Kozani‐8 Low Enthalpy Geothermal Water Use through a Cascade and Hybrid System

7/27/2019 Kozani8 Low Enthalpy Geothermal Water Use through a Cascade and Hybrid System

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StudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume1Issue1,December2012 www.seipub.org/scea

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Kozani8 Low Enthalpy Geothermal Water

UsethroughaCascadeandHybridSystemNevtonKodhelaj*1,Bashkimela2,RizaAleti31,2,3EnergyResourcesDepartment,FacultyofGeologyandMining,PolytechnicUniversityofTirana,Albania

*[email protected];[email protected];[email protected]

AbstractAlbaniaisrelativelyrichwithlowuptothemiddleenthalpy,withwaterscomingoutasnaturalsprings(12springs)andwells (10wells).Thewater temperatureblowingoutof thewellsvaries from34Cup to65.5C toKozani 8, themost

important among the Albanian geothermal wells. It hadbeendrilledin1989.Findingofthehotbrinewasconsideredandaccidentat that time,as thewellhadbeendesignedanddrilledtosearchoil&gas.Thewellislocatedonthehills,26kmSEofTirana.Itencounters limestonestrataat1819m,penetratingover10mintothissection.Theyieldofthewellis10.3 l/s,and ispresentedstablefrommore than23years.Thegeographicalpositionof thewell,placed in themiddleofavillage,veryclosetothecorridor8,aresomeofthemostimportant parameters on choosing these waters for ourdesignsand therelatedcalculations.Therecreationalcenterprovides the cascade and integral use of the Kozani8geothermalwater,butnotonly.Italsoprovidetheelectricitygenerations,throughahybridsystem.Thecenterwillbealsoequipped with SPA, open and closed pools, fitness,massages, greenhouse & also aquaculture pools. Theeconomic analyses,based on the NPV calculations, showsthat this resource is completely competitive, and isunjustified its further waste. Despite the fact that theinvestment is too high (over 5.5 million Euro), it iscompletely feasible, and this is proven also by the riskanalyses.Itwillalsohelponimprovingthelivingstandardsforthelocalcommunity.

KeywordsGeothermal;

Kozani

8;

Pool;

Temperature;

Cascade;

Heat

Exchanger;Designing;Economics;Integral;HybridIntroduction

The Albanian geothermal springs and wells arelocatedinthreedifferentareas:IshmiKruja,Ardenicaand Peshkopia. They differ from eachother bygeological and thermohydrogeological features andcharacteristics. Each one of them is result of theregional tectonics and seismic activity. The Ishmi

Kruja geothermal zone, Figure 1, is close to theMotherTeresainternationalairport.

FIGURE1MAPOFTHEISHMIKRUJAGEOTHERMALZONE

ItisalsonexttotheKrujahistoricalcity,thewonderfulAdriatic Sea beaches & Lake of Ohrid. The

demonstrative geothermal center, with the cascadeand integral use, but also combined with the solarpanels (hybrid system), is designed for the Kozani8wellwaters.Thechoicehadbeenmadebecauseofitstemperature,onthevalueof65.5C,andyield10l/s.Intheaquifertopofthewelltrunkthewateris80C.Hotwater has salinity of (4.619.3) g/l. actually all thesewaters are wasted: they flows directly to a creek,meaning high economical loses. Among differentprocessesofthecascade,willbereleasedCO2andH2S,which willbe used for food products (conservation)

andmedicalpurposes.Thehybridsystem,combingofthemiddleenthalpygeothermalwaters,withthesolar


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panels, based on the fact that the Albanian climateallow such a thing (there are more than 280 sunnydays on the area), will improve the economicefficiencyoftheproject.

The Geological Structure of the RegionKruja geothermal zone represents a zone with largegeothermalresources.TheKrujageothermalzonehasa length of 180 km. The Kruja Geothermal Zoneextends from the Adriatic Sea in the North andcontinuesdowntotheSouth EasternareaofAlbaniaand to the Konitza area in Greece. The lowergeological section extends the Neritic Pelagiccarbonate rocks of the CretaceousPaleocene whileabove them lies the Oligocene flysch, which has athicknessofup to5kmand180km length [6].Main

creaseoftheareabecameinthemiddleOligoceneandinthe lowerandmiddleMiocene,therefore,therearesome transgressed sedimentary section of the upperOligocene, and especially of the Miocene above theolder ones, Figure 2. Geothermal aquifer isrepresentedbyacarstifiedneriticcarbonateformationwith numerous fissures and micro fissures. Threeboreholesproducehotandmineralizedwater: Ishmi1/b, Kozani8 and Galigati2. The specific electricresistance varies in the levels of 2050 Ohm, featurethatpromiseforgoodformationproperties. Infactthe

effective porosity is 1% and the permeability variesfrom 0.053.5 mD. The hydraulic conductivity of thelimestone sectionvariesbetween8.6x 10108.8x108

m/sandthetransmissivityrangesfrom8.6x1078.5x105 m2/s. Kozani8 well has been drilled in 1989.Borehole is located on hills 26km SE of Tirana. Itencounters limestone strata at 1816 m, penetratingover10mintothesection.Thetemperatureatthetopofaquiferreaches80CintheKozani8borehole.KrujastratigraphicbreakexistsatthelevelofthePaleoceneEocene, whose varies from an anticline string to

another. This area was built by some anticline andsynclinallines,descendingwestward.Thesearelinearstructurewith tens of kilometersof length. Anticlinegenerally has broken in their western side byoverlying tectonic,so theyareoftenobservedonlyasmonocline with eastern decrease, such as the DajtiKruja lines. Along the overlying, limestone anddolomitesof theCretaceous tectonically contactwiththe Oligocene flysch of the western syncline west,Figure3.Inthisareatherearethreewellsthatproducehotwater(geothermalwells):Ishmi1/b,Kozani8and

Galigati2, Table 1. From the regional point of view,theyextenduptothedepthof10km;aboveevaporate

which are related to regional tectonics [1]. At thisdepth the temperature reaches values of 120150C.Water comes from the interval 18161837 m [2].Temperatureatthisdepthis80Cwhilethepressureisabout191bars.Thewellheadpressureis12bars,while

thetemperatureis65.5C.Thetotaldissolvedsolidsis4.6 g/l [2], pH= 7.5; the cations Ca2+=27.62 mg/l,Mg2+=20.4mg/l,Na+=268.5mg/l,NH4+=47.5mg/l; theanionsCl=270.2mg/l,SO42=46.2mg/landHCO32=10mg/l;themicroelementsB=0.00067 g/l.

TABLE1BASICPARAMETERSOFTHEALBANIAN

GEOTHERMALWELLS

FIGURE2GEOLOGICALANDHYDROGEOLOGICALMAPOF

THEKRUJAGEOTHERMALZONE

FIGURE3STRUCTURALMAPOFTHEKOZANILIMESTONE

ANDTHEIRSEAL

WellTemperature

(C)

Coordinates Yield

(l/s)Lat.(V) Long.(L)

Kozani8 65.5 4106 20016 10.3

Ishmi1/b 60 41292 19404 3.5Letan 50 41079 202249 5.5Galigati2 4550 40576 200924 0.9Bubullima5 4850 411918 194036Ardenica3 38 404848 193536 1518Semani1 35 4050 1926 5Semani3 67 404612 192224 30Ardenica 12 32 404812 193542Verbasi2 29.3 13


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Energetic Reserves Evaluation of the

Kozani Limestone Structure

The formationheat is calculated through the relation[2](Table2):

zAttcPcQ wwmm 010 1 where: the effective porosity of the limestone

(P=5.8x103);

m meandensityof thematrix (m=2640kg/m3);

cm specificheatcapacityoftheformation(cm=1.1kJ/kgK);

w waterdensity(w=980.37kg/m3);

cw waterspecificheat(cw=4.1893kJ/kgK);t1 formationtemperature(t1=85C);

t0 groundtemperature(t0=16.5C).

The geothermal energy reserves are calculatedthroughtherelation(Table2):

001 QRQ

where: R0=0.1 because Kozani8 is the onlywell,eruptinghotwater.

Therecoverablegeothermalenergyis(Table2):

tcttQE wwrtv

Thespecificreservesare(Table2):

A

Qq 1

Theenergeticcapacityis(Table2):

0041840.)tt(PQ gwmaxe

where:Pmax themaximalyieldofthewell[l/s];

tw watertemperature[C];

tg groundtemperature[C].

Theannualenergyuseis[TJ/y](Table2):

13190.)tt(PS gw.ave

wherePav. theaverageyieldsofthewell[kg/s];

Thecapacityfactoris(Table2):

e

e

Q

S.K 031710

TABLE2ENERGETICRESERVESOFKOZANI8GEOTHERMALWELL

Parameter Value

FormationHeat 1.0712*1010[GJ]

EnergyReserves 1.0712*109[GJ]

RecoverableEnergy 2.401*106[GJ]

SpecificReserves 39.63[GJ/m2]

EnergeticCapacity 2.05[MWh]

EnergyUse 0.39[TJ/year]

CapacityFactor 0.006

The Scheme for the Integral, Cascade and

Hybrid Use of the Kozani-8 Geothermal

Waters

Itwas thoughtby thegroupofauthors, that thebestandmoreefficientway touse thegeothermalwatersofKozani8well is theconstructionsofamulticenter[9]. The center will include the SPA, massage andfitness center, open and closed pools (with different

sizes and temperatures), greenhouse, aquaculturecultivation pools, conference rooms etc. The centerwill be heated through the geothermal direct use(through the installation of the heat exchangers) [5],while for the cooling willbe installed a geothermalheat pump [3]. The roof, covered with solar panels,whose combination can provide the sanitary waterandalsoapartof them,willcirculate thegeothermalwater and increase its temperature, allowing so theelectricity production (the hybrid system). Thiselectricity will serve for the lighting system of the

center (green energy). In theFigure 4, is showed thefrontaland lateralviewof thecenter, in theFigure5,the principal sketch of the integral, cascade and thehybrid system, while in the figure 6 is showed theaquaculturecultivationprincipalsketch.

FIGURE 4 RECREATIONALCENTREKOZANI8, SHIJON


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FIGURE5PRINCIPALSKETCHOFTHEINTEGRAL,CASCADE

ANDHYBRIDUSEOFTHEKOZANI8GEOTHERMALWATERUSE

FIGURE6AQUACULTURECULTIVATIONPRINCIPALSKETCH

Heat Looses

The proposed center will have several pools: 1geothermal pool (designed as a natural pond, sized10*8*0.5 m, water temperature 38Cdegasified); 1open Olympic pool (sized 50*23*3 m, watertemperature30C);1sweetwaterpool(sized10*5*1.5mescalate,watertemperature38Cdegasified,lightlyclosed); 1 kids sweet water pool (sized 5*3*0.5 mescalate,watertemperature30C).Thecriteriaforpooldesigning are: psychological and physiologicalcomfort,roadswidth13m,heightoftheclosedpools

4m,temperature&humiditylevel,easymaintenanceand thenoise levelbelow 60dB The thermal loads,based on their nature and effect on the thermalbalance, can be calculated as loses or thermalincrement.Theheatlosesofthesystemareinfluenced

by a number of factors including the number of theguests, their physical activity, the electricalequipments, solar radiation, natural ventilation,thermo insulation etc. Calculation for the electricalequipments are madebased on the assumption thatthe maximum load, varies during the day, to avoidtheirsupersizing.IntheFigure7,isshowedthewatercirculationschemeforthepools. Onthefirstcascadethewaterwillbeused forhouseheatingandalso forpools. The waterdischargedby thegeothermal andhot water pool (38C) willbe used for the spirulina

cultivation. On the first heat exchanger the watersupply shouldbe 22.69 t/h of water, for an installedcapacityof512kW[7].Thisamountofenergywillbetransmitted through the sweet water, heated at thelevel of 4550C. On the second heat exchanger areneeded15[t/hofwater]foraninstalledcapacityof480kW. The water temperature in this heat exchangershouldbe intherangeof4050C[7],Figure8.IntheTable3arepresentedthethermal loadsforthecenterfor both seasons: winter and summer, while in theTable 4 the parameters of the closed pools

environment[8].

FIGURE7THEGEOTHERMAL/FRESHWATER POOLS

CIRCULATIONSCHEME

FIGURE8HEATEXCHANGERANDHEATPUMPSKETCH

CENTRE


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TABLE3SEASONALTHERMAL LOADS OFTHECENTER

TABLE4CLOSEDPOOLSPARAMETERS

Environment Parameter

ClosedPools

Vair=45[m3/hm2]

Qfloor=220[W/m2]

Qsanitarywater

=0.90[kW/m2

]

Environmental Analyses and Positive

Impact of the Scheme

TheenvironmentaleffectsoftheKozani8geothermalwellcomebecauseoftwomainreasons:

Highcontentofgases;

Highcontentofmineralsalts.

ThechemicalanalysesofthewatershowsthattheH2S

content is 410.07 mg/l, H2SO4 43.1 mg/l, HBO2 25.4mg/land freeCO2184.7mg/l.Other freeelementsof

thewater in60CareCl,F,Br,JandNO2[9]. Theseentire chemicals are not dissolved in the geothermalwater, so its enough a small perturbation and theycanbe released to theatmosphere.Mostof themarepoisoningtothepeople,exceptthattheyareextremely

harmful for theequipment.Theiractualeffecton theenvironmentishighandalsothehealthproblemtothecommunity, caused by them is relevant. So it isnecessary that all this gases should be removedthrough and degasing process, Figure 9. Thequantitative evaluations shows that the total amountofthegasesthatshouldberemovedis5.12kg/h,foratotal mass of geothermal water 12.04 t/h with meantemperature40.68C. ThemineralsalinecontentoftheKozani8 water is 4.6 g/l while the pH is 7.5. InbigamountarethecationsNa+1.19g/l,Ca2+0.79g/l,Mg2+

0.2g/l,K+0.17g/l,NH4+ 0.02g/l, tracesofFe2+,AsandCu2+,Al3+0.2g/l, tracesofheavymetalsasFe,Cu,AlandtheanionsCl2.36g/l,SO421.78g/l,HCO30.43g/l,F10.8g/l,Br12.4g/l,J11.1g/l,HS195.3g/l,S2O321.5g/l, SO32 0.1 g/l, HPO42 0.4 g/l, traces 0f NO21. Thewatercontainalsodryresidue(in180C)inthelevelof6808 mg/l. Their effect extends on pollution of thesurface and underground waters, soil pollution, andcorrosion and depositions problem while the mostimportant are the human and animal health issues,Figure9.Thatswhytheproposedschemepredictsto

treat this water in order to remove all the pollutant.The purification process will involve the totaldesalination and as the second step, the selectivedesalination inorder toget thevaluable compounds.This schemewillbeeconomicallyefficient,aspartofthemhavemarketvalues, so theywillbe sold to thenationalmarket.

FIGURE9DEGASIFYSKETCHAND KOZANI8WELLHEAD(SILICA,CALCITEDEPOSITIONS)

EconomicalAnalysesInTable5isshowedsomecostsdatasrelatedwiththeconstructions cost for the Recreational GeothermalCentre & SPA, Shijon, and Elbasan. There can beclearly seen that the biggest investment should be

done for the building (66.7%), while that the totalinvestmentiscalculatedtobe5708285Euro[8].

Room/environment

SUMMER

Thermal

load[kW]

Air

[kW]

Sanitary

water[kW]

Total

[kW]

MainBuilding 100 130 53 283ClosedPools 130.5GeothermalPool(10x8)m

72

SweetWaterPool(10x5m)

45

KidsPool(5x3m) 13.5Subtotal 413.5

ClosedPool(Water)Geothermal Pool(Water)SweetWaterWoolOlympicPool(Water)

Total 413.5

Room/environment

WINTER

Thermal

load

[kW]

Air

[kW]

Sanitary

water[kW]

Total

[kW]

MainBuilding 512 420 80 1012ClosedPools 32.3 63.6 130.5 226.4GeothermalPool(10x8)m

18 35 72 125

SweetWaterPool(10x5m)

11 22 45 78

KidsPool(5x3m) 3.3 6.6 13.5 23.4Subtotal 1236.4

ClosedPool(Water) 68Geothermal Pool(Water)

48

SweetWaterWool 20OlympicPool(Water) 1300

Total 2674.4


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TABLE5:COSTSCALCULATIONSFORTHESHIJONIRECREATIVEGEOTHERMALCENTRE&SPA

Constituent Investment[]

Property(land) 440880

HotelClinic-

Building- AcclimatizeSystem- Furniture

3808280654560229670

Greenhouse 186710

SpirulinaCultivationCentre 252085

AquacultureInstallations 136100

Total[] 5708285

TABLE6:THENPVCALCULATIONSFORDIFFERENTSCENARIOS(BASEDINTHECF)

Time

[years]

PresentValue forDifferentCashFlow

250000

[/y]

300000

[/y] 350000

[/y] 400000

[/y] 450000

[/y]

500000

[/y]

1 5.09E+06 5.05E+06 5.00E+06 4.95E+06 4.91E+06 4.86E+06

2 4.67E+06 4.58E+06 4.49E+06 4.40E+06 4.31E+06 4.22E+06

3 4.32E+06 4.19E+06 4.06E+06 3.93E+06 3.79E+06 3.66E+06

4 4.01E+06 3.84E+06 3.67E+06 3.50E+06 3.33E+06 3.16E+06

5 3.73E+06 3.52E+06 3.31E+06 3.10E+06 2.89E+06 2.68E+06

6 3.46E+06 3.22E+06 2.97E+06 2.72E+06 2.48E+06 2.23E+06

7 3.22E+06 2.93E+06 2.65E+06 2.36E+06 2.08E+06 1.79E+06

8 2.98E+06 2.66E+06 2.34E+06 2.01E+06 1.69E+06 1.37E+06

9 2.75E+06 2.39E+06 2.03E+06 1.68E+06 1.32E+06 959775

10 2.52E+06 2.13E+06 1.74E+06 1.34E+06 950671 55727411 2.31E+06 1.88E+06 1.45E+06 1.02E+06 591445 162458

12 2.10E+06 1.63E+06 1.17E+06 702794 238538 225717

13 1.89E+06 1.39E+06 889616 390386 108844 608073

14 1.68E+06 1.15E+06 616532 82596 451340 985275

15 1.48E+06 915709 347315 221079 789472 1.36E+06

16 1.29E+06 684191 81569 521053 1.12E+06 1.73E+06

17 1.09E+06 455596 181041 817677 1.45E+06 2.09E+06

18 900107 229656 440796 1.11E+06 1.78E+06 2.45E+06

19 710218 6140 697937 1.40E+06 2.11E+06 2.81E+06

20 522379 215148 952675 1.69E+06 2.43E+06 3.17E+06

21 336429 434380 1.21E+06 1.98E+06 2.75E+06 3.52E+06

22 152225 651708 1.46E+06 2.26E+06 3.06E+06 3.87E+06

23 30358 867264 1.70E+06 2.54E+06 3.38E+06 4.22E+06

24 211429 1.08E+06 1.95E+06 2.82E+06 3.69E+06 4.56E+06

25 391087 1.29E+06 2.20E+06 3.10E+06 4.00E+06 4.90E+06

26 569420 1.50E+06 2.44E+06 3.37E+06 4.31E+06 5.24E+06

27 746506 1.71E+06 2.68E+06 3.65E+06 4.62E+06 5.58E+06

28 922416 1.92E+06 2.92E+06 3.92E+06 4.92E+06 5.92E+06

29 1.10E+06 2.13E+06 3.16E+06 4.19E+06 5.23E+06 6.26E+06

30 1.27E+06 2.34E+06 3.40E+06 4.46E+06 5.53E+06 6.59E+06

N.P.V 4.60E+07 2.87E+07 1.14E+07 5.87E+06 2.32E+07 4.04E+07


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The economic analyses are done based on the NetPresentValue (NPV)Calculations.The centerwillbeconstructedthroughabankingloan.Isunderlinedthisfact,becausetheAlbanianbankingsystemdonotgiveloan insuchcaseiftheRateofReturn(ROR)is lower

than 0.1 (10%). In the Table 6 are showed the NPVvalues fordifferentscenarios,based indifferentCashFlow (CF).From this table canbe seen that theNPVbecomepositiveforCFgreaterthan350000/y.Inthe

Figure10,isshowedthechartofPV/time,whileintheFigure 11, the chart of (NPV/CF). The analyticalanalyses (and also graphical) shows that the NPV isequalized to zero, only if the CF is 382 949/y. Forlower CF the NPV result negative and of course for

greater CF it will be positive. The business planpredict a CF of about 445 000 /y, based in theAlbaniantouristicmarketanditsprices.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Time (years)

-6000000

-4000000

-2000000

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

PresentValue[]

CF=250000 /y

CF=300000 /y

CF=350000 /y

CF=400000 /y

CF=450000 /y

CF=250000 /y

Present Value variation in Time

FIGURE10PRESENTVALUEVARIATIONSVERSUSTIME

250000 300000 350000 400000 450000 500000

Cash Flow (/y)

-50000000

-40000000

-30000000

-20000000

-10000000

0

10000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

50000000

NetPresentValue(NPV)

-4.6x107

-2.87x107

-1.14x107

5.87x106

2.32x107

4.04x107

Net Present Value variation based in the Cash Flow

FIGURE11NETPRESENTVALUESFLUCTUATIONBASEDONTHECASHFLOW


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100,0% 25,0%

440880 440880

25,0% Possibilities

0 440880

0,0% 0,0%

0 0

TRUE Structure

0 5708285

100,0% 25,0%

3808280 3808280

25,0% Possibilities

0 3808280

0,0% 0,0%

0 0

75,0% 7,5%

654560 654560

10,0% Possibilities

0 490920

25,0% 2,5%

0 0

100,0% 10,0%

229670 229670

10,0% Possibilities

0 229670

0,0% 0,0%

0 0

65,0% 6,5%

186710 186710

10,0% Possibilities

0 121361,5

35,0% 3,5%

0 0

55,0% 5,5%

252085 252085

10,0% Possibilities

0 138646,75

45,0% 4,5%

0 0

50,0% 5,0%

136100 136100

10,0% Possibilities

0 68050

50,0% 5,0%

0 0

Decision

0

FALSE 0,0%

0 0

Kozani8Recreation CenterandSPA

NotConstrusted

Constructed

Property

Bought

NotBought

MainBuilding

Constructed

NotConstructed

AcclimatizeSystem

Constructed

NotConstructed

Furniture

Bought

NotBought

Greenhouse

Constructed

NotConstructed

Spirouline Cultivation

Constructed

NotConstructed

AcquacultureInstallations

Constructed

NotConstructed

FIGURE12RISKANALYSISCHARTFORTHEKOZANI8RECREATIONCENTRECONSTRUCTION

Inthefigure12isshowedthechartofRiskAnalyses.Therecanbeseenevenbetterthattheriskisminimal,so the investment is totallyefficient. In the followingcharts, Figure 13 is possible to see the risk for eachvalueofNPV.Sooncemore therisk isminimal,andtheinvestmentisveryprofitable.

Conclusions

The Kozani8 water temperature is suitable for thesupplyofa recreational center, includinggeothermalindoorandoutdoorpools;

1. Thewater temperature is suitable for feedingoftwocascades;

2. Thehybridsystemwillimprovetheeconomicefficiencyoftheproject;

3. The construction of the center will improvetheenergeticbalanceoftheregion;

4. The construction of the center will help ondiversifyingtheenergyresourcesinAlbania;

5. The degasified and desalination line willimprove theenvironmentalstatusof thearea,asactuallyishighlypolluted;


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9

6. It will improve the living standards of thecommunity;

7. Theeconomicanalysesshowthatitisfeasible.8. Theriskanalysisshowsveryoptimisticdatas

forthefutureoftheinvestment.

FIGURE13 RISKANALYSESCHARTBASEDONTHENPV


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Documents

Kozani‐8 Low Enthalpy Geothermal Water Use through a Cascade and Hybrid System