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Composts What is compost and why use it? What organisms are involved in the composting
process? What chemical changes occur during composting?
What are the optimal conditions for composting Temperature Moisture Oxygen
Does composting kill harmful pathogens (plant
and human) nematodes and weed seeds? !afety regulations
"ompost production systems !mall scale "ommercial
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What is compost – why
use it?Composting is thedecomposition of plantremains and other once-living materials to make anearthy, dark, crumblysubstance that is excellentfor adding to houseplants orenriching garden soil.
#compost improves soil structure, texture, aeration - increases
the soil's water-holding capacity.
#Compost loosens clay soils and helps sandy soils retain water.
#improves soil fertility and stimulates healthy root development
#Organic matter provides food for microorganisms - nitrogen,
potassium, and phosphorus mineralized
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The Science of
Composting "omposting is the natural process in which livingorganisms decompose organic matter intoinorganic matter in the soil$
The organisms feed on the organic material andthrough respiration generate the energy that theyuse for movement growth reproduction orstored energy$
The organism excrete inorganic material that
enriches the soil$
When the organisms die their %odies add to theorganic matter in the compost pile$
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Fresh Organic
Materials Oxygen+
CarbonDioxide
Compost Energy+ +
Microbes,
Moisture,
and Time
Slide credit: Tom Richard, Penn StateUniversity
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#oo little !"
#there will be fewmicroorganisms,
and decompositionwill be slow.
#oo much !"
#some will turn toammonia that will
volatilize, creatingan odor.
Organisms use carbon as a source ofenergy and nitrogen to grow andreproduce.
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Experimental test - effect of C:N ratio on nitrogenretention in compost
Initial C:N ratio
Finalnitrogen
%
Nitrogenconservation
%
1 20 1.44 61.2
2 20.5 1.04 51.9
3 22 1.63 85.24 30 1.21 99.5
5 35 1.32 99.9
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Factors aecting thecompost process
!#. $oisture level also critical
C"!ratio
%eration
&ize and
texture
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$oisture level is also critical
#Optimum moisture content(-)(*
#+eels moist to touch, butwhen sueezed onlyproduces few drops
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Ideal conditions for
compostingParameter OK IdealMoisture 40-65% 45-60%
C:N ratio 20-40:1 25-35:1Oxye! "5% "10%
#em$erature 43-66 C 54-60 C
ul& de!sity 1000 l's(yd 1000 l's(yd
$) 5*5-+*0 6*5-,*0
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The Science of
Composting
"omposting goes through three distinct phases that can%e characteri&ed %y temperatures$
# $esophilic hase (moderate temperature)
# hermophilc hase (high temerpature)
# $esophilic hase (moderate temperature again)
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The Science of
Composting $esophilic hase /(-( ( C0
# 'asts only a few days# xplosive growth of %acteria and fungi# apid %reakdown of solu%le sugar and starches
hermophilic hase /1( ( C0# "an last from several days to several months depending on si&e of
system# Mixed population of heat loving organisms# *igh heat helps %reakdown of proteins fats +tough, plant material
like cellulose# *igh temperature (-.. /") kill weeds and pathogen harmful to
humans# *igher temperature (-0//") kill organism needed for decomposition
$esophilic hase 2 /(-( ( C0 3Curing hase4# "an last several months# 1acteria fungi actinomycetes( mix %etween %acteria and fungus
give +earthy, smell) predominate$ 2nverte%rates active$# !upply of organic material has decreased$ emaining organic
material is slowly %roken down$# 3dditional chemical reactions take place to make remaining organic
material more sta%le
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The Science of Composting:Chemistry 2mportant factors in compost chemistry
"ar%on45itrogen Mix ("65 atio) "ar%on provides energy source and %uilding material
for ./7 of composting organisms8 cells 5itrogen important in formation of proteins nucleic
acids amino acids en&ymes etc$ for organisms
9/:; "ar%on to 5itrogen optimum mix (decreases incuring phase)
1rown and woody⇒ car%on
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The Science of Composting:Chemistry2mportant factors in compost chemistry
Oxygen 5eeded to oxidi&e car%on for energy
Without oxygen will produce rotten egg smell p* 'evel
3cids form as organisms digest organic material andlowers p*
'ower p* encourages fungi and the %reak down of +tough, matter
2f p* too low (=>$.) limits microorganisms8 activity
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Changes in Ammonium!
distillation method" fresh sample
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Changes in Car#on to!itrogen $atio
a! .ulli/a! a!d i!da reer
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Com$osti! time days
0 20 40 60 ,0 100 120 140
C 4 C
2 5 m o
l & - 1 5 o m $ o
s t - C 3
0
100
200
300
400
500
Changes in cation e%change
capacity &ashfree" p' ()
67
P7
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#em$erature
atty aids
N)3
emitted
$)
days
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Compost chemistry p'
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The Science of Composting:*hysics
2mportant factors for compost physics:
Temperature 9 hases
Want to maintain temperature %etween ..40//" Temperature impacted
*eat generated %y organism
*eat lost to environment through conduction convection
and radiation ⇒ shape and si&e of pile Moisture content (specific heat and heat capacity of
water)
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The Science of Composting:*hysics
2mportant factors for compost physics:
article si&e Microorganism activity occurs on surface of
organic material The more surface area for organisms to attack
the @uicker the decomposition ⇒ want smallerparticles
Alip4side: The smaller the particles the moredense and compact the material resulting in pooroxygen circulation
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The main players;$ 1acteria:
maBor decomposers %reakdownsimpler forms of organic material
C$ 3ctinomycetes:degrade complex organics such ascellulose lignin chitin and proteins earthy, smell long +spider we%s,filaments
9$ Aungi:1reak down tough de%ris too dry tooacidic or too low in nitrogen for%acteria to eat
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What do micro#es incompost do? Consume organic matter to grow
&tabilize organic matter %erobic oxidation produces CO2
%naerobic produces reduced compoundsorganic acids, alcohols
$ineralize nutrients Organic to inorganic forms /protein to !50
ransform nutrients !itrification 6 p5 and temperature sensitive
!O7" invertebrates not important in high temperaturecomposting, only in cold
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Compost Quality
Compost Maturity and Nitrogen ReleaseCharacteristics in Central Coast Vegetable
Production July 2002
CA Integrated Waste Management oard
Marc uchanan! Ph"
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Compost +aturity
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Compost +aturity
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Compost ,uality +easures
C:N 'elo 25
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COMPOST QUALITY INDEX for Commercial Productsased o! 13 mo!t8ly sam$les 9or ree! aste 11 9or 'le!d a!d
1 $oultry ma!ure om$ost*
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0
00
!00
"00
#00
0 $0 00 $0 !00 !$0
I % o r & a % i c N '
e l e a s
e d ( l ) N * a c r e +
Da,s After I%cor-oratio%
C.ec/
ree% 1M23
4le%d 1M253
Poultr,
I%or&a%ic N release 6 S-ri%& a%d summer !000
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2!0
20
0
0
!0
"0
#0
$0
70
;IM MM MM M M M ;M ;IM ;IM MM M M ;M
8 N
i t r o & e % ' e l e a s e d
Com-ost Maturit,
4le%d ree%
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Growing Issue *ow effective is composting at killing
pathogens? Weeds plant disease organisms
*uman pathogensEEEE
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-.S.A. Composting $egulations
Biosolids, Class A compost (U.S. EPA 40 CFR Part 503)
Timetemperat!re relatio"s#ip (PFRP) Static aerated pile, 3 da$s % 55 C T!r"ed &i"dro&, '5 da$s % 55 C, t!r"ed at least 5 times
ector Attractio" Red!ctio" '4 da$s, 40 C mi"im!m, 45 C aera*e temperat!re
Pat#o*e" testi"* criteria Fecal Coli+orms '000 -P/* TS or Salmo"ella 3 -P/4* TS
USA atio"al 1r*a"ic Pro*ram 205.03 (c) Time temperat!re 55 C 0 C (CFR Part 503)
T!r"ed &i"dro& '5 da$s &it# at least 5 t!r"s 6"essel or static aerated s$stem 55 C 0 C +or 3 da$s
C7 ratio 57' 407' (RCS code 3' composti"* +acilit$)
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o!e $ro$erly it or&s 'ut a!
less i!te!si/e reimes or& too<
" 55 C
8hy turn windrows at least 9 times in 9 days:
revent regrowth of &almonella !on-uniform heating urn cooler material into insulated center
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!/S0 Compost Tas1 Force
"omposting regulations too prescriptive
Manage compost to reach .. " for 9 days
Fermicompost 3ero%icity maintained %y adding thin layers every ;49 days
G/4H/7 moisture ;C months for outdoor windrows > months for wedge systems
or indoor containers C months for vertical flow reactors
rocessed manure *eat to 0. " for ; hour
Dry to = ;C7 moisture
5egative for !almonella and fecal coliforms
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Animal pathogendestruction Meet current time4temperature standards
Will not eliminate all weed seeds or all plant pathogens
3ttain sanitation target for particular end4use
@uality assurance testing Ise technology that is financially attaina%le
"omposting process
"ontain and treat leachate xclude vectors 3void pathogen regrowth conditions 3void recontamination of product
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Compost production
systems !mall scale
Compost pilesneed to be at
least one cubicto hold theheat fromdecomposition
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Passi/e om$osti!
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Commercial composting 'arge scale
assive aeration with turning or activelyaerated systems
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eedsto& o!ditio!i! - ri!di!
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+oisture management most important
factor to sta#ili2e #iological and
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Proessi! = tur!ed i!dros
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*/a!ierselom$ost*om(* **($rodutie*8tm
Com$ost 'la!&ets to moderate moisture
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Composting windrow
CO2
O2Cool
Hot
Graphic credit: Tom Richard, Penn StateUniversity
urning helpsaeration andto movematerial from
edge into hotcenter region
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Composting – Staticforced air
Cool
Hot
CO2
O2
Graphic credit: Tom Richard, Penn StateUniversity
#%ir forces heatoutwards
#&ome systemscan switchdirection to keepbase core athigh enoughtemperature
#%lso helpscontrol odor
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Proessi! - 9ored aeratio!
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)ot ammo!ia &ills>>>
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Co!tai! treat lea8ate
Com$ost 'la!&ets = 'eare mo/i! 9rom 9res8 to uri!
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*/a!ierselom$ost*om(* **($rodutie*8tm
Com$ost 'la!&ets 'eare mo/i! 9rom 9res8 to uri!
C t it8 40 50% i t
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Cure om$ost it8 40-50% moisture
to $romote om$etiti/e miroora!isms a!d
a/oid salmo!ella rerot8
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CASFS Farm compostpiles 3445