Krischik U of M, 2012 MN Honey Producers Meeting, Duluth, MNKrischik U of M, 2012 MN Honey Producers Meeting, Duluth, MN““Do Label Rates of Imidacloprid Result in Residues in Flowers that Kill Do Label Rates of Imidacloprid Result in Residues in Flowers that Kill Bees?”Bees?”

Systemic insecticidesSystemic

Organophosphatesaldicarb (Temik), oxamyl (Vydate), dimethoate (Cygon)

Neonicotinylimidacloprid (Marathon, Merit), clothianidin, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran

Novel mode of actionpymetrozine (Endeavor)

Translaminar, or local, systemic activityMicrobial- abamectin (Avid) IGR- pyriproxyfen (Distance)PR- chlorfenapyr (Pylon)SP-spinosad (Conserve)OP- acephate (Orthene)C-Carbofuran (Furadan)

Threats to bees: soybean aphid management

Organophosphates + Pyrethroids, are very toxic to bees. Organophosphates + Pyrethroids, are very toxic to bees.

•Dimethoate is highly toxic, LD50 15 ng/bee

•Chlorpyrifos is toxic, LD50 70 ng/bee

•Methyl parathion is highly toxic, LD50 11 ng/bee

•Coumaphos is 180 times less than methyl parathion, with LD50 of 2030 ng/ bee

•Esfenvalerate is highly toxic, LD50 15 ng/bee

•Cyfluthrin is highly toxic, LD50 37ng/bee

•Zeta-cypermethrin is extremely toxic, LD50 2 ng/bee

•Lambda cyhalothrin is highly toxic, LD50 38 ng/bee

•Permethrin is extremely toxic, LD50 8 ng/bee

Since 1990, neonicotinoids and pyrethroids replaced organophosphates (OP)

• Application: Seed treatment (Gaucho), granular or drench treatment into soil (Merit), soil injection (Merit), trunk injection (Ima-Jet).

• Systemic, from roots throughout plant to nectar and pollen (Merit, Admire, Marathon).

• Moves less thru a plant when applied to leaves (Provado)

Case study: neonicotinyl consequences on bees

Commonly used neonics are very toxic to bees.Commonly used neonics are very toxic to bees.

•Thiamethoxam (seed treatment)oral, highly toxic 30 ng/bee

•Clothianidin (metabolite thiamethoxam) (seed treatment)oral, highly toxic 22 ng/bee

•Imidacloprid (granular, seed treatment)oral, highly toxic ng/bee 18 ng/bee

•Dinotefuran (granular)oral, highly toxic ng/bee 75 ng/bee

Case study: neonicotinyl consequences on bees

Not as toxic to bees.Not as toxic to bees.

•Acetamipridcontact, moderately toxic 7.1 microg/bee

•Thiaclopridoral, slightly toxic 14.6 microg/bee

Water solubility: Neonicotinyl insecticidesWater solubility: Neonicotinyl insecticides

imidacloprid clothianidin dinotefuranthiameth-oxam

emamectinbenzoate

nameMeritMarathon

Arena SafariFlagshipMeridian

Treeage

KOC 132-310 160 23 64 283,000Solubility(mg/l) 514 259 259 327 101

LD50 (acute rat oral) (mg/kg)

>5,000 4,870 >2,000 5,523 1,516

dinotefuran is 80 times more water soluble than imidaclopridemamectin benzoate has very low mobility (KOC) and long duration

Table 1. Level applied for commodities and level detected in nectarCommodity Treatment

rate (AI)Residue in nectar/pollen

Research Paper

Seed Treatment Gaucho*

*most research on this treatment level

0.11mgAI/seed

0.6-0.8 ppb canola nectar1.9ppb sunflower nectar6 ppb bee pollen loads in France

Scott-Dupree and Spivak, 2001Schmuck et al, 2001Chauzat et al, 2006

Field cropsFormulas Admire Pro, etc.

4mgAI/sqft 10 ppb nectar, 14 ppb pollen squash

122 ppb pollen pump17 ppb nectar

2012 Stoner + Eitzer

2012 Dively + Kamal

Greenhouse/nursery pots before planting outdoors; can reapply Marathon

300mgAI/3gal pot

20 to 54 ppb Krischik et al, 2007, 2012

3ft plant in landscape, rose

630mg AI Not researched  

Table 1. Level applied for commodities and level detected in nectar?DBH apple-tree method

?DBH eucalyptus method

16 in DBH tree-soil drench

24in DBH tree-soil

Maple flowers

Rhododendron

AmelanchierCornus mas

Tilia chordata

Aesculus

Unknown

Unknown

50g AI

76g AI

Soil

SoilSoilSoilSoilsoil

Soil

Trunk inject

4000 ppb

550 ppb

Not researched

Not researched

130 ppb

19 ppb 3 - 6 yrs post application27-850 ppb 6 mo66-4560 ppb18 mo1038-2816 ppb 17 mo

146 ppb dead bees134 ppb olefin5-283 ppb 7dy

Bayer, unpublished

Tim Payne, UC Riverside

2003 USDA APHIS

Doering et al 2004

Doering et al 2005

CA DPR 2009

Maus et al. 2004

Insect Species Effect Research PaperGreenhouse research Kills beneficial insects: ladybeetle predator (4sp), green lacewing predator, parasitic wasp

 15 ppb Krischik et al 2007

Kills honey beesin one sipNOEC Acute oralAcute contact

 158-185 ppb<5ppb20 ppb

40 ng/bee = 4-400 ppb40-102 ng/bee

Bayer report 2007Pan-Europe 2009 letterMaus et al, 2003Suchail et al, 2001Nauen 2001

honey bee behavior 24 ppb disrupts learning and olfactory conditioning

Decourtye et al 2004

6 ppb disruption of feeding

Colin et al. 2004

100 ppb decrease in foraging

Kirchner 1999

ppb Effect Research paper

honey bee behavior

       

 All bees show abnormal forage behavior100- 37%200 -34%400-74%600-78% (34% missing bees)800-83% (51% missing bees)Ingest 36.3 to 86.5 microl/bee1.82ng/bee=18 ppb 4.33 ng/bee =43 ppb 8 ppb-50 ppb bees in free flightsig dif in mortality except at 4ppb, but sig decline in PER learning for all concentrations 24 ppb1/3 decrease syrup consumption, decrease brood production, strong decrease in no. of foraging bees, sig. lower responses PER

Yang et al 2008 

Bortolotti et al 2003

 Decourtye et al et al. 2004  

  

Jan 30 2012Table. Krischik, V and J. Wu. 2012. The dose makes the poison: Understanding how much a bee consumes to standard LD50 values. In progress. Not yet for publication

ppbnectar, pollen orsolution

Frasier 20114 mg pollen/day

Frasier 201110 mg nectar/day

standard volume ld 50 studies1 microl

real worldbee gut 10 microl

real worldbee gut 100microl 

ng (lab LD50 studies show that >4-40ng (orange) kills a bee)LD50 solution 40,000

1600ppb=160 ng 4000ppb=400ng 40ng 400ng 4,000ng

LD50 solution 4,000

160ppb=16 ng 400ppb=40ng 4ng 40ng 400ng

Krischik 200912,000ppb 2X milkweed

480ppb =24ng 1200ppb =120ng 12ng 120ng 1200ng

Krischik 20096,000ppb 1X milkweed

240ppb =24ng 600ppb=60ng 6ng 60ng 600ng

600ppb 24ppb =2.4ng 60ppb=6ng 0.6ng 6ng 60ng500ppb 20 ppb=2ng 50 ppb=5ng 0.5ng 5ng 50ng250ppb 10 ppb=1ng 25 ppb=2.5ng 0.25ng 2.5ng 25ng200ppb2011 Cig

8 ppb=.8ng 20 ppb=2ng 0.2ng 2ng 20ng

100ppb 2011 Cig

4 ppb=.4ng 10 ppb=1ng 0.1ng 1ng 10ng

50ppb 2011 Cig

2 ppb=.2ng 5 ppb=0.5ng 0.05ng 0.5ng 5ng

20ppb 0.8ppb= 0.08ng 2 ppb=0.2ng 0.02ng 0.2ng 2ng

Jan 30 2012Table. Krischik, V and J. Wu. 2012. The dose makes the poison: Understanding how much a bee consumes to standard LD50 values. In progress. Not yet for publication

ppbnectar, pollen orsolution

Frasier 20114 mg pollen/day

Frasier 201110 mg nectar/day

standard volume ld 50 studies1 microl

real worldbee gut 10 microl

real worldbee gut 100 microl 

ng (lab LD50 studies show that >4-40ng (orange) kills a bee)LD50 solution 40,000

1600ppb=160 ng 4000ppb=400ng 40ng 400 4,000

LD50 solution 4,000

160ppb=16 ng 400ppb=40ng 4ng 40 400

Krischik 200912,000ppb 2X milkweed

480ppb =24ng 1200ppb =120ng 12ng 120 1200

Krischik 20096,000ppb 1X milkweed

240ppb =24ng 600ppb=60ng 6ng 60 600

600ppb 24ppb =2.4ng 60ppb=6ng 0.6ng 6 60500ppb 20 ppb=2ng 50 ppb=5ng 0.5ng 5 50250ppb 10 ppb=1ng 25 ppb=2.5ng 0.25ng 2.5 2510ppb pollen loads France

0 .4ppb= 0.04ng 1 ppb=0.1ng 0.01ng 0.1 1

seed trt 5ppb 0.2ppb=0.02ng 0.5 ppb=0.05ng 0.005ng 0.05 0.5seed trt 2ppb 0.02ppb=0.002ng 0.05ppb=0.005ng 0.002ng 0.02 0.2seed trt 1ppb 0.04ppb= .004ng 0.1 ppb=.01ng 0.001ng 0.01 0.1

Linden trees: Imidacloprid applied to linden to kill adult JB,Linden trees: Imidacloprid applied to linden to kill adult JB,but linden is a favorite bee plantbut linden is a favorite bee plant

Beneficial Insects:

Adults AdultsLarvae Larvae

Flowers provide food for adults. Larvae kill pests

Gaucho (imidacloprid-seed treatment) banned Gaucho (imidacloprid-seed treatment) banned in France from 1999-2008in France from 1999-2008

Neonicotinyl insecticides banned in Germany May Neonicotinyl insecticides banned in Germany May 2008 see recent research Marzaro 2011, Kruke 2012, 2008 see recent research Marzaro 2011, Kruke 2012, Tapparo 2012Tapparo 2012• German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food

Safety (BVL) suspended registration of seed treatment used in canola and corn.

• Suspended are:Antarc (imidacloprid),Chinook (imidacloprid),Cruiser (thiamethoxam),Elado (clothianidin),Faibel (imidacloprid),Poncho (clothianidin).

• 2010 April/May at Purdue, Indiana, data captured,

USDA-AMS-NSL results in PPM

Canadian lab results in PPM

Client ID Imidacloprid5 -Hydroxy

Imidacloprid Imidacloprid Olefin Imidacloprid5 -Hydroxy

Imidacloprid Imidacloprid Olefin

1X.1.1-1.4 7.57 0.157 0.386 8.20 0.565 0.4051X.1.5-1.7 10.4 0.177 0.495 9.4 0.565 0.3901X.2.1-2.4 6.43 0.241 0.471 4.80 0.720 0.5001X.2.5-2.7 5.44 0.198 0.410 5.10 0.510 0.3602X.1.1-1.3 14.7 0.393 0.504 16.0 0.710 0.4102X.1.4-1.8 15.6 0.436 0.609 18.0 0.940 0.7102X.2.1-2.4 8.02 0.256 0.437 6.40 0.300 0.2002X.2.5-2.9 6.93 0.192 0.460 4.60 0.250 0.180C.2.4-2.6 0.0121 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.

C.2.7-2.10 0.0135 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.C.3.5-3.7 0.0216 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.

C.3.8-3.10 5.46 0.208 0.453 3.63 0.338 0.186

USDA-AMS-NSL results in PPM

Canadian lab results in PPM

Client IDImidaclopr

id5 -Hydroxy

ImidaclopridImidacloprid

OlefinImidaclo

prid5 -Hydroxy

ImidaclopridImidacloprid

Olefin

200 1X 14.6 0.908 1.47 18.0 2.200 3.70201 1X 8.80 0.527 0.946 24.00 3.400 2.900202 1X 22.5 1.47 2.54 26.0 3.50 2.70203 1X 32.5 1.59 2.34 34.0 4.60 2.702092X 36.1 1.99 2.52 42.0 6.10 2.70210 2X 53.7 2.68 3.14 42.0 5.90 3.20211 2X 34.0 1.79 2.11 32.0 4.20 1.90212 2X 43.3 1.23 2.52 68.0 8.20 4.30121 C 0.0117 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.122 C 0.0060 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.123 C 0.0091 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D.125 C 0.0184 N.D. N.D. 0.0390 N.D. N.D.

penick.net

2011 Imidacloprid residue plants

Dose in mg/soil Dead bees on Agastache

Agastache spp.nectarppb

Asclepias spp.nectarppb

Esperanza spp.nectarppb

Rosa spp.pollenppb

0 0.6b 6b 3c 0c 26b25 0.6b 52b 80c 8c 36b50 0.5b 133b 175bc 21c 30b300 1X 3 gal pot

1.1ab 1973b 1568bc 106c 95b

600 2X 3 gal pot

2.4a 5265ab 2950b 276b 332b

1200 2.4a 9335a 8337a 9162a 720aF=3.2, 0.01 F=3.7, 0.017 F=25.8, 0.0001 F=166, 0.0001 F=5.7, 0.0025

2009, 2010, 2011 Imidacloprid residue rose

Dose in mg/soilMarathon 1%G

Rose 2009field

Rose 2010GH

Rose 2011field

0 9d 0c 26b25 na 5c 36b50 na 7c 30bHomeowner 1X 270 mg

812c na na

Homeowner 2X 270 mg

1648a na na

300 1X 3 gal pot 1175b 32bc 95b600 2X 3 gal pot na 161ab 332b1200 na 268a 720a

F=256, 0.0001 F=4.9, 0.0045 F=5.7, 0.0025

2005, 2007, 2011 Imidacloprid residue buckwheat, milkweedDose in mg/soilMarathon 1%G

Buckwheat 2005Nectar ppb

Milkweed 2007Nectar ppb

2011 MilkweedNectar ppb

0 3c

25 na na 80c

50 na na 175bcHomeowner 1X 270 mg

na na na

Homeowner 2X 270 mg

na na na

300 1X 3 gal pot 6000 6000 1568bc

600 2X 3 gal pot 12000 12000 2950b

300 21 days later na 20000 na

600 21 days later na 34000 na

1200 na na 8337a

F=25.86, (2,22)0.001

F=22.72, (2,6) 0.0016

F=25.8, 0.0001

2012 Imidacloprid residue canola pollenDose in mg/soil April 5 2010, E

June 1 flowers1 appApril

May 19, 2010, WJuly 2 flowers1 appMay

July 2, 2010, EAugust 18 flowers2 appApril+July

July 29, WSept 15 flowered1 appMay

Black WI aust 0 0Ponchoblue invigor 601

0 0

Gaucho red invigor 701

0 0

0 0c 0b 0b 0b4 0c 0b 313b 5b8 14c 7b 179b 8b

80 461b 15b 342b 24b

160 2072a 341a 3860a 162a

F=410, 0.0001 F=271, 0.001 F=7.5, 0.0002 F=70.6, 0.0001

2012 Imidacloprid residue canola soilDose in mg/soil April 5

June 1 flowers1 appApril

May 19July 2 flowers1 appMay

July 2August 18 flowers2 appApril + July 6

July 29Sept 15 flowered1 appMay 7

Seed trt no insect

51

Poncho na na na 4Gaucho na na na 770 na na 0 13164 na na 1552 1998 na na 743 25780 na na 1816 517

160 na na 9727 3913

F=2.8, p=0.07 F=5.3, p=0.0009

Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in field grown poplarsfield grown poplars at at 12 mo12 mo

• Cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

• 4 generations occur in MN, >8 in southern US.

• Adults overwinter under bark and leaf litter.

Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Lacy L. Hyche, Auburn University, www.forestryimages.org

Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in field grown poplarsfield grown poplars at at 12 mo12 moTreatment 1 mo 10 mo 12 mo

Control 90.0±3.0 a 100.0±0.0 a 91.2±4.3 a

Granular 0.12x 3.3±2.6 ef 33.3±16.7 bc 55.6±6.7 bcd

Granular 0.25x 0.0±0.0 f 16.7±16.7 bc 41.7±7.3 cd

Granular 0.5x 0.0±0.0 f 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 e

Drench 0.25x 30.8±8.5 cd 50.0±12.9 abc 73.6±7.4 ab

Drench 0.5x 0.8±0.8 f 25.0±17.1 bc 36.1±8.9 d

Drench 1x 3.3±2.6 ef 0.0±0.0 c 24.1±8.2 de

Tablet 0.12x 15.0±7.2 def 16.7±16.7 bc 68.5±9.3 abc

Tablet 0.25x 20.8±9.3 cdef 0.0±0.0 c 2.8±2.8 e

Tablet 0.5x 54.2±9.7 b 0.0±0.0 c 2.8±2.8 e

Stick Soak 0.5x 55.0±8.6 b 100.0±0.0 a 76.5±7.9 ab

Stick Soak 1x 42.5±8.8 bc 75.0±17.1 ab 70.3±6.9 abc

Stick Soak 2x 22.8±9.2 cde 75.0±17.1 ab 70.1±8.1 abc

F (df), P ANOVA 17.6 (12, 182), <0.001 10.1 (12, 65), <0.001 21.8 (12, 216), <0.001

Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in container grown container grown poplarspoplars at at 12 mo12 mo

Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration of imidacloprid in container grown poplarscontainer grown poplars at at 12 mo12 moTreatment 1 mo 8 mo 12 mo

Control 88.8±2.79 a 76.2±8.8 a 86.4±7.0 a

Granular 0.12x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Granular 0.25x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Granular 0.5x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Drench 0.5x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Drench 1x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Drench 2x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Tablet 0.25x 27.9±8.0 b 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Tablet 0.5x 13.9±7.3 bc 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Tablet 1x 13.9±6.1 bc 0.0±0.0 b 0.0±0.0 c

Stick Soak 0.5x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 20.8±11.4 bc

Stick Soak 1x 0.7±0.7 c 0.0±0.0 b 20.8±9.6 bc

Stick Soak 2x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 8.3±5.6 c

Root Dip 1x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 39.4±13.2 b

Root Dip 2x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 7.1±7.1 bc

Root Dip 4x 0.0±0.0 c 0.0±0.0 b 5.0±5.0 c

F (df), P ANOVA 49.8 (15, 269), <0.001 62.6 (15, 81), <0.001 15.3 (15, 165), <0.001

Rose ‘Mr. Lincoln’Rose ‘Mr. Lincoln’

Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in Efficacy and duration imidacloprid in container grown container grown rose at rose at 12 mo12 mo

Japanese beetle adultJapanese beetle adult(Coleoptera: Scarabidae)Adults feed on foliageAdults feed on foliageGrubs feed on grass rootsGrubs feed on grass roots

Treatment % Mortality±SEM

Mean flip time±SEM (s)

% Leaf eaten area±SEM (cm2)

2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007

Control 2.6±0.4 e 0.7±0.7 e 30.4±2.e 29.5±2 e100.0±0.0

a89.4±1 a

GR 1x 35.9±4 b 25.0±4 bc 101.9±3 bc 74.4±7 cd 3.4±0.3 cd 12.1±1 de

GR 3x 42.7±4 b 37.5±5 b 106.0±3 ab 61.5±7 d 2.7±0.cd 11.8±1 de

DR 1X 30.1±3 bc 2.1±2 de 98.6±3 bc 57.6±4 d 2.1±0.3 cd 38.6±6 b

Tab 1X 9.1±2de 20.8±3 cd 82.0±3 d 109.7±2 a 11.8±2 b 7.5±1 de

Tab 2X 10.6±2.de22.2±3

bcd95.5±3 bcd

100.9±3 ab

7.1±1 bcd 5.0±0.3 de

IRt Dip,3.1 ml

21.3±3cd 36.1±3 b 95.9±3bcd 106.9±3 a 2.3±0.3 cd 23.9±3 c

Discus 83.3±2.a 75.0±4a 120.0±0 a 112.7±2 a 0.2±0.1 d 2.9±0.7 e

F (df), P treatment

66.3(9, 218),

<0.0001

41.7 (9, 302),

<0.0001

72.5 (9, 218),

<0.0001

47.4 (9, 302),

<0.0001

631.4 (9, 218),

<0.0001

180.1 (9, 302),

<0.0001

Relationship of imidacloprid applied to soil and imidacloprid translocate to canola pollen

imidacloprid in soil (mg)

imid

aclo

prid

in p

olle

n (p

pb)

0 4 8 80 1600 0 13

461

2072

0 0 7 15

341

0

313179

342

0 5 824

162

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

April

May

July (2 treatments on plot April and July)

August no insecticide

Relationship of imidacloprid applied to soil and imidacloprid residue in soil (ppb)

0 4 8 80 160 Poncho Gaucho Gauchoimidacloprid in soil (mg)

imid

aclo

prid

in s

oil (

ppb)

July soilAugust soil no treatment

4

1555

743

18161318

199 258

518

3913

4 51 77

0500

100015002000250030003500400045005000

Table 3. Krischik, V and J. Wu. 2011. Understanding LD50 imidacloprid to bees in relation to ppb in nectar or pollen. In progress. Not yet for publication

ppbnectar orsolution

1microl ld50 studies

10microl

50microl

100microl

150microl

200microl

250microl

300microl

hb gut bb gut 40,000 40ng 400 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000

4,000 4 ng 40 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

tree 400 0.4 4 20 40 60 80 100 120

landscape 100 0.1 1 5 10 15 20 25 30

landscape 50 0.05 0.5 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15

landscape 20 0.02 0.2 1 2 3 4 5 6

10 0.01 0.1 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

seed trt 2 0.002 0.02 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.2ng/bee= alters memory in bb PERS

oral LD50 HB imidacloprid 41 ng/bee to 81 ng/bee (Schmuck 1999) oral LD50 HB imidacloprid 4 to 80 ng/bee (French)oral LD50 HB imidacloprid 3.7 ng/bee to 41 ng/bee (EPA from http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/imidacloprid.pdf) oral LD50 HB imidacloprid 8 ng/bee (EPA from California, (http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/Imidclprdfate2.pdf))

Site Imidacloprid Treatment Rate

Seed treatment Gaucho*

0.11 mg AI imidacloprid/1 plantFRENCH RESEARCH

Field crops 4 mg/sq ft NOT RESEARCHED

Greenhouse/nursery pot

300 mg AI/potKRISCHIK

Landscape, rose

630 mAI/plantNOT RESEARCHED

15 in DBH24 in DBH

50 g AI76 g AINOT RESEARCHED

Insect Species Level

Kills beneficial insects: lady beetle, lacewings

15 ppb

Kills honeybees in one sip

158-185 ppb

Altering honey bee behavior

6-100 ppb

Altering bumblebee behavior

10-30 ppb

LD50 imidacloprid LD50 clothianidin

40 ng/bee = 400 ppb43 ng/bee

Imidacloprid residue in nectarImidacloprid residue in nectar

Gaucho seed treatments: Imidacloprid in nectarGaucho seed treatments: Imidacloprid in nectar•1.9 ppb in sunflower nectar (Schmuck et al. 2001)

•0.6-.8 ppb in canola nectar (Scott-Dupree+Spivak 2001)

Imidacloprid soil treatments: Imidacloprid in nectarImidacloprid soil treatments: Imidacloprid in nectar•3-10 ppb in purple tansy nectar (Wallner et al. 1999)

•15 ppb (1X) and 27 ppb (2X) buckwheat nectar (Krischik et al. 2007)

•26 ppb (27d), 12 ppb (38d), 9 ppb (63d), reapplied 53 ppb (21d) in tropical milkweed

Imidacloprid residue in nectarImidacloprid residue in nectar

• Marathon applied to containers in the greenhouse results in higher concentrations of imidacloprid in nectar compared to Gaucho: 15 ppb vs. 1.9 ppb (Schmuck et al. 2001).

• Beneficial insects in the foraging environment may be exposed to imidacloprid in nectar from a range of sources.

• Other systemic neonicotinyls, such as acetamiprid, dinotefuran, clothianidin and thiamethoxam are also being used, and may kill beneficials.

Imidacloprid residue in nectarImidacloprid residue in nectar

21-27d21-27d 33-38d33-38d 59-63d59-63d21-63d21-63d

meanmean21d 221d 2ndnd appliedapplied

CC

0.02 ±

0.0a

(n=3)

2.39 ± 2.4a

(n=3)

2.45 ± 2.5a

(n=3)

1.62 ± 1.1a

(n=9)

0.00 ± 0.0a

(n=9)

1X1X

26.37 ±26.37 ± 6.6b6.6b

(n=2) (n=2)

12.15 ±12.15 ± 1.7ab1.7ab

(n=3) (n=3)

9.06 ±9.06 ± 2.1ab2.1ab

(n=3) (n=3)

14.54 ±14.54 ± 3.0ab3.0ab

(n=9) (n=9)

53.03 ±53.03 ± 6.3b6.3b

(n=9) (n=9)

2X2X

60.79 ±

6.4

(n=2)

15.65 ± 3.4b

(n=3)

15.70 ± 1.4b

(n=3)

27.0 ± 7.6b

(n=9)

109.59 ± 9.8c

(n=9)

FF

(df)(df)

PP

52.48

(2,4)

0.0013

6.95

(2,6)

0.0272

10.73

(2,6)

0.0104

77.22

(2,22)

<0.0001

63.00

(2,24)

<0.0001

Imidacloprid translocation to nectarImidacloprid translocation to nectar

Gaucho treated-seed: Imidacloprid in nectarGaucho treated-seed: Imidacloprid in nectar •1.9 ppb in sunflower nectar (Schmuck et al. 2001)

•0.6-.8 ppb in canola nectar (Scott-Dupree+Spivak 2001)

Imidacloprid soil treatments: Imidacloprid in nectarImidacloprid soil treatments: Imidacloprid in nectar

•3-10 ppb in purple tansy nectar (Wallner et al. 1999)

•15 ppb (1X) and 27 ppb (2X) buckwheat nectar(Krischik et al. 2007)

Treat-ment

% Mortality±SEM

Mean flip time±SEM (s)

% Leaf eaten ±SEM (cm2)

2006 2007 2006 2007 2006 2007

Control 2.6e 0.7 e 30.4 e 29.5e 100a 89.4a

IMD GR 1x 35.9b 25.0bc 101.9bc 74.4cd 3.4cd 12.1de

IMD Drench

30.1 bc 2.1de 98.6bc 57.6d 2.1cd 38.6b

IMD Tab 19.1de 20.8cd 82.0d 109.7a 11.8b 7.5 de

Discus (IMD+CYF)

83.3a 75.0a 120.0a 112.7a 0.2d 2.9e

Insecticides to kill adult Japanese beetleInsecticides to kill adult Japanese beetle