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ISSN 1830-9674

Eurostat regional yearbook 2012

S t a t i s t i c a l b o o k s

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S t a t i s t i c a l b o o k s

Eurostat regional yearbook 2012

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Luembourg: Publications Oce o the European Union, 2012

ISBN 978-92-79-24940-2ISSN 1830-9674doi:10.2785/29433Cat. No: KS-HA-12-001-EN-C

Theme: General and regional statisticsCollection: Statistical books

European Union, 2012

Reproduction o content other than photos is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged.

Photo credits: cover photo and photos or the chapters Population, Health, Education, Labour market, Inormationsociet, Agriculture and Transport: Phovoir; photo or the chapter Introduction: sa nnerors; photos or thechapters Econom, Structural business statistics, Science, technolog and innovation and Focus on coastal regions: Digital Photo Librar o the Directorate-General or Regional Polic o the European Commission; photo or thechapter Tourism: Slvie Villaume; photo or the chapter Focus on European cities: Almra Knevel Persson; photoor the chapter Focus on territorial tpologies: Dirk Westermann.Reproduction o photos is allowed or non-commercial purposes and within the sole contet o this publication.

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3Eurostat regional yearbook 2012

ForewordTe European Union places considerable emphasis on cohe-

sion policy, with the objective o bringing Europes regionscloser together in economic, social and environmental spheres.

Te Eurostat regional yearbook provides an overview o keystatistics available or each o the statistical domains that arecovered by ocial European statistics. It is thus a helpul toolto understand the regional diversity that exists within Europeand also shows that considering national gures alone doesnot reveal the ull picture o what is happening in the Euro-pean Union. Indeed, there are oen signicant dierences be-tween regions o the same country when one looks at smallergeographical areas. Tus, the Eurostat regional yearbook isa valuable supplement to Europe in fgures Eurostat year-book, which concentrates exclusively on national statistics orthe European Union and its Member States.

Regional statistics in the European Union are based on a har-monised convention in the denition o regions which is contained in the classication o territorial units or statistics, knownby the acronym NUS. Tis classication has implications beyond the direct eld o statistics. It is used more and more inother areas, and thus contributes to shaping the perception o EU citizens as regards how they identiy with a certain regionalstructure. In this way NUS has the potential to contribute towards the gradual creation o a common EU notion o regions.

In the 2012 edition o the Eurostat regional yearbook emphasis has been given to a more harmonised approach in relation tothe commentaries provided alongside tables, graphs and maps. Furthermore, the practice o previous editions to gradually in-crease the number o statistical maps has been continued; these have the advantage o revealing regional variations at a glance.

Te content o this book is also available online in Statistics explained on the Eurostat website. Te latest data can also bedownloaded rom Eurostats database, where more disaggregated data can also be ound.

Eurostat is the statistical oce o the European Union. Working together with national statistical authorities in the EuropeanStatistical System, we produce ocial statistics, which meet the highest possible standards o quality.

I wish you an enjoyable reading experience.

Walter RadermacherDirector-General, Eurostat

Chie Statistician o the European Union

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4 Eurostat regional yearbook 2012

Abstract

Statistical inormation is an important tool or understanding and quantiying the impact o political decisions in a specicterritory or region. Te Eurostat regional yearbook 2012 gives a detailed picture relating to a broad range o statistical top-

ics across the regions o the 27 Member States o the European Union (EU), as well as the regions o EFA and candidatecountries. Each chapter presents statistical inormation in maps, gures and tables, accompanied by a description o the mainndings, data sources and policy context. Tese regional indicators are presented or the ollowing 11 subjects: economy,population, health, education, the labour market, structural business statistics, tourism, the inormation society, agriculture,transport, and science, technology and innovation. In addition, three special ocus chapters are included in this edition: theselook at European cities and coastal regions, while the publication ends with a description o the methods used to identiyrural and urban areas.

Editor-in-chieeodra Brandmller

Eurostat, Head o Section, Unit E.4, Regional statistics and geographical inormation

Editorsa nnerors

Eurostat, Unit E.4, Regional statistics and geographical inormation

Production

Inorma SARL, Giovanni Albertone, Simon Allen and Andrew Redpath

Map production

Abaco Srl, coordinated by Csar de Diego Diez, sa nnerors and Atanas rionov

Eurostat, Unit E.4, Regional statistics and geographical inormation

Dissemination

Isabelle Fiasse (print version) and Marc Debusschere, Lucie Peterkova and Dominique Verdon (Statistics explained, onlineversion)

Eurostat, Unit B.6, Dissemination

Contact details

Eurostat

Btiment Joseph Bech

5, rue Alphonse Weicker

2721 Luxembourg

LUXEMBOURG

E-mail: [email protected]

For more inormation please consult

Internet: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

Data extracted

Most data were extracted on 15 February 2012; some data relating to structural business statistics (Chapter 6) were extractedat the end o February 2012; some data relating to regional GDP were extracted in the middle o March 2012 and have been

included in three dierent areas, namely, or the economy (Chapter 1), agriculture (Chapter 9) and science, technology andinnovation (Chapter 11).
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostathttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

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AcknowledgementsTe editor-in-chie and the editor o the Eurostat regional yearbook 2012 would like to thank all o their colleagues who con-

tributed to this publication and, in particular, to those who were involved closely in the editorial work to establish the contentor each specic chapter:

Economy: Andreas Krger (Eurostat, Unit C.2, National and regional accounts production)

Population: Veronica Corsini, Giampaolo Lanzieri, Monica Marcu and Gabriela Senchea Badea (Eurostat, Unit F.2,Population)

Health: Hartmut Buchow, Elodie Cayotte, Monica Pace and Jean-Marc Schaeer (Eurostat, Unit F.5, Education, health andsocial protection)

Education: Sorin-Florin Gheorghiu, Dominique Groenez, Sylvain Jouhette, Lene Mejer and Paolo urchetti (Eurostat,Unit F.5, Education, health and social protection)

Labourmarket: Lourdes Prado and Daniela Scirankova (Eurostat, Unit E.4, Regional statistics and geographicalinormation)

Structuralbusinessstatistics: Aleksandra Stawiska (Eurostat, Unit G.2, Competitiveness o European businesses)

Tourism: Christophe Demunter and Sylvie Villaume (Eurostat, Unit G.3, Short-term statistics; tourism)

Informationsociety: Albrecht Wirthmann and Anna L (Eurostat, Unit G.6, Innovation and inormation society)

Agriculture: Fausto Cardoso, Catherine Coyette, Ruben Garcia Nuevo, Annemiek Kremer, Pol Marquer, Iulia Paula Popand Sorina Carmen Vju (Eurostat, Unit E.1, Agriculture and sheries)

Transport: Jos Lange and Ruxandra Roman Enescu (Eurostat, Unit E.6, ransport)

Science,technologyandinnovation: Ilcho Bechev, Daniela Silvia Crintea, Bernard Flix, Angeles Hermosa-Lopez, VeijoRitola and Reni Petkova (Eurostat, Unit G.6, Innovation and inormation society)

FocusonEuropeancities: eodora Brandmller and Kristina Dourmaskin (Eurostat, Unit E.4, Regional statistics and

geographical inormation) Focusoncoastalregions: Isabelle Collet (Eurostat, Unit E.4, Regional statistics and geographical inormation)

Focusonterritorialtypologies: Lewis Dijkstra and Hugo Poelman (Directorate-General or Regional Policy, Unit C.3,Economic and quantitative analysis; additionality) and Isabelle Collet (Eurostat, Unit E.4, Regional statistics and geo-graphical inormation)

We are also grateul to:

the Directorate-GeneralforTranslationoftheEuropeanCommission, particularly the German and French transla-tion units;

the Publications Oce of the European Union, and in particular Artur Lemos Rodrigues in Unit B.1, Cross-

media publishing.

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ContentsForeword ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................................................ 5

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 11

EU statistics on regions and cities ................................................................................................................................ 12The NUTS classication............................................................................................................................................................................... 12The use o NUTS in this publication ....................................................................................................................................................... 12Coverage and timeliness............................................................................................................................................................................ 13More inormation about regional statistics......................................................................................................................................... 13More inormation about statistics on cities......................................................................................................................................... 14Eurostat online data codes........................................................................................................................................................................ 14

Statistics eplained....................................................................................................................................................................................... 14EU policies......................................................................................................................................................................... 14Europe 2020 strateg .................................................................................................................................................................................. 14Regional policies ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 15Urban policies ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15

1 ECONOMy .................................................................................................................................................................. 17

Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 18Regional GDP per inhabitant.................................................................................................................................................................... 18A more detailed regional analsis........................................................................................................................................................... 19Major regional diferences within countries ....................................................................................................................................... 19Convergence .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23Overall increase in convergence within the EU ................................................................................................................................. 25Private household income: 2008 results .............................................................................................................................................. 25

Data sources and availabilit ........................................................................................................................................ 26Comparisons between where people work and where the live................................................................................................ 28Purchasing power parities ......................................................................................................................................................................... 29Dispersion o regional GDP per inhabitant ......................................................................................................................................... 29Further inormation ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 29

Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 29

2 POPULATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 31Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 32

Population size and densit...................................................................................................................................................................... 32Population change....................................................................................................................................................................................... 32Decline in the ertilit rate ......................................................................................................................................................................... 38Lie epectanc gaps between men and women............................................................................................................................. 38Demographic ageing .................................................................................................................................................................................. 40

Data sources and availabilit ........................................................................................................................................ 41Further inormation ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 41

Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 41

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3 HEALTH ....................................................................................................................................................................... 45

Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 46Causes o death ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 46

Diseases o the circulator sstem.......................................................................................................................................................... 46Cancer (malignant neoplasms)................................................................................................................................................................ 48Diseases o the respirator sstem ......................................................................................................................................................... 48Hospital beds.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 51Healthcare proessionals............................................................................................................................................................................ 53

Data sources and availabilit ........................................................................................................................................ 53Causes o death ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 53Healthcare ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53Further inormation ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 55

Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 55

4 EDUCATION ............................................................................................................................................................... 57

Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 58Participation o 4-ear-olds in education............................................................................................................................................. 58Students aged 17 in education................................................................................................................................................................ 58Earl leavers rom education and training........................................................................................................................................... 58Students in tertiar education ................................................................................................................................................................. 61Tertiar educational attainment.............................................................................................................................................................. 61


Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 67Diversit o national education sstems .............................................................................................................................................. 67Education and training 2020 .................................................................................................................................................................... 67

5 LABOUR MARKET .................................................................................................................................................... 69

Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 70Emploment rates ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 70Emploment rates or men and women............................................................................................................................................... 72Emploment rates or older workers ..................................................................................................................................................... 74Unemploment rates................................................................................................................................................................................... 74Changes in unemploment rates............................................................................................................................................................ 78

Long-term unemploment ....................................................................................................................................................................... 78youth unemploment................................................................................................................................................................................. 78


Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 83

6 STRUCTURAL BUSINESS STATISTICS ............................................................................................................... 85

Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 86Industrial and services specialisation .................................................................................................................................................... 86Detailed specialisation within the non-nancial business econom......................................................................................... 89

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Range o specialisation............................................................................................................................................................................... 92Business concentration............................................................................................................................................................................... 93

Data sources and availabilit ........................................................................................................................................ 96

Further inormation ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 96Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 96

7 TOURISM .................................................................................................................................................................... 97

Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 98Number o overnight stas........................................................................................................................................................................ 98Recent trends in tourism............................................................................................................................................................................ 98Camping........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 100Share o inbound tourism.......................................................................................................................................................................... 104Top 20 tourist regions in the EU-27 visited b oreign tourists .................................................................................................... 104Most popular regions ..................................................................................................................................................................................

104Tourism intensit........................................................................................................................................................................................... 106Average length o sta ................................................................................................................................................................................ 109Accommodation capacit.......................................................................................................................................................................... 109


Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 112Tourism polic................................................................................................................................................................................................ 113

8 INFORMATION SOCIETy....................................................................................................................................... 115

Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 116Access to inormation and communication technologies............................................................................................................. 116Regular use o the Internet........................................................................................................................................................................ 119E-commerce b individuals....................................................................................................................................................................... 119


Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 123

9 AGRICULTURE........................................................................................................................................................... 125

Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 126Economic signicance o agriculture .................................................................................................................................................... 126

Agricultural labour productivit.............................................................................................................................................................. 126Livestock densit........................................................................................................................................................................................... 129Cows and cows milk production............................................................................................................................................................. 129Cereals............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 132Potatoes............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 132Vineards ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 135


Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 138

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10 TRANSPORT ............................................................................................................................................................ 139

Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 140Motorwa networks..................................................................................................................................................................................... 140

Stock o passenger cars, buses and coaches....................................................................................................................................... 140Stock o road reight vehicles ................................................................................................................................................................... 145Air transport.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 146


Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 150

11 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGy AND INNOVATION .............................................................................................. 151

Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 152Research and development intensit.................................................................................................................................................... 152

Researchers..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 152Human resources in science and technolog..................................................................................................................................... 155Emploment in high-tech sectors .......................................................................................................................................................... 155Patents .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 157


Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 158

12 FOCUS ON EUROPEAN CITIES ......................................................................................................................... 163

Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 164Cities and urban areas................................................................................................................................................................................. 164Old-age dependenc................................................................................................................................................................................... 164Students in tertiar education ................................................................................................................................................................. 166The labour market: perception o job hunting .................................................................................................................................. 170The labour market: unemploment....................................................................................................................................................... 170Perception o nancial diculties .......................................................................................................................................................... 173Air pollution ozone................................................................................................................................................................................. 173


Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 176Urban development uture cohesion polic................................................................................................................................. 176

13 FOCUS ON COASTAL REGIONS ....................................................................................................................... 177

Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 178EU coastal regions and their maritime basins .................................................................................................................................... 178Maritime reight transport......................................................................................................................................................................... 178Maritime passenger transport ................................................................................................................................................................. 181Cruise passengers......................................................................................................................................................................................... 185Tourism in coastal regions ......................................................................................................................................................................... 186

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Data sources and availabilit ........................................................................................................................................ 187Coastal regions .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 187Maritime transport ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 187

Tourism............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 187Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 187

Maritime and coastal policies................................................................................................................................................................... 192Maritime transport and ports................................................................................................................................................................... 192Coastal tourism.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 192

14 FOCUS ON TERRITORIAL TyPOLOGIES ........................................................................................................ 193

Tpologies......................................................................................................................................................................... 194Cluster tpes................................................................................................................................................................................................... 194Contiguous cells and lling gaps in the cluster tpolog.............................................................................................................. 194

Degree o urbanisation tpolog or LAU level 2 areas an area tpolog.......................................................................... 194Urbanrural tpolog or NUTS level 3 regions a regional tpolog ................................................................................... 198Summar table: names and alternative names ................................................................................................................................. 198

Main statistical ndings ................................................................................................................................................. 198Share o population b tpe o territor............................................................................................................................................... 198Share o land area b tpe o territor .................................................................................................................................................. 198


Contet.............................................................................................................................................................................. 201

ANNEx 1 Classication o territorial units or statistics...................................................................................... 203European Union: NUTS level 2 regions ................................................................................................................................................. 203EFTA countries: statistical regions at level 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 206Candidate countries: statistical regions at level 2 ............................................................................................................................ 207

ANNEx 2 Cities participating in the Urban Audit data collection ................................................................... 208European Union: Urban Audit cities ...................................................................................................................................................... 208EFTA countries: Urban Audit cities.......................................................................................................................................................... 212Candidate countries: Urban Audit cities............................................................................................................................................... 213

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Introduction

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Introduction

EU statistics on regionsand citiesEurostat, the statistical oce o the European Union (EU),is responsible or collecting and disseminating national andregional data, primarily or the 27 Member States o the EU,but also or the EFA and candidate countries. Te aim othis publication, the Eurostat regional yearbook 2012, is togive a avour o the statistics that Eurostat collects on re-gions and cities and to present the most recent gures oreach statistical subject.

Te Member States within the EU are oen compared witheach other, but in reality it is very dicult to compare a smallMember State like Malta, which has around 400 000 inhabit-ants, or Luxembourg, which has around 500 000 inhabitants,with Germany, the Member State which has the largest popu-lation in the EU at more than 80 million inhabitants. Com-paring regional data that are as detailed as possible is oenmore meaningul and it also highlights the disparities orsimilarities within the Member States themselves.

The NUTS classication

At the heart o regional statistics is the NUS classication(the classication o territorial units or statistics). Tis is aregional classication or the 27 Member States o the EUproviding a harmonised hierarchy o regions on three geo-

graphical levels. Te NUS classication subdivides the na-tional level o each Member State into regions at three di-erent levels, NUS levels 1, 2 and 3, rom larger to smallerareas. I available, administrative structures are used or thedierent NUS levels. In Member States where there is noadministrative layer or a particular level, articial regionsare created by aggregating smaller administrative regions.

Te NUS regulation (Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 othe European Parliament and o the Council) was adoptedin May 2003 and entered into orce in July 2003; it has sincebeen amended twice and also supplemented twice with in-ormation pertaining to new Member States (10 extra Mem-

ber States in 2004 and two extra Member States in 2008). Tesecond regular amendment (EU No 31/2011) was adoptedin January 2011 and entered into orce rom 1 January 2012(note, however, that the data presented in this publicationare not based on this amendment given that most o theinormation that is published reers to the reerence years2009 and 2010).

Below are the principles or determining the NUS regionsin the Member States.

Principle1:the NUS regulation denes the ollowing mini-mum and maximum population thresholds or the size o theNUS regions.

LevelMinimum

populationMaximum

population

NUTS level 1 3 million 7 million

NUTS level 2 800 000 3 million

NUTS level 3 150 000 800 000

Principle 2:NUS avours administrative divisions (nor-mative criterion). For practical reasons the NUS classica-tion is based on the administrative divisions applied in theMember States. Tat generally comprises two main regionallevels; the additional third level is created by aggregatingadministrative units.

Principle3:NUS avours general geographical units. Gen-eral geographical units are normally more suitable or anygiven indicator than geographical units specic to certainelds o activity.

Dierent regions have also been dened and agreed with theEFA and candidate countries; these regions are called statis-tical regions and ollow exactly the same rules as the NUSregions in the EU, except that there is no legal base.

It should be noted that some Member States have a relativelysmall population and are thereore not divided into morethan one NUS level 2 region. Tus, or these Member States,data presented or NUS level 2 regions are identical to na-tional data. Following the revision o the NUS classicationin 2006, this applies to six Member States: Estonia, Cyprus,Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg and Malta. It also appliesto the statistical regions at level 2 in the EFA countries o

Iceland and Liechtenstein and in the candidate countries oMontenegro and the ormer Yugoslav Republic o Macedo-nia (1). In each o these cases, the whole country consists oone single level 2 NUS region or statistical region.

For more inormation about regional data collection andthe NUS classication, please reer to: http://epp.euro-stat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introduction.

The use o NUTS in this publication

Most statistics in this publication are based on NUS level

2 regions, but some maps are based on NUS level 3 regions(the most detailed NUS level) and these are generally in-cluded when data at this level o detail are available. Tereare also a ew maps where use is made o NUS level 1 re-gions. Furthermore, there may be specic cases (on a map bymap basis), where particular regions are presented using adierent NUS level these changes are documented in theootnotes under each map and are generally made in order toimprove the coverage o each map.

(1) The name o the ormer Yugoslav Republic o Macedonia is shown in tables in thispublication as FYR o Macedonia. This does not prejudge in any way the denitivenomenclature or this country, which is to be agreed ollowing the conclusion o negoti-ations currently taking place on this subject at the United Nations.
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Glossary:European_Union_(EU)http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introductionhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introductionhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introductionhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introductionhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introductionhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introductionhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Glossary:European_Union_(EU)

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IntroductionIntroduction

One diculty with regional statistics is that the volumeo data inevitably gets very large (there are as many as1 303 NUS level 3 regions or the EU-27) and there has to besome kind o selection or sorting principle to make the data

comprehensible. Statistical maps are an excellent means opresenting large amounts o statistical data in a user-riendlyway. Tat is why this years Eurostat regional yearbook, likeprevious editions, contains many thematic maps in whichthe data are categorised into dierent statistical classes repre-sented by colour shades on a map (choropleth maps). Somechapters also make use o gures and tables to present thedata, selected and sorted according to principles designed tomake the results more accessible.

A olding map inside the back cover accompanies this pub-lication. It shows all NUS level 2 regions in the 27 Mem-ber States o the EU and the corresponding level 2 statistical

regions in the EFA and candidate countries; it also has aull list o codes and names o these regions. Te map is in-tended to help readers to locate the name and NUS code oa specic region on the other statistical maps in the publi-cation. More inormation about the NUS classication canbe ound at http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introduction.

Coverage and timeliness

Te Eurostat regional yearbook 2012 contains statistics on the27 Member States o the EU and, where available, data are

also shown or the EFA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein,Norway and Switzerland) and the candidate countries (Mon-tenegro, Croatia, the ormer Yugoslav Republic o Macedonia

and urkey); since 1 March 2012 Serbia has also been a can-didate country (but was not at the time o compiling this edi-tion o the publication). Since 27 July 2010, Iceland has beenboth an EFA country and a candidate country and in this

publication is grouped together with the other EFA coun-tries. Te names (not the demarcated areas) o the level 2 sta-tistical regions in urkey were changed in early 2012; thesenames are included in the annex at the end o this publica-tion and within the analyses presented.

Please note that the latest available reerence year is not iden-tical across the publication; each section aims to show thelatest data available. In the light o the recent nancial andeconomic crisis, which had severe implications or some othe subjects covered, it is important to keep in mind the reer-ence year with respect to overall economic and social events.Te ollowing table gives an overview o the latest available

reerence year that is generally presented or each chapter.Eurostat may have more recent data than the inormationthat is shown in this publication. Data can be ound directlyon Eurostats website: the online data codes below all maps,tables and gures in the publication help to locate each datasource (see below or more inormation pertaining to Euro-stat online data codes).

More inormation about regionalstatistics

Regional statistics are ound on Eurostats website under theheading Regions and cities which is a subset o the domainor General and regional statistics. Databases with more

Chapter number Subject Latest available reerence year

1 Economy2009 or GDP2008 or income

2 Population 2010

3 Health2008 or causes o death2009 or healthcare

4 Education 2010

5 Labour market 20106 Structural business statistics 2009

7 Tourism 2010

8 Inormation society 2010

9 Agriculture2007 and 2009 or economic accounts2010 or livestock, arable arming and vineyards

10 Transport 2009

11 Science, technology and innovation2009 or R & D2010 or human resources2008 or patents

12 Focus on European cities2008 or the Urban Audit2009 or perception surveys

13 Focus on coastal regions 201014 Focus on territorial typologies Not relevant
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introductionhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introductionhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introductionhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/nuts_nomenclature/introduction

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Introduction

dimensions and longer time series than those presented inthis publication are available.

It is also possible to download a set o Excel les that contain

the specic data used to produce the maps and other illus-trations or each chapter in this publication. Tese are alsoavailable on Eurostats website rom the product page or theEurostat regional yearbook.

More inormation about statistics oncities

Eurostats statistics on cities, based on the Urban Audit datacollection, provide a dierent ocus to complement regionalstatistics. Te main goal o the Urban Audit data collection is

to provide inormation to assess the quality o lie in Euro-pean towns and cities. Eurostat collects and publishes dataon several hundred indicators relating to the quality o ur-ban lie and living standards, including data on: demography,housing, health, crime, the labour market, economic activ-ity, income disparity, local administration, civic involvement,educational qualications, cultural inrastructure and tourism.

More inormation about Eurostats statistics on cities is pro-vided in Chapter 12, which is dedicated to this subject. Formore inormation about the Urban Audit data collection ingeneral, please reer to: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region_cities/city_urban.

Eurostat online data codes

Under each table, gure or map in all Eurostat publicationsyou will nd hyperlinks with Eurostat online data codes,allowing easy access to the most recent data on Eurostatswebsite. Te online data code leads to either a two- or three-dimensional table in the GM (table, graph, map) interaceor to an open dataset which generally contains more dimen-sions and longer time series using the Data Explorer inter-ace (2). In the Eurostat regional yearbook, these online datacodes are given as part o the source below each table, gure

and map.

In the PDF version o this publication, the reader is led dir-ectly to the reshest data when clicking on the hyperlinks orEurostat online data codes. Readers o the printed versioncan access the reshest data by typing a standardised hyper-link into a web browser, or example:

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=&mode=view, where is to be replaced bythe online data code in question.

(2) There are two types o online data codes: (1) tables (accessed using the TGM interace)with eight-character codes, which consist o three or ve letters the rst o which is t

ollowed by ve or three digits, or example tps00001 andtsdph220; and (2) databases(accessed using the Data Explorer interace) which have codes that use anunderscore _ within the syntax o the code, or example nama_gdp_c.

Statistics eplained

All the chapters in the Eurostat regional yearbook have, orthe past couple o years, also been included as articles in Stat-

istics explained, Eurostats user-riendly guide to Europeanstatistics, which you will nd on Eurostats website. Statisticsexplained is a wiki-based system, with an approach some-what similar to Wikipedia, which presents statistical topicsin an easy-to-understand way. ogether, the articles make upan encyclopaedia o European statistics, which is completedby a statistical glossary clariying the terms used. In addition,numerous links are provided to the latest data and metadata,as well as urther inormation, making Statistics explained aportal or regular and occasional users alike.

In March 2012, Statistics explained contained more than400 statistical articles and more than 1 300 glossary items,

and its content is regularly expanded, while ongoing eortsare being made to increase its user riendliness (or example,extending the portal to cover additional languages). Statisticsexplained is used as a tool to publish new content or theEurostat regional yearbook as each chapter is nalised. Tismeans that the latest text on each topic will be available inStatistics explained earlier than in the printed version and,in this way, the most recent results will be made available tousers without the inevitable delays that are part and parcelo the process o producing printed publications. Since the2011 edition, the German and French versions o the publi-cation are only available in Statistics explained, rather than as

printed publications. Statistics explained can be accessed viaa link on the right-hand side o Eurostats website or directlyat http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained.

EU policies

Europe 2020 strateg

Te Europe 2020 strategy, designed as the successor to theLisbon strategy, was adopted by the European Council on

17 June 2010. It is the EUs common agenda or the next dec-ade and places an emphasis on the need or a new growthpact that can lead to a smart, sustainable and inclusive econ-omy, a path that can overcome the structural weaknesses inEuropes economy, improve its competitiveness and produc-tivity and underpin a sustainable social market economy.

Te key areas o the strategy are limited to ve headline tar-gets or the EU as a whole, which are being translated intonational targets or each EU Member State, reecting thespecic situation o each economy. Te aim is to reach a seto objectives on employment, innovation, education, socialinclusion and climate/energy by the year 2020. Eurostat

provides statistical support or measuring the progress be-ing made towards these strategic objectives. Te European
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region_cities/city_urbanhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region_cities/city_urbanhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00001&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdph220&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdph220&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdph220&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_gdp_c&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_gdp_c&mode=viewhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explainedhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explainedhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=nama_gdp_c&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tsdph220&mode=viewhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=tps00001&mode=viewhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region_cities/city_urbanhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region_cities/city_urban

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IntroductionIntroduction

Commission adopted seven agship initiatives in addition tothe headline targets, in order to drive progress towards theEurope 2020 goals. Te Europe 2020 targets and initiativesare mentioned explicitly in many o the chapters o this pub-

lication. More inormation about the strategy is available athttp://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm.

Data or the Europe 2020 headline indicators are available onEurostats website at http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/europe_2020_indicators/headline_indicators.

Achieving the Europe 2020 goals will require active involve-ment across all regions o the EU: the Committee o the Re-gions has set up a monitoring platorm to help mobilise andinvolve regional and local authorities. Tis aims to acilitatethe exchange o inormation and good practices betweenlocal and regional policymakers, and to help the EU and its

Member States address challenges and obstacles, mainly bymeans o monitoring exercises at the territorial levels.

Regional policies

EU regional policy is designed to urther economic, socialand territorial cohesion, by reducing the gap in develop-ment between regions and among Member States o the EU.Regional policy helps nance specic projects or regionsand towns, supporting job creation, competitiveness, eco-nomic growth, improved quality o lie and sustainable de-velopment; as such, it is in line with the priorities set by the

Europe 2020 strategy (see above). During the current pro-gramming period which covers 2007 to 2013, economic andsocial cohesion policy across the regions will benet romEUR 347 410 million. Te three main objectives are:

convergence, under which the poorest Member States andregions (gross domestic product (GDP) per inhabitant lessthan 75 % o the EU average) are eligible, accounting oraround 82 % o the unds or 2007 to 2013;

regional competitiveness and employment, accounting oraround 16 % o the unds; all regions which are not coveredby the convergence objective or transitional assistance areeligible or unding;

European territorial cooperation, accounting or around2.5 % o the unds available.

Regional statistics are employed or a range o policy-relatedpurposes, including the allocation o structural unds. NUSis used as an objective base to demarcate regional boundariesand determine geographic eligibility or unds, including:

the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), whichoperates in all Member States and co-nances physical in-vestments and, to a limited extent, training; the und canintervene in the three objectives o regional policy;

the European Social Fund (ESF), which aims to make theEUs workorce and companies better equipped to ace

global challenges through the promotion o better skillsand job prospects;

the Cohesion Fund, which co-nances mainly transport

and environmental projects.Te ERDF supports regions covered by all three objectives.In relation to convergence, it ocuses intervention on mod-ernising and diversiying economic structures, as well assaeguarding or creating sustainable jobs. As regards regionalcompetitiveness and employment, its priorities relate to in-novation and the knowledge-based economy, environmentand risk prevention, and access to transport and telecom-munications services o general economic interest. Finally, interms o its contribution to European territorial cooperation,the ERDF aims to develop economic and social cross-borderactivities, the establishment and development o transnation-

al cooperation, and to increase the eciency o regionalpolicy through interregional promotion and cooperation, aswell as the networking and exchange o experiences betweenregional and local authorities.

Te ESF aims to improve employment and job opportun-ities through interventions that are made within the rame-work o convergence and regional competitiveness and em-ployment objectives. Te ESF supports actions in six elds:improving human capital; improving access to employmentand sustainability; increasing the adaptability o workers andenterprises (lielong learning, designing and spreading in-novative working organisations); reinorcing social inclusion

by combating discrimination and acilitating access to labourmarkets among disadvantaged people; strengthening institu-tional capacity at national, regional and local levels; and pro-moting partnership or reorm in the elds o employmentand inclusion.

Te Cohesion Fund supports actions within the rameworko the convergence objective; it nances activities includingtrans-European transport network and environmental pro-jects, as well as energy or transport projects, as long as thesedemonstrate environmental benets (such as energy e-ciency, the use o renewable energy, developing rail transportsystems or improving public transport); this und concerns

Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Cyprus, Lat-via, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovenia and Slovakia; while Spain is eligible or a phase-out und.

Urban policies

One particular ocus o economic and social cohesion policyhas been urban development. Europes cities are centres oeconomic activity, attracting innovation and employment.Upwards o 70 % o the EUs population live in urbanareas. In addition, a considerable proportion ace problems

such as crime, poverty, unemployment, housing, trac orenvironmental pressures.
http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htmhttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/europe_2020_indicators/headline_indicatorshttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/europe_2020_indicators/headline_indicatorshttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/europe_2020_indicators/headline_indicatorshttp://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/europe_2020_indicators/headline_indicatorshttp://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm

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Economy1

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a key measure o eco-nomic development and growth: the rst part o this chap-ter presents a regional analysis o this indicator, based uponthe level o GDP per inhabitant, as well as how this meas-

ure has changed in recent years. Economic accounts provideimportant inormation that may be used to make a regionalanalysis o the economy. Tese statistics (which are onlyavailable in current price terms) are also used or the allo-cation o expenditure under the European Unions (EUs)cohesion policy (see Regional policies within the introduc-tory chapter). Every region in the EU is covered by cohesionpolicy: however, most structural unds are directed to NUSlevel 2 regions whose GDP per inhabitant is less than 75 % othe EU-27 average (on the basis o a 3-year average).

Te second part o this chapter looks at regional householdincomes (also only available in current price terms). Tis

provides inormation in relation to primary income (or ex-ample, income rom work) as well as disposable income thatresults rom redistribution (taxes, social benets and othertransers) by the state. Note that the data on regional house-hold incomes reer to 2008, whereas the analysis o GDP isocused on 2009.

Main statistical ndingsGDP and household incomes are initially calculated in na-

tional currencies, and then converted by purchasing powerparities (PPPs) which take account o dierent price levelsbetween Member States, allowing or a more accurate com-parison. For GDP a general parity is used, whereas or house-hold income a specic purchasing power parity or nalconsumption expenditure is used.

By using PPPs (rather than market exchange rates) these in-dicators are converted into an articial common currencycalled a purchasing power standard (PPS), or in the case ohousehold income a purchasing power consumption stand-ard (PPCS). Te use o PPSs and PPCSs makes it possibleto compare purchasing power across the regions o MemberStates that use dierent currencies and where price levels aredierent. For more inormation about the use o PPPs pleasereer to the data sources and availability section below.

Regional GDP per inhabitant

Map1.1 shows GDP per inhabitant in each NUS level 2 re-gion as a percentage o the EU-27 average, which in abso-lute terms was 23 500 PPS in 2009, down rom 25 000 PPS in2008. Among the NUS level 2 regions in the EU, GDP perinhabitant ranged rom 6 400 PPS (27 % o the EU-27 aver-age) in Severozapaden in Bulgaria to 78 000 PPS (332 % othe EU-27 average) in the capital city region o Inner Lon-

don in the United Kingdom; between the two ends o the

distribution there was a actor o 12.2 to 1. Luxembourg(266 % o the EU-27 average), the Belgian capital city region(223 %) and the German region o Hamburg (188 %) occu-pied positions two to our in terms o a ranking o regions

with the highest GDP per inhabitant, ollowed by the Slo-vakian, French and Czech capital city regions with 178 %,177 % and 175 % o the EU-27 average respectively. Many othe regions with high GDP per inhabitant were capital cityregions or neighbouring regions this was the case in Bel-gium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, France,Luxembourg (which is just one region), the Netherlands,Austria, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.In addition, there were several regions with an average GDPper inhabitant more than 25 % above the EU-27 average: insouthern Germany, around major cities in western Germany,northern Spain and Italy, western Austria, several regions o

the Netherlands, and the Belgian region around Antwerpen,the island region o land (Finland) and North Eastern Scot-land (United Kingdom). As such, the Slovakian and Czechcapital city regions o Praha and Bratislavsk kraj were theonly regions rom the Member States that joined the EU in2004 or 2007 among the 39 regions where the average GDPper inhabitant was more than 25 % above the EU-27 average.Te next most prosperous region (by this measure) in theMember States that joined the EU in 2004 or 2007 was a longway behind, namely Bucureti - Ilov in Romania at 111 %o the EU-27 average. Te Slovenian region o ZahodnaSlovenija and the Hungarian region o Kzp-Magyarorszgwere the only other regions in the Member States that joined

the EU in 2004 or 2007 that had an average GDP per inhabit-ant (in PPS) that was above the EU-27 average.

Overall, there were 68 regions with an average GDP per in-habitant that was 25 % or more below the EU-27 average. A to-tal o 20 regions were concentrated in six o the EU-15 Mem-ber States: Italy (ve southern regions), France (our overseasregions), Greece and Portugal (our regions each), the UnitedKingdom (two regions) and Spain (the region o Extrema-dura). Te remaining 48 regions were in Member States thatjoined the EU in 2004 or 2007: all o these 12 Member Stateshad at least one region below this level except or Cyprus andMalta. Among these regions there were 22 regions where

the average GDP per inhabitant was at most hal the EU-27average, and these regions were ound in Bulgaria, Hungary,Poland, Romania and Slovakia. Around 38.5 million peoplelived in the 22 regions whose GDP per inhabitant in PPS was50 % o the EU-27 average or less, equivalent to 7.7 % o theEU-27 population.

Generally low average GDP per inhabitant was also recordedin the ormer Yugoslav Republic o Macedonia and Croatia,although the region o Sjeverozapadna Hrvatska (the capitalcity region o Croatia) recorded a level equivalent to 78 % othe EU-27 average.

able 1.1 presents an analysis o the proportion o the popu-

lation in 2009 living in regions that had a GDP per inhabitant
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Glossary:European_Union_(EU)http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Glossary:European_Union_(EU)

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1EconomyEconomy

(in PPS) below 75 % o the EU-27 average and the proportionabove 125 % o the average. In 2009 the proportion o thepopulation living in regions where the GDP per inhabitantwas less than 75 % o the EU-27 average was 23.3 %, while

the proportion living in regions where this value was greaterthan 125 % o the EU-27 average was 19.0 %; the proportiono the population in the mid-range (GDP per inhabitant be-tween 75 % and 125 %) was 57.7 %. Te three Baltic MemberStates, each with just one NUS level 2 region, had all o theirpopulation living in regions with an average GDP per inhab-itant below 75 % o the EU-27 average; this was also the casein the ormer Yugoslav Republic o Macedonia (also just oneregion). In Romania, Slovakia, Poland, the Czech Republic,Bulgaria, Hungary, Portugal and Slovenia, more than hal othe population lived in regions with an average GDP per in-habitant lower than 75 % o the EU-27 average; this was also

the case in Croatia.In contrast, in Luxembourg (one NUS level 2 region) theentire population lived in a region with an average GDPper inhabitant o more than 125 % o the EU-27 average; inIreland, the Netherlands and Finland, more than hal o thepopulation lived in such regions. On the two island MemberStates o Cyprus and Malta (each just one NUS level 2 re-gion) the entire population lived in regions with a mid-rangeaverage GDP per inhabitant (between 75 % and 125 % o theEU-27 average), as did the majority o the population in theUnited Kingdom (86.8 %), France (78.8 %), Sweden (78.5 %),Greece (78.3 %), Spain (77.9 %), Germany (70.5 %), Denmark(69.7 %), Belgium (64.0 %) and Austria (60.6 %).

A more detailed regional analsis

While Map 1.1 is ocused on NUS level 2 regions, whichare particularly important in terms o dening eligibility orstructural unds, Map 1.2 provides a more detailed analysis oregional economies, based on NUS level 3 regions. Under-standably the overall analysis is similar to that or the NUSlevel 2 regions, although there are a number o NUS level3 regions that are atypical or the higher level (NUS level 2)regions to which they belong. Tis phenomenon may oenresult rom commuting inows into central NUS level 3 re-

gions rom surrounding areas, resulting in a concentrationo economic activity in the most built-up areas. For example,in the Bulgarian capital NUS level 2 region o Yugozapadenthe average GDP per inhabitant (in PPS terms) was 75 % othe EU-27 average, but at the more detailed NUS level 3,the region Soa (stolitsa) recorded a value o 104.3 % or thisindicator while the remaining our NUS level 3 regions hadvalues below 50 %. A similar situation occurred in the Polishcapital city NUS level 2 region o Mazowieckie where theNUS level 3 regions o Ostrocko-siedlecki and Radomskirecorded an average GDP per inhabitant (in PPS) that wasless than hal the average or Mazowieckie, the latter being

pulled up by a relatively high level or the NUS level 3 re-gion o Miasto Warszawa.

Within the German region o Oberbayern (NUS level 2)there was a very large range in the values recorded or this in-dicator between the NUS level 3 regions: Frsteneldbruckrecorded an average GDP per inhabitant (in PPS) that was

79.6 % o the EU-27 average whereas Mnchen, Landkreisrecorded a ratio o 330.2 %. In a similar manner in Rhein-hessen-Palz (NUS level 2) the NUS level 3 region Sd-westpalz recorded an average GDP per inhabitant (in PPS)that was 52.3 % o the EU-27 average whereas Ludwigshaenam Rhein, Kreisreie Stadt recorded a value o 215.3 %. TeGerman NUS level 3 regions o Regensburg, Schweinurt,Wolsburg, Dsseldor and Koblenz (all Kreisreie Stdte) re-corded an average GDP per inhabitant that was more thandouble the average or the NUS level 2 regions o whichthey were part, namely Oberpalz, Unterranken, Braunsch-weig, Dsseldor and Koblenz respectively. In a similar vein,

the NUS level 3 region o Oost-Groningen in the Nether-lands recorded an average GDP per inhabitant (in PPS) thatwas 72.8 % o the EU-27 average, which was less than halthe level (170 %) recorded in Groningen (NUS level 2) asa whole.

Major regional diferences withincountries

Whereas Map 1.2 highlights a number o cases where therewere large dierences in GDP per inhabitant between NUSlevel 3 regions within the same NUS level 2 region; Fig-

ure 1.1 provides an analysis o the substantial regional dier-ences within countries. Note that Cyprus and Luxembourgconsist o only one region at the NUS level 3.

In 2009, the highest level o regional average GDP per inhab-itant was less than twice the lowest level in Denmark, Maltaand Sweden, whereas in the remaining countries shown inFigure 1.1 the dierence was greater, exceeding a actor o5 to 1 in Germany, France, Poland and Romania and reachinga actor o 10.5 to 1 in the United Kingdom.

In many Member States the capital city region (at the NUS level3) had the highest GDP per inhabitant (in PPS): this situationoccurred in Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark,

Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Por-tugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, Sweden and the United Kingdom (notethat there are two NUS level 3 regions that make up the capitalcity o the United Kingdom), as well as in Croatia and the ormerYugoslav Republic o Macedonia. As such, the capital city regionhad the highest average GDP per inhabitant in all o the MemberStates that joined the EU in 2004 or 2007 except or Romania,where the highest level was recorded in the region surroundingthe capital city region. A similar situation occurred in Francewhere the NUS level 3 region with the highest average GDPper inhabitant was a region neighbouring the capital city region.Germany was the only Member State where the capital city re-

gion at the NUS level 3 had an average GDP per inhabitant thatwas below the national average.

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Economy1

Map 1.1: Gross domestic product (GDP) per inhabitant, in purchasing power standard (PPS),b NUTS 2 regions, 2009(% o the EU-27 average, EU-27 = 100)

Source: Eurostat (online data code: nama_r_e2gdp)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?mode=view&code=nama_r_e2gdphttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?mode=view&code=nama_r_e2gdp

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1EconomyEconomy

Map 1.2: Gross domestic product (GDP) per inhabitant, in purchasing power standard (PPS),b NUTS 3 regions, 2009 (1)(% o the EU-27 average, EU-27 = 100)

(1) Spain, 2007 (except or Asturias (ES120), Cantabria (ES130), Navarra (ES220), La Rioja (ES230), Madrid (ES300), Murcia (ES620), Cueta (ES630) and Melilla (ES640)).Source: Eurostat (online data code: nama_r_e3gdp)

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Economy1

Table 1.1: Dispersion o GDP, b NUTS 2 regions, 2000 and 2009(%)

Dispersion o regionalGDP per inhabitant

Proportion o the resident population

living in NUTS 2 regions whereGDP per inhabitant is:

2000 2009< 75 % of the EU-27

average, 2009> 125 % of the EU-27

average, 2009

EU-27 32.3 27.2 23.3 19.0

Belgium 25.5 24.2 0.0 36.0

Bulgaria 18.1 39.6 72.1 0.0

Czech Republic 22.0 26.9 72.3 11.8

Denmark 15.5 15.2 0.0 30.3

German 17.6 16.1 0.0 29.5

Estonia - - 100.0 0.0Ireland 15.5 16.5 0.0 73.0

Greece 12.8 23.9 21.7 0.0

Spain 20.6 18.5 2.4 19.8

France 20.9 23.1 2.9 18.2

Ital 24.8 22.3 28.2 24.5

Cprus - - 0.0 0.0

Latvia - - 100.0 0.0

Lithuania - - 100.0 0.0

Luembourg - - 0.0 100.0

Hungar 32.5 39.8 70.7 0.0Malta - - 0.0 0.0

Netherlands 10.6 10.6 0.0 62.8

Austria 18.2 15.1 0.0 39.4

Poland 17.4 20.7 86.3 0.0

Portugal 22.5 23.6 64.7 0.0

Romania 25.1 30.4 89.5 0.0

Slovenia 16.7 18.7 53.1 0.0

Slovakia 26.8 33.2 88.6 11.4

Finland 17.4 15.6 0.0 50.4

Sweden 15.9 19.0 0.0 21.5

United Kingdom 21.7 24.9 3.9 9.3

Croatia : 19.3 62.2 0.0

FyR o Macedonia - - 100.0 0.0

Source: Eurostat (online data codes: nama_r_e0digdp, nama_r_e2gdp and demo_r_d3avg)
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?mode=view&code=nama_r_e0digdphttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?mode=view&code=nama_r_e2gdphttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?mode=view&code=demo_r_d3avghttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?mode=view&code=demo_r_d3avghttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?mode=view&code=nama_r_e2gdphttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?mode=view&code=nama_r_e0digdp

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1EconomyEconomy

Figure 1.1: Gross domestic product (GDP) per inhabitant, in purchasing power standard (PPS),b NUTS 3 regions, 2009 (1)(% of the EU-27 average, EU-27 = 100)

() The graph shows the range o the highest to lowest region or each country; the black vertical line is the average (mean); the green circular marker is the capital city region; the name othe region with the highest value is also included; Spain, 2007 (except or Asturias (ES120), Cantabria (ES130), Navarra (ES220), La R ioja (ES230), Madrid (ES300), Murcia (ES620), Cueta (ES630)and Melilla (ES640)); note t hat two NUTS 3 regions exist or the capital city o the United Kingdom (I nner London - West and Inner London - East).

Source: Eurostat (online data code: nama_r_e2gdp)

Convergence

Map 1.3 shows the extent to which GDP per inhabit-

ant changed between 2000 and 2009, compared with theEU-27 average (expressed in percentage points o theEU-27 average). It should be noted that the period studiedcovers several years in which the EU as a whole recordedrelatively strong growth ollowed by the beginnings o thenancial and economic crisis. Furthermore, as the analysisis based on a comparison with the EU average, a negativevalue or an individual region may still reect actual growth,albeit less than the EU-27 average where growth (in currentprices) o 23.0 % was recorded over this period. Te analy-sis compares the situation in 2 years and does not reect themovements o individual years between the beginning andthe end, but reects the overall result o these years com-bined. Tis overall result may reect periods when the rate

o change or GDP per inhabitant in a region was positive(expansion) combined with periods where there was a nega-tive rate o change (contraction).

Regions that expanded relatively ast, whose GDP per in-habitant increased by more than 10 percentage points com-pared with the EU-27 average, are shown in the darkest shadeo purple. By contrast, regions which experienced lower rates oexpansion or even contraction (those with a all o more than10 percentage points in GDP per inhabitant compared withthe EU-27 average) are shown in the lightest shade o purple.

Several capital city regions recorded large increases, particu-larly among the Member States that joined the EU in 2004 or2007. Te highest growth rates relative to the EU-27 aver-age were recorded in the capital city regions o Slovakia(+ 69 percentage points), Romania (+ 55), Bulgaria (+ 38)and the Czech Republic (+ 36), ollowed by the capital city

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Economy1

Map 1.3: Change o gross domestic product (GDP) per inhabitant, in purchasing power standard (PPS),b NUTS 2 regions, 200009 (1)(percentage points diference between 2009 and 2000; in relation to the EU-27 average)

(1) Italy, Hungary and Austria, data or 2000 relate to Eurostat estimates made or the purpose o this publication.Source: Eurostat (online data code: nama_r_e2gdp)

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1EconomyEconomy

regions o Greece (+ 29) and the United Kingdom (+ 28).Capital city regions also occupied the rst two positions atthe other end o the range, with the Belgian capital city re-gion (Rgion de Bruxelles-Capitale/Brussels Hoodstedelijk

Gewest) recording a all o 33 percentage points relative tothe EU-27 average, ollowed by the Austrian region o Wien( 25 percentage points).

Te map shows that this measure o economic perormancewas above the EU-27 average in the south-western and east-ern peripheral areas o the EU, particularly in the regions othe Baltic Member States, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slo-vakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Cyprus inthe east, and Spain in the west. Apart rom Spain and Greece,other EU-15 Member States that had one region with growtho more than 10 percentage points relative to the EU-27 aver-age included Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Fin-

land and the United Kingdom.In Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Sloveniaand Slovakia every region achieved growth in GDP per in-habitant (in PPS) between 2000 and 2009 that was above theEU-27 average growth rate; this was also the case in the Bal-tic Member States, Cyprus and Luxembourg, all o which arejust one region at the NUS level 2.

In contrast, every region in Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Austriaand Sweden recorded a lower increase in GDP per inhabitant(in PPS) than the EU-27 average growth rate, as was the caseor Malta (which is just one region). Tere were 53 regionswhere GDP per inhabitant ell back 10 percentage points ormore relative to the EU-27 average, and none o these werein Member States that joined the EU in 2004 or 2007. Teseregions were mainly in the United Kingdom (16 regions),France or Italy (11 regions each), while there were our suchregions in Sweden, three each in Belgium and Germanyand one each in Denmark, Greece, Spain, the Netherlandsand Austria.

Overall increase in convergence withinthe EU

Regional convergence o GDP per inhabitant (in PPS) can beassessed in various ways. Te simplest approach is to meas-ure the ratio between the highest and lowest values. By thismethod, among the EU-27 regions the gap closed rom a ac-tor o 17.1 in 2000 to 12.2 in 2009, mainly because o astergrowth in Bulgaria and Romania. However, this approachuses only the extreme values and does not take account othe vast majority o regions. A comprehensive evaluationo regional convergence is provide

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