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Key fgures on Europe

2010 edition

Pocketbooks

ISSN 1830-7892

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Ke gure o Europe

2010 editio

Pocketook

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Europe Direct is a service to help you fnd answers

to your questions about the European Union.

Freephone number (*):

00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11(*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to

00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed.

More inormation on the European Union is available on the Internet(http://europa.eu).

Cataloguing data can be ound at the end o this publication.

Luxembourg: Publications Oce o the European Union, 2010

ISBN 978-92-79-14871-2ISSN 1830-7892doi:10.2785/40493Cat. No KS-EI-10-001-EN-C

Thee: Geera ad regioa tatiticCoectio: Pocketook

European Union, 2010Copyright or the photos: oreword photo: Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis);chapter 13: European Union; all other photos (including cover): Shutterstock

Printed in Belgium

Printedonelementalchlorine-freebleachedPaPer (ecf)
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FOREWORD

Ocial statistics play a undamental role intodays society. Public administrations, policymakers, economic operators, markets,researchers and citizens rely on high qualitystatistics to describe developments in theeconomic, social, environmental and cultural

spheres as accurately as possible.Impartial, objective, timely and easily accessible statisticalinormation is essential in order to enable well inormed decisionsbased on an accurate and relevant picture o society. Statisticalinormation underpins the transparency and openness o policydecisions; ocial statistics are thereore a public good and a basisor the smooth unctioning o democracy.

Eurostat, the statistical oce o the European Union, ensures thedevelopment, production and dissemination o harmonised statisticsat a European level. Eurostat gets most o its data rom the nationalstatistical authorities in the Member States. It then processes, analysesand disseminates that data, ollowing common statistical concepts,methods and standards. Eurostat also supports and encourages

the development o similar statistical systems within countriesneighbouring the European Union, driving thereby a process ostatistical harmonisation.

At a European level, statistics are increasingly important or thedenition, implementation, monitoring and evaluation o policies.Europe needs a plethora o statistical data which meet the highest

possible standards in terms o quality. For example, reliable statisticsare needed to assess macro-economic developments such as ination,employment and government nances. European statistics thusconstitute an essential inormation tool or monitoring strategicobjectives, in particular through the use o principal Europeaneconomic indicators (PEEIs), sustainable development indicators,structural indicators, and employment and social policy indicators.

I hope this publication will encourage you to use Eurostats data oryour inormation needs and daily work. Please consult our website athttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat which oers you ree access to nearlyall Eurostat data and publications.

Walter RadermacherDirector-General, Eurostat
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostathttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

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2 Key figures on Europe 2010 edition

AbsTRACT

Key gures on Europe 2010 presents a comprehensive selection ostatistical data on Europe. Te pocketbook may be viewed as anintroduction to European statistics and provides guidance to the

vast range o data reely available rom the Eurostat website at:http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat.

Most data cover the period 1998-2008 or the European Union andsome indicators are provided or other countries, such as candidatecountries to the European Union, members o EFA, Japan or theUnited States (subject to availability). Te pocketbook treats theollowing areas: the economy, population, health, education, thelabour market, living conditions and welare, industry and services,agriculture, orestry and sheries, trade, transport, the environment,energy, science and technology, and Europes regions.

Editorichie

Jukka PiirtoEurostat, Unit D4 - Dissemination

Editor

Diana Ivan, Annika Johansson Augier, Veronika Lang

Eurostat, Unit D4 - Dissemination

Cotact detai

Eurostat,

Statistical oce o the European Union,Btiment Joseph Bech,5, rue Alphonse Weicker2721 LuxembourgE-mail: [email protected]

Productio

Tis publication was produced by Inorma srl

For ore ioratio peae cout

Internet: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

Data etractedSeptember 2009
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostathttp://[email protected]/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostathttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostathttp://[email protected]/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

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3Key figures on Europe 2010 edition

Acknowledgements

ACKnOWlEDGEmEnTs

Te editor-in-chie and the editorial team o the Eurostatpocketbook would like to thank all those who were involved inits preparation. Te pocketbook could only be published thanksto the support o the ollowing colleagues:

Eurotat, the tatitica oce o the Europea Uio

Directorate C: National and European accounts

C1 National accounts methodology; statistics or own resources:Gallo GUEYE, Christian RAVESC2 National accounts production: Roberto BARCELLAN,Christine GERSBERGER, Jukka JALAVA, Andreas KRGER,Peter RIZMANN, Jenny RUNESSON

C3 Public nance: Luca ASCOLI, Rasa SODEIKAIEC4 Balance o payments: Franca FAES-CANNIO, MushtaqHUSSAIN, Ola NOWAK, Luca PAPPALARDO, KonstantiaPERIDOUC5 Government and sector accounts; nancial indicators: DenisLEYHIENNE, Alessandro LUPI, Peter PARLASCA, Gilles

HOUVENIN, John VERRINDERC6 Remuneration and pensions; purchasing power parities:Lars SVENNEBYE

Directorate D: External cooperation, communication and key

indicators

D5 Key indicators or European policies: Vincent RONE,

Andrea SCHELLER

Directorate E: Sectoral and regional statistics

E1 Farms, agro-environment and rural development: LudivineBAUDOUIN, Catherine COYEE, Carla MARINS, PierreNADIN, Johan SELENIUS

E2 Agriculture and sheries: Fausto CARDOSO, GarryMAHON, Ole OLSEN, Iulia Paula POP, Franco ZAMPOGNAE3 Environmental statistics and accounts: Jrgen FRSER,Julie HASS, Christian HEIDORN, Marilise WOLF-CROWHERE4 Regional statistics and geographical inormation:eodra BRANDMLLER, Berthold FELDMANN,Oliver HEIDEN, Pedro Jorge MARINS FERREIRA,

sa NNERFORS, Baudouin QUENNERY,Gunter SCHFER, Daniela SCIRANKOVA

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Acknowledgements

E5 Energy: Antigone GIKAS, Christian KROEPPL

E6 ransport: Jonas NORELAND, Hans SRELOWDirectorate F: Social and information society statistics

F1 Population: Piotr JUCHNO, Monica MARCU,Katya VASILEVAF2 Labour market: Luis BIEDMA, Simone CASALI,Beate CZECH, Arturo DE LA FUENE NUO,

Sabine GAGEL, Daniele GIOVANNOLA, Remko HIJMAN,Ingo KUHNERF3 Living conditions and social protection:Maria Liviana MAONEI, Anna RYBKOWSKAF4 Education, science and culture: Marta BECK-DOMZALSKA,Bernard FELIX, Dominique GROENEZ, Angeles HERMOSA-

LOPEZ, Lene MEJER, omas MERI, Sergiu PRVAN,Reni PEKOVA, Fernando REIS, Veijo RIOLA,Paolo URCHEI, Hkan WILENF5 Health and ood saety; crime: Lucian AGAFIEI,Elodie CAYOE, Anne CLEMENCEAU, Bart DE NORRE,Elisabeth ROHNER-HIELEN, Georey HOMASF6 Inormation society; tourism: Christophe DEMUNER,

Anna LF, Martti LUMIO, Petronela REINECKE,Heidi SEYBER, Maria SMIHILY, Hendrikus SORM,Albrecht WIRHMANN

Directorate G: Business statistics

G2 Structural business statistics: Aleksandra SAWISKA,Brian WILLIAMSG3 Short-term statistics: Digna AMIL, Liliana APOSOL,Anastassios GIANNOPLIDIS, Carmen LIPP-LINGUA,Liselott HMAN, Jane SCHOFIELD, Sarmite VISOCKAG5 International trade production: Gilberto GAMBINIG6 Price statistics: atiana MRLIANOVA, Christine WIRZ

Europea Free Trade Aociatio (EFTA)DirectorateGeera or Traatio o the EuropeaCoiio

Puicatio Oce o the Europea Uio

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Table o contents

Page

Itroductio 8

Te Eurostat pocketbook 8A practical guide to accessing European statistics 10Statistical symbols, abbreviations and acronyms 12

Chapter 1: Ecoo 19

GDP 20Economic output 22GDP expenditure and investment 24Labour productivity 26Household consumption expenditure 28Government public balance and debt 30

axes and social contributions 32Exchange and interest rates 34Consumer price indices 36Price convergence and price levels 38Foreign direct investment 40Ocial development assistance 44

Chapter 2: Popuatio 47

World population 48EU population 50Age structure 52Population change and migration 54Births and ertility 56Marriages and divorces 58

Citizenship 60Asylum 62

Chapter 3: Heath 65

Lie expectancy and mortality 66Healthcare expenditure 68Healthcare non-expenditure data 70

Health problems 72Health and saety at work 74

Chapter 4: Educatio 77

Pupils and students 78Levels o education 80Educational expenditure 82

Lielong learning 84Adult education 86

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Table o contents

Chapter 5: laour arket 89

Employment 90Employment growth 92Part-time, temporary and secondary employment 94Unemployment 96Earnings and minimum wages 98Low wage earners 100Job vacancies 102

Chapter 6: liig coditio ad weare 105

Living conditions 106Poverty 108Social protection 110Good governance 112Crime 114

Chapter 7: Idutr ad erice 117

Structure o the business economy 118Size o manuacturing and services subsectors 120Enterprise size classes 122Personnel costs 124Wage adjusted labour productivity 126

Protability 128Products sold 130Growing and declining activities 132Short-term statistics or industry 134Short-term statistics or construction 136Short-term statistics or retail trade 138Short-term statistics or other services 140ourism 142Internet access o households 144IC use o individuals 146Internet access o enterprises 148E-commerce 150Use o telecommunications 152elecommunications turnover and marketshare among enterprises 154

Chapter 8: Agricuture, oretr ad herie 157

Agricultural output and price indices 158Agriculture - arm structure and land use 160Agricultural products 162Forestry 164Fisheries 166Agriculture and the environment 168

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Table o contents

Chapter 9: Trade 171

Current account trade o goods and services 172External trade global patterns 174Main EU trading partners 176EU trade by product 178External trade between Member States 180International trade in services 182

Chapter 10: Traport 185Modal breakdown o transport 186Air and sea passenger transport 188Goods transport 190

Chapter 11: Eiroet ad eerg 193

Urban population exposure to air pollution 194

Air emissions 196Waste 198Water resources 200Wastewater treatment 202Environmental expenditure and management 204Production o primary energy 206Energy imports 208

Gross inland consumption and energy intensity 210Electricity 212Renewable energy 214Energy prices 216

Chapter 12: sciece ad techoog 219

Research and development expenditure 220

Human resources 222Innovation 224Patents 226

Chapter 13: Europe regio 229

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Introduction


Itroductio

THE EUROsTAT POCKETbOOK

Key gures on Europe 2010 provides users o ocial statisticswith an overview o the wealth o inormation that is available onEurostats website and within its online databases. It belongs to a

set o general compendium publications. Key gures on Europehas been conceived as a publication that provides a balanced seto indicators, with a broad cross-section o inormation.

structure o the puicatio

Key gures on Europe is divided into an introduction and13 main chapters. Te main chapters contain data and/or back-ground inormation relating to the ull range o Eurostat data.Each section is divided into double page spreads that highlighta particular topic. Te text that is provided generally highlightsthe most important methodological points and is ofen centredon presenting indicator denitions.

Users will nd a great deal more inormation when consulting

the Eurostat website, which contains subject-specic publica-tions and online databases.

Data etractio, coerage ad preetatio

Te statistical data presented in the pocketbook were extracted atthe start o September 2009 and represent data availability at that

time. Tere are a ew specic tables/graphs where the data had to beextracted at a later date where this was the case, the extraction dateis mentioned under the table or graph in question. Te accompany-ing text was drafed during October and November 2009.

Tis publication usually presents inormation or the EU-27 (the27 Member States o the EU), the euro area (based on 16 members),

as well as the individual Member States. Te order o the Mem-ber States used in the pocketbook generally ollows their order oprotocol; in other words, the alphabetical order o the countriesnames in their respective original languages; in some graphs thedata are ranked according to the values o a particular indicator.

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Te EU-27 and euro area aggregates are only provided when in-

ormation or all o the countries is available, or i an estimatehas been made or missing inormation. Any partial totals thatare created are systematically ootnoted. ime-series or thesegeographical aggregates are based on a consistent set o countriesor the whole o the time period (unless otherwise indicated). Inother words, although the EU only had 25 Member States sinceearly 2004 and has only had 27 Member States since the start o

2007, the time-series or EU-27 reer to a sum or an average orall 27 countries or the whole o the period presented, as i all27 Member States had been part o the EU in earlier periods. Ina similar vein, the data or the euro area are consistently pre-sented or all 16 members, despite the later accessions o Greece,Slovenia, Cyprus and Malta, and Slovakia to the euro area. Assuch, unless otherwise stated, the data or the euro area covers

the 16 Member States that share the euro as a common currencyas o November 2009 (Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, France,Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands,Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Finland).

In the event that a reerence year is not available or a particularcountry, then eorts have been made to ll tables and graphs with

previous reerence years (these exceptions are ootnoted); gener-ally, an eort has been made to go back two reerence periods.

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Introduction


A PRACTICAl GUIDE TO ACCEssInG

EUROPEAn sTATIsTICsTe simplest way o accessing Eurostats broad range o statisticalinormation is through the Eurostat website (http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat). Eurostat provides users with ree access to its databas-es and all o its publications in PDF ormat via the Internet. Tewebsite is updated twice per day and gives access to the latest and

most comprehensive statistical inormation available on the EU,its Member States, its candidate countries and EFA countries.

Eurotat data code ea oie acce to the rehet data

Eurostat data codes, such as tps00001 and nama_gdp_c, allow

the reader to easily access the most recent data on the Eurostatwebsite. In this pocketbook these codes are given as part o thesource below tables and gures.

In the PDF version o this pocketbook the reader is led direct-ly to the reshest data when clicking on the hyper-links thatorm the data code(s). Readers o the paper version can accessthe reshest data directly by typing a standardised hyper-linkinto a web browser, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=&mode=view, where is to be replacedby the data code in question. Te data is presented either in theGM or the Data Explorer interace.

Te data codes can also be ed into the Search unc-tion o Eurostats website, which is ound in the upper rightcorner o the Eurostat homepage, at http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Te results rom such a search present related dataset(s)and possibly publication(s) and metadata. By clicking on these

hyper-links users are taken to product page(s), which providesome background inormation about each dataset/publication orset o metadata. For example, it is possible to move directly to thedata rom the data product page by clicking the GM or DataExplorer icons presented under the View table sub-heading.
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostathttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostathttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00001&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_gdp_c&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostathttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostathttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostathttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostathttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_gdp_c&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00001&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostathttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

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Introduction


Note that the data on the Eurostats website is requently updated.

Note also that the description above presents the situation as oApril 2010.

statitic Epaied

Statistics Explained is part o the Eurostat website. It is a wiki-based system that presents statistical topics in an easy to under-

stand way. ogether, the articles make up an encyclopaedia oEuropean statistics, which is completed by a statistical glossarythat claries the terms used. In addition, there are numerouslinks provided to the latest data, urther inormation, and meta-data, making Statistics Explained a portal or regular and occa-sional users alike.

Statistics Explained can be accessed via a link on the right-handside o Eurostats homepage, or directly at: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained .

In April 2010, Statistics Explained contained around 200 di-erent articles and over 800 glossary items; its content and user-riendliness will be expanded regularly. Users may nd articlesusing a set o navigational eatures in the lef-hand menu; on thetop-right menu bar o Statistics Explained it is possible to ndoptions that make it possible, among others, to print, orward,cite, blog or share content easily.
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explainedhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explainedhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explainedhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained

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Introduction


sTATIsTICAl symbOls, AbbREvIATIOns AnD

ACROnyms

statitica o

Statistical data are ofen accompanied by additional inormationin the orm o statistical symbols (also called ags) to indicatemissing inormation or some other metadata. In this pocketbook,

the use o statistical symbols has been restricted to a minimum.Te ollowing symbols are included where necessary:

Italic Value is either a orecast, provisional or an estimateand is thereore likely to change

: Not available, condential or unreliable value

Not applicable or zero by deault0 Less than hal the nal digit shown and greater than

real zero

Breaks in series are indicated in the ootnotes provided with eachtable and graph.

In the case o the EU Member States, even when data are notavailable, these countries have been included in tables and graphssystematically (with appropriate ootnotes or graphs indicatingthat data are not available, while in tables use has been madeo the colon (:) to indicate that data are not available). For non-member countries outside the EU, when data are not availableor a particular indicator the country has been removed rom the

table or graph in question.

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Introduction


Geographica aggregate

EU European Union

EU-27 European Union o 27 Member States including Bel-gium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Ger-many, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Italy,Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary,Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal,

Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden andthe United Kingdom. Note that unless otherwisestated, the EU aggregate in this publication reers to27 countries, as i all 27 o these had been part o theEU in periods prior to 1 January 2007

EU-25 EU-27 other than Bulgaria and Romania (rom 1 May

2004 to 31 December 2006)EU-15 Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Greece, Spain,

France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria,Portugal, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom(rom 1 January 1995 to 30 April 2004)

EU-12 EU-15 other than Austria, Finland and Sweden (rom

1 January 1986 to 31 December 1994)Euro area Note that unless otherwise stated, the euro area (EA)

aggregate in this publication reers to 16 countries, asi all 16 o these had been part o the EA in periodsprior to 1 January 2009

EA-16 Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France,

Italy, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands,Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Finland

EA-15 EA-16 other than Slovakia

EA-13 EA-15 other than Cyprus and Malta

EA-12 EA-13 other than Slovenia

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Introduction


Coutr code

BE BelgiumBG BulgariaCZ Czech RepublicDK DenmarkDE GermanyEE EstoniaIE IrelandEL GreeceES SpainFR FranceI ItalyCY CyprusLV Latvia

L LithuaniaLU LuxembourgHU HungaryM MaltaNL NetherlandsA AustriaPL Poland

P PortugalRO RomaniaSI SloveniaSK SlovakiaFI FinlandSE SwedenUK United Kingdom

HR CroatiaMK (1) the ormer Yugoslav Republic o MacedoniaR urkeyIS IcelandLI LiechtensteinNO NorwayCH Switzerland

RS SerbiaJP JapanUS United States

(1) Provisional ISO code which does not prejudge in any way the defnitive nomenclature orthis country, which is to be agreed ollowing the conclusion o negotiations currently takingplace on this subject at the United Nations.

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Introduction


Other areiatio ad acro

BMI body mass indexBOD biochemical oxygen demandBoP balance o paymentsCAP common agricultural policyCC classication o types o constructionCFP common sheries policyCIF cost, insurance and reightCIS Community innovation surveyCOD chemical oxygen demandCOICOP classication o individual consumption by purposeCPA classication o products by activityDAC development assistance committeeDSL digital subscriber line

ECB European Central BankEEC European Economic CommunityEES European Employment StrategyEFA European ree trade associationEICP European index o consumer pricesEMAS eco-management and audit schemeEMU economic and monetary union

EPO European Patent OceERA European research areaERDF European Regional Development FundESF European Social FundESSPROS European system o integrated social protection statisticsEU European UnionEUEB European eco-labelling board

Eurostat statistical oce o the European UnionFOB ree on boardFDI oreign direct investmentFSS arm structure surveyGDP gross domestic productGERD gross domestic expenditure on R & DGNI gross national income

HBS household budget surveyHICP harmonised index o consumer pricesHIS health interview surveysHLY healthy lie yearsHRS human resources in science and technologyICD international statistical classication o diseases and

related health problems

IC inormation and communication technologyILO International Labour Organisation

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Introduction


ISCED international standard classication o education

ISDN integrated services digital networkJVR job vacancy rateLFS labour orce surveyMUICP monetary union index o consumer pricesNACE statistical classication o economic activities within

the European Communityn.e.c. not elsewhere classied

n.e.s. not elsewhere speciedNPISH non-prot institutions serving householdsNUS hierarchical classication/nomenclature o territorial

units or statistics (Eurostat) (NUS 1, 2 and 3)ODA overseas development assistanceOECD Organisation or Economic Co-operation and

Development

PC patent co-operation treatyPDA personal digital assistantPEEI principal European economic indicatorR & D research and developmentRON research octane numberS & science and technologySBS structural business statistics

SE strategic energy technologySHA system o health accountsSIC standard international trade classicationSME small and medium-sized enterpriseSMS short message serviceSS short-term (business) statisticsUN United Nations

UNCA United Nations convention against torture and otherorms o cruel or inhuman treatment

UNESCO United Nations educational, scientic and culturalorganisation

UOE United Nations/OECD/ EurostatUSPO United States patent and trademark oceVA value added taxWHO World Health Organisation

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Introduction


Uit o eaureet

% percent(age)AW average workerBMI body mass indexCHF Swiss ranccm cubic centimetreEUR euroFE ull-time equivalentGJ gigajouleG gross tonnageGWh gigawatt-hourJPY Japanese yenkg kilogramkgoe kilogram o oil equivalent

km kilometrekm square kilometrekW kilowattkWh kilowatt hourl litrem cubic metremm millimetre

MWh megawatt-hourp/st piece/unitPPCS purchasing power consumption standardPPP purchasing power parityPPS purchasing power standardt-km tonne-kilometretoe tonne o oil equivalent

Wh terawatt hourUAA utilised agricultural areaUSD United States dollar

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Ecoo

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1 Economy


GDP

GDP is a central measure o national accounts, which summa-rises the economic position o a country (or region). GDP can becalculated using dierent approaches:

the output approach, which sums the gross value added ovarious sectors, plus taxes and less subsidies on products;the expenditure approach, which sums the nal use o goodsand services (nal consumption and gross capital ormation),plus exports and minus imports o goods and services, and;the income approach, which sums the compensation o em-ployees, net taxes on production and imports, gross operat-ing surplus and mixed income.

An analysis o GDP per capita removes the inuence o the abso-

lute size o the population, making comparisons between dierentcountries easier. GDP data in national currencies can be convertedinto purchasing power standards (PPS) using purchasing powerparities that reect the purchasing power o each currency, ratherthan using market exchange rates. In this way dierences in pricelevels between countries are eliminated. Te volume index o GDPper capita in PPS is expressed in relation to the EU average (set to

equal 100). I the index o a country is higher/lower than 100, thiscountrys level o GDP per head is above/below the EU-27 average;this index is intended or cross-country comparisons rather thantemporal comparisons.

Figure 1.1: Real GDP growth rate(% change on previous year)

-2

0

2

4

6

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

EU-27 Euro areaJapan United States

Source: Eurostat (tsieb020)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsieb020&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsieb020&mode=view

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1Economy


Tae 1.1: GDP

GDP at curret price(EUR 1 000 iio)

GDP per capita(PPs, EU27=100)

1998 2003 2008 1998 2003 2008EU-27 8 162.3 10 108.2 12 512.1 100 .0 100.0 100.0Euro area 6 160.2 7 544.4 9 276.2 113.1 110.5 108.3BE 228.0 274.7 344.2 122.8 122.9 114.6BG 11.4 17.8 34.1 26.9 32.5 40.1CZ 55.4 80.9 148.6 70.5 73.4 80.4

DK 155.2 188.5 232.5 131.9 124.1 118.3DE 1 952.1 2 163.8 2 495.8 122.4 116.5 116.0EE 5.0 8.7 15.9 42.3 54.4 67.2IE 78.7 139.4 185.7 121.2 140.5 139.4EL 122.0 171.4 242.9 83.3 92.1 95.3ES 536.9 782.9 1 095.2 95.3 101.0 103.9FR 1 315.3 1 594.8 1 950.1 115.0 111.8 107.3IT 1 087.2 1 335.4 1 572.2 119.7 110.7 100.4CY 8.5 11.8 16.9 86.7 88.9 94.6LV 6.0 10.0 23.1 35.6 43.3 55.6LT 10.0 16.5 32.3 40.1 49.1 61.2LU 17.3 25.8 36.7 217.4 247.7 252.8HU 41.9 74.6 105.8 52.7 63.2 62.9MT 3.4 4.4 5.8 80.5 78.4 76.3NL 359.9 476.9 595.9 128.6 129.3 134.9

AT 189.6 223.3 281.9 131.6 126.8 123.1PL 153.4 191.6 362.1 47.8 48.9 57.5PT 105.9 138.6 166.2 76.6 76.7 75.3RO 37.4 52.6 137.0 : 31.3 45.8SI 19.3 25.7 37.1 78.6 83.4 89.8SK 19.9 29.5 64.9 52.1 55.5 71.8FI 116.3 145.8 184.7 114.3 112.8 115.0SE 225.7 275.7 328.3 122.5 122.6 121.4

UK 1 299.6 1 647.1 1 816.1 117.6 121.8 116.9HR 22.5 30.0 47.4 51.7 54.3 63.0MK 3.2 4.1 6.5 26.6 25.6 32.5TR 239.0 268.3 498.4 42.6 33.9 45.5IS 7.4 9.7 10.2 140.4 125.5 118.7NO 134.7 199.1 309.9 138.4 156.2 190.0CH 243.7 287.8 341.3 149.3 136.9 141.4JP 3 448.5 3 743.6 3 329.4 121.0 112.1 110.8

US 7 843.7 9 849.8 9 818.7 160.7 156.3 154.3

Source: Eurostat (tec00001)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00001&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00001&mode=view

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1 Economy


ECOnOmIC OUTPUT

Te output o the economy is measured using gross value added.Gross value added is dened as the value o all newly generatedgoods and services less the value o all goods and services con-sumed in their creation; the depreciation o xed assets is notincluded. When calculating value added, output is valued at ba-sic prices and intermediate consumption at purchasers prices.

axes less subsidies on products have to be added to value addedto obtain GDP at market prices.

Economic output can be analysed by activity: at the most aggre-gated level o analysis six NACE Rev. 1 headings are identied:agriculture, hunting and shing; industry; construction; trade,transport and communication services; business activities andnancial services, and; other services.

An analysis o output over time can be acilitated by using a vol-ume measure o output in other words, by deating the valueo output to remove the impact o price changes; each activityis deated individually to reect the changes in the prices o itsassociated products.

Figure 1.2: Gross value added, EU-27(2000=100)

90

100

110

120

130

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Business activities and fnancial servicesTrade, transport and communication servicesIndustryConstruction

Other servicesAgriculture, hunting, orestry and fshing

Source: Eurostat (nama_nace06_k)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_nace06_k&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_nace06_k&mode=view

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Tae 1.2: Gross value added at basic prices, 2008

(% share o total gross value added)

Agricuture,

hunting,

oretry&fhing

Indutry

Contruction

Trade,

tranp.

&

comm.ervice

bu.activ.

&

fnance

Otherervice

EU-27 1.8 20.1 6.5 21.0 28.1 22.5Euro area 1.8 20.0 6.5 20.8 28.4 22.6BE 0.8 17.9 5.3 23.0 29.4 23.6BG 7.3 21.9 8.6 23.5 23.5 15.1CZ 2.3 31.3 6.3 25.4 17.8 16.9DK 1.1 20.5 5.8 21.4 24.4 26.8DE 0.9 25.6 4.2 17.7 29.4 22.1EE 2.6 20.6 8.4 25.6 24.2 18.6

IE 2.0 25.3 8.5 17.5 27.1 19.5EL 3.3 13.6 6.1 33.2 19.9 23.9ES 2.8 17.3 11.6 24.5 22.6 21.3FR 2.0 13.8 6.7 18.7 33.6 25.3IT 2.0 20.8 6.2 22.1 27.9 21.0CY 2.1 10.2 9.4 26.7 27.5 24.1LV 3.1 13.8 8.9 29.8 23.9 20.5LT 4.5 22.2 10.0 30.8 15.6 17.0

LU 0.4 9.7 6.2 21.4 45.5 16.7HU 4.3 24.9 4.6 22.2 21.9 22.2MT 2.3 17.7 3.6 26.4 21.6 28.6NL 1.8 19.7 5.8 21.0 28.3 23.5AT 1.7 23.2 7.5 23.3 23.8 20.5PL 4.5 23.1 8.0 27.3 19.4 17.8PT 2.4 17.6 6.4 24.3 22.7 26.6RO 7.2 25.6 11.8 26.1 14.2 15.2SI 2.3 25.1 8.9 22.6 22.4 18.9SK 3.4 28.1 8.7 26.2 17.7 15.9FI 3.0 24.9 6.7 21.6 21.6 22.2SE 1.6 22.8 5.1 19.4 24.3 26.8UK 0.8 17.6 6.1 20.4 32.2 22.8HR 6.4 20.2 8.3 25.2 22.9 16.9MK 11.0 25.7 7.0 27.4 11.3 17.8TR 8.6 21.7 5.2 31.9 21.1 11.4IS (1) 5.6 14.3 12.2 19.4 27.2 20.9NO 1.2 41.3 4.8 15.7 17.3 19.6CH 1.2 22.6 5.3 22.2 23.3 25.1

(1) 2007.

Source: Eurostat (tec00003, tec00004, tec00005,tec00006, tec00007 andtec00008)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00003&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00004&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00005&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00005&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00006&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00006&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00007&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00008&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00008&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00008&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00007&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00006&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00005&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00004&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00003&mode=view

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GDP ExPEnDITURE AnD InvEsTmEnT

Te main aggregates o national accounts are compiled rom in-stitutional units, namely non-nancial or nancial corporations,general government, households, and non-prot institutionsserving households (NPISH).

In the system o national accounts, only households, NPISH andgovernment have nal consumption, whereas corporations haveintermediate consumption. Private nal consumption expendi-ture, or that perormed by households and NPISH, is dened asexpenditure on goods and services or the direct satisaction oindividual needs, whereas government consumption expendi-ture includes goods and services produced by government, aswell as purchases o goods and services by government that aresupplied to households as social transers in kind.

Gross capital ormation is the sum o gross xed capital orma-tion and the change in inventories (stocks). Gross xed capitalormation consists o resident producers acquisitions, less dis-posals, o xed tangible and intangible assets. Fixed assets areproduced as outputs rom processes o production that are them-selves used repeatedly, or continuously, in processes o produc-

tion or more than one year. Investment may be made by publicor private institutions.

Figure 1.3: Expenditure components o GDP, EU-27, 2008(% share o GDP)

External balanceof goods

and services0.3%General

government21.2%

Households

and non-protinstitutions

servinghouseholds

57.6%Gross xedcapital

formation20.9%

Source: Eurostat (tec00009,tec00010,tec00011 and tec00110)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00009&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00009&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00010&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00010&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00011&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00011&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00110&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00110&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00011&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00010&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00009&mode=view

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Tae 1.3: Investment

(% o GDP)

Totaietet

Puicietet

buie ietet(gro ed capita

oratio thepriate ector)

1998 2008 1998 2008 1998 2008EU-27 20.0 21.1 2.3 2.7 17.8 18.4Euro area 20.4 21.6 2.4 2.5 18.0 19.1

BE 20.2 22.7 1.7 1.6 18.5 21.1BG 13.0 33.4 3.2 5.6 9.8 27.8CZ 28.2 24.0 4.2 4.8 24.0 19.1DK 20.4 21.0 1.7 1.8 18.8 19.2DE 21.1 19.0 1.8 1.5 19.3 17.5EE 30.4 29.3 4.9 5.6 25.5 23.8IE 21.4 21.1 2.7 5.4 18.8 15.7EL : 19.3 3.2 2.9 : 16.4

ES 23.0 29.4 3.3 3.8 19.8 25.6FR 17.9 21.9 2.8 3.2 15.1 18.7IT 19.3 20.9 2.3 2.2 17.0 18.7CY 18.7 23.3 2.9 3.0 15.8 20.3LV 24.7 30.2 1.4 4.9 23.3 25.3LT 24.0 24.8 2.5 4.9 21.4 19.9LU 21.8 20.1 4.5 3.9 17.3 16.2HU 23.6 20.1 3.4 2.8 20.2 17.3MT 22.9 15.8 4.6 2.7 18.4 13.2NL 22.2 20.4 3.0 3.3 19.3 17.2AT 24.0 21.8 1.8 1.0 22.2 20.8PL 24.1 22.0 3.9 4.6 20.2 17.3PT 26.5 21.7 4.0 2.1 22.5 19.6RO 18.2 33.3 1.8 5.4 16.4 27.9SI 24.9 28.9 2.9 4.2 21.2 24.8

SK 35.7 25.9 4.0 1.8 32.7 24.2FI 19.0 20.6 2.9 2.5 16.2 18.1SE 16.3 19.5 3.1 3.3 13.2 16.2UK 17.7 16.9 1.3 2.3 16.5 14.6HR 20.0 27.6 : : : :MK 17.4 23.7 : : : :TR 22.9 20.3 : : : :IS 24.0 24.4 4.4 4.5 19.6 19.9

NO 25.0 20.8 3.6 3.1 21.3 17.7CH (1) 22.2 21.3 2.7 1.9 19.4 19.6

(1) 2007 instead o 2008 or public and business investment.

Source: Eurostat (nama_gdp_c,tsdec210,tec00022 andtsier140)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_gdp_c&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_gdp_c&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdec210&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdec210&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00022&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsier140&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsier140&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsier140&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00022&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdec210&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_gdp_c&mode=view

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lAbOUR PRODUCTIvITy

Various measures o labour productivity are available, orexample, based on value added or GDP relative to the number opersons employed or to the number o hours worked. Productivityindicators provide conrmation o the most labour-intensiveareas o the EU economy, as well as an insight into the apparentproductivity growth o particular economic activities.

Productivity measures expressed in PPS, which eliminatesdierences in price levels between countries, are particularlyuseul or cross-country comparisons. GDP in PPS per personemployed is intended to give an overall impression o theproductivity o national economies. It should be kept in mind,though, that this measure depends on the structure o totalemployment and may, or instance, be lowered by a shif romull-time to part-time work. GDP in PPS per hour worked givesa clearer picture o productivity as the incidence o part-timeemployment varies greatly between countries and activities. Tedata are presented in the orm o an index in relation to the EUaverage: i the index rises above 100, then labour productivity ishigher than the EU average.

Figure 1.4: Labour productivity, EU-27(EUR 1 000 per person employed)

0 25 50 75 100

Other services

Businessactivities&nance

Trade,transport&communications

Construction

Industry

Agriculture,hunting,forestry&sh.

2008

1998

Source: Eurostat (nama_nace06_c and nama_nace06_e)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_nace06_c&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_nace06_e&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_nace06_e&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_nace06_e&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_nace06_c&mode=view

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Tae 1.4: Labour productivity

(based on PPS)Per pero epoed

(EU27=100)Per hour worked

(EU15=100)

1998 2008 1998 2008EU-27 100.0 100.0 : 88.8Euro area 114.8 109.1 : 100.7BE (1) 134.3 124.6 : :BG 27.2 36.4 24.5 31.2CZ 60.1 72.3 44.1 54.8DK 109.1 101.0 106.1 96.4DE 112.4 107.4 111.1 111.9EE 41.2 63.7 : 47.8IE 125.1 134.1 95.2 111.2EL 90.8 102.2 : :ES 107.7 104.8 92.4 94.3

FR (

1

) 126.3 120.9 114.5 116.9IT 130.0 108.1 102.7 88.9CY 82.2 86.1 64.4 66.9LV 36.8 51.1 : :LT 40.6 61.4 33.8 47.1LU 165.4 160.8 : 165.5HU 62.5 74.4 45.2 54.7MT : 87.6 : :

NL 110.8 115.3 114.3 121.0AT 120.5 113.3 104.1 101.7PL (2) 50.6 62.8 : 43.6PT 67.8 70.6 : :RO : 47.6 : :SI 75.1 84.0 : :SK 56.3 78.8 46.2 62.9FI 114.1 109.5 96.2 96.5

SE 111.9 111.5 100.4 103.0UK 109.0 110.6 : :HR 63.5 76.5 : :MK 45.9 57.9 : :TR 53.1 63.9 : :IS 110.4 99.2 : :NO 113.9 157.2 114.7 156.9CH 112.3 112.2 100.0 97.1

JP 97.5 99.9 : :US 140.8 144.6 112.0 :

(1) 2004, break in series.(2) 2005, break in series or per person employed; 2007, break in series or per hour worked.

Source: Eurostat (tsieb030 and tsieb040), OECD
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsieb030&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsieb040&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsieb040&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsieb030&mode=view

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HOUsEHOlD COnsUmPTIOn ExPEnDITURE

Statistics on the nal consumption expenditure o households coverexpenditure incurred on goods or services used or the satisactiono individual needs, either through purchase, the consumption oown production (such as garden produce), or the imputed rent oowner-occupied dwellings. Data on consumption expendituremay be broken down according to the classication o individual

consumption according to purpose (COICOP), which identies12 dierent headings at its most aggregated level. Housing, energycosts, transport, and ood and non-alcoholic beverages account ora high proportion o the total expenditure made by most Europeanhouseholds.

Annual inormation on household expenditure is available romnational accounts collected through a macro-economic approach.An alternative source or analysing household expenditure is thehousehold budget survey (HBS): this inormation is obtained byasking households to keep a diary o their purchases and is muchmore detailed in its coverage o goods and services, as well asthe types o socio-economic breakdown that are made available.HBS is only carried out and published every ve years the latest

reerence year currently available is 2005.Figure 1.5: Consumption expenditure o households,EU-27, 2006 (1)(% o total household consumption expenditure)

0 5 10 15 20 25

Housing, water, elec., gas & fuels

Transport

Food & non-alcoholic beverages

Recreation & culture

Restaurants & hotels

Furnish., househ. equip. & mainten.

Clothing & footwear

Alcoholic beverages, tobacco

Health

Communications

Education

Miscellaneous goods & services

(1) Figures do not sum to 100 % due to rounding.

Source: Eurostat (nama_co2_c)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_co2_c&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_co2_c&mode=view

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Tae 1.5: Consumption expenditure o households

(domestic concept)A a proportio o GDP

(%)Per capita

(PPs, EU27=100)

1998 2003 2008 1998 2003 2008BE (1) 51.9 51.5 50.2 10 800 13 100 14 700BG (1) 70.8 73.2 73.5 3 200 4 900 6 300CZ (2) 54.7 53.0 49.5 6 500 8 100 9 900DK 49.9 46.9 48.2 11 200 12 100 14 300DE (2) 55.0 56.1 53.7 11 400 13 600 15 400EE (2) 63.7 58.1 54.6 4 600 6 600 9 400IE (2) 48.4 43.9 43.6 10 000 12 800 16 300EL (2) : 74.3 74.1 : 14 200 17 500ES (2) 62.8 60.4 59.4 10 200 12 600 15 600FR 55.1 55.8 56.1 10 800 12 900 15 100IT (2) 60.2 59.8 59.3 12 200 13 700 15 000

CY (2

) 81.0 77.6 76.6 11 900 14 300 17 300LV (2) 62.1 61.1 60.6 3 800 5 500 8 700LT (2) 63.0 65.3 64.0 4 300 6 600 9 500LU (2) 49.3 44.3 37.4 18 200 22 800 24 900HU 54.7 56.0 53.5 4 900 7 300 8 500MT 79.4 74.9 70.6 10 900 12 200 13 400NL 49.3 48.7 44.8 10 800 13 000 15 200AT (2) 56.2 55.9 54.1 12 500 14 700 16 700

PL (2) 62.5 65.1 60.4 5 100 6 600 8 100PT (1) 64.3 64.1 65.9 8 400 10 200 11 900RO (1) 74.8 65.4 67.7 : 4 200 6 100SI 59.2 57.4 55.8 7 900 9 900 12 700SK (2) 54.3 56.0 55.0 4 800 6 400 9 200FI 48.2 49.6 49.6 9 400 11 600 14 300SE (2) 47.8 47.4 45.5 9 900 12 000 13 900UK 61.9 61.6 60.6 12 400 15 600 17 800

MK (2) 72.9 77.4 78.7 3 300 4 100 6 100TR 70.8 76.0 73.0 5 100 5 300 8 300IS 53.7 53.1 49.2 12 800 13 800 14 700NO 47.5 44.5 37.3 11 100 14 400 17 800CH (2) 59.0 59.2 55.7 15 000 16 800 19 200

(1) 2006 instead o 2008.(2) 2007 instead o 2008.

Source: Eurostat (tec00009 and nama_co2_c)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00009&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_co2_c&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_co2_c&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_co2_c&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00009&mode=view

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GOvERnmEnT PUblIC bAlAnCE AnD DEbT

Under the rules on budgetary discipline within the EU stabilityand growth pact (Amsterdam, 1997), Member States are to avoidsituations o excessive government decits. Te Member Statesshould notiy their government decit and debt statistics to theEuropean Commission beore 1 April and 1 October o each yearunder the excessive decit procedure.

Te public balance is dened as general government net borrow-ing/net lending reported or the Excessive Decit Procedure andis expressed in relation to GDP. Under the convergence criteria,the ratio o planned or actual government decit (net borrowing)to GDP should be no more than 3 %.

General government consolidated gross debt is also expressed as

a percentage o GDP. It reers to the consolidated stock o grossdebt at nominal value at the end o the year. Under the conver-gence criteria, the ratio o general government consolidated grossdebt to GDP should generally be no more than 60 % (unless theratio is suciently diminishing and approaching the reerence

value at a satisactory pace).

Figure 1.6: Public balance and general government debt, EU-27 (1)(% o GDP)

0

20

40

60

80

100

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

General government debt(left-hand scale)

Public balance(right-hand scale)

Public balance criteria

General government debt criteria

(1) Public balance: net borrowing/lending o consolidated general government sector;general government debt: general government consolidated gross debt. Data extracted on22 October 2009.

Source: Eurostat (tsieb090and tsieb080)

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Tae 1.6: Public balance and general government debt (1)

(% o GDP)

Puic aace Geera goeret det

1998 2003 2008 1998 2003 2008EU-27 -1.9 -3.1 -2.3 66.5 61.8 61.5Euro area -2.3 -3.1 -2.0 73.1 69.1 69.3BE -0.9 -0.1 -1.2 117.1 98.7 89.8BG : -0.3 1.8 79.6 45.9 14.1CZ -5.0 -6.6 -2.1 15.0 30.1 30.0DK 0.1 0.1 3.4 60.8 45.8 33.5DE -2.2 -4.0 0.0 60.3 63.8 65.9EE -0.7 1.7 -2.7 5.5 5.6 4.6IE 2.4 0.4 -7.2 53.6 31.1 44.1EL : -5.7 -7.7 105.8 98.0 99.2ES -3.2 -0.2 -4.1 64.1 48.7 39.7

FR -2.6 -4.1 -3.4 59.4 62.9 67.4IT -2.8 -3.5 -2.7 114.9 104.4 105.8CY -4.1 -6.5 0.9 58.6 68.9 48.4LV 0.0 -1.6 -4.1 9.6 14.6 19.5LT -3.1 -1.3 -3.2 16.6 21.1 15.6LU 3.4 0.5 2.5 7.1 6.1 13.5HU -8.2 -7.2 -3.8 62.0 58.1 72.9MT -9.9 -9.9 -4.7 53.4 69.3 63.8

NL -0.9 -3.1 0.7 65.7 52.0 58.2AT -2.4 -1.4 -0.4 64.8 65.5 62.6PL -4.3 -6.3 -3.6 38.9 47.1 47.2PT -3.4 -2.9 -2.7 52.1 56.9 66.3RO -3.2 -1.5 -5.5 16.6 21.5 13.6SI -2.4 -2.7 -1.8 : 27.5 22.5SK -5.3 -2.8 -2.3 34.5 42.4 27.7FI 1.6 2.6 4.5 48.2 44.4 34.1

SE 1.1 -0.9 2.5 69.1 52.3 38.0UK -0.1 -3.3 -5.0 46.7 38.7 52.0HR : -4.5 -1.4 : 40.9 33.5TR : -11.3 -2.2 : 85.1 39.5IS 0.5 -1.6 -14.3 49.3 41.4 70.6NO : 7.3 18.8 : 44.3 50.0

(1) Public balance: net borrowing/lending o consolidated general government sector;general government debt: general government consolidated gross debt. Data extracted on

22 October 2009.Source: Eurostat (tsieb080 and tsieb090)

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TAxEs AnD sOCIAl COnTRIbUTIOns

axes and social contributions correspond to revenues whichare levied (in cash or in kind) by central, state and local govern-ments, and social security unds. Tese levies (generally reerredto as tax revenue) are organised into three main areas, covered bythe ollowing headings:

taxes on income and wealth, including all compulsory pay-ments levied periodically by general government on the in-come and wealth o enterprises and households;taxes on production and imports, including all compulsorypayments levied by general government with respect to theproduction and importation o goods and services, the em-ployment o labour, the ownership or use o land, buildingsor other assets used in production;social contributions, including all employers and employeessocial contributions, as well as imputed social contributionsthat represent the counterpart to social benets paid directlyby employers.

Te structure o tax revenue within the EU-27 shows that re-ceipts rom these three main headings were roughly equal in

2008. However, there was considerable variation in the structureo tax revenue across the Member States.

Figure 1.7: Taxes and social contributions, EU-27(% o GDP)

12

13

14

15

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Social contributions

Taxes on production and importsTaxes on income and wealth

Source: Eurostat (tec00019, tec00020 and tec00018)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00019&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00020&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00018&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00018&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00020&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00019&mode=view

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Tae 1.7: Taxes and social contributions, 2008

(% o GDP)

Tae o icoe& weath (1)

Tae oproductio &

iport (2)

sociacotriutio

EU-27 13.1 13.0 13.7Euro area 12.2 12.9 15.3BE 16.6 12.6 16.1

BG 6.5 18.1 8.1CZ 8.6 11.0 16.2DK 29.8 17.2 1.8DE 11.3 12.5 16.4EE 7.9 12.1 11.9IE 11.3 12.2 6.9EL 7.7 12.1 14.7ES 10.8 9.9 13.1

FR 11.4 14.8 17.9IT 15.4 13.7 13.7CY 12.9 18.4 7.7LV 9.7 10.8 8.6LT 9.4 11.5 9.4LU 13.4 11.8 10.9HU 10.6 15.6 13.9MT 13.1 14.6 7.6

NL 11.6 12.1 15.2AT 14.0 14.2 15.9PL 8.6 14.2 11.4PT 9.9 14.6 12.9RO 6.9 12.0 10.3SI 9.0 14.0 14.3SK 6.4 10.4 12.1FI 17.5 12.9 12.2

SE 17.4 18.2 11.9UK 16.7 12.0 8.4IS 18.3 15.6 2.8NO 22.0 11.1 8.9CH (3) 15.0 6.9 6.8

(1) For Sweden, provisional.(2) For Denmark, includes taxes on production and imports o EU institutions.(3) 2007.

Source: Eurostat (tec00019,tec00020 andtec00018)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00019&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00019&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00020&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00018&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00018&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00018&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00020&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00019&mode=view

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ExCHAnGE AnD InTEREsT RATEs

Exchange rates are the price or value o one countrys currencyin relation to another. Bilateral exchange rates are available withreerence to the euro. Daily exchange rates are available rom1974 onwards against a large number o currencies.

An interest rate is dened as the cost or price o borrowing, orthe gain rom lending; interest rates are traditionally expressedin annual percentage terms. Interest rates are distinguished ei-ther by the period o lending/borrowing, or by the parties in-

volved in the transaction (business, consumers, governments orinterbank operations).

Long-term interest rates are one o the convergence criteria (orMaastricht criteria) or European economic and monetary un-

ion. Compliance with this criterion means that a Member Stateshould have an average nominal long-term interest rate that doesnot exceed by more than 2 percentage points that o, at most, thethree best perorming Member States. Interest rates are basedupon central government bond yields (or comparable securities)with a residual maturity o around 10 years.

Eurostat publishes a number o short-term interest rates, withdierent maturities (overnight, 1 to 12 months): three month in-terbank rates are shown in this publication.

Figure 1.8: Exchange rates against the euro (1)(1998=100)

60

80

100

120

140

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

CHF USD JPY

(1) CHF, Swiss ranc; JPY, Japanese Yen; USD, United States Dollar; a reduction in the value o theindex shows an appreciation in the value o the oreign currency and a depreciation in thevalue o the euro.

Source: Eurostat (tec00033), ECB
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00033&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00033&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00033&mode=view

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Tae 1.8: Interest rates

(%)EmU coergece

criterio od ied(maatricht criterio) (1)

shortter iteretrate: threeoth

iterak rate

1999 2004 2008 1999 2004 2008EU-27 : : 4.6 : 2.9 5.0Euro area 4.7 4.1 4.3 3.0 2.1 4.6BE 4.8 4.2 4.4 - - -

BG : 5.4 5.4 5.9 3.7 7.1CZ : 4.8 4.6 6.9 2.4 4.0DK 4.9 4.3 4.3 3.4 2.2 5.3DE 4.5 4.0 4.0 - - -EE (2) 11.4 4.4 8.2 7.8 2.5 6.7IE 4.7 4.1 4.5 - - -EL 6.3 4.3 4.8 10.1 - -ES 4.7 4.1 4.4 - - -FR 4.6 4.1 4.2 - - -IT 4.7 4.3 4.7 - - -CY : 5.8 4.6 6.3 4.7 -LV : 4.9 6.4 8.4 4.2 8.0LT : 4.5 5.6 13.9 2.7 6.0LU 4.7 4.2 4.6 - - -HU : 8.2 8.2 15.1 11.5 8.8

MT : 4.7 4.8 5.2 2.9 -NL 4.7 4.1 4.2 - - -AT 4.7 4.2 4.3 - - -PL : 6.9 6.1 14.7 6.2 6.4PT 4.8 4.1 4.5 - - -RO : : 7.7 79.6 19.1 12.3SI : 4.7 4.6 8.6 4.7 -SK : 5.0 4.7 15.7 4.7 4.2

FI 4.7 4.1 4.3 - - -SE 5.0 4.4 3.9 3.3 2.3 4.7UK 5.0 4.9 4.5 5.6 4.6 5.5JP - - - 0.2 0.1 0.9US - - - 5.4 1.6 2.9

(1) The indicator or Estonia represents interest rates on new EEK-denominated loans to non-nancial corporations and households with maturity over 5 years; however, a large part othe underlying claims are linked to variable interest rates. The indicator or Luxembourg isbased on a basket o long-term bonds, which have an average residual maturity close to ten

years; the bonds are issued by a private credit institution.(2) Break in series or EMU convergence, 2005.

Source: Eurostat (tec00097 andtec00035)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00097&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=%20tec00035&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=%20tec00035&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=%20tec00035&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00097&mode=view

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COnsUmER PRICE InDICEs

Changes in the price o consumer goods and services are usuallyreerred to as ination. Price stability is the main objective othe European Central Bank (ECB), with the ination rate usedas the prime indicator or monetary policy management in theeuro area. Te ECB has dened price stability as a year-on-yearincrease in the harmonised index o consumer prices (HICP) or

the euro area o below, but close to, 2 % over the medium-term.Te monetary union index o consumer prices (MUICP) coversthe euro area countries and Eurostat also publishes the Europe-an index o consumer prices (EICP) covering all Member States.Note that these aggregates reect changes over time in theircountry composition through the use o a chain index ormula.

HICPs are presented with a common reerence year (currently2005=100). Normally the indices are used to create percentagechanges that show price increases/decreases or the period inquestion. HICPs cover practically every good and service thatmay be purchased by households in the orm o nal monetaryconsumption expenditure. Goods and services are classied ac-cording to an international classication o individual consump-

tion by purpose known as COICOP/HICP. At its most disaggre-gated level, Eurostat publishes around 100 sub-indices.

Figure 1.9: HICP main headings, annual average ination rates,EU, 2008(%)

-2 0 2 4 6 8

Ination rate

Food & non-alcoholic beverages

Education

Housing, water, elec., gas & fuels

Transport

Alcoholic beverages, tobacco

Restaurants & hotels

Miscellaneous goods & services

Health

Furnish..,househ.equip.&mainten.

Recreation & culture

Clothing & footwear

Communications

Source: Eurostat (prc_hicp_aind)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=prc_hicp_aind&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=prc_hicp_aind&mode=view

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Tae 1.9: HICP all-items, annual average ination rates

(%)2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

EU (1) 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.3 3.7Euro area (2) 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 3.3BE 1.5 1.9 2.5 2.3 1.8 4.5BG 2.3 6.1 6.0 7.4 7.6 12.0CZ -0.1 2.6 1.6 2.1 3.0 6.3DK 2.0 0.9 1.7 1.9 1.7 3.6DE 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.3 2.8EE 1.4 3.0 4.1 4.4 6.7 10.6IE 4.0 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.9 3.1EL 3.4 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.0 4.2ES 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.6 2.8 4.1FR 2.2 2.3 1.9 1.9 1.6 3.2IT 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.0 3.5

CY 4.0 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.2 4.4LV 2.9 6.2 6.9 6.6 10.1 15.3LT -1.1 1.2 2.7 3.8 5.8 11.1LU 2.5 3.2 3.8 3.0 2.7 4.1HU 4.7 6.8 3.5 4.0 7.9 6.0MT 1.9 2.7 2.5 2.6 0.7 4.7NL 2.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6 2.2AT 1.3 2.0 2.1 1.7 2.2 3.2

PL 0.7 3.6 2.2 1.3 2.6 4.2PT 3.3 2.5 2.1 3.0 2.4 2.7RO 15.3 11.9 9.1 6.6 4.9 7.9SI 5.7 3.7 2.5 2.5 3.8 5.5SK 8.4 7.5 2.8 4.3 1.9 3.9FI 1.3 0.1 0.8 1.3 1.6 3.9SE 2.3 1.0 0.8 1.5 1.7 3.3UK 1.4 1.3 2.1 2.3 2.3 3.6

TR 25.3 10.1 8.1 9.3 8.8 10.4IS 1.4 2.3 1.4 4.6 3.6 12.8NO 2.0 0.6 1.5 2.5 0.7 3.4CH : : : 1.0 0.8 2.3JP (3) -0.3 0.0 -0.3 0.3 0.0 1.4US (3) 2.3 2.7 3.4 3.2 2.8 3.8

(1) The data reer to the ocial EU aggregate, its country coverage changes in line with theaddition o new EU Member States and integrates them using a chain index ormula.

(2

) The data reer to the ocial euro area aggregate, its country coverage changes in line withthe addition o new EA Member States and integrates them using a chain index ormula.(3) National CPI: not strictly comparable with the HICP.

Source: Eurostat (tsieb060)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsieb060&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsieb060&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsieb060&mode=view

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PRICE COnvERGEnCE AnD PRICE lEvEls

Purchasing power parities (PPPs) estimate price-level dierencesbetween countries. Comparative price levels are the ratios oPPPs to exchange rates; these indices provide a comparison oeach countrys price level relative to the EU average i the pricelevel index is higher than 100, the country concerned is relativelyexpensive compared with the EU average and vice versa.

Te coecient o variation o comparative price levels is appliedas an indicator o price convergence among Member States ithe coecient o variation or comparative price levels or theEU decreases/increases over time, the national price levels in theMember States are converging/diverging.

Figure 1.10: Comparative price levels (nal consumption byprivate households including indirect taxes, EU-27=100)

0 755025 100 125 150

DK

FI

SE

IE

FR

LUBE

DE

UK

AT

NL

IT

ES

EL

CY

PT

SI

MT

EE

LV

PL

CZ

HU

LT

SK

RO

BG

1998

2008

Source: Eurostat (tsier010)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsier010&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsier010&mode=view

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Tae 1.10: Price convergence and price levels

Price coergece etwee EU meer state(%, coeciet o ariatio o coparatie price ee o acouptio priate houehod icudig idirect tae)

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008EU-27 35.4 33.3 32.0 31.7 28.5 23.8Euro area 20.8 19.7 20.6 18.5 17.8 15.6

Coparatie price ee (a couptio priate houehod icudig idirect tae, EU27=100)

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008BE 108 102 102 107 107 111BG 38 39 41 42 45 51CZ 47 48 57 55 61 72DK 129 130 134 140 138 141DE 109 107 107 105 103 104EE 54 57 61 63 67 77IE 108 115 125 126 124 127

EL 86 85 80 88 89 94ES 86 85 85 91 92 96FR 111 106 104 110 109 111IT 98 98 103 105 104 105CY 87 88 89 91 91 90LV 49 59 57 56 61 75LT 46 53 54 54 57 67LU 104 101 102 103 112 116HU 46 49 57 62 60 70MT 69 73 75 73 75 78NL 102 100 103 106 104 103AT 105 102 103 103 102 105PL 54 58 61 53 62 69PT 84 83 86 87 85 87RO 43 43 43 43 57 62

SI 74 73 74 76 77 83SK 42 44 45 55 57 70FI 123 121 124 124 123 125SE 127 128 122 121 119 114UK 112 120 117 109 110 99HR : : : 67 70 75MK : : : 44 43 47TR 55 63 52 59 66 73

IS 125 144 135 138 144 117NO 131 138 151 135 140 139CH 136 143 147 141 134 130JP 147 198 156 130 110 101US 101 121 120 93 92 80

Source: Eurostat (tsier020 and tsier010)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsier020&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsier010&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsier010&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsier020&mode=view

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FOREIGn DIRECT InvEsTmEnT

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a type o international invest-ment where an entity that is resident in one economy (the directinvestor) acquires a lasting interest (at least 10 % o the equitycapital) in an enterprise operating in another economy.

FDI ows are new investment made during the reerence period,whereas FDI stocks provide inormation on the position, in terms o

value, o all previous investments at the end o the reerence period.

Outward ows and stocks o FDI (FDI abroad) report investmentby entities resident in the reporting economy in an aliated

Figure 1.11: FDI intensity: average value o inward and outwardFDI ows, 2008 (1)

(% o GDP)-5 0 5 10 15 20 230 235

EU-27LUBECYBGSE

MT

ESFR

AT (2)ES

UKRO

SICZDKDELT

LVSK

HU (2)PLIT

PTEL

NL (2)FIIE

CH (3)

HR (3)NO (3)TR (3)US (4)JP (3)

(1) EU-27, FDI with extra-EU-27 partners; all other countries, FDI with the rest o the world;including special purpose entities; data extracted on 8 January 2010.

(2) Excluding special purpose entities.(3) 2007.

(4) 2006.

Source: Eurostat (tsier130)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsier130&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsier130&mode=view

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enterprise abroad. Inward ows and stocks report investment

by oreigners in enterprises resident in the reporting economy.Te intensity o FDI can be measured by averaging the value oinward and outward ows during a particular reerence periodand expressing this in relation to GDP.

Tae 1.11: Foreign direct investment (1)

FDI fow, 2008

(EUR iio)

FDI fow, 2008

(% o GDP)In Out Net In Out Net

EU-27 198 701 347 667 148 966 1.6 2.8 1.2BE 70 231 82 383 12 152 20.4 23.9 3.5BG 6 549 485 -6 064 19.2 1.4 -17.8CZ 7 328 1 297 -6 031 5.0 0.9 -4.1DK 1 858 9 485 7 627 0.8 4.1 3.3DE 14 526 106 813 92 287 0.6 4.3 3.7

EE 1 317 722 -595 8.2 4.5 -3.7IE -13 674 9 217 22 891 -7.5 5.1 12.6EL 3 070 1 646 -1 424 1.3 0.7 -0.6ES 47 749 54 662 6 913 4.4 5.0 0.6FR 66 341 136 775 70 434 3.4 7.0 3.6IT 11 626 29 928 18 302 0.7 1.9 1.2CY 2 741 2 657 -84 15.9 15.4 -0.5LV 862 167 -695 3.7 0.7 -3.0LT 1 245 229 -1 016 3.9 0.7 -3.2LU 81 332 102 774 21 442 206.7 261.2 54.5HU (2) 3 149 536 -2 613 3.0 0.5 -2.5MT 600 189 -411 10.6 3.3 -7.3NL (2) -5 203 13 696 18 899 -0.9 2.3 3.2AT (2) 9 478 20 018 10 540 3.4 7.1 3.7PL 9 952 1 971 -7 981 2.7 0.5 -2.2

PT 2 411 1 437 -974 1.4 0.9 -0.5RO 9 509 189 -9 320 6.9 0.1 -6.8SI 1 313 932 -381 3.5 2.5 -1.0SK 2 331 176 -2 155 3.6 0.3 -3.3FI -4 895 2 284 7 179 -2.6 1.2 3.8SE 28 132 19 008 -9 124 8.6 5.8 -2.8UK 62 498 107 703 45 205 3.4 5.9 2.5HR (3) 3 626 181 -3 445 8.5 0.4 -8.1

TR (3

) 16 268 1 537 -14 731 3.4 0.3 -3.1NO (3) 3 578 9 162 5 584 1.3 3.2 1.9CH (3) 35 985 36 289 304 11.3 11.4 0.1JP (3) 16 466 53 710 37 244 0.5 1.7 1.2US (4) 139 689 172 518 32 829 1.3 1.6 0.3

(1) EU-27, FDI with extra-EU-27 partners; all other countries, FDI with the rest o the world;including special purpose entities; data extracted on 8 January 2010.


(4) 2008.Source: Eurostat (tec00049,tec00053 and tec00046), Bank o Japan, Bureau o Economic Analysis
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00049&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00053&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00053&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00046&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00046&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00053&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00049&mode=view

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FDI may be seen as an alternative economic strategy, adopted by

those enterprises that invest to establish a new plant/oce, or al-ternatively, purchase existing assets o a oreign enterprise. Teseenterprises seek to complement or substitute external trade, byproducing (and ofen selling) goods and services in countriesother than where the enterprise was rst established.

Figure 1.12: Stocks o oreign direct investment, EU-27, end-2007 (1)

(% o extra EU-27 FDI stocks)Iward tock o FDI i the EU27

North America

48.8%

Asia

10.0%

Rest of the

world

23.2%

Africa

0.7%

South

America

1.9%

Oceania

1.1%

CentralAmerica

14.2%

Outward tock o EU27 FDI aroad

Rest of the

world

25.8%

North

America

37.2%

Asia

13.2%Central America

10.6%South

America

6.3%

Africa

4.7%

Oceania

2.3%

(1) Figures do not sum to 100 % due to rounding; data extracted on 8 January 2010.

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Source: Eurostat (bop_di_pos)

Tae 1.12: Foreign direct investment stocks or selectedpartner countries, end-2007 (1)(EUR 1 000 million)

Outward Iward

Total EU-27 JP US Total EU-27 JP USEU-27 3 151.1 - 74.4 1 005.8 2 352.4 - 120.4 1 042.3

BE : : : : : : : :BG 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 26.8 22.8 0.1 1.0CZ 5.8 5.4 0.0 0.0 76.3 66.9 1.3 2.9DK 123.1 70.3 0.5 12.4 109.9 74.9 0.1 9.1DE 823.3 529.2 6.5 142.4 634.2 464.0 12.3 71.9EE 4.2 3.6 0.0 0.0 11.4 10.2 0.0 0.2IE 101.9 68.3 : 14.6 138.4 89.9 1.0 19.5EL 23.1 14.1 0.0 1.1 35.4 29.1 0.0 2.9

ES 398.6 233.0 0.4 26.5 399.3 319.6 2.0 45.8FR 957.3 633.9 21.6 143.2 681.5 514.0 7.6 74.1IT 353.3 277.3 1.0 20.3 247.8 194.7 2.9 20.7CY 6.3 4.2 0.0 0.0 12.4 7.0 0.0 0.3LV 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 7.5 5.7 0.0 0.3LT 1.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 10.3 8.2 0.0 0.2LU (2) 50.8 37.4 0.0 2.9 55.2 46.1 0.3 6.1HU (2) 11.8 7.2 0.0 0.0 67.7 45.6 0.8 2.9MT 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 5.6 3.0 0.0 0.1NL (2) 604.2 : 2.8 56.8 494.7 : 8.1 90.0AT (2) 101.1 65.5 0.0 2.9 110.5 72.3 1.9 12.8PL 14.4 8.6 0.0 0.2 120.7 102.1 1.0 7.9PT 46.0 29.8 0.0 1.2 78.3 60.3 0.1 1.2RO 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.0 42.8 36.6 0.0 0.6SI 4.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 9.8 8.1 0.0 0.1

SK 1.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 29.1 26.2 0.1 0.7FI 79.9 63.6 0.0 3.8 62.2 56.4 0.1 1.3SE 223.4 144.3 1.1 34.4 198.7 138.4 2.4 25.7UK 1 249.4 561.8 0.8 275.6 846.0 421.3 34.7 227.7HR 2.4 1.0 : 0.0 30.4 28.7 0.0 0.3TR 8.3 5.1 0.0 0.1 106.8 76.3 1.0 8.3IS : : 0.0 2.1 : : : 0.5NO (3) 92.8 51.1 0.1 9.7 70.9 49.2 0.4 13.3

CH 447.5 176.3 8.3 68.7 229.6 164.3 0.6 42.1JP 375.1 99.6 - 119.5 91.8 37.8 - 30.7US (3) 1 810.2 : 69.7 - : 160.2 -

(1) EU-27, FDI stocks in extra EU-27 partners; all other countries, FDI stocks in the rest o theworld; data extracted on 8 January 2010.


Source: Eurostat (tec00052 andtec00051)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=bop_fdi_pos&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00052&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00051&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00051&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00051&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tec00052&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=bop_fdi_pos&mode=view

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OFFICIAl DEvElOPmEnT AssIsTAnCE

Ocial development assistance (ODA) consists o grants or loansthat are undertaken by the ocial sector with the promotion oeconomic development and welare in the recipient countries asthe main objective. Te net disbursements or ODA to develop-ment assistance committee (DAC) countries are expressed as apercentage o gross national income (GNI) at market prices. Dis-

bursements are the release o unds to a recipient, or the purchaseo goods or services or a recipient. Disbursements record the ac-tual international transer o nancial resources, or o goods orservices valued at the cost o the donor.

DAC countries reer to developing countries and territories onPart I o the OECD DAC list o aid recipients or which there isa long-standing United Nations target o 0.7 % o donors grossnational product.

Figure 1.13: Ocial development assistance, EU-15(% share o GNI)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

UN target

2010 target

2015 target

Source: Eurostat (tsdgp100), OECD (DAC database)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdgp100&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdgp100&mode=view

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Figure 1.14: Ocial development assistance, 2008

(% share o GNI)0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

EU-27

SE

LU

DK

NL

IEBE

ES

FI

UK

AT

FR

DE

PTEL

IT

CY

SI

LT

CZ

MT

SKEE

PL

HU

RO

LV

BG

NO

CHIS (1)

TR

(1) 2007.

Source: Eurostat (tsdgp100), OECD (DAC database)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdgp100&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdgp100&mode=view

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Popuatio

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WORlD POPUlATIOn

Europes ageing society and its relatively static number o inhab-itants may be contrasted against a rapid expansion in the worldspopulation, driven largely by population growth in developingcountries. United Nations population projections show that thesituation in Europe is by no means unique, and that most de-

veloped, and indeed some emerging economies, will undergo

changes in their demographic composition in the next hal cen-tury, with shrinking working-age populations, a higher propor-tion o elderly persons, and increasing dependency rates.

Te projected ageing o populations could lead to labour short-ages in some countries, which may provide opportunities oreconomic development in developing economies. Much will de-pend upon whether the increasing pool o labour in developingcountries attracts inward investment or whether labour shortag-es in other global regions result in migratory ows that may haverepercussions or both destination and departure countries.

Figure 2.1: World population, 2005(% share o total)

Asia60.5%

Africa13.4%

Europe (1)11.9%

Oceania0.5%

Latin America &the Caribbean

8.5%

NorthernAmerica

5.2%

(1) EU-27, Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Faeroe Islands,Iceland, Liechtenstein, the ormer Yugoslav Republic o Macedonia, Republic o Moldova,Montenegro, Norway, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Switzerland and the Ukraine.

Source: United Nations, Population Division o the Department o Economic and SocialAfairs

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UN population data is ofen based on registers or estimates o

population on a date close to 1 July (mid-year population); thismay be contrasted with Eurostats data that generally reect thesituation as o 1 January in each reerence year. Note that thegeographical coverage relates to the whole o Europe as opposedto the political and economic union o the 27 Member States.

Te worlds population more than doubled between 1960 and2005, rising rom 3 023 million to 6 512 million inhabitants. Inits entirety, Europe had 729 million inhabitants in 2005, equiva-lent to 11.2 % o the global population. Asia had by ar the larg-est share o the worlds population in 2005, with 3 937 millioninhabitants, equivalent to around three fhs (60.4 %) o the to-tal. Arica accounted or the second highest share (14.1 %), whileLatin America and the Caribbean (8.5 %), Northern America(5.1 %) and Oceania (0.5 %) each reported shares that were belowthat recorded or Europe.

Te UN orecasts that the rate o population growth will slowconsiderably in the period through to 2050, by which time theglobal population is projected to reach 9 150 million inhabitants;this would, nevertheless, mark an overall increase o 41.1 % be-tween 2005 and 2050, with the largest contribution to population

growth (some 95 % o the total) likely to come rom developingcountries (in particular those in Arica). According to the sameset o UN orecasts, India is likely to become the most populousnation on the planet by 2030, and its population is projected tocontinue growing through to 2050 when it will reach 1 614 mil-lion. Tese projections are in contrast to those made or China,where the population is expected to peak by 2030, afer which a

gradual decline in the number o inhabitants is oreseen.

Tae 2.1: World population

2005(iio)

share o 2005 (%)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Europe (1) 729 82.9 90.0 95.0 98.8 99.6

Arica 921 30.9 39.8 52.4 69.3 89.0Asia 3 937 43.0 54.0 66.6 80.8 93.9Latin America & the Caribbean 557 39.5 51.5 65.2 79.5 93.7Northern America 335 61.0 69.0 75.8 84.3 95.1Oceania 34 47.3 58.5 68.4 80.2 92.9

(1) EU-27, Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Faeroe Islands,Iceland, Liechtenstein, the ormer Yugoslav Republic o Macedonia, Republic o Moldova,Montenegro, Norway, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Switzerland and the Ukraine.

Source: United Nations, Population Division o the Department o Economic and SocialAfairs

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EU POPUlATIOn

otal population gures published by Eurostat, as well as thosebroken down by age or by gender, reer to the population as o1 January. Te population concept used reers to the usual resi-dence. Countries may provide the legal or registered populationinstead o the usually resident population. Data are usually basedon the most recent census inormation, adjusted by the compo-

nents o population change, or are alternatively based on popula-tion registers.

Eurostat projects that, under the EUROPOP2008 convergencescenario, the EU-27s population will grow gradually through to2035, afer which the number o inhabitants will start to all. Telatest projections oresee an EU-27 population o 505.7 millioninhabitants by 2060, some 1.7 % higher than in 2008.

Population density is the ratio o average population, dened asthe number o inhabitants, relative to the size o the territory insquare kilometres (km); the land area concept (excluding inlandwaters like lakes or rivers) is used wherever available.

Figure 2.2: Population by age class, EU-27

(1998=100)

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

80 years and more 65 to 79 years50 to 64 years 25 to 49 years15 to 24 years 0 to 14 years

Source: Eurostat (tps00010)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00010&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00010&mode=view

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Tae 2.2: Population indicators

Popuation,a

o1January2008

(miion)

Popuatio, a o1 Jauar (% o 2008) (1)

Popuation

denity,

2007(inha.per

km)(2)

1960 1990 2030 2060

EU-27 497.4 81.2 94.9 104.9 102.0 114.3

Euro area 326.9 79.1 92.6 106.0 103.1 :BE 10.7 85.6 93.3 110.1 115.3 350.4BG 7.6 102.5 114.8 88.4 71.8 69.0CZ 10.4 92.8 99.8 100.4 91.6 133.8DK 5.5 83.4 93.8 106.1 108.1 126.7DE 82.2 88.2 96.2 97.5 86.1 230.4EE 1.3 90.2 117.1 94.5 84.4 30.9IE 4.4 64.4 79.7 133.6 153.4 63.7

EL 11.2 74.0 90.3 103.2 99.1 85.6ES 45.3 67.0 85.7 116.3 114.6 87.2FR 63.8 72.9 90.8 109.1 115.2 100.2IT 59.6 83.9 95.1 103.8 99.6 201.2CY 0.8 72.5 72.6 135.8 167.3 83.5LV 2.3 92.7 117.5 89.5 74.1 36.5LT 3.4 81.9 109.7 91.6 75.7 53.9LU 0.5 64.7 78.4 125.4 151.2 182.8

HU 10.0 99.2 103.3 96.1 86.8 108.1MT 0.4 79.7 85.9 105.2 98.6 1 281.2NL 16.4 69.6 90.8 104.9 101.2 485.3AT 8.3 84.4 91.8 107.9 108.5 99.5PL 38.1 77.3 99.8 97.0 81.7 122.0PT 10.6 83.1 94.1 106.6 106.1 115.2RO 21.5 85.1 107.8 93.1 78.6 93.7SI 2.0 78.0 98.5 99.9 87.8 100.2

SK 5.4 73.5 97.9 98.7 84.2 110.1FI 5.3 83.3 93.8 105.1 101.9 17.4SE 9.2 81.4 92.9 111.8 118.4 22.3UK 61.2 85.3 93.4 113.2 125.3 248.4HR 4.4 93.0 107.6 : : 78.5MK 2.0 67.7 91.6 : : 82.0TR 70.6 38.4 78.6 : : 93.0IS 0.3 55.1 80.4 : : 3.1

LI (3) 35.4 46.0 80.5 : : 219.0NO 4.7 75.3 89.4 116.2 127.4 15.3CH 7.6 69.7 87.9 113.7 121.1 188.8

(1) EU-27, euro area and France, excluding the our French overseas departments.(2) Spain, France, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, Austria, Poland, Croatia, Turkey, Liechtenstein

and Norway, 2006; EU-27 and the United Kingdom, 2005.(3) Population in thousand instead o million.

Source: Eurostat (demo_pjan, proj_08c2150p andtps00003)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=demo_pjan&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=proj_08c2150p&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00003&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00003&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00003&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=proj_08c2150p&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=demo_pjan&mode=view

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AGE sTRUCTURE

Te impact o demographic ageing within the EU is likely to beo major signicance in the coming decades. Consistently lowbirth rates and higher lie expectancy will transorm the shapeo the EU-27s age pyramid; probably the most important changewill be the marked transition towards a much older populationand this trend is already becoming apparent in several Member

States. As a result, the proportion o people o a working age inthe EU-27 is shrinking at the same time as those who are consid-ering retirement expands. Te share o older persons in the totalpopulation will increase signicantly rom 2010 onwards, as thepost-war baby-boom generation starts to reach retirement.

Low birth rates and rising lie expectancy will likely result ina much older population structure, such that the ratio o thenumber o working-age people to those aged over 65 will be re-duced rom 4:1 in 2008 to less than 2:1 by 2060.

Figure 2.3: Age pyramid, EU-27, 2008(% o total population)

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

80+

75-79

70-74

65-69

60-64

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

5-9

0-4

Male Female

Source: Eurostat (demo_pjan)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=demo_pjan&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=demo_pjan&mode=view

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Tae 2.3: Population by age class, 2008

(% o total population)014 1524 2549 5064 6579 80+

EU-27 15.7 12.5 36.2 18.6 12.7 4.3Euro area 15.5 11.7 36.5 18.4 13.2 4.6BE 16.9 12.1 35.1 18.8 12.4 4.7BG 13.4 13.1 35.7 20.5 13.7 3.6CZ 14.2 13.0 37.0 21.2 11.2 3.4DK 18.4 11.7 34.4 19.9 11.5 4.1DE 13.7 11.6 36.0 18.6 15.3 4.6EE 14.8 15.2 34.8 18.0 13.5 3.7IE 20.6 14.1 38.9 15.5 8.2 2.7EL 14.3 11.2 37.6 18.3 14.6 4.1ES 14.6 11.2 40.6 16.9 12.0 4.6FR 18.5 12.8 33.7 18.6 11.5 4.9IT 14.0 10.2 37.2 18.6 14.6 5.5

CY 17.4 15.4 37.4 17.3 9.7 2.8LV 13.8 15.6 35.7 17.8 13.7 3.5LT 15.4 15.9 36.1 16.8 12.6 3.3LU 18.2 11.8 38.7 17.3 10.6 3.4HU 15.0 12.7 35.7 20.4 12.5 3.7MT 16.2 14.1 34.5 21.3 10.7 2.8NL 17.9 12.1 35.6 19.7 11.0 3.8AT 15.4 12.3 37.4 17.8 12.6 4.6

PL 15.5 15.5 36.0 19.6 10.5 3.0PT 15.3 11.6 37.4 18.2 13.2 2.5RO 15.2 14.6 37.0 18.2 12.1 2.8SI 13.9 12.2 37.6 19.9 12.7 3.6SK 15.8 15.3 38.1 18.8 9.4 2.6FI 16.9 12.4 32.7 21.5 12.2 4.3SE 16.8 13.0 33.0 19.6 12.2 5.3UK 17.6 13.4 34.9 18.0 11.6 4.5

HR 15.4 12.6 35.0 19.4 13.9 3.2MK 18.5 15.9 37.0 17.3 9.7 1.7TR 26.4 17.6 37.0 11.9 5.9 1.1IS 20.9 14.7 36.4 16.5 8.4 3.2LI 16.8 12.2 38.6 20.1 9.3 3.1NO 19.2 12.7 34.9 18.6 10.0 4.6CH 15.5 11.9 37.2 19.0 11.7 4.7

Source: Eurostat (tps00010)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00010&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00010&mode=view

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POPUlATIOn CHAnGE AnD mIGRATIOn

Population change is the dierence in population between tworeerence dates and is equal to the sum o natural populationchange and net migration.

Natural population change is dened as the dierence betweenthe number o live births and the number o deaths. Te naturalincrease is negative (in other words, a natural decrease) when thenumber o deaths exceeds the number o live births.

Net migration is dened as the dierence between immigrationand emigration (net migration is thereore negative when thenumber o emigrants exceeds the number o immigrants).Eurostat produces corrected net migration gures by taking thedierence between total and natural population increases; this

concept is reerred to as net migration (including corrections).Net migration gives no indication o the relative scale o theseparate immigration and emigration ows to and rom acountry; a country may report low net migration but experience

very high immigration and emigration ows.

Figure 2.4: Population change, net migration (including

corrections) and natural population change, EU-27 (1)(million)

0

1

2

3

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Population changeNet migration

Natural population change

(1) Provisional data, 2008.

Source: Eurostat (tps00006,tsdde230andtps00007)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00006&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdde230&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdde230&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00007&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00007&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdde230&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00006&mode=view

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Tae 2.4: Migration indicators

net igratio(icudig correctio)

(1 000)

Citiehip oiigrat,

2006 (% o tota)

1998 2003 2008 Nationals ForeignersEU-27 528.8 2 035.3 1 494.6 : :BE 11.8 35.5 64.3 24.9 75.1BG (1) 0.0 0.0 -0.9 96.1 3.9CZ 9.5 25.8 71.8 1.9 98.1DK 11.0 7.0 28.9 34.1 65.9DE 47.0 142.2 -53.6 15.6 84.4EE -6.6 0.1 0.1 47.8 52.2IE 16.2 31.4 17.9 19.3 80.7EL 54.8 35.4 35.0 : :ES 158.8 624.6 413.8 3.9 96.1FR -1.4 188.7 77.0 : :

IT 55.8 612.0 437.9 : :CY 4.2 12.3 0.6 5.0 95.0LV -5.8 -0.8 -2.5 27.8 72.2LT -22.1 -6.3 -7.7 71.3 28.7LU 3.8 5.4 7.7 5.5 94.5HU 17.3 15.6 16.6 7.2 92.8MT 0.4 1.7 2.5 17.4 82.6NL 44.1 7.1 31.5 31.3 68.7

AT 8.5 38.2 34.0 14.0 86.0PL -13.3 -13.8 -14.9 89.3 10.7PT 31.9 63.5 9.4 : :RO -5.

Documents

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