000) and length of

years in livestock trade (p =0.004) were significantly associ-ated with good attitudes toward traceability (Table 4).

Practice of traceability among livestock traders

From the results, only 26.0 % (52/200) demonstrated goodpractices of traceability. While the majority (84.5 %) of thelivestock traders used tags or tattoo to identify their animals,they however had poor practices of traceability in other areas(Table 5). Overall, none of the socio-demographic and oper-ations history variables was significantly associated with thepractice of traceability (Table 6).

Discussion

Despite the fact that livestock production in sub-SaharanAfrican is not matching the annual 2.5 % growth rate of its

Table 2 Knowledge levels oflivestock traders (n =200) ontraceability and their socio-demo-graphic characteristics as well asoperations history

* Significant at p <0.05

Variables Good

N (%)

Poor

N (%)

Total p value

Age (in years)

10–20 2 (25.0) 6 (75.0) 8 0.000*21–30 6 (18.2) 27 (81.8) 33

31–40 28 (22.8) 95 (77.2) 123

41–50 3 (13.6) 19 (86.4) 22

51–60 2 (14.3) 12 (85.7) 14

Education 0.000*No formal education 1 (7.7) 12 (92.3) 13

Primary 10 (9.6) 94 (90.4) 104

Post-primary 30 (36.1) 53 (63.9) 83

Length of years in livestock trade 0.3651–10 11 (25.0) 33 (75.0) 44

11–20 25 (23.4) 82 (76.6) 107

21–30 4 (9.8) 37 (90.2) 41

31–40 1 (1.7) 5 (98.3) 6

41–50 0 (0.0) 2 (100.0) 2

Number of animals slaughtered 0.2881–2 2 (25.0) 6 (75.0) 8

3–5 8 (13.6) 51 (86.4) 59

>5 31 (23.3) 102 (76.7) 133

Frequency of condemned cases 0.000*Always 1 (4.2) 23 (95.8) 24

Almost always 27 (17.5) 127 (82.5) 154

Once in a while 13 (59.1) 9 (40.9) 22

Average number of animals with condemnedcarcasses/organ per week

0.108

1 34 (25.2) 101 (74.8) 135

2 6 (12.0) 44 (88.0) 50

3 1 (11.1) 8 (88.9) 9

>4 0 (0.0) 6 (100.0) 6

Overall total 41 (20.5) 159 (79.5) 200

Trop Anim Health Prod (2014) 46:159–165 161

Table 3 Responses of livestock traders (n =200) to questions related to attitudes toward traceability

Item assessed YesN (%)

NoN (%)

Traceability will assist farmers improve the management of their herds 176 (88.0) 24 (12.0)

Traceability is essential to attaining improved livestock production 178 (89.0) 22 (11.0)

Traceability will help limit sharp practices such as sale of sick animals by farmers 179 (89.5) 21 (10.5)

Traceability will assist in reducing the risks associated with animal diseases 175 (87.5) 25 (12.5)

Traceability will help reduce disease impacts on their income as a result of monitored disease control at the farm level 170 (85.0) 30 (15.0)

Traceability will reduce buyers' resistance to purchasing mixed loads or mixed lots of livestock from different farms 53 (26.5) 147 (73.5)

Traceability will improve consumer confidence relating to food safety 177 (88.5) 23 (11.5)

Traceability will help increase customer base 177 (88.5) 23 (11.5)

Traceability will help increase consumer trust due to quality assurance given by this system 178 (89.0) 22 (11.0)

Traceability could be marketable as a way to knowing your farmers and their management practices 173 (86.5) 27 (13.5)

Table 4 Attitude levels of live-stock traders (n =200) to trace-ability and their socio-demo-graphic characteristics as well asoperations history

* Significant at p <0.05

Variables Good

N (%)

Poor

N (%)

Total p value

Age (in years) 0.014*10–20 8 (100.0) 0 (0.0) 8

21–30 28 (84.8) 5 (15.2) 33

31–40 114 (92.7) 9 (7.3) 123

41–50 20 (90.9) 2 (9.1) 22

51–60 9 (64.3) 5 (35.7) 14

Education 0.000*No formal education 7 (53.8) 6 (46.2) 13

Primary 97 (93.3) 7 (6.7) 104

Post-primary 75 (90.4) 8 (9.6) 83

Length of years in livestock trade 0.004*1–10 42 (95.5) 2 (4.5) 44

11–20 97 (90.7) 10 (9.3) 107

21–30 36 (87.8) 5 (12.2) 41

31–40 3 (50.0) 3 (50.0) 6

41–50 1 (50.0) 1 (50.0) 2

Number of animals slaughtered weekly 0.8931–2 7 (87.5) 1 (12.5) 8

3–5 52 (88.1) 7 (11.9) 59

>5 120 (90.2) 13 (9.8) 133

Frequency of condemned cases 0.298Always 19 (79.2) 5 (20.8) 24

Almost always 139 (90.3) 15 (9.7) 154

Once in a while 21 (95.5) 1 (4.5) 22

Average number of animals with condemnedcarcasses/organ per week

0.562

1 123 (91.1) 12 (8.9) 135

2 44 (88.0) 6 (12.0) 50

3 7 (77.8) 2 (22.2) 9

>4 5 (83.3) 1 (16.7) 6

Overall total 179 (89.5) 21 (10.5) 200

162 Trop Anim Health Prod (2014) 46:159–165

population (Cardoso 2012), major animal diseases continue tospread in different regions disrupting livestock production,rural economies, people's livelihoods and food security(FAO 2011). The developing countries are the worst hit giventhe limited veterinary capacity to contain the diseases andpoor husbandry practices that characterize such regions.Therefore, establishing traceability in these regions will go along way to improving animal health management because itallows increased diseases response capabilities and supportsthe delimitation and maintenance of disease risk managementzones (Toto 2010). This project was the first in south-westernNigeria to examine livestock traders' knowledge, attitudes andpractices of traceability with a view to determining possibleimplications on the sustainability of the livestock industry.

The results of this formative study show that though themajority (89.5 %) of the livestock traders had good attitudestoward traceability, their knowledge level was rather low. This

Table 6 Practices of livestocktraders (n =200) on traceabilityand their socio-demographiccharacteristics as well as opera-tions history

Variables Good

N (%)

Poor

N (%)

Total p value

Age (in years) 0.91310–20 2 (25.0) 6 (75.0) 8

21–30 8 (24.2) 25 (75.8) 33

31–40 34 (27.6) 89 (72.4) 123

41–50 4 (18.2) 18 (81.8) 22

51–60 4 (28.6) 10 (71.4) 14

Education 0.360No formal education 5 (38.5) 8 (61.5) 13

Primary 29 (27.9) 75 (72.1) 104

Post-primary 18 (21.7) 65 (78.3) 83

Length of years in livestock trade 0.8711–10 13 (29.5) 31 (70.5) 44

11–20 27 (25.2) 80 (74.8) 107

21–30 10 (24.4) 31 (75.6) 41

31–40 2 (33.3) 4 (66.7) 6

41–50 0 (0.0) 2 (100.0) 2

Number of animals slaughtered 0.8861–2 2 (25.0) 6 (75.0) 8

3–5 14 (23.7) 45 (76.3) 59

>5 36 (27.1) 97 (72.9) 133

Frequency of condemned cases 0.897Always 5 (22.2) 19 (77.8) 24

Almost always 42 (27.3) 112 (72.7) 154

Once in a while 5 (22.7) 17 (77.3) 22

Average number of animals with condemnedcarcasses/organ per week

0.228

1 38 (28.1) 97 (71.9) 135

2 11 (22.0) 39 (78.0) 50

3 1 (12.5) 8 (87.5) 9

>4 2 (33.3) 4 (66.7) 6

Overall total 52 (26.0) 143 (74.0) 200

Table 5 Responses of livestock traders (n =200) to questions related topractices of traceability

Practices assessed YesN (%)

NoN (%)

Verify production practices ofthe farm before purchase

18 (9.0) 182 (91.0)

Use tags or tattoo to identifyanimals when purchased

169 (84.5) 31 (15.5)

Track animals to the placeof purchase

91 (45.5) 109 (54.5)

Provide feedback of diseasesencountered in slaughteredanimals to the farm

58 (29.0) 142 (71.0)

Follow up to ensure the farmerstake steps at preventing furtheroccurrence of the diseasesreported in the herd

19 (9.5) 181 (90.5)

Trop Anim Health Prod (2014) 46:159–165 163

might be attributed to lower education status of the majority ofthe respondents which is in agreement with the findings ofZhang et al. (2012) who reported a positive relationship be-tween consumers' education level and traceability in China. Inaddition, education was statistically significant (p =0.000) forgood attitudes toward traceability which is in agreement withthe report of Yali et al. (2011) which indicated that managerswith higher educational level were more willing to establishtraceability system. Again, Xu et al. (2012) reported thatChinese farmers with lower educational status were less will-ing to adopt traceability, while 87.9 % of consumers whobelieved in traceability system for farmed Atlantic salmon inCanada had a university degree (Haghiri 2011).

In the same vein, the poor practice of traceability observedin this study particularly in reporting diseases encountered inthe slaughtered animals to the farms of origin has seriousimplications for disease control. As reported by Schiefer(2008), enterprises cannot solve the whole chain problemalone because of food chain complexity; it requires concertedaction. Plausible reasons for their failure to provide feedbackon their condemned animal carcasses or their parts are not far-fetched. One, the meat inspectors at best only trim off someparts instead of totally condemning the affected organ/carcassconsidering the stiff resistance by the livestock traders ingeneral. These condemned parts might not have any tangibleeffects on their overall profits. Two, they often hold on to themyth that whatever happens is divinely ordained. Three, themeat inspectors rarely educate these livestock traders on thesignificance of traceability toward achieving healthy herds asanimal sources for slaughter.

In addition, the results reveal that the proportion of livestocktraders with good practice of traceability increased with increas-ing number of animals they slaughtered per week. This findingcorroborates the report which associated increasing establish-ment of traceability with increasing expansion of the scale ofinvestments (Yali et al. 2011). This is further substantiated by thereports of other workers (Kotsiri et al. 2011; Xu et al. 2012) fromsimilar studies. Possible explanation for this could be that themore animals are slaughtered, the more the chances of diseasedorgans to be detected and hence, the higher the losses accruedand consequent tendencies of reporting to the farms of purchase.

The poor knowledge and practices of these livestock tradersis a matter of concern to the sustainability of livestock industryin Nigeria as well as other agro-ecological zones with overallimplications on global food security. This is because suchunreported diseases might continue to spread within the herdswithout the farmers' knowing. Given the contiguous nature ofmost farms as well as transhumance system of productioncoupled with transboundary trading system, such diseasesmight be transmitted to other animals at common feeding andwatering points leading to disease outbreaks. Hence, produc-tivity with regard to milk and meat yields is compromised,thereby threatening food security. In addition, death of some

priceless and rare breeds of animals could occur resulting in thedepletion of the livestock herds as well as extinction of certainbreeds. Considering the report that some of the slaughteredanimals in Nigeria are brought from other agro-ecologicalneighbouring countries (Adesokan et al. 2012), improved trace-ability among these livestock traders will go a long way tosustaining the livestock industries in these agro-ecologicalcountries. More so, traceability has been reported to improvethe effectiveness of disease outbreak investigations and raisethe efficiency and competitiveness of the global agriculture andfood industry (IFT 2013).

While the resurgence of serious infectious livestock dis-eases throughout the world is a major challenge for developedand developing countries alike, developing countries are par-ticularly more vulnerable. As indicated by the report ofCadmus and Adesokan (2009), 124, 333 kg worth of meatvalued at N41, 613, 043 (US$332, 904) was lost over a periodof 3 years through condemned diseased bovine organs/offal atsome abattoirs in western Nigeria. It therefore becomes ur-gently imperative that measures toward sustaining livestockproduction such as the practice of trace-back from slaughter tothe farm be on the front burner in developing nations. Theresultant timely and informed interventions will in turn miti-gate the production loss accruable to disease impacts.

Our findings notwithstanding, this study had some limita-tions. One, the number of livestock traders interviewed wasrelatively small. The authors feel confident, however, thatinformation gained from this population could generalize toother livestock traders in Nigeria. Two, the majority of thelivestock traders were males, and hence, the role of gender ontheir knowledge, attitudes and practices of traceability couldnot be ascertained. Despite these limitations, the findings ofthis study provide useful insights toward sustainable livestockindustry.

Conclusions

The majority of the livestock traders had poor knowledge andpractices as regards traceability. This has the potentials toundermine the drive for sustainable livestock production inNigeria as well as other neighbouring agro-ecological zoneswith overall implications on global food security. Since thesepoor knowledge and practices might not be peculiar to Nigeriaonly but also a problem of other developing countries espe-cially sub-Saharan Africa, the authors anticipate an urgentestablishment of feedback mechanism in livestock industryin developing countries. With this in place, interventionsagainst diseases at farm levels will be better strengthenedand the dream of sustainable livestock industry will be areality. Public health education for livestock traders in thelivestock industry will go a long way to improving theirknowledge and practice of traceability. Stakeholders at

164 Trop Anim Health Prod (2014) 46:159–165

international borders as well as local authorities in abattoiroperations should enforce proper identification and recordkeeping on animals brought for sale or slaughter. The govern-ment should encourage traceability among the livestocktraders by providing compensation funds for every diseasedetected and reported. In addition, both the government andprivate sectors should form a synergy to enhance traceabilityamong livestock traders toward ensuring sustainable livestockindustry.

Acknowledgements The author thanked the livestock traders whooffered to participate in this study.

Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict ofinterest.

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