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FEBRUARY 2012 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Tetra Tech ARD.
KOSOVO NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR AGRICULTURE PROGRAM PESTICIDE SAFETY TRAINING TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
PESTICIDE SAFETY TRAINING TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE Prepared for the United States Agency for International Development, USAID Contract Number EDH-I-00-05-00006-00, TO AID-165-TO-11-00001, Kosovo New Opportunities for Agriculture Program, under the Rural and Agricultural Incomes with a Sustainable Environment (RAISE Plus) Indefinite Quantity Contract (IQC). Implemented by: Tetra Tech ARD 159 Bank St., Suite 300 Burlington, VT 05401
DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared by the New Opportunities for Agriculture project team of Tetra Tech ARD based on a Final Report prepared by Short Term Technical Advisor, Dr. Alan Schroeder, as a follow-on activity to the production of the project PERSUAP. The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.
CONTENTS
BACKGROUND ………………………………………………………………………………………1
PURPOSE OF ASSIGNMENT ……………………………………………………………………..2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………………4
FIELD ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE PURPOSES ………………………………………………….4
TASK FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ………………………………………………….8
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITY ………………..…9
ANNEXES ...…………………………………………………………………………………………13
STTA Report – Alan Schroeder – February 2012 Page 1
BACKGROUND
USAID supports economic growth in Kosovo through programs that strengthen and improve competitiveness of Kosovo agribusinesses, improve the business environment, and encourage local economic development. Accordingly, USAID/Kosovo has awarded Tetra Tech ARD the task order for the New Opportunities in Agriculture in Kosovo Program. The goal of the program is to increase economic growth in Kosovo through expanded, environmentally sustainable production and sales of value-added agricultural products by enabling producers and processors to compete regionally and globally. The program has the following components:
1. Products and farmers linked with markets: 2. Agriculture products diversified and increased; 3. Food quality and safety improved; 4. Increased affordable and accessible credits; 5. Improved coordination with the agriculture sector.
The Initial Environmental Examination (DCN: 2010-KOS-036), approved by the Bureau Environmental Officer on November 06, 2010 for this Program, required a PERSUAP to be approved prior to any assistance in the promotion, procurement and/or use of pesticides. In order to comply with this requirement, NOA prepared the PERSUAP report (DCN 2011-KOS-055), which was approved by the BEO on July 05, 2011. The PERSUAP report evaluated all 12 factors listed under 22 CFR 216.3(b)(1)(i). Regulation 216’s Factor K states: Provision for training of users and applicators recognizes that, in addition to the use of PPE, safety training is an essential component with the high priority in sub-projects involving the use of pesticides. Therefore NOA considers it necessary to undertake a train-the-trainer workshop for future trainers to be used during the life of the Program. State of the art safe pesticide use fits the profile and goals of the program. Further, it is an integral part of Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs), Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and the production and use of Pest Management Plans (PMPs). This training on safe pesticide use is a follow-on activity—as well as a primary recommendation—of the 2011 NOA Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan (PERSUAP). The Training of Adult Trainers methodologies were used.
STTA Report – Alan Schroeder – February 2012 Page 2
PURPOSE OF ASSIGNMENT The purpose of this assignment was to provide training to project sub-grantees, implementers and trainers on pesticides and pesticide use safety. It is included in a series of training modules, as follows: Module 1 on Integrated Pest Management (already completed); this Module 2 on Pesticide Safety, and in the near future Module 3 on Identification and Management of Key Pests of NOA Crops. This training was accomplished over three days, from February 21 – 23, 2012. There is no functioning extension service in Kosovo, and NOA implementers need to understand best practices with regards to pesticides, their proper use and safety. For this reason, the training included the following necessary and important topical awareness and understanding:
The reasons for doing such training: to reduce the risks of accidental poisonings, to reduce risks of damage to valuable environmental resources (water, soil, biodiversity) and to promote the adoption of international best practices that in turn promote the Kosovo brand name for safe quality produce without unacceptable pesticide residue levels
USAID’s Regulation 216; why it exists, what it aims to do and how it is interpreted in the PERSUAP and its recommendations
International standards and certification systems (GlobalGAP, Organic) as promoters of pesticide use best practices
Short history of the development of pesticides to put them into perspective The importance of using IPM and the role pesticides play as part of IPM Making and use of seasonal crop-specific Pest Management Plans (PMPs) as parts of
Crop Management Plans to enhance on-farm management decision-making Testing and national registration of pesticides for maintenance of quality and control Harmonization of National with EU pesticide registrations Use of reputable brand-name pesticide products Pesticide selection criteria for each different pest Importance of understanding pesticide formulation types and concentrations Importance of proper storage, security and integrity of pesticides and pesticide
containers Adherence to pesticide expiration dates Development of pesticide resistance and the importance of rotating among pesticide
classes to counter it Importance and use of pesticide label, pictogram warning diagrams and MSDS
information to increase safety and reduce risks as well as to understand proper dosing per hectare
Use of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) while mixing, handling, applying and disposing of pesticides
Pesticide entry routes into the human body
STTA Report – Alan Schroeder – February 2012 Page 3
Poisoning prevention, symptoms and treatment for different pesticides Pesticide sprayer types, parts, nozzles to use, and maintenance How and why to calibrate sprayers Use of pesticides on seeds and as systemic treatments Protecting honeybees with proper pesticide use timing Use of buffer zones to protect waterways from pesticide run-off and pollution Following recommended Pre-Harvest Intervals (PHI) for each pesticide so that
locally-consumed and exported produce does not contain Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) of pesticides in excess of allowed standards
Pesticide fumigants, the serious poisoning risks they pose, and how to reduce these risks
Chronic human toxicity risk categories associated with some pesticides: carcinogens, reproductive and developmental toxins and endocrine disruptors
Bioaccumulation of pesticides in the ecological food chain Pesticide leaching and risks of entry to groundwater and how to reduce these risks Natural biological pesticides (biopesticides) being developed and used internationally Record-keeping to remember cropping and pesticide use history and to be able to
trace produce back to farms that used the wrong pesticides or exceeded MRLs Keeping pesticides away from children Proper empty pesticide container cleaning and disposal US EPA’s Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs) and why we prohibit them on USAID
projects Pesticide drift risks and how to reduce these risks Pesticide degradation mechanisms in nature and what this means for human and food
safety Pesticide contribution to global warming, from production to use
STTA Report – Alan Schroeder – February 2012 Page 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this Training of Adult Trainers training is to bring NOA and its sub-grantee trainers and implementers into compliance with USAID’s environmental regulations (Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), part 216, or Regulation 216) on pesticide use. Beyond compliance, this training offers international best practices and helps ensure that NOA trainers understand pesticide issues in order to reduce the chances for errors and liability. This 2012 Republic of Kosovo training was developed for and under the direction of Tetra Tech ARD. It applies to NOA, pesticides registered for import and use in Kosovo, NOA target crops, and the tools (sprayers and safety equipment) most often used for applying pesticides. Risks are inevitably present with the use of pesticides and similar chemicals used for agricultural crop production and processing. In addition to required compliance and the acute focus on the use of Integrated Pest Management, this training provides project implementers with the most common risks likely to be encountered. And, it contains or references recommended mitigation measures and international best practices to reduce each risk. Trainees can then use these risk-mitigation measures to inform and guide their own development of risk monitoring, mitigation and reporting plans, as USAID requires. For the purposes of this training, the word pesticide is used, following EPA’s guidelines1, for the following: fumigants, insecticides, miticides/acaricides, nematicides, molluscicides, fungicides, antimicrobials, bactericides/biocides, microbicides/antibiotics, herbicides, rodenticides, avicides, algicides, ovicides (kill eggs), disinfectants/sanitizers and anti-fouling agents (chemicals that repel or kill things like barnacles that attach to boats). Even biological agents such as biopesticides, microbial pesticides, attractants/pheromones, repellents, defoliants, dessicants, insect growth regulators and plant growth regulators are included as pesticides. Note that farmers can, with their own funding, buy and use the pesticides they want, as long as they are not part of a USAID project, and not used in USAID-procured equipment. USAID projects can also promote, purchase or donate pesticide training, pesticides and equipment as long as these and risks associated with them have been evaluated in a PERSUAP. This training evaluates risks across the agriculture inputs sector in Republic of Kosovo. And, it promotes the use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Good Agriculture Practices (GAPs). It includes field trips to pesticide stores, as a farmer would do, to look at pesticide products and safe storage and it includes a field trip on pesticide calibration. Beyond that, the training includes interactive classroom activities on how to construct a PMP, how to understand the pesticide MSDS and how to assemble and test a pesticide backpack sprayer, which over 90% of Kosovo farmers use.
The training methodology used included the extensive use of best adult training tools including hands-on classroom and field activities for those who learn by doing, and
1 http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/about/types.htm
STTA Report – Alan Schroeder – February 2012 Page 5
presentation slides with photos and story-telling of best and worst pesticide practices seen by the trainer in numerous other emerging market economies around the world. Such use of actual pictures and stories maintains trainee attention and interest much better than rote training solely containing information. Slides were kept simple and organized around photos for those trainees who learn best by seeing and included bullet points with key words emphasizing key points for those who learn best by reading. The audience was involved in actively answering questions during presentations to learn and validate the information they already know. Furthermore, extensive use was made of repetition of key concepts in order to enhance and enforce stronger learning.
STTA Report – Alan Schroeder – February 2012 Page 6
FIELD AND CLASSROOM GROUP ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE PURPOSES Introduction
This Training of Adult Trainers training emphasized practical field aspects of pesticide safety, and focused acutely on the needs of these specific trainees, as determined from earlier training needs analyses and training follow-up done with them. These trainees, as with most agriculture workers around the world, had issues with understanding pesticide sprayer calibration, proper understanding pesticide MSDSs, and the making and use of PMPs. Thus, practical in-class and in-field hands-on activities focused on these topics, while additional classroom presentations rounded out the training and focused on key concepts required to be understood by anyone using or wanting to use pesticides. Hands-on Exercises, Field Visits and Classroom Exercises
Day 1:
Day one of this three-day training involved interactive presentations on Pest Management Plans. The audience was shown and given chances to discuss PMPs developed by researchers and extensionists at the University of California at Davis, the US’s premier agriculture school, for the exact same crops and pests as those found in Kosovo. The desired outcome of this activity is for these technically-trained trainees to work with NOA in the development of Crop Management Plans and PMPs for NOA target crops, using local knowledge, internet resources and IPM information contained in the 2011 NOA PERSUAP. Day one also saw the use of slide presentations on how regulations like Regulation 216, and standards and certification systems like GlobalGAP and Organic drive the adoption of best practices with regard to IPM including safe use of pesticides. Day 2:
Day two involved field visits to two agriculture input and pesticide sales stores to see what the farmer sees when s/he visits to choose and purchase inputs. Trainees were trained on what to look for in terms of pesticides available, best practices and safety. On day two the audience was shown and given choices to discuss pesticide Labels in Albanian and MSDSs developed by pesticide companies for English-speaking countries, select parts (safety and first aid—poisoning prevention, treatment and antidotes, and environmental issues) of which would be translated into Albanian for trainees and their students. Day two also saw the use of slide presentations on pesticide history, types, classes, formulations and contents, concentrations, how to read labels, types of applications (soil, seed, plants), acute and chronic human health issues, water pollution potential, pesticides as part of IPM, dosages, required safety equipment (PPE), development of pesticide resistance, newer pesticides that leave a lighter environmental footprint, pesticide fate and degradation in the environment.
STTA Report – Alan Schroeder – February 2012 Page 7
Day 3:
Day three involved classroom group activities properly assembling and understanding the parts of backpack pesticide sprayers. One activity demonstrated the need to calibrate the sprayer for each different type of nozzle and pressure settings, since each puts out different amounts of liquid. On day three, the trainees also visited a greenhouse for demonstrations on proper sprayer calibration. This activity was filmed by a local television station and will be used to raise awareness of the need to calibrate properly. Day three also saw the use of slide presentations on sprayer types, parts, uses, spray patterns and sprayer nozzles. Pesticide drift risks and reduction were also discussed. Pesticide mixing and sprayer calibration were also discussed for different types of situations and equipment. Trainees were provided with a comprehensive list of pesticide terminology, translated into Albanian so that they can use if for the training.
STTA Report – Alan Schroeder – February 2012 Page 8
TASK FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The following tasks were derived from the Scope of Work provided by TetraTech ARD.
1. Conduct 3-day practical pesticides training for a maximum 15 participants. 2. Design and issue Safe Use of Pesticides and Environmental Protection participation
certificates for attendees. 3. De-brief with the Program staff and the USAID on the last day in Kosovo of the
consultancy. 4. Submit brief written report on activities, observations, recommendations, assistance
provided, problems encountered and recommendations for follow-up work within one week of the completion of the assignment.
Task Completion and Findings Task #1 The three-day training, with the above-listed topics and issues, commenced from February 21 to February 23, 2012. Between 15 and 19 trainees, listed below, were trained. Training materials and slides were left with NOA and the trainees for use in future training sessions. Recommendations: NOA will need to select among the best of the training attendees to become future trainers of other implementers and NOA farmers. Repeat training should be accomplished in order to drive home key concepts. Materials left with NOA and additional safety materials, translated to Albanian, should be used. Task #2 Training participation certificates were designed, and signed by the trainer. These certificates will be distributed at the end of the third module of training in this 3-module series. Task #3 Trainer debriefed NOA project COP and Environmental Compliance Specialist. Future activities will include updating the PERSUAP when the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development releases a new list of registered pesticides. At that time, the 2011 PERSUAP can also be updated for additional pesticides useful for each NOA crop-pest combination. Task #4 This training report represents the deliverable for Task number 4.
STTA Report – Alan Schroeder – February 2012 Page 9
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES 1. Choose the best trainees from this training to be trainers of NOA project implementers
and farmers. Use people who exhibit good technical knowledge and understanding of IPM and pesticides as well as a training personality for presenting such material in ways that are interesting to other adults.
2. Adapt training materials developed for this training, along with local materials, for use in local training courses to implementers and farmers.
3. NOA continue to subsidize PPE for implementers and farmers to use. 4. NOA continue to translate MSDS information for project implementers and beneficiaries. 5. NOA continue to develop crop management plans including PMPs adapted from those of
the University of California at Davis for the exact same crops and pests. 6. During Module 3 of the training on IPM tools for NOA crops, include videos of
calibration of tractor-pulled boom sprayers and orchard air-blast sprayers, with follow-up discussion.
7. NOA update the PERSUAP as soon as the MAFRD releases a new list of registered pesticides and include any new pesticide information needed for specific pests of NOA crops.
8. NOA work with MAFRD to further rationalize, expand and improve the list of registered pesticides.
STTA Report – Alan Schroeder – February 2012
ANNEX Annex 1 – Trainee List
Train the Trainer Workshop - Module II
Safe Use of Pesticides & Environmental Protection
Date: 21-23February
Venue: NOA training room & field visits
No
.
Company/
Institution
Name of the
participant
Activity Crop Phone E-mail
1 IADK PhD. Arben Mehmeti Supervising Grantee Expert Apple & Strawberry 044/193- 903 [email protected]
2 IADK BSc. Agron Bunjaku Supervising Grantee - Intern Apple & Strawberry 044/395-931 [email protected]
3 IADK BSc. Skender Fejzullahu Supervising Grantee - Expert
Apple & Strawberry 044/413-124 [email protected]
4 Agro-Drini BSc. Qamil Cena Supervising Grantee – Expert Table Grapes 044/203-862 [email protected]
5 Agro-Drini Senad Vuqiterna Student Supervising Grantee - Intern Table Grapes 044/563-556 [email protected]
6 Biolab MSc. Lavdim Lepaja Supervising Grantee - Intern Raspberry 044/412-548 [email protected]
7 RDC BSc. Behar Avdiu Subcontractor - Expert
Lettuce & Gherkins 044/754-542 [email protected]
8 RDC Drilon Hajzeri, Student Subcontractor -Intern Lettuce & Gherkins 049/849-651 [email protected]
9 RDC MSc. Musli Musliu Subcontractor - Expert
Lettuce & Gherkins 044/312-682 [email protected]
STTA Report – Alan Schroeder – February 2012
10 RDC Arta Dubova, Student Subcontractor - Intern
Lettuce & Gherkins 044/883-472 [email protected]
11 MAFRD BSc. Fadile Demelezi Extension service – Municipality Viti ---------- 044/631-029 [email protected]
12 MAFRD BSc. Bajram Qeku Extension service - Municipality Deçan
---------- 044/154-890 [email protected]
13 MAFRD BSc. Bedri Bajrami Extension service - Municipality Mitrovicë
---------- 044/245-821 [email protected]
14 MAFRD BSc. Shaqir Kryeziu Extension service - Municipality Suharekë
---------- 049/449-381 [email protected]
15 MAFRD BSc. Shaban Hamzaj Prishtina
Plant Protection and Production Department ---------- 044/338-561 [email protected]
16 “Dinamanti” BSc. Imer Nitaj Spraying service - Deçan Apple 044/ 221-277 [email protected]
17 “Kultivari” MSc. Hajrush Suka Spraying service - Suharekë Apple 044/ 351-840 [email protected]
18 ------- Safet Abazibra Secondary school edu. Spraying service –Rahovec Table grapes 044/119-366 -------------------
19 -------- Hilmi Daka Secondary school edu. Spraying service - Rahovec Table grapes 044/269-194 -------------------
February 21 – February 23, 2012
