Upload
priscila-scudder
View
319
Download
11
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
KNR 273: Leisure Ability Model
Stumbo & Peterson, 2009
Overview
Significance of a professional philosophy Leisure Ability Model Means/end debate Framework for evaluating models
Why is a professional philosophy important?
It guides practice Tells you and others why you do what you do
Regardless of philosophy or model, will use APIE
Professional philosophies are often represented in models
What is a model?
Representative of something Provides an image or picture Practice models must do more Should direct practitioners in intervening with
clients Should be based on theory
Austin, 1999
Leisure Ability Model(Adopted by NTRS in 1982)
Originally by Peterson & Gunn, 1984 Modified by Peterson & Stumbo, 2000 Services should be based on client needs or
deficits Focus on needs related to leisure makes TR
unique Leisure is vital to overall quality of life and life
satisfaction
Listen to this!!!!
“This exclusive discipline focus on leisure behavior within the umbrella of health promotion makes the field of therapeutic recreation different and unique from all other health and human services. Therapeutic recreation has much to offer clients regarding their overall health and rehabilitation goals, and its specific contribution lies in the area of leisure functioning and leisure behavior.”
p. 28
Rationale for TR Services
Every human being needs, wants, and deserves leisure
Many, if not most, individuals experience barriers to full and satisfying leisure
Many PWD may experience more frequent, severe or lasting barriers than people without disabilities
Rationale for TR Services (Cont.)
Many individuals with disabilities will need the help of CTRS to eliminate, reduce, overcome, or compensate for their barriers
The reduction of barriers allows the individuals to participate in leisure experiences of choice
Ultimate Outcome of TR Services
“is the improved ability of the individual to engage in a successful, appropriate, and meaningful independent leisure lifestyle that, in turn, leads to improved health, quality of life, and well-being. When the individual can independently and successfully engage in leisure of his or her own choice, the individual has the chance to receive psychological, physical, and social benefits as well as the more global benefits of improved health, wellness, and quality of life.”
p. 29
Clients Any individual with a physical, mental, social, or
emotional condition that limits leisure functioning Individuals with illnesses, disabilities, or conditions
acknowledged by health and human services classification systems
Medical & psychiatric classification schemes DSM IV WHO, ICF Healthy People 2010
Also includes legal offenders, at-risk youth Deviation from social norms & become recipients of
specialized services
Clients (Major groups)
Psychiatric and mental health services 35%
Geriatrics 30%
Physical medication services 18.4%
Developmental disabilities 13.6%
Riley & Connolly, 2007
Settings
Any agency or center that serves the clients we discussed
Clinical, residential, community Page 31-32
Settings (Major settings)
Hospitals 38.6%
Skilled nursing facilities 19.3%
Residential & transitional settings
15.0% Community settings
14.4%
Partial/outpatient facilities
3.9% Day care/day treatment
3.6% Schools
1.9% Correctional centers
1.4% Riley & Connolly,
2007
Process
Selection, development, implementation, and evaluation of goal oriented services
Functional interventionLeisure educationRecreation participation
Purpose of TR
Is to facilitate the development, maintenance, and expression of an appropriate leisure lifestyle
p. 33
Leisure Lifestyle
Is the day-to-day behavioral expression of one’s leisure-related attitudes, awareness, and activities revealed in the context and composite of the total life experience
p. 14
Leisure Lifestyle (cont.)
Implies that an individual has sufficient skills, knowledge, attitudes, and abilities to participate successfully in and be satisfied with leisure and recreation experiences that are incorporated into his or her individual life pattern. (Peterson & Stumbo, 2000, p. 7)
Leisure Lifestyle as an Outcome Means Client …
Has reduced functional limitations that prohibit leisure involvement (or has learned how to overcome these barriers)
Understands and values the importance of leisure
Incorporates leisure into daily life Is competent in a variety of leisure activities Has adequate social skills for involvement
with others
Leisure Lifestyle as an Outcome Means Client …
Is able to choose between several leisure options and make decisions for leisure participation
Is able to locate and use leisure resources Has increased perceptions of choice,
responsibility, and independence with regard to leisure
p. 70
In other words….
TR is helping individuals with disabilities and/or illnesses develop and more freely express their leisure choices
AND The outcome of TR services is the improved
ability of the individual to make and act on choices for leisure that are rewarding and successful
Psycho-Social Theories of Leisure Behavior
Perceived freedom & personal choice Intrinsic motivation Self-efficacy, locus of control, & causal
attribution Optimal experiences (flow)
Leisure Ability Model
3 major categories of service Functional Intervention Leisure Education Recreation Participation
See p. 34
Functional Intervention
Focus is on improving functional behaviors which are prerequisites to, or necessary part of, leisure involvement
Baseline abilities that are prerequisite to typical leisure behavior
4 domains Physical Mental/cognitive Emotional/affective Social
Sample Functional Behaviors Addressed by TR Intervention
Depression: decreased energy level; inability to express emotions appropriately, decreased stamina
Dementia: minimal orientation; limited attention span Intellectual disability: delayed motor and social
development; limited attention span Spinal Cord Injury: minimal strength; endurance;
depression
Functional Intervention
Role of CTRS Therapist
Degree of Control Intervention mostly controlled by therapist
Degree of Freedom in Participation Obligatory behavior, constrained, prescribed,
dependent, extrinsically rewarded
Leisure Education
Focus on the development and acquisition of various leisure-related skills, attitudes, and knowledge
4 components Leisure Awareness Social Interaction Skills Leisure Activity Skills Leisure Resources
See p. 43
Leisure Awareness
Cognitive appreciation of leisure Content includes, but not limited to:
Knowledge of leisure Self-awareness in relation to leisure Leisure and play attitudes Related leisure participatory and decision-making
skills Can be separate or combined programs See page 45-48
Social Interaction Skills
Communication skills Assertiveness, active listening, empathy
Relationship-building skills Friendship development, cooperation, competition
Self-presentation skills Manners, hygiene, grooming, appropriate attire
See page 49-52
Leisure Activity Skills
Develop a repertoire of diverse leisure skills Two categories
Traditional Nontraditional
See page 52-56
Leisure Resources
Activity opportunities Personal resources Family and home
resources Community resources State and national
resources
Knowledge
Utilization
See pages 57-60
Leisure Education
Role of CTRS Instructor, advisor, counselor
BUT cautions about use of term counselor
Degree of Control Responsibility shared between CTRS & client
Recreation Participation
Focus on providing an opportunities for fun, enjoyment, and self-expression within organized delivery systems Leagues, tournaments Special Events Activities requiring specialized equipment Opportunities for self-initiated activity
Recreation Participation Goals
Increase ability to assume responsibility for personal leisure participation
Increase ability to make and follow through on decisions, regarding leisure involvement
Increase competence in leisure skills through practice and involvement
Increase sense of mastery through attainment and performance of skills
Recreation Participation Roles
Practice and application of skills Inclusionary program Normalization of institutional routine Focus on “well” aspects of client Expression of leisure lifestyle Diversion or palliative purposes Fun & belonging
Recreation Participation
Role of CTRS Leader, facilitator, supervisor
Degree of Control Opportunity for participation provided for client
Degree of Freedom Independent, self-regulated, intrinsically
rewarding
Leisure Ability Model
Programs/interventions based on individual client need that is related to leisure
All populations All settings May need services in 1, 2, or all 3 areas
Leisure Ability Summary
Assumptions (Rationale): Leisure is a need & right of all individuals Many individuals experience constraints &
barriers to leisure TR services are designed to facilitate individuals’
independence in leisure functioning Mission: Leisure
Leisure is end product or outcome
Summary (Cont.)
Definition of TR (Purpose) To facilitate the development, maintenance, and
expression of an appropriate leisure lifestyle for individuals with physical, mental, emotional or social limitations
Service Areas Functional Intervention Leisure Education Recreation Participation
Leisure Ability Strengths
Extensive use in field (most widely used)
Acceptability & utilization in field
Flexibility (settings & population)
Services based on client needs
Stood test of time
Oldest Fostered consistency in
practice Brought profession together Most recognized Recognizes importance of
recreation participation
Strengths (Cont.)
Referenced in NCTRC & accreditation
Common sense approach to TR
High degree of merit Tied to leisure theory
Graphics clear, concise & comprehensive
Good clarity of terms Good for program
design (1-1 or group)
Leisure Ability Concerns
Based on nondisabled adult leisure behavior
Some terms ill defined (leisure lifestyle)
Focuses on leisure instead of therapy
Too broad
More empirical research is needed
Widely debated Problems with
conceptual/theory Recreation participation
is not reimbursable service
Concerns (Cont.)
Recreation participation as role of CTRS
Lack of attention to health & independent functioning outside of leisure
Programs designed for 1 outcome
Linear conceptualization
Not in concert with current health cares’ focus on functional outcomes
Is Therapeutic Recreation a means to an end or an end in
itself?
Means means…
Instrumental Tool to produce some other outcome (eg. Improve
health, decrease depression) Recreation as an agent (means) of change Means is anything that contributes to the attainment
of an end. It receives it value in proportions to its utility for yielding an end. A means, therefore, is subordinate to an end and has no value unless directed toward one.
Means (Cont.)
Means orientation indicates change or improvement of functional behaviors as the desired end.
Draws from a medical, psychiatric, psychological and human development body of knowledge
End means…
Intrinsic Leisure or recreation is the outcome that TR
services aim to produce End is anything that is valuable in its own
right and is done for its own sake. An end is good for its own sake
Ends (Cont.)
Implies that the ultimate outcome is related to leisure behavior
Draws on the body of knowledge related to leisure
Some models regard leisure as both a means & an end Both a tool and a product of TR services
Can TR be both at the same time?
Does the Leisure Ability Model emphasize one over the other? Which? How?
Criteria to Evaluate TR Practice Models
Easy to follow (graphic depiction, clarity of terms & concepts)
Accommodates a variety of clients & settings Flexibility in types of services What is the end goal? Purposes Underlying assumptions Theoretical bases Direction for research & practice
Could you explain TR with this model? Could you design programs?
One Minute Paper
Clear Muddy General Comments