kUJghz;baHfs; ahH?gjpg;ghsu; gf;fk;

thrfh;fSf;F tzf;fk;!

“mbikj;jdkhf ,Ug;gJ Mz;ltd; mUspaJ!cs;slq;fspy; xd;W vd ep&gpf;fpd;w Njhoh; rhfpj; vOjpa mbik my;yhtpd; Miz vDk; E}iy vq;fspd; Kjy; ntspaPlhff nfhz;Lte;Njhk;.

kUJghz;bah;fs; ahh;? vq;fspd; ,uz;lhtJ ntspAPL. jpdfud; n[a; ,af;fp ntspte;j kUjpUth; - njd;dpe;jpag; Gul;rp 1801 vd;fpw 43 epkpl Mtzg;glk; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs;> kjpg;Giufs; gy;NtW gj;jphpf;iffspy; ntspte;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd;. 1801 fhyf;fl;l Nghh; jhd; Kjy; Rje;jpu Nghh; vd;W gy Mjhuq;fSld; glk; mOj;jkhfr; nrhd;dJ. mNj Neuk; Gjpa fhw;wpy; Njhoh; Fkud;jh]pd;

vjph;kiwahd tpkh;rdKk; te;jJ.

,d;iwa kW fhydpahf;f R+o;epiyapy; xU Vfhjpgj;jpa vjph;g;Gg; Nghiu elj;jp rhjp> kjk;> ,dk; fle;j xw;WikAk; tPukpf;f Nghh;f;FzKk; ,d;W ekf;F Njit. ,e;j czh;it jUk; ce;J rf;jpahf 200 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;ghf tho;e;j kUjpUthpd; fhyfl;lk; cs;sijAk;> me;j kuig cah;j;jp gpbf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; cs;sijAk; czh;e;Njhk;. ,e;j Mtzg;glj;i j ikakhf nfhz;L vOjgl;Ls;s kjpg;Giufs;> nra;jpfs;> tpkh;rdq;fis njhFj;J xU E}yhff; nfhz;Ltu vz;zpNdhk;. ,e;j ntspaPL me;j mtrpaj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd Kaw;rpahfTk; vz;ZfpNwhk;.

kf;fspd; kPjhd mf;fiwNaL NghUf;F miw$tpa rpd;d kUJtpd; [k;GjPgg; gpufldj;ij Kjy; fl;Liuahfr; Nrh;j;Njhk;. 1966y; eh.thdkhkiy kUjpath; gw;wp vOjpatw;iw ,uz;lhtJ fl;Liuahf itj;Js;Nshk;. kWfhydpahf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhl Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Ffpd;w kf;fs; fiy ,yf;fpaf; fofj;jpd; gpuRuj;ij ,Wjpf; fl;Liuahf ,izj;Js;Nshk;.

,j;njhFg;gpw;fhd fl;Liufisj; je;Jjtpa kUjpUth; Mtzg;gl ,af;Feh; ez;gh; jpdfud; n[a;f;F ed;wpapidj; njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwhk;. jtpu kw;wth;fSf;Fj; jdpahf ed;wpapid njhptpj;jpUf;fpNwhk;.

ed;wp kPz;Lk; re;jpg;Nghk;.

NjhoikAld; gjpg;ghsh;> giwNahir gjpg;gfk;> rptfq;if khtl;lk;.

1. [k;Gj;tPgg; gpufldk; - rpd;dg;ghz;bau;

1. ,ij ahh; ghh;j;jhYk; ftdKld; gbf;fTk;2. [k;G (ehtye;) jPtpYk; [k;G jPgfw;gjpYk; thOfpw rfy

rhjpapdUf;Fk; ehLfSf;Fk; gpuhkzth;fSf;Fk; \j;jphpah;fSf;Fk; itrpah;fSf;Fk; R+j;jpuh;fSf;Fk; Kry;khd;fSf;Fk; ,e;j mwptpg;Gj; jug;gLfpwJ.

3. Nkd;ik jq;fpa ethg; Kfkjyp Kl;lhs; jdkhf INuhg;gpah;fSf;F ek;kpilNa ,lk;nfhLj;J tpjit Nghyhfptpl;lhu;. INuhg;gpah;fs; mtu;fsJ ek;gpf;iffSf;F khwhf mtw;iw Gwfzpj;J ,e;j ehl;il Vkhw;wpj; jkjhf;fp nfhz;lJld;> kf;fis eha;fshff; fUjp mjpfhuk; nrYj;jpfpd;wdh;. cq;fspilNa xw;Wikapy;iy. el;G ,y;iy. INuhg;gpahpd; Nghyp Ntlj;ij mwpahky; Kd;Nahridapd;wp cq;fs; muir mth;fspd; fhybapy; itj;jPh;fs;. ,e;j ,opgpwtpfshy; Msg;gLk; ,e;ehLfspd; kf;fs; Viofshdhh;fs;. mth;fspd; czT> nts;sk; (ePh;> Mfhuk;) jhd; vd;whapw;W. mth;fs; ,t;thW ,d;dYWtJ ntspg;gilahfj; njhpe;jhYk; mjd; fhuzq;fs; ,it vd;Dk; mwpT ,y;yhjth;fshAs;sdh;. ,g;gb Mapuk; Mz;Lfs; tho;tjpYk; ,i jg; Nghf;f rhtJ vt;tsNth NkyhdJ vd;gJ cWjp. mg;gbr; rhitj; jOTfpwtdpd; Gfo; #hpa re;jpuh; cs;sTk; thOk;> Nkd;ik jq;fpa ethg;gpw;F Mh;f;fhl;L RghTk; kw;Wk; tpraukzj; jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;Ff; fh;ehlfKk; jQ;rhT+Uk; Kjy; fl;lkhfTk; kw;wth;fSf;F kw;w rPikfs; mLj;jfl;lkhfTk; me;je;j ehl;LtsikfisAk; newpfisAk; kPwhky; jpUk;g mspf;fg;gLk;.

,dptUq;fhyhj;jpy; xt;nthUtUk; mtuth; guk;giu ghj;jpaijia milayhk; vdj; jpllkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. INuhg;gpah;fs; jk;gpiog;Gf;F kl;Lk; ethgpd; fPo; gzpGhpe;J> ,ilaPlw;w cz;ikahd kfpo;r;rp nfhs;syhk;. INuhg;gpah; Mjpf;fk; xope;JtpLkhjyhy; ,dp (INuhg;gpah;) jiyaPlw;w ethgpd; Ml;rpapy; fz;zPh; rpe;jhj ,d;gtho;T thoyhk;.

4. me;j (INuhg;gpa) ,opgpwtpfspd; ngah;$l ,y;yhjthW xopf;f Ntz;b. mq;fq;F ghisaq;fspYk; Ch;fspYk; cs;s xt;nthUtUk; cq;fSf;Fs; xd;Wgl;L> MAjNke;jpg; Gwg;gLkhW Ntz;lg;gLfpwJ. mg;NghJjhd; ViofSk; ,y;yhNjhUk; tpNkhrdk; ngWthh;fs;. vr;rpy; tho;f;ifia tpUk;Gk; eha;fisg; Nghy <dg;gpwtpfspd; thh;j;ijfSf;F mbgzpfpw vtNuDk; ,Ug;gpd; mth;fs; fWtWf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,e;j ,opgpwtpfs; (INuhg;gpah;) vt;tsT xd;Wgl;Lk; je;jpujd;ik nfhz;Lk; ,e;j ehlil mbikg; gLj;jptpl;lhh;fs;. vd;gij ehkidtUk; mwpNthk;. vdNt tay;fspNyh my;yJ NtW JiwfspNyh murpd; nghJ (rptpy;) mYtyfq;fspNyh> ,uhDtj;jpNyh vq;F Ntiy ghh;gtuhapDk; gpuhkzh;fs;> \j;jphPah;fs;> itrpah;fs;> #j;jpuh;fs; kw;Wk;

Kry;kd;fs;. MfpNahhpy; kPirAs;s vtUk;> ,e;j ,opgpwtpfspd; ,uhZt Nritapy; cs;s RNkjhh;fs;. [Nkjhh;fs;> ehaf;Ffs;> rpg;gha;fs; vtuhapUg;gpDk; MAjk; Ve;j njhpe;j vtUk; jq;fsJ Jzpr;riyf;fhl;l> ,Njh cq;fSf;F Kjy; tha;g;G te;J tpl;lJ. me;j tha;g;G vt;thW eilKiwgLj;jgl Ntz;Lnkd;W fPNo tpthpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

5. vq;nfy;yhk; me;j ,op gpwtpfisg; ghh;f;f Neh;fpwNjh mq;NfNa mth;fis mopj;njhopAq;fs;. NtWld; fisag;gLk; tiu mt;thW nray;gLq;fs;. ,e;j ,opgpwtpfsplk; gzpGhpNthh; vtUk;> (mth;fs; kl;Lk; cah;e;jth;fshff; fUjg;gl;L) nrhh;f;fj;i j mile;jtpl Nghtjpy;iy vd;gij ehdwpNtd;. ,jid fUj;J}d;Wq;fs;. epjhdkha; Nahrpq;fs;. ,tw;iwnay;yhk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;shjtdpd; kPir> vd; kiwtplj;J kapWf;F rkhdk;! mtd; cz;Zk; czT rj;njhope;J Ritaw;W Nghfl;Lk;. mtdJ kidtpAk; Foe;ijfSk; ,d;ndhUj;jDf;fhfl;Lk;. mit mt;tpopgpwtpfSf;Fg; gpwe;jitfshff; fUjg;gll;Lk;. vdNt INuhg;gpauhy; ,d;Dk; ,uj;jk; fyg;glkhfhky; ,Uf;Fk; midtUk; xd;Wgl KidtPh;! ,ijg;gbf;f Neh;fpw> ,jd; rhuhk;rj;ijf; Nfl;f Neh;fpw vtUk; ,jid ez;gh;fsf;F vOjp vt;tsT gfpuq;f gLj;j KbANkh mt;tsTf;F gfpuqfg;gLj;jp vOjp> xl;lr; nra;tPh;. mijg; ngWfpw ez;gh;fSk; mNj khjphp (mijg; gbnaLj;J) ntspaplr; nra;J gpurrhuk; nra;jplr; nra;tPh;! NkNy nrhd;dg;gb vOjTk; vOjpaij Rw;Wf;F tplTk;. kWf;fpwth;fs; fq;if fiuapy; fhuhk; gRitf; nfhy;fpw ghtj;jpw;Fk; eufj;jpw;Fg; Nghfpw NtW ghgq;fSf;Fk;> Md Fw;wq;fisr; nra;jth;fshf fUjgLthh;fs;. ,i j mDrupf;fhj Kry;khd;fs; gd;wpapd; ,uj;jj;ij Fbj;jtu;fshff; fUjg;gLthu;fs;.

,q;qdk;Nguurh;fspd; Copad; INuhg;gpa ,opgpwtpfis xUNghJk; kd;dpf;fhj kUJghz;bad;.

ngWNthh; :rPuq;fj;jpy; thOk; mh;r;rh;fs; Md;Nwhh;midj;Jg; nghJkf;fs;

kUJghz;bad; NkNy fz;lth;fspd; ghjq;fspy; tPo;e;J tpLf;Fk; Ntz;LNfhs; vd;dntd;why; muz;fisAk; kz;Nfhl;ilfisAk; Myaq;fisAk; njhOifaplq;fisAk; fl;bath;fs; ek;kd;dhh;fshapUf;f me;j kd;dh;fSk; kf;fSk; Vo;ik epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;sdNu> ,e;j ,opepiyia khw;w VjhtJ nra;a Ntz;lhkh? vt;tsT nghpa Mw;wy; kpf;fth;fs; ePq;fs; ,e;jg; gzpntd;wpl cq;fs; ey;yhjuit ey;Fq;fs;!.

jpUtuq;fk; muq;fehju; Nfhapy; kjpw;RtupYk;> ethgpd; jpUr;rpf; Nfhl;il ntspr;RtupYk; xl;lg;gl;bUe;j

gpufldk;

Reveneue Sundries 10 t h July 1801 vol 26 PP445- 455ed;wp: kP.kNdhfud;- kUJ ghz;ba kd;du;hs;- gf;fk; 519-521- md;dk;

gjpg;gfk;- Mf];l; 1994

2. kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; - eh.thdkhkiy

rptfq;ifapy; Mz;l nghpa kUJ mur tk;rj;jpdd; my;yd;> nts;isaiu vjph;j;J epd;w rptfq;if kd;dd; Kj;JtLfehjd; Ml;rpia kUJtplk; xg;gilj;jhd;. mtdJ tpjit NtY ehr;rpahh; mtid kze;J nfhz;lhs;. ,t;thW mtd; ghisaf;fhudhd;. murpay; jpwik kpf;f jdJ jk;gp rpd;d kUJtpd; JizNahLk; kf;fs; MjuNthLk; mtd; RNar;irahf ehl;ilf; fhj;J te;jhd;. gyKiw mtid nts;isah; gaKWj;jp te;jdh;. mtd; gzpatpy;iy. nts;isah;fis vjph;j;J epw;Fk; ghisaq;fSf;F mtd; cjtpaspj;J te;jhd;. mtNdhL Nrh;j;J NghuhlNt Cikj;Jiu rptfq;if nrd;whd;. mtidj; jq;fsplk; xg;gbj;JtpLk; nts;isah;fs; Nfl;lhh;fs;. kUJ cld;gltpy;iy. ,jidNa rhf;fhf itj;Jf; nfhz;L jq;fis vjph;j;J epw;Fk; filrp ghisaf;fhudhd kUJit xopj;Jtpl nts;isah;fs; KbT nra;jhh;fs;. fh;dy; nty;\; vd;w jsgjp ngUk; gilNahL rptfq;ifiaj; jhf;fpdhd;. gy Nghh;fSf;F mg;GwKk; kUJit nty;y Kbatpy;iy. kUJ Kj;J tLfd; Neh; guk;giur; rhh;e;jtdyyd; vd;Wk; guk;giug; ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; rhjpahd Njth; rhjpiar; Nrh;e;jtdy;yd; vd;Wk; $wp Kj;J tLfdpd; jhahjp cwtpdd; xUtid ghisaf;fhudhf;fp Njth; rhjpapdiu kUJtpd; gf;fkpUe;J gphpj;jdh;. ,r;#o;r;rpf;F ,iuahd Njth;fs; nts;isaUf;F Mjuthfj; jpuz;ldh;. ,t;thW kUJtpd; mzpiag; gpsT nra;J kUJitg; gytPdg;gLj;jpdu;. filrpapy; kUJ gpbgl;lhd;. rpd;d kUJTk; CikaDk; gpbgl;ldh;. %tUk; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;. mth;fs; FLk;gj;jpdh; ehL flj;jg;gl;ldh;. ,t;thW Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjph;g;G Xa;e;jJ.

tuyhw;Wg; ghly;fisg; gw;wpa fUj;J

,t;tuyhW midj;Jk; Mq;fpNyah; vOjpa E}y;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,t;tPuh;fs; gpbtjKk; %h;f;f FzKk; cila fyff;fhu;fshfNt mth;fshy; tUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;fs;. mth;fsJ khdplg; gz;GfSk; tPuj;jd;ikAk; mth;fs; kf;fs; ghy; ngw;wpUe;j ed;kjpg;igAk; mth;fs; kiwj;Jtpl;lhh;fs;.

Mdhy; kf;fSila gilg;Gfshd ehl;Lf; fijg; ghly;fs; ,t;tPuh;fspd; rpwg;ghd gz;Gfisg; Nghw;wpg; ghLfpd;wd;. mth;fsJ tPur; nray;fisg; gw;wpf;$wp ehk; ngUik nfhs;sr; nra;fpd;wd. kUJitg; gw;wpa ghly;fspy; ,uz;L ‘Xhpaz;ly; khD];fphpg;l;]; ’ njhlhpy; nrd;id murpduhy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd. fl;lnghk;kd; fijg; ghliy vd;Dila Muha;rpNahL epA+ nrQ;Rup Gf; fT]; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll; epWtdj;jpdh; ntspapl;ls;shh;fs;. ,dDk; gy ghly;fs; Vl;bNyNa Gije;J fpilf;fpd;wd. mitahTk; jpul;b ntspaplg;glNtz;Lk;.

ed;wp : jkpou; tuyhWk; gz;ghLk ;/gpg; 1966 / gf;fk; - 139.140 / vd;.rp.gp.vr;.ntspaPL

3. njd;dpe;jpa Gul;rp 1801 -- epoy;jahhpg;G : n[fkjp fiyf;$lk; ,af;fk;;: jpdfud; n[a;

Rkhh; ehw;gJ epkplq;fs; XLk; ,g;glk; xU nrwpthd Kaw;r;rp. ,g;glj;jpw;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l fhl;rpfs; jtpu tiuglq;fs; Gifg;glq;fs; Mtzg;glr;RUs;fs; MfpaitAk; glj;jpy; rpwg;ghf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; gw;wpa ey;y tpsf;fglk;. Nf.,uh[a;ad; nghd;.Kj;Juhkypq;fk; Nghd;w Ma;thsh;fspd; Ngl;bfs; tuyhw;iw rPuikf;fpd;wd. mnkhpf;f ehLfspd; nra;jp Nghf;Ftuj;J Fotpdhpd; [dehaf Kiwia xj;j kUJrNfhjuh;fspd; ghpghydk; neg;Nghypadpd; MjuT njd;dpe;jpa Gul;rpf;F vt;thW fpilf;fhky; NghdJ vd;gJ gw;wpa mwpa jfty;fs; glj;i j xU Kf;fpakhd gilg;ghf vz;zitf;fpwJ. ,uh.gpuhgfudpd; gpz;zdp ,ir rk;gpujhakhfj; Njhd;wpdhYk; gy ePz;l fhl;rpfSf;F mJ xU rPuhd Ntfj;i j mspf;fpwJ.

ed;wp : epoy; /khu;r;2006 /gf;fk;39

4. kUJghz;bah; - fdpaKjd;

INuhg;gpa rh;thjpfuj;Jf;F vjpuhd kf;fs; Aj;jj;ij 19 Mk; E}w;wz;bd; njhlf;fpj;jpNyNa tbtikj;Jj; jiyik jhq;fpa kUJghz;bah;fspd; jpahfg; Nghuhl;lj;ij ,e;j Mtzg; glk; Kd; itf;fpwJ vDk; gpufldj;NjhL jahhpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ kUjpUth; vDk; jiyg;gpyhd Mtzg;glk;.. ehw;gj;jp %d;W epkplq;fs; nfhz;l ,g;glj;jpy; kUJghz;bah;fspd; Nghuhl;l tuyhW $Ljy; Fiwtpd;wp ,ay;ghfr; rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhy; Mtzg;glj;jpw;Fhpa ,yf;fzj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. tuyhw;W Ma;thsh;fSk; mwpQh;fSk; kUJ ghz;bah;fs; Fwpj;j jkJ fUj;Jf;fis ,ilapilNa Neh;hzypd; gjpT nra;Js;sd;.

khkd;dh;fshd kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; tho;e;j Nghuhba rptfq;if G+kpNa ,e;j Mtzg;glk; KOikf;Fkhd fskhf mike;jpUg;gjhy ; ek;ikAkwpahky; rpy ,lq;fspy; cly; rpyph;fNt nra;fpwJ. jpdfud; n[a; vDk; ,isQu; chpa tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fis jpul;b ,g;glj;i j xU Mtzkhf;fpUf;fpwhh;.

,uh.gpuhgfud; ,irAk; gpd;dzpf; Fuy; moFk; ek;ik mk;khkd;dh;fspd; fhyj;jpw;Nf mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd;. kUJghz;bah;fspd; kuGtopj; Njhd;wyhd rpd;dkUJ jPdjahs ghz;bad; ,g;glj;ij jahhpj;jpUf;fpwhh;.

ed;wp ; Gjpaghh;it [dthp 16-31-2006 gf;fk; 19

thrfh; fbjk;

kUjpUth; Mtzg;glk jkpoh; milahs kPl;rpiatpl mfKilahh; r%f milahsj;Jf;Nf mOj;jk; jUfpwJ fjph;epytd; mjidf; ftdpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;………..

r.jkpopdpad; mkuhtjpg;GJ}h;ed;wp jkpoh; fz;Nzhl;lk; Vg;uy; 2006

5. Mokha; xU Mtzg;glk; -- fjpu;epytd;

tuyhW vd;gJ fhtphp fiuapypUe;J njhlq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;ghh; mwpQh; mz;zh. Mhpag;gilnaLg;ghdhYk; Mq;fpNyNa vjph;g;Gg; NghuhdhYk; tuyhW vd;gJ tlehl;L Mjpf;f rf;jpfshy; khw;wp vOjg;gLfpd;wJ.

1857 Mk; Mz;L tlf;Nf eilngw;w rpg;gha;f; fyfkhd Kjy; Rje;jpug; Nghh; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; tuyhw;iw kWj;J xU Mtzg;glk; kUjpUth; vd;w ngahpy; ntspte;Js;sJ.

1801 Mk; Mz;L rptnfq;ifia Mz;l jkpoh;fshd kUJ ghz;bah;fs; elj;jpa Nghuhl;lNk Kjy; Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lnkd;W jf;fr;rhd;WfNshL ,sk; ,af;Fdh; jpdfud n[a; vd;gth; tpsf;fpAs;shh;. 43 epkplj;jpy; xU ePz;l tuyhw;iw vspikahf rpj;jputbtpy; fhl;rpg; gLj;jpAs;shh;. fhisah;Nfhtpy; kJiu rptfq;if Nghd;w Ch;fSf;Fr; nrd;W kUJ ghz;bah;fspd; rkaj; jpUg;gzpfisAk; kUJghz;bah;fs; fy;yiwfisAk; gjpT nra;Js;shh;.

57 Mk; tUl Kjy; Rje;jpug; Nghh; vd;gJ ,e;jpa epykhdpa Kiwf;Fk; INuhg;gpa etPd Kd;Ndw;w Kiwf;Fk; ,i lNa eilngw;w Nghh; vd;jhy; ,ij Vw;;f KbahJ vdTk; kUJghz;bah;fs; ntspapl;l [k;Gj;jPT Gul;rp mwpf;if vd;gJ [dehaf murpay; tbtk; nfhz;ljhf ,Ug;gjhfTk; tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

,t;thzg;glj;jpw;F Nguhrphpah; gpughfu; rpwg;ghf ,iraikj;Js;shh;. ,th; ‘,uhikahtpd; Fbir ’ Mtzg;glj;jpw;Fk; ,iraikj;jth; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

2007 Mk; Mz;L (1857) Kjy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; 150 Mk; Mz;L tpoh ,e;jpah KOtJk; nfhz;lhlg;gLk; vd;W FbauRj; jiyth; mg;Jy;fyhk; mwptpj;Js;s epiyapy; kUjpUth; Mtzg;glk; vy;NyhuhYk; ftdpf;fg;gl;L ,e;jpa tuyhw;iw Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

,g;gl ,af;Feh; mLj;J <oj;jkpoh;fspd; Nghuhl;lj;i j rpj;jhpf;Fk; Mtzg;glj;i j ,af;fg;Nghtjhf mwptpj;Js;shh;. ,J Nghd;w nray;fis jkpoh;fshfpa ehk; Cf;fg;gLj;JNthk;! njhlh;Gf;F : 93448-01449> 99943-69010.ed;wp : jkpou;fz;Nzhl;lk; /khu;r;2006 /gf;fk;15

6. FWk;gl kjpg;Giu – kUjpUth; - gh.FkuNty;

rkPg fhykhf FWk;glk; kw;Wk; Mtzg;glq;fs; Fwpj;j nra;jpfisj; jkpof kf;fs; Nfs;tpg;gl Muk;gpj;Js;sdh;. FWk;glq;fs; ntspahfpw mstpw;F Mtzg;glq;fs; mjpfk; jahuhtjpy;iy. cz;ikapy; FWk;glq;fis tplTk; Mtzg;glq;fspd; mjpfkhd tuTjhd; jkpo;r; #oypy; $Ljyhd ryryg;ig cz;lhf;f KbAk;. Mtzg;glq;fspd; ,e;jpa Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lk; gw;wpa Mtzg;glq;fs; ,Jtiu jkpopy; gjpthftpy;iy. Jkpoh;fspd; fyhr;rhuk; rhh;e;j xd;wpuz;L glq;fs; te;jpUg;gpDk; jkpof tuyhW Fwpj;j Mtzg;glq;fs; ,d;Dk; ntsptutpy;iy. gpypk; btprd; vLj;j Mtzg;glq;fs; jtpu jpdfud; n[a; ,af;fpAs;s kUjpUth; vDk; 43 epkpl Mtzg;glk;jhd; Kjy; glkhFk;.

tuyhw;wpy; jpUj;jg;gl;Ls;s tp\aq;fis ntspfhl;LtJk; kiwf;fg;gll tp\aq;fis ntspr;rkpLtJkhd kUjpUth; Mtzg;glj;jpw;fhd Kaw;rp ghuhl;LFhpaJ.

,e;jpa rhpjjpuj;jpy; gpuhr;rug;gLj;jp tUfpw 1857y; eilngw;w rpg;gha; Gul;rpia Rje;jpug; Nghuhf Vw;f kWf;Fk; ,g;glk;> njd;dpe;jpa Gul;rpjhd; njspthd murpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL elj;jg;gl;l Rje;jpug;Nghuhf Mtzg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. tpthjj;jpw;fhf kl;Lk; ,f;fUj;ij Kd;itf;fhky; njspthd Mtzg;gLj;Jjypd; %yk; njd;dpe;jpa tuyhw;W cz;ikia ,af;Fdh; ntspr;rkpl;bUf;fpwhh;. ,g;glk; Jtq;fpa clNd vOr;rpapd; Gay; ikakhf tpsq;fpa kq;fs;ghz;Nl rpg;gha; Gul;rp gw;wpa tpsf;fq;fisf; nfhLj;J rpg;gha; Gul;rp gpk;gj;ij cilj;J tpLfpwhh; ,af;Fdh;. mNj rkaj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpag; Gul;rpapd; murpay; tbtj;i j ghh;itahsh;fspd; ghprPyidf;F ,lk; nfhLj;jpUg;gJ rpwg;ghdJ.

,g;glj;jpy; ,lk; ngWfpw tpthjKk; murpaYk; jw;Nghija #oypy; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;baitahFk;.

jkpofj;jpy; ele;j FWepy kd;dh;fspd; Nghul;lk; Rauh[;[pa mjpfhuq;fis fhg;gjw;fhd Nghuhl;lk; vd;w msT NfhypypUe;J kUJ rNfhjuh;fspd; Nghuhl;l murpay; Kw;wpYk; NtWghLkpf;fJ. mjw;fhf jj;Jthh;j;j murpaiy kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; kf;fspilNa Nghjpj;j nghJeyr; rpe;jidahf ,g;gl Jtf;fj;jpy; ,af;Fdh; tpsf;fpapUg;gJ Fwpg;gpljf;fjhFk;.

19k; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g Mz;Lfspy;jhd; gpupl;b\hhpd; Ml;rp ];jpug;glj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy;jhd; jkpofj;jpy; [hjpa xLf;Fiw kpfj; jPtpukhf nray;gl;L te;jJ. ,g;gpz;zdp Fwpj;j kjpg;gPlil nra;aNtz;Lnkdpy; kUJghz;bah;fspd; nray;ghLfis Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. me;j Ma;T kjpg;gPl;il eLepiyNahL mZFtJ mtrpak;. Me;j mZFjypypUe;J ngwg;gLk; cz;ikfis nghJ tpthjj;jpw;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tpthjj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpia ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;Wr;R+oypy; epfo;j;jgl Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,Uf;fpwJ. Vnddpy; 1857y; rpg;gha; Gul;rpia epyr;Rthd;jhh;fspd; vOr;rp vdf; $wpa NeU> mij Rje;jpug; Nghuhfg; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;j [hjpa thjj;ij ,e;j gpz;zdpapy; ,Ue;Jjhd; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. kf;fs; ghz;Nl vd;w gpuhkzpa rpg;gha; nra;j kjj;JNtrg;Nghiu Rje;jpug; Nghuhf ,e;jpah Gfo;e;J nfhz;bUg;gJ re;Njfj;Jf;FhpaJ. tFg;Gthj murpaypd; cs;Nehf;fj;jhy;

njd;dpe;jpag; Nghuhl;l tuyhWfs; njlh;e;J kWf;fg;gLtij ,e;jg;glk; NgRfpwJ. ,t;thwhd vjph;f;Fuiyf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; vt;tpjg; gpur;rhu nebAkw;wpUg;gJ ftdj;jpw;FhpaJ.

,e;jpah khjphp $l;Lf; fyhr;rhu kuG Njrj;jpy; Nghuhl;lk; xw;Wik Nghd;w gjq;fis njspthd ghh;itapy; mZFtJ mtrpak;. rpg;gha;g;Gul;rpapy; ntspaplg;gl;l gfJ}h; \h gpufldk; ,jw;F cjhuzk;. ,e;j vjph; kiwtpisTfs; fyhr;rhu cs;ehl;Lg; NghUf;F toptFj;Jtpl;l nfhLikiaAk; tuyhw;W Ma;tpy; fz;L nfhs;shjJ re;Njfj;jw;FhpaJ.

gfJ}h;\hthy; ntspaplg;gll; gpufldk; kj hPjpahd JNtrj;jpw;Fs;shfp cs;ehl;L kjg;Nghuhf cUntLj;J INuhg;gpag; nghJ vjphpia milahsk; fhzj; jtwpa eilKiwr; rpf;fiyAk; ,e;j Mtzg;glk; epidTWj;JfpwJ. gfJ}h;\h gpufldk; nra;j tuyhw;Wf; fyhr;rhuk; ghFghLfisAk; ,g;glk; njspTgLj;jp ,Uf;fyhk; nra;aj;jtwpa Vd; vd njhpatpy;iy.

,e;j njsptw;w murpay; eilKiwahy; ele;j Fog;gj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ,e;jpa ika eph;thfk; gphpl;b\huhy; NkYk; gyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fpsh;r;rp xLf;fg;gl;ljw;F cl;G+ry;jhd; fhuznkdpy; mJ vt;thW Njrpag; Nguhl;lkhFk;? ,e;jf; Nfs;tpapd; gpd;dzpapypUe;Nj> k[Pk;jhh; Nghd;wth;fs; rpg;gha; Gul;rpia Rje;jpug; Nghuhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWf;fpwhh;fs;. ,e;j tpthjj;jpw;F typik Nrh;f;Fk; ,e;j Mtzg;glk; ,jw;F khw;whf njd;dpe;jpa Gul;rp 1801 [dehafj; jd;ik nfhz;l murpay; Nghh; vd thjpLfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,j;jifa R+oypy; 1857y; epytpa gifik czh;it tuyhw;wpy; epuhfhpj;Jtpl KbahJ. mNj rkak; kjpg;gPl;bd; mbg;gilapy; ,tw;iw gFg;gha;tpw;F cl;gLj;Jk;NghJ vjphp gpur;rid> gq;Nfw;Nghh;> jiyth;fs; Mfpa tpraq;fspy; NtWghL cs;sij tpthjgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tpthjj;ij ,e;j glk; tphpthd jsj;jpy; njhlq;fpapUf;fpwJ. INuhg;gpa nghJ vjphpia milahsk; fhl;b elj;jpa kUJ rNfhjuh;fspd; kf;fs; Aj;jk; Njrpa cWjpg;ghl;Lf;fhf ele;jit vd;gijAk; gpuQ;Rg; Gul;rpahy; Vw;gl;l murpay; jhf;fk; ehl;L kf;fis nghJ vjphpf;F vjpuhf jpuz;nlor;nra;j Gul;rpapd; jd;ikikAk; Ma;thsh; Nf.uh[a;adpd; Neh;fhzypy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

,JNghd;w glq;fSf;F ,ir Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;Wfpd;w nra;Kiwia mwpe;jpUg;gjhNyNa ed;whfg; gad;gLj;jp ,Uf;fpwhh;. ,uh.gpughfh;. kUjpUthpd; rkag; gzpfis tpsf;FtJ ,g;glj;jpw;Fj; Njitaw;wJ. Vnddpy; glk; Jtq;Ffpw Ntfj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.

epykhdpa rf;jpfs; ve;j mstpw;F gytPdkilfpd;wdNth me;j mstpw;F epykhdpa Kiwapy; kPl;rpiaf; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; FiwAk;. vy;yh kf;fSk; gq;FngWfpd;w Njrpa Nghuhl;lq;fSf;fhd Nfhl;ghL> vjph;kiw Nfhl;ghL> njhFg;Gf; Nfhl;ghL ,JNtahFk;. njd;dpe;jpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fl;lj;jpy; epykdpa rf;jpfs; jd; typikAzh;e;J Xh; xOq;Ff;F cl;gl;Lj; jpwikNahL Nghuhb Nghuhl;lj;ij ntw;wpf;F mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; jpwd; ngw;wpUe;jdh;. ,jd; mbg;giljhd; kuhl;bah;fSk; jkpoh;fSk; xd;wpize;J kUjpUthpd; kf;fs; Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Fngw Kbe;jJ. ,jdhy;jhd; kuhl;bah;fSk; jkpoh;fSk; nghJthd xw;Wik

kpf;f Nghuhl;lf; fsj;ijf; fhf;f Kbe;jJ. ,jpy; cz;ik vd;dntdpy; Njrpa xw;Wik vd;w kfj;jhd ghuk;ghpak; ,th;fSf;Fg; gpd;te;j mLj;j jiyKiwapdUf;Fj;jhd; mwpthh;e;j jsj;jpy; mJ KOtJk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. ,e;j kfj;jhd Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; Jtf;fg; Gs;sp jkpoh;fshd kUjpUtuhy; Jtf;fp itf;fg;gl;lJ ,e;j rhpj;jpu cz;ikiaj; njspthd Ma;Tf; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL tpsf;fp ,Uf;fpwhh; ,af;Fdh;.

kpff;fLikahd ciog;gpw;Fg; gpd; ,g;glk; cUthfp ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij glk; ghh;f;Fk; ruhrhp thrfh;fSk; czh;th;. ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F vjpuhd nfhLikfs; rpj;jputijfs; gw;wp xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; eilngw;wNghJ [hypad; thyhghf; epfo;r;rpNahL gpur;rhuk; nra;jdh;. Mdhy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ele;j gLnfhiyfs; ehLflj;jy;fs; ,Jtiu ntspj;njhpahj Fiwia ,g;glk; epiwT nra;jpUf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf rpd;dkUJ kfd; Jiurhkp vDk; 15 taJr; rpWtid 73 NghuhspfNshL ehL flj;jpa fhl;Lkpuhz;bj; jdj;ij Xtpakhfr; rpj;jhpg;gJk; mjw;fhd gpd;dzp ,irAk; fz;fyq;f itf;fpwJ. ,JNghd;w ,lq;fspy; thh;j;ijfSf;Fg gjpyhf ,iriaf; nfhLj;J typik Nrh;j;jpUg;gJk; rpwg;G.

gphpl;b\hh; ,e;jpahitf; ifg;gw;wpaJ xU me;epa Ml;rp ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ jpzpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij kl;Lk; Gyg;gLj;jtpy;iy. kuG hPjpapyhd ,e;jpa rKjhaf; fl;Lf; Nfhg;ig nfhQ;rKk; ,uf;fkpd;wp mopjj;Jk; jd; Gjpa Nkw;fj;jpa rKjha mikg;ig Nehf;fpj jd; nrhe;j Kiwapy; tsh;r;rpAWtij jLj;Jf; Fiyj;jJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nfhLikfshFk;. ,e;epfo;it mwptpay; G+h;tkhf Mhua;e;jwpe;J gphpl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; gq;fpid rhpahfr; Rl;bf; fhl;ba njd;dpe;jpah; rpd;d kUJghz;bad; Mthh;. Mtuhy; ntspaplg;gl;l [k;Gj;jPT Gul;rp mwpf;if (Rebell Manifesto 1801) ,jw;F rhl;rpak; MFk;.

jw;Nghija r%fr; R+oypd; gpd;dzpNahL mt;twpf;ifapd; jd;ikia Nehf;fpdhy; me;j mwpf;ifapy; $wg;gl;Ls;s Njrpa gof;f tof;fq;fspy; kd;dh;fsJ ghuk;ghpa murh;fSf;F Mjuthf thjpLtjpYk; nghUj;jkw;wjhfj; Njhd;wyhk;. guk;giu gof;f tof;fq;fspy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;ltu;fsplk; KOikahd Mjuitg; ngWtjw;F mj;jifa Kiw ,d;wpaikahjjhf ,Ue;jJ. mg;NghJ epytpa R+o;epiyapy; gphpl;b\; Mjpf;fj;jpw;nfjpuhf tphpe;j mstpyhd Njrpa xw;Wik vd;gJ chpik ,oe;j Cikj;Jiu> Nfhghy ehaf;fh;> J}e;jh[p thf;> MfpNahuJ Gul;rp murhq;fSf;F vq;qdk; kf;fs; tpUk;gpa xU Gjpa [dehaf Kj;jpiuapl;ldh; vd;gij ntw;wpiy fps;spf; nfhLj;J NghUf;F mioj;jJk;> Gul;rp murpd; xw;wh;fSf;Fj; jd; ifg;gzj;ijf; nfhLj;jJk; rhpj;jpur; rhd;whf ,g;glj;jpy; fhl;bUg;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fhl;rpfshFk;.

,g;glk; ghh;f;Fk; ghh;itahsh;fSf;F [hjpf;$l;l khehLfspy;> kUjpUthpd; cUtg;glk; itj;jpUg;gJk; gad;gLj;JtJk; Nfypf;Fhpa Kuz;ghL vdj; Njhd;Wk;.

ed;wp cd;djk; / [Pd; [Piy 2006 /gf;fk; 51-52

7. kwf;f Kbahj khkdpjh;fs; - v];.v];.nghd;Kb

,d;iwa cyfpapaypy; nghUs; <l;lhYk;> fhk ,r;irANk ruhrhp kdpj tho;f;iff;F NghJkhdJ vd;w vz;zk; Cl;lg;gl;L mJ ekf;Fs; Cwptpl;lJ. nry;tk;> fhkk; rk;ke;jkhd rpe;jidfs; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ kdg;gjl;lKk; cwTfSf;Fs; rpf;fy;fSk; Neha;fSk; J}f;fkpd;ikAk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fs; nry;tk; fhkk; Mfpatw;Wf;fhd Njly;fis epWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nahrpf;f Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ ekf;F tajhfp tpLfpd;wJ. ek;ikr; Rw;wpapUf;Fk; kdpjh;fs; R+oy;fs; Mfpaw;wpd; kPJ mf;fiwak; Mh;tKk; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ kdk; ,Nyrhfpwd;J. cly; RWRWg;gha; ,aq;f Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. xg;gidAk; xa;ahu cilfs; VJkpd;wp Kfk; trPfukha; khWfpd;wJ. mijg;Nghy;jhd; thOk; epyg;gFjp> jd;Dila Kd;Ndhh;fs; rk;ge;jkhd mwpjYk>; ek;Kila njhd;kk; Nghuhl;lFzk; tPuk; jpahfk; Mfpaitg; gw;wp njhpa tUk;NghJ ek;ikg;gw;wpa kjpg;gPLfs; cah;fpd;wd. mijj; njhlh;e;J fk;gPukhd vz;zq;fs; ek;ik Ml;nfhs;fpd;wd. kUJghz;bah;fs; tuyhWk; mijg;Nghyjhd;.

jhd; thOk; epyg;gFjpapy; epyTk; rhjp> cl;rhjp> kj nkhop NtWghLfs; fhuzkhf cz;lhd gytPdj;ij fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapdh; gad;gLj;Jtij mwpe;Jk; gag;glhky; JzpTld; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Gul;rpfukhf Kjy; Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;i jj; njhlq;fp itj;jdh; kUJghz;bah;fs.;

,jpy; tpaf;fj;jf;f tp\ak; vd;dntd;why; gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyf muq;fpy; Gul;rpfs; rk;ge;jkha; vz;z Xl;lq;fisAk;> khw;wq;fisAk; cUthf;fpa thy;Nlh; &N]h> khh;f];> uhng];gpah;> fhe;jp Nghd;wth;fisg; Nghy jj;Jthh;j;j gpd;Gyk; VJkpd;wp ,e;jpahtpd; njd;fpof;Fg; gFjpNahuk; kf;fis xd;Wjpul;b fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapdUf;F vjpuhf khngUk; MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jp ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; Gul;rpia Muk;gpj;jth;fs; kUJghz;bah;fs; Mth;.

rptfq;if gFjpapy; kd;dh; NrJgjpaplk; Nrdhjpgjpahf ,Ue;jthpd; kfd;fs;jhd; rpd;dkUJ kw;Wk; nghpa kUJ vd;W miof;fg;gl;l kUJghz;bah;fs; Mth;. vy;yh kd;dh;fisAk; Nghy Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpfis Mh;tKld; nra;a Muk;gpj;j kUJghz;bah;fspd; Muk;g Ml;rpKiw mikjpahd ejpapdpy; kpjf;Fk; Xlk; Nghy nry;y Muk;gpj;jJ. fhisahh;Nfhtpy; ,uh[NfhGuk; rPuikg;G> Fd;wf;Fb rz;Kfehjh; Nfhtpy;> jpUg;gj;J}h; rptfhkpak;kd; Nfhtpy;> jpUg;ghr;Nrj;jp Nfhapy;fspd; rPuikg;G> kJiu kPdhl;r;rpak;kd; Nfhapypy; Nrh;itf;fhuh; kz;lgk;> ehpf;Fb Kf;Fsk; kw;Wk; kJiu tlf;Fntsp tPjp jh;fh fl;blq;fs; vd irt> itzt> ,];yhkpa> fpU];Jt kjNtWghbd;wp gzpfisr; nra;Js;shh;.

[hf;]Df;Fk; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kDf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l thptR+o; jfuhW fhuzkhf Cikj;Jiu [hf;]d;Jiuia Rl;Lf; nfhy;y fpoffpe;jpa fk;ngdpapdUk; ghisaf;fhu;fSk; gif %s;fpwJ. 1799y; fl;lnghk;kd; kUJghz;bah;fspd; re;jpg;G elf;fpd;wJ. ,Nj tUlj;jpd; filrpapy; Cikj;JiuAk; fl;lnghk;kDk; rptfq;if kUJ rNfhjuh;fsplk; milf;fyk; GFe;jdh;. kPz;;Lk; gilj;jpul;b tUk;NghJ fl;lg;nghk;kd; J}f;yplg;gLfpwhd;. Cikj;Jiu kPz;Lk; rptfq;if tUfpwhh;. kUJghz;bah;

nfhLj;jDg;gpa ,Ugjhapuj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l giltPuh;fspd; cjtpAld; Cikj;Jiu jpUney;Ntyp rPikapy; ,UgNj ehl;fspy; Nfhl;il ia fl;b ghpghydk; Muk;gpf;Fk; nghOJ gphpl;b\hhpd; gilnaLg;gpy; Njhw;W ghisaq;Nfhl;il rpiwapy; milf;fg;gLfpd;whh;.

17k; Ew;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; Rje;jpu Ntl;ifAld; Gul;rpia Muk;gpj;j kUJghz;bah;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; Vfg;gl;l Mr;rhpaq;s; ele;Njwpd. Mjpy; KjyhtJ KUfgf;jh;fspd; Ntlj;jpy; 200 Ngh;fisr; rptfq;ifapypUe;J ghisaq;Nfhl;ilf;F mDg;gp mjpubahf rpiwapypUe;J Cikj;Jiuia kPl;nlLj;jJ. ,uz;lhtJ fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpfhuh;fsplkpUe;J jq;isAk; jq;fs; kf;fisAk; kl;Lk; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;s Kayhky; Mq;fpNyah;fis vjph;j;J jpz;Lf;y; gFjpia ikakhff; nfhz;L Nghuhba Nfhghy; ehaf;fh> Nfush kyghh; gFjpiar; Nrh;e;j Nfus th;kh> fh;ehlfhtpy; cs;s J}e;jh[pthf; MfpNahUf;Fg; gilgyk; nfhLj;Jk; milf;fyk; nfhLj;Jk; cjtpaJ.

%d;whtjhf ,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjd;kjyhf Mq;fpNyah;fis vjph;j;Jg; Gul;rpg; gpufldk; jahhpj;J mij jpUr;rp =uq;fk; Nfhapypy; xl;baJ. ehd;ftjhf mnkupf;fhtpy; fhz;bnzd;ly; Ml;rpKiwf;F ,izahf rhpj;jpu Ma;thsh;fs; xg;gpLk; msTf;F Ml;rp Kiwia mikj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. Ie;jhtjhf jpg;G Ry;jhNdhL njhlh;G Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. kw;Wk; mNj fhyl;lj;jpy; gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapd; %ykhf Mq;fpNyah;fis vjph;j;J neg;Nghypaid njhlh;G nfhz;lJ vd;W njhlh;e;J fjTfNs ,y;yhj muz;kidia rpWtaypy; fl;baJtiu vz;zw;w Mr;rhpaq;fs; kUJghz;bah;fspd; tuyhw;wpy; tputp fplf;fpd;wd.

jkpof fpuhkg; gFjpfspy; xw;wh;fis Vw;gLj;jp mth;fs; %ykhf ,uT Neuq;fspy; ufrpakhf ,isQh;fis jpul;baJ. gfy;Neuq;fspy; ntw;wpiyapy; iftpuy; efq;fs; %ykhf fPwp rkpiQfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ Nghd;w nray;fis ghh;f;Fk; NghJ gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; fhe;jpabfs; Rje;jpuf; fdit Njrk; Kof;f %l;Ltjw;F jPr;Fr;rpfshf 17k; E}w;whz;bd; KbtpNyNa kUJrNfhjuh;fs; tpsq;fpdhh;f;s vd Gydhfpd;wJ. fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapdhpd; MzpNtiuNa mirj;Jg; ghh;f;f mth;fspd; nray; mYtyfkhf tpsq;fpa NfhaKj;J}iu kpfg;nghpa gilgyj;Jld; Kw;Wifapl;l NghJ kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; Njhy;tpaile;jdh;.

fhisahh;Nfhtpypd; tpf;fpufk; fhg;ghw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W gjwpg;Ngha; fk;ngdp gilfsplk; rpf;fpa kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; jpUg;gj;J}hpy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;. ,uz;L rNfhjuh;fs;> kfd;fs;> Nguh;fs;> vd FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fs; midtUNk nfhy;yg;gl;lJk;> J}f;fpyplg;gl;lJk;> ehL flj;jg;gl;lJkhd rk;gtq;fs; tpijfshf khwp gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njrj;jpd; tpLjiy tuyhw;wpy; njd; jkpofk; tPUnfhzL vOe;J tpUr;rq;fshf khwpl cjtpd. tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy; kwf;fKbahj khkdpjh;fshf tPUnfhz;L vOe;J epw;Fk; kUJ rNfhjuh;fisAk; mth;fspd FLk;gj;jpdhpd; jpahfq;fisAk; ek; Qhgf miwfspy; G+l;b itg;gJ Nfhapy;fSf;Fs; tpf;fpfuq;fisg; G+l;b itg;gij tpl Gz;zpak; kpFe;jjhFk;.

ed;wp : ,ja miyfs; /[Piy2006 /gf;fk; 40-41

8. kUjpUth; - Nrho.ehfuh[d;

jkpo; rpdpkh cyfk; gy;NtW neUf;fbfspy; rpf;fp kPs Kad;W nfhz;bUf;fpw ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; khw;W rpdpkh Kaw;rpfSk; gutyhd tuNtw;igg; ngw;W tUfpd;wd. ,e;j tiapy; FWk;glq;fSk; Mtz; glq;fSk; jkpopy; ftdk; ngw;W tUfpd;wd. njhopy; El;ghPjpapy; gpd; jq;fpapUg;gpDk; ,e;jtif Kaw;rpfspy; jhd; Nghh;f;FzKk; kdpjNeaKk; mbg;gil mk;rq;fshf cs;sd.

mg;gbnahU Kaw;r;rpahf ntspte;jpUf;fpw Xh; Mtzg;glk;jhd; kUjpUth;. ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghhpd; Jtf;fnkdf; fUjg;gLfpw rpg;gha;g; Gul;rp vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpw epfo;Tf;F (1857) ntFfhyk; Kd;dNu mjhtJ 1801 NyNa njd;dpe;jpag; Gul;rp kUJ rNfhjuHfspd; rPupa topfhl;lYld; ele;Njwpa tuyhw;iw vLj;jpak;GfpwJ ,e;j kUjpth;.

Mtzg;glk; vd;gjhy; epiwa fhl;rp Xtpaq;fs;> tuyhw;Wr; rp;d;dq;fs;> rpjpykile;j tuyhw;W kpr;rq;fs; vd;W glk; efh;e;jhYk; tpWtpWg;Gld; njha;tpy;yhky; tpiufpwJ. me;jg; gpd;dzpf; Fuy;fSk; vbl;bq;fSk; ntF fl;rpjk;.

1857 rpg;gha;f; fytuj;ij tpthpg;gjpy; Jtq;Ffpw glk;> ,e;jpa epykhdpa Kiwf;Fk; Gjpa Inuggpa Kd;Ndw;w Kiwf;Fk; ,i lNa ele;j Nkhjy; vd;W mij th;zpj;J rhjp xopg;G> tpjit kWkzr; rl;lk; Nghd;w rPh;jpUj;jq;fisg; gpw;Nghf;fhd Kiwapy; mh;j;jg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L ele;j rpg;gha;g;Gur;rpia Rje;jpug;Nghh; vd;W Vw;f ,ayhJ vd;gNj tuyhw;W cz;ik vd;W epWtjd; %yk; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;iwg; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; ntspr;rq;fspy; tpthjpf;f Ntz;ba Njit Kw;Wg;ngwhj mtyj;ijg; Ghpa itf;fpwJ.

kUJ rNfhjh;fspd; gpwg;G Kjy; mth;fs; Ml;rpf; fl;bypy; mkh;e;j R+oy;> mth;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l kj czh;T fle;j Myag;gzpfs;> re;jpj;j Nghh;fs; vd;W ePs;fpw glk; tpLjiy Nts;tpapy; mth;fspd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tphpthfr; nrhy;ypr; nry;fpwJ.

njd;dpe;jpag; Gul;rp vDk; mw;Gj Ma;T E}iy vOjpa tuyhw;whsh; Nf.uh[a;ad;> Kd;dhs; mikr;rh; nghd;.Kj;Juhkypq;fk; MfpNahh; fr;rpjkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;wdh;. njd;dpe;jpahtpd;; ney;iyrPikapy; fl;lnghk;kd; Cikj;Jiu> jpz;lf;fy; tpUg;ghr;rpapy; Nfhghyehaf;fh;> nfhq;F kz;lyj;jpy jPud; rpd;dkiy> kyghhpy; Nfusth;kh vd;W tphpthd $l;lhspfSlDk; mth;jk; gilfSlDk; kUjpUth; mikj;j Nghh; tpA+fk; ntd;wpUe;jhy; tl ,e;jpah gphpl;b\hhpd; mbikj;jisf;F cs;shfhj epiy md;Nw cUthfpapUf;Fk;. ,e;jpa tuyhNw NtWtpjkhf MfpUf;Fk; vd;gij tuyhw;W epfo;Tfspd; top Kd;itf;fpwJ ,e;j glk;.

,e;jpa tpLjiy tuyhW ,d;Dk; vOjg;glhj gFjpfs; gytw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jha; ehl;bd; tpyq;nfhbf;Fk; jd;dpfhpy;yhj Kaw;rpfspy ,e;jpag; Gjy;th;fs; vz;zpiwe;Njhh; Ml;gl;bUf;fpd;wdh;.

tuyhw;wpd; ntspr;rg; gf;fq;fspy; ,lk; ngwhj ghku tuyhw;W ehafh; gyhpd; fijfSk; Mh;tyh; gyhpd; mhpa Kaw;rpfspd; gydha; fpilj;jw;fhpa Gijanyd fpilf;fj;jhd; nra;fpd;wd. mt;thW fpilg;gtw;iwg; gjpT nra;tJk; ghJfhg;gJk; ekJ jiyaha flik. me;jj; jpir topapy; ekJ Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;lTk; ,JNghd;w glq;fs; Jiz epw;Fk;.

n[fkjp fiyf;$lk; rhh;gpy; ,ij j; jahhpj;jpUg;gth; rp.jPdjahsghz;bad;. fiy Xtpah; nja;th. nkhopahf;fk; jz;lghzp xypg;gjpT fpwp];Nlhgh;> moF nfhQ;Rk; fk;gPuf;Fuy; $ly; FzrPy&gd;> mDuhjh vbl;bq;> vy;. md; b kPbah> ,ir Nguhrphpah; ,uh.gpughfh;. ,th;fspd; rPhpa gzpfis Kiwg;gLj;jp ,g;gbnahU ey;y Mtzg;glj;ij vOjp> ,af;fpa vy;Nyhhpd; ghuhl;LjYf;Fk; chpath; jpdfud;n[a;. rgh\;! Jpdfud;n[a;.

kUjpUthpd; NrhfKbTk; rpjpykile;j Fl;br;Rtuhfpg;Nghd mth;fspd; thoplq;fspd; ,d;iwa epiyAk;> ek; cs;sq;fspy; ,dk;Ghpahj Jf;fj;ij tpijf;fpd;wd. gphpl;b\huhy; ehLflj;jg;gl;l rpd;d kUJtpd; 15 taJ kfd; Jiur;rhkp cs;spl;l me;j 71 jkpoh;fis ,e;jpah kwe;Jtpl;lJ vd;W Mjq;fg;gLfpwNghJ ek; kdJ $RfpwJ.

ed;wp : GjpaMrpupad; / [Pd;2006 / gf;fk; 32-34

9.rhjpahf;f jpUTUf;fSf;F R+l;lg;gLk; Njrpa tpLjiy kFlk;

- Fkud;jh];

MSk; th;f;fk; ahh; ahiu kiy KfLfspy;Vw;wp itj;jpUf;fpwNjh me;jj;NjtJ}jh;fisnay;yhk; jujuntd ,Oj;Jte;J> jiuapy; Nghl;L ghulh ,td; kdpj,dj;Jnuhfp vdW giwrhw;w KbAk;.

- R+hpajPgd;

Vlwpe;j (kdpjFy) tuyhW KotJk; th;f;fg; Nghuhl;l tuyhNw ’ vd;W khh;f;]; nrhd;dhh;. Mdhy; ekJ gs;spg;ghl E}y;fspy; kd;dh;fspd; tuyhNw kdpj Fy tuyhwhf fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo; kf;fsJ tPukhfTk; kd;dh;fs; fl;ba Nfhtpy;fSk; NfhGuq;fSNk fle;j fhy rhjidfshfTk; nrhy;yg;gl;ld.

fle;jfhy jkpo; ,yf;fpak; vt;thW Mz;ltdpd;; my;yJ ek;ik Mz;lth;fspd; Gfo;ghL;k Ntiyiar; nra;jNjh mijg; NghyNt ekJ jkpo; rpdpkh Njhd;wpaJ Kjy; kd;dh;fsJk; [kpd;jhh;fsJ Gfiog; ghbaJ: gug;gpaJ. (uh[uh[Nrhod;>kJiuia kPll Re;ju ghz;bad;> rptfq;ifr; rPik tPughz;ba fl;lngk;kd;….) epygpuGf;fs;> Kjyhspfisg; Nghw;wpaJ

(v[khd;> rpd;df;fTd;lh; vq;f Kjyhsp Njth;kfd;) ,jd; njhlhr;rpahf rkPgfhyjjpy; jhjhf;fisAk; Fz;lh;fisAk; kf;fs; ehafh;fshf fhl;b tUfpwJ (ehafd;> jsgjp Jtq;fp GJg;Ngl;il tiu).

Mdhy; ciof;Fk; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fis tpspk;Gepiy kdpjh;fSila tho;f;ifia kl;Lk; xUNghJk; cs;sgb jdJ jpiuapy; fhl;btplhky; jpl;lkpl;L kiwj;J tUfpwJ. ,jjifa Nkhrkhd R+oyhy; jhd; ika tzpf rpdpkh cyFf;F ntspNa kf;fs; ,af;fq;fSk;> r%f mf;fiw nfhz;l kdpjh;fSk; jq;fsJ Kaw;r;rpahy; kf;fsJ cz;ik tuyhw;iw> Nghuhl;l epfo;Tfis Mtzg;glq;fshfTk; FWk;glq;fshfTk; gjpT nra;J tUfpwdh;. tzpf Nehf;fpy; nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhf vd;w ngahpy; vt;tsNth mgj;jkhd gpj;jyhl;lkhd rhjpntwp Mzhjpf;f jpiug;glq;fis jkpo;rpdpkh cyfk; jahhpj;J jkpo;r;r%f nghJ cstpaiy eQ;rhf;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; R+oypy; jpiug;glj;jpd; Jtf;ff; fhl;rpapy; kl;Lk; ,itaidj;Jk; fw;gidNa vdW Nghl;L jg;gpfpw epiyf;F khwhf Mtzg;glk; vd;gJ cz;ik tuyhW epfo;T vd;w czh;it nghJg;Gj;jpapy; Vw;gLj;jp te;j R+o;epiyapyy;jhd; jpdfud; n[a; vOjp ,af;fp ntspte;Js;s kUjpUth; vd;w Mtzg;glkhdJ Mtzg;glq;fspd; ek;gfj; jd;ikia mbNahL jfh;j;Jg; Nghl;Ls;sJ.

kUjpUth;-I %d;W gFjpfshf gphpj;Jzu KbfpwJ. Kjy; gFjp 1857 rpg;gha;f;fyfk; gw;wpAk; mjid 1801 kUJghz;bahpd; gphpl;b\; vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lj;Jld; xg;gpl;L 1857 fyfk; ,e;jpa epykhdpakhdJ gphpl;ld; Kjyhspaj;jpw;F vjpuhf elj;jpa Nghuhl;lk; vdNt mJ Njrpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lkhfhJ. rhuk;rj;jpy; mJ gpw;Nghf;fhdJ vd;W KbT fl;LfpwJ.

,uz;lhtJ gFjp kUJghz;bah;fsJ Gfo;ghLfpwJ. ,jhtJ mth;fsJ jpUg;gzpfs;> rhjidfisg; gw;wp tphpthfg; NgRfpwJ. rhukhf mth;fsJ murhl;rpf fhyk; nghw;fhyk; vd;W $WfpwJ.

%d;whtJ gFjp ,j;jifa nghw;fhy Ml;rpiaf; Fiyf;f Mq;fpNyah; nra;j rjp Mf;fpukpg;Gg; gw;wpAk; mjid vjph;;j;j kUJ ghz;bauJ tPuk;> kjp El;gk; gw;wpAk; mth;fsJ 1801 Mk; Mz;L Nghuhl;lNk cz;ikahd (Kjy;) Rje;jpug;Nghh; - NjrtpLjiyg;Nghh; vdTk; gpuQ;Rg; Gul;rp mnkhpf;f Rje;jpug; Nghh; Nghd;wtw;wpf;F epfuhdJ vd;Wk; ,J [dehafg; Gul;rpapd; cs;sl;lf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jJ vdTk; epWt Kay;tJld; ,Wjpahf kUJghz;bah; kw;Wk; mth;fsJ thhpRfs; gphpl;b\uhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l tuyhw;iwAk; $WfpwJ.

,t;thW kUjpUth; fle;j fhy jkpof tuyhw;wpd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg; gFjp kw;Wk; epyg;gFjpahd tuyhw;iwAk; gjpT nra;jy; vd;w ngahpy; tpthjj;jpw;Fhpa gy;NtW murpay; fUj;jhf;fq;fis Kd;itj;Jr; nry;fpwhh; jpdfud; n[a;.

mt;thW mth; Kd;itf;fpd;w [dehafk; NjrtpLjiy Nghd;w Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;jhd; kUJghz;bauJ Nghuhl;lj;jpd; mbehjkhf tpsq;fpaJ vdw; fUj;J mgj;jkhdJ my;yJ cs;Nehf;fk; nfhz;lJ vd;W fUj Ntz;bAs;sJ. Md;iwa (18;k; E}w;whz;L) kUJghz;bah; cs;spl;l ghisaf;fhuh;fs; Ml;rp gw;wpa Ma;twpQh;fsJ tpsf;fq;fs; ,e;j KbTf;Nf ek;ik ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wd.

cjhuzkhf rpy>

jkpo; epyj;ij tpraefu muR ifg;gw;wp ePz;lfhyk; MdgpwFk; mJ jd; mjpfhuj;ij vy;yhtplq;fspYk; nrYj;j ,aytpy;iy. jd; fPo; ,Ue;j gFjpfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l murpay; R+o;epiyf;F Vw;g xUtpj ,uhZt epyg;gpuGj;Jt Kiwiaf; nfhz;L te;jJ. ,k;KiwahdJ mr;Rjuhah; ghyj;jpy; (1529 – 1542) kJiu kz;ly muRg;gpujpepjp tpRtehj ehaf;fuhy; nfhzug;gl;lJ vd;gh;.

rpq;fk;gl;b> rptfphp> Cj;Jkiy> kzpahr;rp> eLtf;Fwpr;rp> Nghd;w Nkw;F ney;iy khtl;lg; gFjpapYk; ,uhkehjGuk; khtl;lj;jpYk; kwth; jiyth;fisNa ghisaf;fhuh;fshf Mf;fpdh;. kJiu> jpUr;rp Mfpa gFjpfspy; fs;sh; ,dj;jth;fis Mf;fpdh;.

ghisaf;fhuh; mikg;G ,uhZt nghUshjhu murpay; Kf;fpaj;Jt; ngw;w xd;whFk;. tpraefu muR Ntw;W ,dj;J muR vd;gjhYk; mth;fs; Ntw;Wnkhop NgRgth;fshifahYk; KOikahf ,qFs;s ,dj;jth;fis ek;gpapUf;f ,ayhj R+y;epiyapy; fs;sh;> kwth; Mfpa ghisah;fSf;F ,ilapilNa njYq;fh; ghisaq;fisAk; mikj;J eha;fh;fis ghisafhuh;fshf Mf;fpdh;.

ghisaf; fpuhkq;fspy; ika muRf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; njhlh;gpy;iy. ghisaf;fhuNd thptR+ypf;Fk; chpikAk;> ePjp eph;thf mjpfhuKk;> ,uhZt chpikAk; cilatd;> gisaf;fhud; jhd; ngWk; fg;gj;jpy; %d;wpy; xUgq;if murdpd; fUT+yj;jpy; nrYj;Jthd;> ,d;ndhd;iw murDf;fhd gilfSf;Fr; nrytpLthd;> filrpg; gq;ifj; jdf;fhf itj;Jf; nfhs;thd;.

ghisaf;fhuDf;F vd;W nrhe;jkhd jdp epyq;fs;> Nfhapy; epyk;> nghJepyq;fs; Mfpait cz;L. jk; fpukq;fspy; ey;y epyq;fspy; ngUk;gFjpiag; ghisaf;fhuNd nrhe;j epykhf;fp rhFgb nra;thd;. vQ;rpatw;iwj; jk; fPo; cs;s gzpahsh;fSf;F toq;Fthd;. Mth;fs; mikjp fhyj;jpy; tptrhapfsfTk; Aj;jfhyj;jpy; Nghh; tPuh;fshfTk; ,Ug;gh;.

17>18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; jkpofj;jpy; ,j;jifa ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; fhykhfNt ,Ue;jJ vd;gh;. ntspehl;Lg; gilnaLg;Gfis vjphj;Jj; jhf;fTk;> cs;ehl;L murpay; eph;thfj;ij njhlh;e;J elj;jTk; ehaf;f kd;dh;fs; ghisaf;fhuh;fisNa nghpJk; rhh;e;jpUe;jdh;. njhlf;fj;jpy; ghisaf;fhuh; vz;zpf;if 72Mf ,Ue;jJ. (Nfh. Nfrtd; - gs;S ,yf;fpak; - xU r%ftpay; ghh;it)

,j;jifa 72 ghisaq;fspy; xd;whd rptfq;ifg; ghisaj;jpd; mjpgjpahd kwth;fsplj;jpy; ,Ue;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l R+oypy; kUjghz;bah; trk; mjpfhuk; te;J Nrh;fpwJ. Rkhh; 20 Mz;Lfs;> muz;kid rpWtay; vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; muz;kid fl;b ,th;fs; ey;yhl;rp nra;jhfTk; Rkhh; 85 Nfhtpy;fSf;F jpUg;gzp nra;jjhfTk; Fwpg;ghf fhisahh;Nfhtpy;> jpUg;gj;J}h;> jpUg;ghNrj;jp> khdhkJiu> kJiu jpUNkh$h; Nghd;w Ch; Nfhtpy;fSf;F mwg;gzp nra;jjhf jpdfud; n[a; gjpT nra;Js;shh;.

,e;j jpUg;gzpfspd; gpd;ddp gw;wp Njhoh; Nfrtd;d gpw mwpQh;fis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b $WtJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jFe;jJ. ,J kl;Lkpd;wp murh;fs;> mjpfhhpfs;> ghisaf;fhuh;fs; MfpNahh; kpf Mlk;guhd tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;ldh;> murh;fs; muz;kidfs;> kfhy;fs;> njg;gf;Fsq;fs; fl;ltjpYk; Nfhtpy; eph;khzg; gzpfspYk; nryT nra;jdh;. ghisaf;fhud; kf;fs; Kd; Njhd;Wk; NghJ glhNlhgkhfTk; Mlk;gukhfTk; fhl;rpaspg;gjw;F fzprkhd mstpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhd;. mtd; jd; nghpa ghpthuj;Jld; Njhw;wkspj;jhd;. jiyapy; jiyg;ghif fl;b new;wpapy; jq;fg;gl;lak; fl;b iffspy; tPuf;flfk; ,l;L jq;fr; rq;fpypfSk; jq;f tisay;fSk; mzpe;J ,Lg;igr; Rw;wpYk; jq;fj;jhyhd kzpfisf; fl;b gtdpte;jhd;. ehaf;fh;fSf;F mth;fs; fPo; cs;s gisaf;fhuh;fs; fl;Lk; jpiuNa ngUk; tUkhdkhf ,Ue;jJ. tpisr;rypy; ghjpg; gq;if ghisaf;fhud; nghJr; nrythf vLj;Jj;Jf;nfhs;thh;. Mjpy; xUgFjp ehaf;fUf;F jpiuahff; nfhLg;gh;.

jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;F jd; ghisaf;fhuh;fsplkpUe;J Mz;LNjhWk; tUkhdkhf xUNfhb ,UgJ yl;rk; &gha; (1922d; kjpg;Gg;gb) fpilj;j J vd;gh;. ehaf;fh; Ml;rp NfLw;w ehl;fspy; mijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l ghisaf;fhuh;fs; kf;fis NkYk; Ruz;bdh;.

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NkYk; rpy nra;jpfs;:

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,j;jifa gQ;r fhyq;fspy; kf;fs; jq;fs; tho;tplq;fspy; ,Ue;J Vuhskhd mstpy; Fbngah;e;jdh;. czTf;fhf gyh; jk;ik my;yJ jk; Foe;ijfis

tpw;wdh;. ,j;jifa Neuj;jpy; thzpgk; nra;ate;j lr;Rf;fhuh;fs;. ,q;fpUe;J Vuhskhd Ngh;fis tpiyf;F thq;fp fg;gy; fg;gyhff; nfhz;L nrd;wjhf tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. mNj Neujj;py; ehl;by; epytpa epyTlik nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rpAk;> mjd; mjpfhuj;Jt gphptpdh;fSk; tptrhak; rhh;e;Js;s kf;fisf; frf;fpg; gpope;J jk; fUT+yj;ij epug;g Kad;wdh;.

NkYk; rpy nra;jpfs;:,e;Neuj;jpy; tptrhaj;jpy; mbepiy kf;fshfpa gs;sh;> giwah;

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,q;F Njhoh; Nfrtd; 1857 fyfk; gw;wp jdJ ,e;jpa Njrpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; vd;w E}ypy; $wpAs;s fUj;Jfis fhz;gjd; %yk; 1801 Nghuhl;lj;ij ghprPypf;fyhk;.

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ehk; Nkw;fhZk; Nkw;Nfhs; kUJghz;bah; kw;Wk; fl;lnghk;kd; Nghd;w ghisaf;fhuh;fsJ gphpl;b\hiu vjph;;;j;j Nghh;fSf;F; nghUe;Jkh? nghUe;jhjh? ,th;fspd; fz;Nzhl;lk; epykhdpa fz;Nzhl;lk; ,y;iah? jkJ mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l gFjp (tptrhak; ) kf;fisg; gpd;jq;fpa Kiwapy; Ruz;Ltjw;F Vw;gl;l ji l kw;Wk; jq;fsJ Mlk;gu tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G Nghd;wtw;NwhL jq;fsJ ,e;J kjj;ijtpl;L mbj;jl;L kf;fs; ntspNaWtjw;F fhuzkhd gphpl;b\hh; Vw;gLj;jpa gz;ghl;L neUf;fb Nghd;w fhuzq;fs; jhd; ,th;fs; vjph;f;fj; J}z;baNj jtpu> kf;fs; kPJ nfhz;l khwhj fhjNyh my;yJ gphpl;b\hiu tpul;btpl;L kf;fsJ Ml;rp (Fbahl;rp)ia mikj;Nj jPUtJ vd;w nfhs;ifNah my;y vd;gJ Ghpatpy;iyah?.

mLj;J:

,q;F epytpa #oypy; gphpl;b\hh; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;f; gw;wp Nguhrhd; fhuy; khh;f]; nrhy;tijf; NfSq;fs;.

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gy E}w;whz;Lfshf njhlh;e;J te;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;jpa kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; mirtw;w jd;ik> R+dpak; nrd;w E}w;whz;L tiu epytpte;jd. ,jd; fhuzj;jhyNa ,e;jpad; fpuhk gf;jpapypUe;J Njr gf;jpf;F cautpy;iy…. Njq;fpa Fl;ilapd; mUfpy; nrd;why; Jh;ehw;wk; %f;ifj;Jisf;Fk;. ,e;jpa kdpj rKjhak; 19k; E}w;whz;L tiuapYk; ,g;gbj;jhd; ,Ue;ejJ.

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,g;NghJ $Wq;fs; ghisaf;fhu;fs;. kd;dh;fs;> ethGfs; vij epiy epWj;Jtjw;fhf fl;bf; fhl;gjw;fhf gphpl;b\hiu vjpH;jhh;fs; vd;W. ,j;jifa nfhLikahd epykhdpa rhjpa r%fj;ij rpijj;J Kjyhspaf; $Wfis Njhw;Wtpj;j gphpl;b\hhpd; eltbf;ifahy; Nfhgk; nfhz;l rdhjd rf;jpfspd; MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;ij khngUk; gpuQ;Rg;Gul;rpAlDk;> gpuQ;R ehl;by; ntFkf;fs - njhopyhspfSk; tptrhapfSk; kd;duhl;rpf;Fk;-epygpug;Gj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf fpsHe;J vOe;jijAk; gh];by; rpiwia cilj;J vwpe;j;ijAk; ,th;fs; (ghisaf;fhuh;fs;) kw;Wk; mth;fsJ tpRthrpfs; ghisaf;Nfhl;ilr; rpiwapy; ,Ue;J Cikj;Jiuia tpLtpj;jJld; xg;gpl;L jpdfud; n[a; NgRtij vd;ntd;W $WtJ?

,Njh gpuQ;Rg;Gul;rp gw;wp [tfh;yhy; NeU jdJ cyf rhpj;jpuk; vdw E}ypy; $Wtijf; NfSq;fs;…

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gh];by; rpiw tPo;r;rp rhpj;jpuj;jpyNa xU Kf;fpakhd ngUk; epfo;r;rpahFk;. mJjhd; Gul;rpia mq;Fuhh;g;gzk; nra;J itj;jJ. mJjhd; ehL KOtJk; [dq;fs; fpsh;e;njOtjw;fhd milahskhf ,Ue;jJ. mJjhd; gpuhd;rpy; gioa epiyik khz;Ltpl;lJ. NguuRk; epykhdpa mikg;Gk; tpNrr chpikfSk; jpUk;gp tuh cyfpw;Fr; nrd;Wtpl;ld vd;W Kuriwe;jJ. mJjhd; INuhg;ghtpy; kd;dh;fSf;Fk; kd;dh; kd;dh;fSf;Fk; gaq;fukhd cw;ghjkhf tpsq;fpaJ.

,j;jifa Gul;rpfukhd kf;fs; vOr;rpia> kd;duhl;rpf;F vjpuhd Vio coth;fspd; Gul;rpfukhd vOr;rpia epykhdpaj;ijf; fl;bf; fhg;gjw;fhd ghisaf;fhuh;fsJ Nghuhl;lj;Jld; rkg;,Lj;jpg; NgRtJ tuyhw;W Nkhrbay;yth? NkYk; NeU $Wtijg; ghUq;fs;.

MfNt gpuhd;rpd; jiytpjpia eph;zak; nra;j me;j Ie;J tUlq;fspy; (1789-1794) grpahy; thLk; ghku [dq;fs; nrayhw;Wtij ehk;

fhz;fpNwhk;. mth;fs; jhd; gaq;nfhs;sp murpay;thjpfis eph;ge;jg;gLj;jp KbaiuirAk; epykhdpaj;ijAk; kj ];jhgdj;jpd; rYiffisAk; Jilj;J ePf;FkhW nra;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs;jhd; fpybd; vd;Dk; gaq;fu Njtijia mh;rpj;Jj; jq;fsJ gifth;fis mtSf;F gypA+l;Lfpwhh;fs;… fe;ijALj;jpath;fs;> ghjul;ir(nrUg;G)$l ,y;yhjth;fs; ifapy; fpilj;j Majq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Gul;rpiaf; fhg;ghw;w Nghh;fsj;Jf;F tpiue;J nry;fpwhh;fs;. ([tfh;yhy; NeU-cyf rhpj;jpuk;).

,j;jifa kfj;jhd gpuQ;Rg;Gul;rpia 1801k; Mz;L kUJ ghz;bah; jiyikapyhd Nghuhl;lj;Jld; rkg;gLj;JtJ mjhtJ epykhdpaj;ij vjph;j;j ciof;Fk; kf;fsJ Nghuhl;lj;ij> epykhdpaj;ij epiyepWj;j Jbj;j ghisaf;fhuh; jiyikapyhd Nghuhl;lj;Jld; rkg;gLj;JtJ gpj;jyhl;lk; my;yth?

mLj;J ,th;fshy; Gfo;e;J Nghw;wg;gLk; kUJghz;bah; ntspapl;ljhff; $wg;gLk; [k;Gj;jPTg; gpufldk; vd;d nrhy;fpwJ vd;gij rw;Wg; ghh;g;Nghk;.

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,e;j ,opgpwtpfshy; Msg;gLk; ,e;ehLfspd; kf;fs; Viofshdhh;fs;. mth;fs; czT ePh; vd;whdJ. mth;fs; ,d;dYwtJ ntspg;gil Mdhy; fuzq;fs; ,it vd;Dk; mwpT ,y;yhjth;fshAs;sdh;. ,ijg; Nghf;f rhtJ vt;tsNth NkyhdJ. Nkd;ik jq;fpa ethGf;F Mw;fhl;L RghTk;> tpraukzj; jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;F fh;ehlfKk; jQ;rhT+Uk; jpUk;g mspf;fg;gLk;. mtuth; guk;giu ghj;jpaijia milayhk;…

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NkNy nrhd;dg;gb.. nra;a kWf;fpwth;fs; fq;if fiuapy; fhuhk; gRitf; nfhy;fpw ghtj;jpw;Fk; eufj;jpw;Fk; Nghfpw NtW ghtq;fSk; Md Fw;wq;fisr; nra;jth;shf… Kry;khd;fs; gd;wpapd; uj;jj;ijf; Fbj;jth;fshf…

,g;gpufldk; kUJghz;bah;fs; kf;fis tUz - rhjpahfg; gphpj;J Mz;ldh; vd;gijAk;> INuhg;gpaiu tpul;b tpl;L kPz;Lk; ethG> ghisaf;fhuh;

Ml;rpia epWt Kaw;r;rpj;jdh; vd;gijAk; mjw;fhf kf;fsJ rhjp-kj ek;gpf;iffisg; gad;gLj;jp kf;fisj; jpul;l Kad;wdh; vd;gijAk; fhl;b epw;fpwJ.

,j;jifa th;z – rhjp mikg;G nfhz;lth;fsJ Nghuhl;l Kaw;r;rpiag; gw;wp mk;Ngj;fh; ‘cq;fSil r%f mikg;Ng khw;wpdhy; xopa ePq;fs; Kd;NdwNt KbahJ vd;gNj vd;fUj;J. jhf;FjYf;Nfh jw;fhg;Gf;Nfh kf;fis xd;W jpul;l cq;fshy; KbahJ. rhjp vd;fpw m];jpthuj;jpd; Nky; vijANk cq;fshy; fl;l KbahJ. xU Njrj;ij cq;fshy; cUthf;f KbahJ. cah;e;j xOf;f newpfisAk; cUthf;f KbahJ. rhjpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ePq;fs; cUthf;Ffpw vy;yhNk cUFiye;J NghFk;. KOikailahJ’ (mk;Ngj;fhh;-rhjp xopg;G) vd;W $Wfpwhh;. [k;Gj;jPT gpufldk; Gul;rpfukhdJ jhdh? vd;gij ez;gh; jpdfud; n[a; ghprPypf;fl;Lk;.

,d;iwa cyfka kWfhydpahjpf;fr; R+oypy; Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fisAk; gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fspd; CLUtiyAk;> Ruz;liyAk; vjph;j;Jg; Nghuhl Ntz;ba Njit epyTfpwJ. mjw;F ntF kf;fis vOr;rp nfhs;sr; nra;a fle;jfhy kf;fsJ me;epa vjph;g;G tPuQ;nrwpe;j Nghuhl;lq;fis fyfq;fis mjd; mDgtq;fis kf;fs; Kd; kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;J itf;f Ntz;baJ r%f mf;fiw nfhz;l fiyQh;fspd; flikahfpwJ. Mdhy; fle;j fhy tuyhw;iw xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fsJ ghh;itapy; ghprPyp;j;J kf;fsJ Mjpf;f vjph;g;G fyfq;fis Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffisNa ekJ tuyhwhf Kd; itf;f Ntz;LNk jtpu MSk; th;f;fk; fw;gpj;J te;Js;s tuyhw;iw kf;fs; tuyhwhf kPz;Lk; Kd;itg;gJ kf;fis Vkhw;Wk; NkhrbahfNt mikAk;.

me;j tifapy; ,d;Dk; $l jkpofj;jpy; ele;j epykhdpa rhjpahf;f nfhLikfis vjph;j;j ciof;Fk; xLf;fg;gl;;l kf;fsJ Nghuhl;l tuyhw;iw KOikahf kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;a Ntz;ba gzp fhj;Jf; fplf;fpwJ.

khwhf kUjpUth; gw;wp (cz;ikf;F khwhf) Nkd;ikgLj;jp Njr tpLjiy Kd;Ndhbahf Kd;itg;gJ Vfhjpgj;jpa vjph;g;gpw;Fg; gad;glhJ. r%fj; jsj;jpy; mfKilahh; rhjp thOk; gFjpapy; gpw rhjpapdh; kPJ Fwpg;ghf jypj; rhjpfs;kPJ mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jtjw;F tuyhw;W epahak; fpilj;jjhfNt fUjg;gLk;.

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kUjpUth; Mtzg;glj;ijg; ghh;j;Jtpl;L mtuJ thhpRfshff; fUjp nfhs;Sk; mt;tpdj;jpdh; vtUk; ntbFz;Lfisf; fl;bf; nfhz;L kUJ rPikapy; (rptfq;ifg; gFjpapy;) nfhf;Nfh Nfhyh epWtdk; epyj;jb ePiu cwpQ;rp kf;fis cwpQ;Rtij vjph;j;J gha;e;Jtplg; Nghtjpy;iy vd;gNjhL cz;ik vd;dntd;why; jkpofk; KOtJNk Mjpf;f rhjpapdh; (ghisaf;fhuh;fsJ thhpRfs;) jhd; Vfhjpgj;jpa gd;dhl;L fk;ngdpfSf;F Kfth;fshf> Vn[z;Lfshf nray;gl;L jq;fsJ igfis epug;gpf; nfhz;Ls;sdh; vd;gijAk; ehk; epidT+l;l Ntz;bAs;sJ.

MfNt ,q;F Vfhjpgj;jpa vjph;g;G vd;gij rhjpahf;f epygpuGj;Jt vjph;g;G vd;gNjhL ,ize;Js;sNj jtpu jdpahdJ my;y vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;Nthk;.

gpd; Fwpg;G:

kUjpUthpd; %yg;gpujp n[aNghpif MFk;. ,jid jpdfud; n[a;> rptfq;ifapd; nghjpif fiy ,yf;fpa tl;lKk; mUk;G Gj;jf epiyaKk; ,ize;J elj;jpa FWk;gl Mtzg;gl tpohtpy; jpiuapl;lhh;. gpwF mjd; kPJ te;j tpkh;rdq;fis fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Fwpg;ghf gh.jpUehTf;fuR njhFj;J ntspapl;l nrhy;yg;glhj rpdpkhtpy; te;j tpkh;rdk; Nghd;wtw;iw fzf;fpy; nfhz;Nl n[aNghpifia kUjpUth; vd;W khw;wp xOq;fikj;Js;shh; vd;W fUj tha;g;Gs;sJ.

n[aNghpifapy; kUJ ghz;baUf;F Kd;Dk; rkfhyj;jpYk; jkpo; epyg;gFjpapy; Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;Jg; Nghhpl;l ghisaf;fhuh;fshd G+ypj;Njtd;> fl;lnghk;kd; Nghd;Nwhiu tplTk; kUJghz;baNu NjrtpLjiyf;fhf Nghhpl;lth;fs;. kw;wth;fs; Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhspfs; my;yh; vd;W epWTk; tpjkhf fhl;rpg;gLj;jpapUe;jhh;. me;Nehf;fpNyNa Ma;thsh;fsJ $w;W> jfty;fs;; vd;W ,ize;jpUe;jhh;.

,jd; fhuzkhf kUJghz;baiu jq;fsJ (,d) Kd;Ndhh;fshf cah;j;jpg;gpbf;Fk; mfKilahh; rhjpapdUf;F ctg;gspf;ff; $bajhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,ij mg;gbNa khw;wp kUjpUthpy; njd;dhL x tlehL vd;w Kuz;ghl;il ikag;gLj;jp ‘1857- rpg;gha;f; fyfj;ij’ tplTk; kUJ ghz;baupd; 1801 Gul;rpNa cz;ikahdJk; KjyhdJkhd Njr tpLjiyg; Gul;rp vd;Wk; mJ jkpoh;fspd; Njrpag; Gul;rp vd;Wk; NgRfpwJ.

,jd; fhuzkhf rhjp milahsk; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;gl;L jkpo; Njrpa jsj;jpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngWk; Nehf;fpy; jpl;lkpl;L Mf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jid xl;bNa jkpoh; fz;Nzhl;lk; ,jopy; (khh;r; 2006) fjph; epytd; vd;gth; kUjpUth; Mtzg;glj;ijg; ghuhl;b tuNtw;W kjpg;Giu

toq;fpAs;shh;. $lNt jpdfud; n[a; mLj;J <oj;jkpoh; gw;wp Mtzg;glk; jahhpj;J ,Uf;fpwhh; vd;w jftiyj; jUtjd; thapyhf ‘kUjpUth;’ k; jkpo;j; Njrpa Nehf;fpy; mike;j Mtzg;glk; vd;w fUjp Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;gspf;fpwJ.

kUJghz;bah; Nghd;w epykhdpa ghisaf;fhuh;fis jkpo;j; Njrpaj;jpd; my;yJ jkpo;j; Njr tpLjiyg; Gul;rpapd; ehafh;fshf Kd;Ndhbahf fUJthh;fNsadhy; ,th;fsJ jkpo;j; Njrpa murpay; rl;lk; mry; kDjh;khf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjpy; ve;jr; re;NjfKk; ,y;iy.ed;wp : Gjpafhw;W / [Piy2006 / gf;fk; 52-59

10.kUjpUth; - Rg;gpukzpauh[{

Xh; ,e;J];jhdpag; giliaf;nfhz;L gQ;rhg; Nghd;w ngUk; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wp mth;fis mlf;fg;gad;gl;l mNj gilia xLf;FkhW rPf;fpah;fis Vtptpl;L> Mg;fi; ,dj;jthpd; fLk; vjph;g;Gf;fpilNa gy;yhz;Lfshfg; Nghuhb ng\hth; Nghd;w ,lj;ij jk;trk; itj;Jf; nfhhz;L ,tw;iw vy;yhk; rhjpj;j gilfisj; jpBnud;W gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ Ngha;tpl;l epiyapy; jaf;fkpd;wp me;j Mg;fd; ,dj;jtiu nfhz;Nl fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;l ,e;jpag;gilfis mlf;fpr; nray;Ghpa xU Njrj;jhy; KbAnkd;why; me;ehL cz;ikapy; cyif MSk; jpwDilajhFk;.(The Tale Of Great Mutiny W.H.gpl;nrl; page 48/49 E}ypypUe;J)

,e;jpahtpy; epfo;e;j fhydpahjpf;fj;jpd; uh[je;jpu nray;Kiwiajhd; gpl;nrl; ,g;gb Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; jj;jk; ,dgpuNjr uh[ tpRthrj;jhy; ce;jg;gl;l epykhdpa rf;jpfis nfhz;Nl gphpl;b\hh; ,e;j je;jpu Kiwfis ifahz;ldh;. ,e;jpa rhjp kw;Wk; kuG topia nghJ je;jpujpw;F cl;gLj;jp ,e;jpahit murpay; mbikjdj;jpw;F topNfhypa INuhg;gpa mwpTthjj;jhy; ,d;ndhU jsj;jpy; jdf;F cUthfp tUfpw Njrpa mghaj;ij fzf;fpl Kbatpy;iy. nghJ [d mjpUg;jpia jfuhwhf tbtikj;j kq;fy;ghz;Nl jhd; me;j INuhg;gpaUf;F vjpuhd Njrpa mghak; vd 1857 Gul;rpapd; NghJ ,e;jpa gphpl;b\; tuyhw;whsh;fs; midtUNk xg;Gf;nfhz;ldh;. 1857 vOr;rpapd; Nehf;fk; njhlf;fj;jpy; Njrpa Gul;rpf;fhd vy;yh jd;ikiaAk; cs;slf;fp ,Ue;jJ. mijj; jhd; ,e;Jf;fshy; njhlq;fg;gl;l fyfk; nly;yp mhpaizapy; xU Kfkjpag; Nguuir mku itj;jjpy; Kbe;jpUf;fpwJ vd;W khh;f;]; Fwpg;gpl;L vOjpdhh;.

1857k; Mz;ilNa Njrpa vOr;rpapd; Nkw;$wpa cld;ghl;Lf; $Wghl;bid typAWj;JtJ vj;jid Kf;fpaJtk; tha;e;jNjh mj;jid mstpw;Nf mjd; vjph;kiwf; $Wghl;bid typAWj;JtJk; ,d;wpaikjhjJ MFk;. 1857k;

rpg;gha; Gul;rp Njhy;tpAw;wjw;F FWfpa tFg;Gthj czh;Nt fhuzk;. ,e;j tuyhw;W Ghpjy; thjq;fs; ve;j xU mwpTthjj;jpYk; gfl;lhd tpthjj;Jf;F gpd; KOikahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.

guq;fpaiu ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaw;Wk; mstpw;F ekJ 1857k; Mz;bw;F gpw;gl;l Njrpa ,af;fk; tsh;e;J Kjph;e;J typik ngw 90 Mz;Lfs; Njitg;gl;lJ vd KOtJk; NgRtJk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpig; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;W jh;f;f thjj;jpw;F KuzhdJ. ,e;j Kuz;ghl;ilj;jhd; jpdfud;n[a; ,af;fpa kUjpUth; (njd;dpe;jpa Gul;rp 1801) vd;w Mtzg;glk; Nfs;tpgLj;jp ,Uf;fpwJ.

mNj rkak; NtnwhU jsj;jpYk; ,e;jg;glk; Gjpa tpthjj;ij njhlq;fpapUf;fpwJ. tuNtw;fj;jf;f ,e;j tpthjj;jpd; njhlf;fk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug;Nghh; gw;wpa kjpg;gPLfisak; Njrpathj njhiy Nehf;Ffisak; fiyj;JNghLfpwJ. 43 epkplk; nfhz;l ,e;j Mtzg;glj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ,e;jpahtpyd; Kjy; Rje;jpug;Nghh; vJ? vd;w juNtWghl;il tpsf;FtJjhd;. 1857Rje;jpug; Nghhpd; nghd;tpoh nfhz;lhl;lk; gw;wp ,e;jpa muR mwptpj;J ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; 1857Nghh; gw;wpa kjpg;gPLfis kW Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jp Rje;jpug; Nghuhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;skWj;J ntspahfp ,Uf;fpw ,e;j Mtzg;glj;jpd; Nehf;fk; vy;NyhuhYk; Ghp;J nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;bajhFk;.

1857k; Mz;ilNa Njrpa vOr;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; ve;nje;j Kf;fpag; gFjpfSk; kf;fspd; gphptpdUk; gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy vd;gijAk; gphpl;b\hUf;F Mjuthf ,Uf;f Ntz;ba epiyik vq;qdk; cUthdJ vd;gijAk; Fwpg;gpLtJ Kf;fpakhFk;. ,e;j epyik vq;qdk; cUthdJ vd;w tpthj gpd;dzpia NeUTk; khh;f;];k; njhiy Nehf;NfhL Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhYk; ,jw;fhd Kjd;ikahd Njrpa fhuzj;ij ghprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mjd;gb 1857 rpg;gha; Gul;rp ,];yhkpa kw;wk; ,e;Jj;Jth Mfpait Kd; itj;J elj;jg;gl;lJ vd;w cz;ikia jaf;fkpd;wp tpthpf;fpwJ. ,e;j Mtzg;glk;. NkYk; ,g;glk; ,e;jpa rhjp R+oypy; ,aq;fpa tpjit kWkzr; rl;lk; rhjp xopg;Gf;F vjpuhf fpsh;e;j 1857 fytuj;ij ,e;jpa Njrpa tpLjiy NgnuOr;rpahf Vw;wf; nfhs;s KbahJ vd;fpwJ.

fpsh;r;rpahsh;fSila Nehf;fk; vd;d? ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jifa murpay; rKjha mikg;ig cUthf;f mth;fs; Kad;wdh;? ,t;tpU tpdhTf;fhd gjpy; kl;Lk; jhd; 1857 rpg;gha; fytuj;ij Njrpa Nghuhl;lkhf fhydpahjpf;f vjph;g;G tpLjiy Nghuhl;lkhf Vw;f cjTk.; 1857k; Mz;Lg; Nghuhl;lj;ij gw;wp njspthd cUthf;fk; Nkw;$wpa tpdhtpw;Fj; jug;gLk; rhpahd tpiliar; rhh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. me;j rhpahd tpiliaj;jhd; ,e;j Mtzg;glk; tpthpf;fpwJ.

1857k; Mz;L vOr;rpiag; gw;wpa Mjhu G+h;thkhf vOjpa Kjy; gphpl;b\; tuyhw;whsUk; fhdpq; gpuGTk; ,Nj fUj;ijjhd; nfhz;bUe;jdh;.

,jw;F khwhd Njrpa vOr;rpia cUthf;fp Nghuhsp fofq;fis fl;likj;J gpuhd;]; Gul;rpahsh;fs; murpay; rpj;jhe;jjhy; ce;jg;gl;l kUJghz;bah;fisAk; J}e;jh[pthf; vd;w kuhl;baiuAk; Kd; itj;J ,g;glk; tpthpf;fpwJ. ,d;W tiu ,th;fSila Nghuhl;lj;ij ‘muRhpikNghuhf’ jphpj;J $wp tUfpd;wdh;. ,e;j goikahd gphpl;b\; tuyhw;whshpd; fUj;ij ,e;jpa tuyhw;whsHfs; jpUg;gpr; nrhy;Yk;NghJ mtHfs; mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; ntsp tbtj;ij cl;nghUshff; fUjp kaq;Fk; jtiwr; nra;fpwhh;fs;. muRhpik Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd $Wfs; mjpy; ,Ue;jpUf;FNkahdhy; md;iwa R+oypy; gpd;dzp nfhz;Nl mij mZFjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,th;fspd; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F kl;Lk; jhd; kf;fspd; NtW gy rKjha rf;jpfSk; nraypy; <Lgl;ldh;. mit Gjpa vz;zq;fisAk; cz;ikfisAk; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F je;jd. ,th;fspd; Nghuhl;l gpd;dzpf;F Njrpa vOr;rpapd; NghJ kf;fs; rf;jpfs; nrayhz;ik ngw;W tpsq;fpaij ,af;Feh; jpdfud; n[a; rhl;rpg;Lj;jpUg;gJ tuNtw;fjf;fJ.

,e;J – K];ypk; Ntw;wikia tsu tpLtJ vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpypUe;j gphpl;b\; gpujpepjpfspd; nfhs;ifapd; gphpf;f Kbahj Xh; mq;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. 1857y; fyf Gaypd; Muk;g mwpFwpfs; vOe;jNghJ ,jd; gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;jJ ,e;Jth? K];ypkh? vd gphpl;b\hh; ,ay;ghfNt rpe;jpj;jdh;. ,e;j fyhr;rhu gpur;rid njhlh;ghd Nghuhl;l R+oYf;F vq;qdk; ,ilA+iu Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;gij tuyhw;W neLfpYk; ekf;F fhzf;fpilf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf gfJ}h;\h gpufldk; ,];yhkpa mjpfhuj;ij ,e;jpahtpy; kPl;nlLg;gjw;fhd gpufldk; vd;w uh[Gj;u kw;Wk; gpuhkz Nghuhspfspd; Fw;wr;rhl;L ,d;Wtiu tuyhw;wpy; tpthjj;Jf;fhdJ jhd;. Vnddpy; jpUr;rpapy; kUJghz;badhy; ntspaplg;gl;l tuyhw;W Gfo; tha;e;j [k;Gj;jPT Gul;rp mwpf;if 1801NyNa etPd ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; gpwg;gpw;F mbNfhypaJ. 1801k;Mz;bd; khngUk; Njrpa vOr;rp cyf OOikf;Fkhd [dehaf xUikAzh;tpw;F mbj;jsk; ,l;lJ.

gphpj;jhdpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; Gul;rpfukhd tpisTfisj; jPh;f;f jhprdk; kpf;f Nghuhspahd kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; njspthf fz;ldh;. murh;fspd; guk;giu chpik mth;fis ek;gp tho;NthuJ ghpG+uz tpRthrk; midj;Jk; ,r;re;jh;g;gj;jpy; mopf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j guk;giu gof;f tof;fq;fis ,oe;jth;fspd; rpe;jid Nghf;if mjpUg;jp Gul;rp Mfpatw;wpd; $WfshfTk; cUkhw;wk; mila me;j Gul;rp mwpf;if cjtpaJ.

tpopg;Gzh;T kpf;f tptrhapfspd; tsh;e;J tUk; murpay; czh;Tk; mth;fis cUthf;fpa rKjhaj;jpNy mth;fspd; murpay; gq;if mth;fs; ed;F czh;e;jhh;fs; vd;gij me;j Gul;rp mwpf;ifapy; fhz KbfpwJ.

murpay; nghUshjhu Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd khngUk; ,af;f vOr;rpahf cUkhw;wk; ngw;w njd;dpe;jpa Gul;rp jfty; njhlh;G mw;w R+oyhy; kl;LNk %o;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. rpg;gha;f; fyfk; kj tpNuhj kdg;ghd;ikahy; Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghuhl;lk; fw;gpj;j gbg;gpidfs; gphpl;b\hUf;F ,e;jpa r%f R+oiy ed;F czh;e;J Ml;rpia epiynfhs;s cjtpaJ. ,];yhkpah;fspd; kjntwp Nghf;Fk; gphpl;b\hhpd; epjhdkhd R+o;epiyAk; Nghuhl;l R+oiy NtuWj;jJ. Mjd; njhlh;r;rpahf 1857 Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F gpd; rpy Mz;LfshfNt jq;fs; Vfhjpgj;jpa Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; ngUkstpy; fpwp];Jt kjj;jpw;F kf;fis khw;wk; Kaw;rpapd; %yk; fyhr;rhuj; Jiwapy; ,e;jpHit Njrpa czh;r;rp mw;Wg; Nghfr; nra;tjpy; Kide;jpUe;jdh;. ,e;j kj JNtr nray;ghl;bd; gpd;dzpia tpsf;fhky; ,e;j Mtzg;glk; vLj;jpUg;gJ tUj;jj;jpw;FhpaJ.

guq;fpaUf;F vjpuhd Nghhpy; kjj;jpypUe;J typikiaj; jpul;b nfhs;s Kad;wdh;. 1857 Nghhpy; rka fhuzk; xU ngUk; gq;F tfpj;jnjdpy; mJ Njrpa fhuzj;jpd; xUgFjpahf vg;gb Vw;gJ? ,];yhkpah;fshy; fw;gpf;fg;gl;l cs;ehl;L NghNu Njrpa mstpy; rpg;gha; Gul;rpia rpjwbj;jJ. ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;jpy; fpwp];jtk; ,r;R+oypy; jhd; gphpl;b\huhy; gfpuq;fkhf tsh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;Tz;ik vspjpy; kwf;fg;gl;lJ.

njd;dpe;jpa Gul;rp (1081) vr;R+oypYk; rhjpaNkh kjNkh Nghuhl;l fsfj;jpy; FWf;fpltpy;iy vd;gij ,e;j Mtzg;glk; njspthf Kd; itj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,g;glj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fspy; th;zidAk; ,irAk; Fwpg;gpl;L nrhy;y Ntz;baitahFk;. Nguhrphpah; ,uh.gpuhgfh; ,ir njhlq;fpaTlNd vjph;ghh;g;ig cz;L gz;ZfpwJ.

gphpl;b\;f;F vjpuhd Gul;rpapy; ,e;jpah KOtijAk; <LgLj;j tpUk;gpa kUjpUth; fhyj;jpa epfo;r;rpfisAk; 1857 Gul;rpia mjd; rpwpa tbtpy; ,e;jpah fhz Neh;e;j NtY}h; fyfj;ijAk; gpd; ele;j Nghh; epfo;TfisAk; thpirg;gLj;jpdhYk; ,ilapYs;s miu E}w;whz;Lf; fhyj;jpa gphpl;b\; Ml;rpahsh;fSf;F jk; vjph;g;gpidj; njhptpf;Fk; ehL jOtpa Xh; ,af;fj;ij njd;dpe;jpah;fs; ed;whf czh;e;Nj jpl;lkpl;bUe;jdh; vd;gij ,e;j Mtzg;glk; Kd; itj;jpUf;fpwJ - mJ cz;ikNa.

ed;wp : tlf;Fthry; / [Piy 2006 / gf;fk; 39- 41

11. tpkh;rdk; kPjhd vjph;tpid - fjph;epytd;

jkpoh; fz;Nzhl;lk; ,jopy; ehd; kjpg;Giu vOjpajhf Fwpg;gpLtJ jtW. kUjpUth; glk; Fwpj;J Kd;Ndhl;lkhf nra;jp kl;LNk ntspapl;Ls;Nsd;. mg;glk; Fwpj;J vq;Fk; vd; fUj;ij gjpT nra;atpy;iy. Mtzg;glj;jpy; ,af;Feh; jpdfud; nra;apd; fUj;ijAk; ehNsL xd;wpy; mLj;J vLf;fg;glTs;s glk; Fwpj;J nrhd;dtw;iw kl;LNk vOjpAs;Nsd;.

nghJthf jkpof tuyhW vd;gJ tlehl;L Mjpf;f rf;jpfshy; khw;wp vOjg;gLtjhf kl;LNk Fwpg;gpLs;Nsd;. NkYk; Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghiu kWj;J kUjpUth; Mtzg;glk; ntspte;jpUg;gij Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;Wjhd; $wpAs;Nsd;.

cz;ikapy; mry; kDjh;k rl;lkhf ,e;jpa muRk; ,e;jpa NjrpaKk; ,Uf;fpwgbahy;jhd; kUJghz;bah;fspd; tuyhW kl;Lky;y> njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Nghuhba jpg;GRy;jhd;> fl;lnghk;kd;> jPud; rpd;dkiy MfpNahh;fspd; tuyhW ,Ul;lbg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ. tl ,e;jpahtpy; Nghuhba kd;dh;fSf;F Kd;djhfNt njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Nghuhba Vfhjpgj;jpa vjph;g;G kd;dh;fspd; tuyhW vg;NghJk; ,izahf itj;Jg; Ngrg;gLtjpy;iy. 1857y; eilngw;w Kjy; tpLjiyg; NghUf;F rw;Wk; Fiwtpy;yhj NtY}h; Gul;rp 1806y; eilngw;wij njd;dpe;jpag;Gul;rp vd;W jhd; tuyhw;whrphpah;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;fNsnahopa Kjy; tpLjiyg;Nghh; vd;W xj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy;iy.

,j;jifnjhU R+oypy;jhd; kUjpUth; Mtzg;glk; 1801y; kUJghz;bah;fs; elj;jpa Nghuhl;lj;ij Kjy; njd;dpe;jpag;Gul;rp vd;W th;zpf;fpwJ. vJ Kjy; tpLjiyg;Nghh; vd;gjpy; fUj;J NtWghLfs; ,Ue;jhy; fl;Liuahsh; mij tpthjj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpapUf;fyhk;. tpkh;rdj;jpy; ve;j ,lj;jpYk; Rje;jpug; Nghh; Fwpj;J tpthjj;ij mth; gjpT nra;ahjJ ftdpf;fj; jf;fjhFk;. ,e;jg; gz;Gjhd; ,e;j tpkh;rdj;ij Neh;ikahd gjpthf vLj;Jf;nfhs;s ,ilA+W nra;fpwJ. mjw;F khwhf kUjpUth; tpkh;rdk; vd;w ngahpy; Ngh.Nfrtdpd; nghJthd fUJNfhs; %ykhf kUJghz;bah;fspd; Ml;rpia fl;Liuahsh; njsptw;W tpkh;rpj;J ,Uf;fpwhh;.

Nfh.Nfrtdpd; gs;S ,yf;fpak; E}ypypUe;J Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Ltnjy;yhk; 72 ghisaq;fis gw;wp $Wfpd;wdNtad;wp> mg;ghisaq;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; tuhj kUJghz;bah;fspd; rPik Fwpj;J vJTk; $wg;gltpy;iy. NkYk; kUjpUth; jiyik Vw;W elj;jpa tptrhag; Nghuhl;lk; Fwpj;J Nfh.Nfrtdpd; $w;iw fl;Liuahsh; mwpe;jpuhjjw;F ehNdh ,af;Feh; jpdfud n[a;Nah nghw;Ngw;f KbahJ. mNj Nghy; 72 ghisaq;fspy; rptfq;if xd;W vd fl;Liuahsh; Fwpg;gpl;ljpypUe;J mthpd; mwpahik ntspg;gLtij thrfh; ftdpf;fTk;.

ghisaf;fhu Ml;rpKiw gw;wp vdf;F vt;tpj fUj;J NtWghLk; ,y;iy. mNj rkak; ,th;fspy; kUjpUth; NtWgl;lth;fs; vd;gjw;F tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; Vuhsk;. ,ij kWf;fpw tpkh;rd kNdhghtj;ij re;Njfj;NjhL mZf Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j tpkh;rdKk; me;j tifiar; rhh;e;jJjhd;. Vnddpy; ghisaf;fhuh;fs; kf;fis Ruz;bdhh;fs; vd Nfrtdpd; fUj;ij jd; fUj;jhf fl;Liuapy; vLj;Jf; fhl;bath;> kUjpUth; kf;fis Ruz;bdhh; vd;gjw;F Mjhug;G+h;tkhf vJTk; vLj;Jf;fhl;ltpy;iy vd;gJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.

INuhg;gpah;fs; ,e;jpaj; Jizf; fz;lj;jpy; mbnaLj;J itj;jNghJ epyTlik cw;gj;jp KiwAk; kd;dh;fspd; nfhLq;Nfhyhl;rp eph;thf KiwAk; eilngw;W te;jij ehk; kWf;ftpy;iy. Kbkd;dh;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf Nghuhba mNj kf;fs; INuhg;gpah;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf Kbkd;dh;fNshL ,ize;J jq;fsJ Vfhjpgj;jpa vjph;g;Gzh;it ntspfhl;bdhh;fs;. mjdhy;jhd; gphpl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpak; ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;ij KOtJk; ifg;gw;w xU E}w;whz;Lf;F Nkyhf Nghuhl Ntz;bajhfptpl;lJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; Kbkd;dh;fspd; jiyikapy; fhzg;gl;l rkurg; Nghf;Ffs;> Cryhl;lk;> tQ;rfj; jd;ik MfpaitAk; gphpl;b\hh; Ml;rpf;F tpiuTgLj;jpd. ,e;j tpiuTgLj;jpa fhyfl;lj;jpy; jhd; kUjpUthpd; Nghuhl;lk; gpd;dzp tfpj;jJ. ,e;j tuyhw;Wg; Ghpjy; ,d;wp kUjpUth; Mtzg;glj;ij tpkh;rpf;ff;$lhJ.

Kbkd;dh;fspd; epyTilik Ml;rpKiw r%f tsh;r;rpapy; gpw;Nghf;Fj; jdkhdit. gphpl;b\; fhydpahjpf;f vjph;g;gpy; gif Kuz;ghL nfhz;l kf;fSk; Kbahl;rp kd;dh;fSk; xd;wpize;jdh;. md;iwf;F ,Ue;j epyTilik r%f mikg;gpy; cUthd Njrq;fspd; tiuaWg;gpy; epd;W Nghuhbdh;. ,jid gphpl;b\; njhopy; Kjyhspaj;jpd; %yk; 19k; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpy; ,e;jpa Njrf;fl;likg;gpy; epd;W Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lky;y vd;W $WtJk;> kf;fshy; jiyik jhq;fg;gl;l [dehafg; Nghuhl;lky;y vd;W $WtJk; jtwhdit. Vnddpy; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhd NjrtpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ NtW. epyTilik Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhdJk; gpw;Nghf;Fj; jdkhd gioikthjj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhdJkhd [dehafg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ NtW. Kjyhspj;Jtk; toq;fpa ed;nfhilfspy; xd;W [dehafkhFk;. epyTilik xopg;gpw;fhd [dehafg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kbahl;rp kd;dh;fSf;F ,lkpy;iy.

rPd Njrj;jpy; epyTilikf;F vjpuhd Gjpa [dehafg; Gul;rp fhyfl;lj;jpy; [g;ghd; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij jsgjpfSld; rkurk; nfhz;Lk;> gpw;Nghf;Fj; jdkhd Kjyhspfspd; gpujpepjpAkhd rpahq;if Nrf;Fld; iff;Nfhh;j;Jg; Nghuhbdhh;. ,g;Nghuhl;lk; Vfhjpgj;jpa vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lnkd;W jhd; miof;fg;gLfpwNjnahopa [dehafg; Nghuhl;lnkd;w miof;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

Njrpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ ve;jnthU Njrj;jpYk; midj;J th;f;f rf;jpfSk; xd;wpize;J elj;jg;gLk; Nguuhl;lkhFk;. ,g;Nghuhl;lk; Vfhjpgj;jpa vjph;g;ig mbg;gilahfNt nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

vdNt ,e;jpa kf;fs; fhydpahjpf;fj;ij vjph;j;J Kbahl;rp kd;dh;fNshL ,ize;J elj;jpa Nghuhl;lkhdhYk; rhp Kjyhspfs; kw;Wk; Kjyhspa ,af;fq;fNshL ,ize;J elj;jpa Nghuhl;lkhdhYk; rhp ,it ,uz;LNk rhuhk;rj;jpy; Njr tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fNs MFk;.

fhuy; khh;f;];> r%f tsh;r;rpapy; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; ,ul;ilj; jd;ikia mth; Fwpg;gpl;l NghjpYk;> 1857 ,e;jpa kf;fNshL ,ize;J ,Wjpfhy Kbahl;rp kd;dh;fs; elj;jpa Nghuhl;lj;ij Kjy; tpLjiyg;Nghh; vd;Wjhd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. vdNt kf;fs; xU Njrkhf ,ize;J NghuhLtjw;F Kd;dh; Kbkd;dh;fs; elj;jpa Vfhjpgj;jpa vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ rhuhk;rj;jpy; mJ Njr tpLjiyg; Nguhl;lk;jhd;. NkYk;> gpuhkz ehy;tUzKiw vd;gJ kd;dh;fspd; nrhe;j fz;Lgpbg;gy;y. gioa r%f mikg;gpd; njhlh;r;rpahfNt epyTilikr; r%f mikg;gpYk; ,d;iwa Kjyhspj;Jt r%f mikg;gpYk; gpukhzpak; ePbj;J tUfpd;w xd;whFk;. gpukhzpaj;jpd; ngauhy; ciof;Fk; kf;fis nfhLikg;gLj;jpa kd;dh;fs; tuyhw;wpy; epiwaNt cz;L. jkpo; kd;dh;fs; vd;gjw;fhf ehk; xUNghJk; kd;dh;fspd; rhjpa xLf;Fkiwia Mjhpj;jJ fpilahJ. mNj rkak; Vfhjpgj;jpa vjph;g;G tuyhw;wpd; ehafh;fshf kUJ ghz;bah;fis nrhy;tjpy; jtnwhd;Wkpy;iy.

kUjpUthpd; muR kf;fs; murhf – Fwpg;ghf tptrhapfs; tpUk;gpa murhf tpsq;fpaJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mth;fs; tptrhapfSf;F Ntz;ba cjtpfisr; nra;jdh;. tptrhapfSf;F gy muR cjtpfis (rYiffshfNth> khdpakhfNth) toq;fpLk; eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jq;fis nra;jdh;. tptrhapfspd; mbj;js kf;fspd; Mjuthsh;fshf nra;jdh;. tptrhapfspd;> mbj;js kf;fspd; Mjuthsh;shf kUjpUth; tpsq;fpaij ntspg;gLj;Jk; rhd;whf Nguh.fjph;Ntypd; `p];lhp Mg; kuth]; vDk; E}ypy; ehpf;Fb rj;jpug; nrg;Ngl;by; fhzg;gLk; nra;jpia je;Js;shh;. tptrhapfspd; ey;nyz;zj;ij mth;fs; <l;bUe;jjhy; jhd; Gul;rp ,af;fk; %yk; mth;fs; tpLjiyg;Nghiu elj;jpa nghOJ rptfq;if rPikf;F ntspapYk; tptrhapfspd; MjuT ngUfpaJ. kUjpUth;gil jQ;ir Nehf;fp nrd;wNghJ me;jg; gFjpapy; cs;s tptrhapfs; mth;fSld; ,ize;J nfhz;ldh; vd Nfh.Nfrtd; r%fKk; fijg;ghlYk; vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,ij tuyhw;W thrpg;G %yk; njhpe;J nfhs;shjjhy;jhd; kUjpUth; Mtzglj;jpd; cl;nghUis fl;Liuahsuhy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy.

,d;iwa mnkhpf;fhtpy; Fw;wthspf; $z;by; J}f;fpy; NghLtjw;fhf epiy epWj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; <uhf; mjpgh; rjhk; cNrd; kPJ jPtpu Fh;jP\; ,d

xLf;FKiwahsh; vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;L cz;L mjw;fhf> mtuJ Vfhjpgj;jpa vjph;g;Gzh;it Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl KbAkh? Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; jypghd; mikg;G gioa r%f mikg;ig epWtjw;fhfNt Nghuhb tUfpwJ. mjw;fhf jypghd;fspd; mnkhpf;f vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lj;ij Mjhpf;fhky; iftplyhkh? xt;nthU r%fj;jpYk; mjd; cs; Kuz;ghLfSf;fpilNa ntsp Kuz;ghLfis fhuzk;fhl;b xJf;fp epw;gJ mjd; r%f tsh;r;rpia jLj;J epWj;Jfpd;w nrayd;wp Ntwy;y.

mf;fhyj;jpa r%fj;jpd; Gw> mf epiyikfis ikakhff; nfhz;L kf;fspd; tho;epiy kw;Wk; czh;Tfis ,izj;J Ma;T nra;tJjhd; rhpahd mZFKiwahFk;. ehk; thOk; r%f fhyj;jpa mwptpay; tsh;r;rp Gjpjhf tsh;e;J epw;Fk; rpe;jid Nghf;Ffs;> tpopg;Gzh;T ,itnay;yhk; r%f Ma;Tf;F mtrpak; vd;gij kWg;gjw;fpy;iy. mNj Ntisapy; [k;Gj;jPT Gul;rp mwpf;if ntspahd mf;fhyj;jpa R+oiyAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. khwhf ,d;iwa etPd rpe;jdh tsh;r;rpiaf; nfhz;L Ke;ija r%f tho;tpid Ma;T nra;tJ twl;Lj;jdkhFk;.

ed;wp: Gjpafhw;W / Mf];L 2006 / gf;fk; 42 - 44.

12.kUjpUth; tpkh;rdk; Fwpj;J - FUrhkpkapy;thfdd;

Fkud;jh]pd; fl;Liu kPJ rpy Nfs;tpfs; vOfpd;wd. 72 ghisaf;fhuh;fSNk nfhLq;Nfhyh;fshf ,Ue;jhh;fsh? Nfh.Nfrtd; Nkw;NfhspLk; vk;.vd;.uha; vd;d nrhy;Yfpwhh;? kf;fspd; r%f tsh;r;rpiaj; jil nra;Ak; md;dpa Mjpf;fj;ijj; J}f;fpnawpAk; Nehf;fj;ijg; nghWj;jkl;by; ,J Gul;rpfuj; jd;ikAilajhFk;. Mdhy; gphpl;ld; Ml;rpia mfw;wptpl;L epyTilikahsh; Ml;rpiag; GJgpf;f ,J tpUk;gpajhy; me;j tpjj;jpy; ,J r%f gpw;Nghf;F ,af;fkhFk; vd;fpwhh;. xU r%fg; gpw;Nghf;F ,af;fk; Gul;rpfuj; jd;ikAilajhf ,Uf;f KbAkh? my;yJ Gul;rpfuj; jd;ikahdJ r%f gpw;Nghf;F ,af;fq;fspilNa Njhd;w KbAkh? Mdhy; ,uz;LkhfTk; ,Ug;gjhf vk;.vd;.uha; vg;gbf; $Wfpwhh;?

NkYk; tpkh;rdj;jpy; cs;sthW 72 ghisaf;fhuh;fspy; gphpl;ld; Ml;rpia mfw;wptpl;L epyTilikahsh; Ml;rpiag; GJgpf;f tpUk;gpath;fs; ahh;? gphpl;ldpd; MrpNahL epy cilikahsh; Ml;rpiag; GJg;gpf;f tpUk;gpah;fs; ahh;?

J}f;fpyplg;gLjy;> gPuq;fspd; Kidfspy; fl;b rpjwbf;fg;gLjy>; thhpRfs; $l ,y;yhj mstpw;F G+z;NlhL xopf;fg;gLjy; - ,itnay;yhk; eilngwf;$Lk; vdj; njhpe;JjhNd> G+ypj;NjtDk; fl;lnghk;kDk;

kUjpUtUk; vjph;jhh;fs;? Vd; vjph;jhh;fs;? Ngrhky; mth;fs; GJf;Nfhl;il khkd;dh;fs; uh[jpuh[ uh[khh;j;jhz;l uh[ FyNrfu = = = tp[auFehjj; njhz;ilkhd; Nghd;W fhl;bf;nfhLj;J tho;j;jpUf;fyhNk!

ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; Mlk;gu tho;f;if kw;Wk; kf;fisr; Ruz;Lk; Kiwf;Fj; jilAk; ghjpg;Gk; gphpl;b\huhy; Vw;gl;lJ vd;fpwJ tpkh;rdk;. rhp> mJ ahUf;F Vw;gl;lJ? nts;isadpd; fhiy ef;fpa ghisaf;f;huDf;Fj; jhNd jtpu vjph;jpUe;jth;fy;y? kUJghz;badpd; Mlk;gu tho;f;if kw;Wk; kf;fisr; Ruz;ba nfh^uk; vd;gjw;nfy;yhk; MjhuNk ,y;iy. me;epa vjph;g;G vd;fpw Ra khd czh;r;rp mtd; ghisaf;fhud; vd;gjpdhyNa ,Uf;ff; $lhjh vd;d? Mjpf;f rhjpapy; gpwe;Jtpl;lhd; vd;gjw;fhfNt mtidf; Fw;wthspahf;FtJ rhpahdJ jhdh?

,e;Jkjj;ijtpl;L mbj;jl;:L kf;fs; ntspNaWtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd gphpl;b\hh; Vw;gLj;jpa gz;ghl;L neUf;fb vd;W $Wk; Fkud;jh]; mij vd;dntd;Wk; tpsf;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb xU neUf;fbia gphpl;b\hh; jpl;lkpUe;jhy; Rkhh; 200 tUl Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,e;J kjj;ijNa mopj;jpUg;ghh;fNs! mth;fs; ,e;J kj vjph;ghsh;fshf ,Ue;jhh;fsh? my;yJ ghh;gdh;fspd; gq;fhspfshf ,Ue;jhh;fsh?

gphpl;b\hh; mbj;jl;L kf;fs; kPJ fhl;ba ghpT vd;gJ vd;d? mth;fs; kPjhd ,uf;fkh? Mbikfspd; kPjhd ghpTzh;r;rpah? ,jdhy; gphpl;b\hh; vd;d nra;jhh;fs;? mbj;jl;L kf;fSf;F r%fePjpiaf; nfhLj;jhh;fsh? ,yq;iff;Fk; kNyahtpw;Fk;> ngy;[paj;jpw;Fk; Njhl;l Ntiyf;fhf FLk;gk; FLk;gkhf nfhj;jbikfisfshff; nfhz;L nrd;wth;fs; jhd; mbj;jl;L kf;fs; kPJ ghpTzh;r;rpNahL> rkj;Jtj;NjhL ele;J nfhz;lth;fsh?

gphpl;b\hhpd; Mjpf;fk; gw;wp NeUTNk gf;fk;gf;fkhf vOjpapUf;fpwhNu? ghisaf;fhuh;fs; rhjp xLf;F Kiwahsh;fs; vd;why; nts;isaf;fhuh;fnss;shk; rhjp kj th;f;f xLf;Fkiwiaj; jhz;bath;fs; vd;W nrhy;tjh?

fle;j fhy tuyhw;iw xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fsJ ghh;itapy; ghprPypg;gJ vd;W> tpkh;rdk; nrhy;ytUtJ vd;d? G+ypj;Njtd; fl;lnghk;kd;> kUjpUth;> jpg;gRy;jhdpd; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gq;fspg;Ng ,y;iyah? Re;juypq;fk; ahh;? xz;btPud; gfil ahh;?

,e;j kz;NzhL tho;e;j xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fSk; md;W ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; gilfspNy ,Ue;jpUg;ghh;fs;> Nghhpl;bUg;ghh;fs;. kz;NzhL tpise;j tPuk;> kz;zpypUe;Nj tpistpf;Fk; mth;fSf;Fj; jhNd Kjypy; ,Ue;jpUf;f KbAk;. ,d;W rhjp Mjpf;fj; jpUTUf;fshf (Nghhpl;l) ghisaf;fhuh;fis

fhz;gpg;gJjhd; MSk;th;f;fk; fw;gpj;Js;s tuyhwhFk;. ,J Kwpabf;fg;gl;lhf Ntz;Lk;.

,d;W mfKilahh; rhjpapdh; Vfhjpgj;jpa vjph;g;G Nghuhspfs; vDk; mbg;gilapy; kUJghz;bah;fs; glq;fis khl;ltpy;iy vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. mjw;fhf> jypj;Jfis xLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf kl;Lk;jhd; glq;fis khl;bUf;fpd;wdh; vd;gJ rhpahdjhfptplhJ. ,J KOf;f rhjpathjf; fz;Nzhl;lk;jhd;.

tpkh;rdj;jpy; cs;sthW Vfhjpgj;jpa vjph;g;gpw;F kUjpUtiu Nkd;ikg;gLj;JtJ gad;glhJ vd;gJNtW. Mdhy; kUjpUth;fNs Nkd;ikahdth;fsy;y vd;gJ NtW. Kd;dij mfKilahh; rhjpapdhpd; nrhe;jg; gpur;ridahf myl;rpag;gLj;jptplyhk;. Mdhy; gpd;dJ rhjp jhz;ba tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l czh;itf; nfhr;irg;gLj;JtjhFk;.

xLf;fg;gl;Nlhh; ghh;it vd;w ngahpy; rhjpaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld;jhd; Fkud;jh]; ,ij mZfpapUf;fpwhh;. mg;gbg; ghh;j;jhy; JUf;fpapd; fky;ghl;\hTk; ckh; Kf;jhUk; vd;d kjpg;gPLfSf;Fs; tUthh;fs;?

gphpl;b\hhpd; fhiy ef;fpath;fspy; vy;yhr; rhjpapdUk;jhdpUf;fpwhh;fs;. mJNghyNt vjph;j;jth;fspYk; vy;yhr; rhjpapdUk;jhdpUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,q;F rhjp Kjd;ikahdjh? me;epa vjph;g;G Kjd;ikahdjh? me;epa vjph;g;GjhNd!

tpkh;rdk; nrhy;fpwgb> kUjpUth;fspd; thhpRfshff; fUjpf; nfhs;Sk; mt;tpdj;jth; vtUk; ntbFz;Lfisf;fl;bf; nfhz;L ghahky; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; kUjpUth;fs; ntbFz;LfisAk; gPuq;fpfisAk; vjph;j;Jjhd; epd;whh;fs; vd;gij Fkud;jh]; kwe;Jtplf;$lhJ.

NkYk; mth;fs; murguk;giuapdh; my;y> mbj;jl;Lf; FLk;gq;fspypUe;J te;jth;fs;jhd;. kd;duhl;rpapd; Rfq;fisAk;> Mlk;guq;fisAk; mth;fs; njhlh;e;J tpUk;gpapUe;jhy; mth;fs; G+z;NlhL NghapUf;f khl;lhh;fs;. ,d;iwa cyfka kWfhydpahjpf;fr; R+oypy; Vfhjpgj;jpaq;fisAk;> gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fisAk; vjph;f;f> rhjp fle;j> kjk; fle;j xw;Wik Njitg;gLfpwJ. mg;gb xU xw;Wik ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. me;j kugpd; njhlh;r;rpahf epd;W ehk; Nghuhl> kUjpUth;fis ehk; Kd;Ndhbfshff; nfhs;s KbAk;. xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fsJ ghh;it vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l rhjpfSf;fhd ghu;itay;y. mJ ciof;Fk; tu;f;fg; ghu;it vd;gijAk; rhjpathjpfs; kUjpUtiuj; J}f;fpg; gpbg;gij myl;rpag;gLj;jp> mij me;epa vjph;g;G vDk; tPuTzh;r;rpf;fhfj; J}f;fpg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; Kwpabg;Nghk; vd;gijAk; $wpf;nfhs;fpNwd; Njhoh; Fkud;jh]{f;F.

ed;wp : Gjpafhw;W / Mf];L 2006 / gf;fk; 71-72.

13. tpLjiy Nts;tpapy;……….. utpf;Fkhh;

gPuq;fp Fz;Lfshy; Jisf;fg;gl;Lk;> fhy nts;sj;jhy; fiuf;fg;gl;Lk; rpjpykile;J fhl;rpaspf;Fk; muz;kidfs;…. gpuk;khz;lkhd fhisahh;Nfhtpy; NfhGuk;….. ,tw;wpd; gpd;dzpapy; Jtq;FfpwJ> kUjpUth; Mtzg;glk;. ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; ghLgl;l ,uz;L khtPuh;fis ehk; kwe;jjh;f;F milahskha; mth;fspd; muz;kidAk; kUJ kd;dh;fspd; ,iwgzpf;F milahskha; cah;e;J epw;Fk; NfhGuq;fSk; ek;ik 18k; Ew;whz;Lf;F ifgpbj;J mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd.

fjTfNs ,y;yhj muz;kid fhtyh;fNs ,y;yhky; kf;fis re;jpj;J kUjpUth; nra;j Ml;rpKiw NfhGuq;fisf; fl;bj; jUtJ kz;lgq;fisj; fl;bj;jUtJ vd 87 Nfhapy;fspy; kUJ ghz;bah;fs; ,iwg;gzp nra;jpUf;Fk; tptuk;> ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fisj; jtpu ,];yhkpa fpwp];jt Myaq;fspYk; ew;gzpfisr; nra;jpUf;Fk; tptuk; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;> Cikj;Jiu Nghd;w rf ghisaj;Jf;fhuh;fsplKk; jpg;G ry;jhdpd; jsgjpahf ,Ue;j Je;jh[Pthf; MfpNahhplKk; el;G ghuhl;ba tpjk; xw;Wikia typAWj;jp ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpd; Nghuhsp mzpapy; ,Ue;J ntspaplg;gl;l Kjy; Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l murpay; nghJ mwpf;ifia kUJ ghz;bah;fs; ntspapl;l epo;r;rp Fwpj;j jfty;fs; ,e;j Mtzg;glj;jpy; cs;sd. kUjpUtiug; gw;wp rhpj;jpuj;jpd; gf;fq;fspy; fhzKbahj gy tp\aq;fs; ,e;j Mtzg;glj;jpy; gjpthfp ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;j Mtzg;glj;ij jahhpj;jpUg;gth; jPdjahs ghz;bad;. ,th; nghpa kUJtpd; vl;lhtJ thhpR. mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F Milfis Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; /gh;];l; fhh;nkd;l;]; Nkd;A/ghf;rhpq; fk;ngdpapd; eph;thf ,af;Feuhf ,Uf;fpwhh;. kUjpUth; Mtzg;glj;jpd; rp.b.ia jkpof MSdhpd; ifahy; ntspapl;bUf;Fk; jPdjahs ghz;badplKk; glj;jpd; ,af;Feh; jpdfud; n[a;aplKk; NgrpajpypUe;J…………

kUjpUthpd; thhpRfs; midtiuAk; Mq;fpNya Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpdh; nfhd;W tpl;ljhfj;jhd; Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpNwhk;…. ePq;fs; nghpakUJtpd; vl;lhtJ thhpR vd;fpwPh;fNs? ePq;fs; Nfs;tpg;gl;lJk; cz;ikjhd;. ehd; nrhy;tJk; cz;ikjhd;. nghpa kUJ> rpd;dkUJNthL Nrh;e;J Vwf;Fiwa 500 NgUf;F J}f;F jz;lidia epiwNtw;wpdh;. mNjhL mth;fspd; fOj;ij ntl;br; rha;j;j rk;gtKk; ele;jpUf;fpwJ. kUJghz;bah;fspd; Mz; thhpRfis ehL

flj;jptpl;lhh;fs;. ngz; thhpRfis tpl;Ltpl;lhh;fs;. ehd; ngz; thhprpd; tk;rhtspapy; te;jtd;jhd;.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; kUJghz;bah;fspd; gq;fspg;G vj;jifa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ?

tuyhw;wpd; gf;fq;fspy; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Rje;jpug;Nghh; 1857y; ele;j rpg;gha; fyfk;jhd;. kq;fs;ghz;Nl vd;gtuhy; njhlq;fg;gl;l ,e;j fyfk; ryryg;GjhNd jtpu Nghh; ,y;iy. mNjhL ,e;j fyfj;Jf;F Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l czh;ittpl> kj mbg;gilahd fhuzq;fNs mjpfk; ,Ue;jJk; vy;NyhUf;Fk; njhpe;j tp\ak;jhd;. Mdhy; rpg;gha; fyfk; elg;gjw;F 57Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng> Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij vjph;g;gjw;fhf gy gphpTfspy; ,Ug;gth;fSk; xd;Wgl Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jp kUjpUtuhy; jpUr;rp kiyf;Nfhl;ilapYk;> =uq;fj;jpYk; xl;lg;gl;l [k;Gj;tPgg; gpufldk; tptrhapfs>; nerthsh;fs;> tzpfh;fs; vd midj;Jg; ghptpdiuAk; Rje;jpuf; fpsh;r;rpfspy; gq;Nfw;Fk; cj;Ntfj;ijj; je;jJ. 30 ehl;fs; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fg; gpwNf rptfq;if Nfhl;ilia Mq;fpNyah;fshy;; gpbf;f Kbe;jJ. mg;gbAk; Mq;fpNyah;fshy; kUjpUtiug; gpbf;f Kbatpy;iy. 180 tPuh;fSld; kUjpUth; elj;jpa nfhhpy;yh Nghh;Kiwia Mq;fpNyah;fshy; jhf;Fgpbf;f Kbatpy;iy. nfhjpg;gile;j Mq;fpNyah;fs; kUjpUth; fl;ba fhisahh;Nfhtpy; NfhGuj;ij jfh;j;jg; Nghtjhf nra;jp gug;gpdH;. mNj rkaj;jpy; kUjpUtiu capNuhNlh gpzkhfNth gpbj;Jj; jUgth;fSf;F 4000 $ypr;rf;fuk; mth;fspd; re;jjpapdUf;F 3000 $ypr;rf;fuk; ghpR vd;W mwptpj;jdH. xU $ypr;rf;fuk; vd;gJ %d;W &gha;f;Fr; rkk;. NfhGuj;ij fhf;Fk; nghUl;L Nghiu epWj;jptpl;L> gJq;fpapUe;j kUjpUtiu gzj;jpw;F Mirg;gl;L ,e;j kz;zpd; ike;jh;fNs fhl;bf;nfhLf;fpd;wdh;. tPuj;jpy; njhlq;fp JNuhfj;jhy; Kbe;j kUjpUthpd; rhpj;jpuj;ij Mtzg;gLj;JtJ vq;fspd; flik vd;W epidj;Njhk;. nra;J Kbj;Njhk;.

ePq;fs; kUjpUthpd; thhpR vd;gjhy; ,ijr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd epidj;jPh;fsh?

mJ kl;LNk fhuzk; ,y;iy> ,e;jg; glj;jpy; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;> Cikj;Jiu> jpg;GRy;jhd;> mthpd; jsgjp> kUjpUthpd; rkfhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Nghuhspfisg; gw;wpAk; epiwaf; Fwpg;Gfs; ,Uf;fpwd. flTspd; fUizahy; NehpailahfTk; kiwthfTk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd Copah;fSf;F gzpia mspf;Fk; epiyapy; ,Uf;fpNwd;. mjdhy; ,e;j rp.b.ia tpw;gidf;fhf ehd; jahupf;ftpy;iy. ,e;j rp.b.ia kf;fSf;F Nehpilahff; nfhz;L nry;Yk; tifapy; mwpKff; $l;lq;fis elj;JfpNwhk;. thhpR vd;gjhy; kUjpUth; gw;wpa glj;ij vLj;jpUf;fpNwd; vd;fpwPh;fs;. mLj;J ehq;fs; vLj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; glk;> Mq;fpNyah; fhyj;jpy; tof;fj;jpypUe;j Fw;wg;guk;giu vd;w

rl;lj;ijg; gw;wpaJ. ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd;gb gilahr;rp> fs;sh;fs;> kwth;fs;…Nghd;W ,e;jpah KOtJk; 231 rhjpg; gphptpy; ,Uf;Fk; Mz;fs; jpdKk; ,utpy; jq;fspd; Nuifia fhty; epiyaj;jpypUf;Fk; gjpTg;Gj;jfj;jpy; gjpj;Jtpl;L> mq;NfNa J}q;fptpl;L> fhiyapy;jhd; tPl;Lf;Fr; nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiy ,Ue;jJ.

Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Ml;rpapy; ehk; vy;NyhUNk Fw;wg;guk; giuapduhfj;jhd; ,Ue;Njhk;. mg;gbapUf;Fk;NghJ ekf;Fs; ,d;iwf;F Vd; ,t;tsT gphptpid? vd;w Nfs;tpia rw;W cuf;fNt vOg;Gk; Nuif Mtzg;glk; vd;whh; jPdjahsghz;bad;.

,dp ,af;Feh; jpdfud; n[a;>

tuyhw;W mwpQh;fspd; ghh;itapy; [k;Gj;tPgg; gpufldk; vd;gJ gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapd;NghJ epfo;j;jg;gl;l gh];by; rpiwj;jfh;g;Gf;F ,izahdjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. 15 tajhd rpd;d kUJtpd; kfd; cs;gl 73 Gul;rpahsh;fs; ehL flj;jg;gl;ljhf Fwpg;G ,Uf;fpwJ. Rje;jpuk; mile;J 57 tUlq;fSf;Fg;gpd;jhd; kUjpUthpd; mQ;ry; jiyia muR ntspapLfpwJ. me;j tPuh;fspd; rpjpykhd Nfhl;ilfis> tho;tplq;fis> mth;fs; gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fis muRilikahf;fpg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJjhd; me;j khtPuh;fSf;F ehk; nrYj;Jk; ep[khd khpahdijahf ,Uf;Fk;! vd;fpwhh; jpdfud; n[a;.ed;wp : jpdkzpfjph; / 13.08.06 / gf;fk; 2>3

14. gpuRuk; - kf;fs; fiy ,yf;fpaf; fofk;

1806 – NtY}h; rpg;gha;Gul;rp200 – Mk; Mz;L

1857 – tl,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghh;150 – Mk; Mz;L

1906 – Vfhjpgj;jpa vjph;g;Gr;rpq;fk;gfj;rpq; gpwe;jehs;

100 – Mk; Mz;L1800 – 1801

njd;dfj;jpy; fpsh;njOe;jKjy; ,e;jpa rje;jpug; Nghh;

kuig cah;j;jpg; gpbg;Nghk;!

Mf];L- 15

Nghyp rje;jpuj;ijj; jpiufpopg;Nghk;!kWfhydpahf;fj;ij Kwpabg;Nghk;!

md;ghh;e;j ciof;Fk; kf;fNs>1947,y; ehk; ngw;wJ Rje;jpuky;y: mJNghyp Rje;jpuk;. nts;isad;

,e;j ehl;bypUe;J tpul;babf;fg;gltpy;iy. jdJ tpRthrkhd ifahl;fsplk; mtd; mjpfhuj;ij ifkhw;wpf; nfhLj;jhd;. gphpl;b\; muRf;F vjpuhd Kk;ig flw;gil tPuh;fspd; vOr;rpAk; njypq;fhdh tptrhapfspd; MAjg; Nghuhl;lq;fSk; md;W fhq;fpuR - K];yPk; yPf; jiyikfis xJf;fpj;js;sptpl;L Gul;rpg; ghijapy; Kd;Ndwpf;nfhz;bUe;jd.

xU kf;fs; NgnuOr;rpahy; J}f;fpnawpg;gLNthk; vd;w mQ;rp> ,e;jpahitj; jpiukiwapypUe;J Ml;b itf;Fk; jpl;lj;Jld; jdJ ifahl;fshd fhq;fpurplKk; K];yPk; yPfplKk; muR mjpfhuj;ij xg;gilj;J gphpl;b\; muR. ,e;jg;Nghyp Rje;jpuj;jpw;F taJ 60.

,d;W thastpy; Rje;jpuk; vd;W gPw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;Ff;$l topapy;yhky; nspg;gilahfNt ek;ehl;bd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd Vfhjpgj;jpa ty;yuRfs;. jw;NghJ ek;kPJ jpzpf;fg;gLk; jdpahh;kak; jhuhskak; cyfkak; vd;w nfhs;ifapd; cz;ikahd nghUs; kWfhydpahjpf;fk; vd;gJjhd;. ekJ ehl;bd; murpay; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs; kf;fspd; NjitiaNah ehl;L eyidNah fzf;fpy; nfhz;L tFf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. khwhf cyf tq;fp> cyf th;j;jff;fofk; rh;tNjr ehza epjpak;> gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; Mfpa Vfhjpgj;jpa epWtdq;fspd; Mizaj;jhd; vy;yh murhq;fq;fSk; gzpTld; mky;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd.

,e;jf; nfhs;ifahy; ,e;jpaj; juF Kjyhspfspd; yhgk; tpz;iz Kl;LksT cah;fpwJ. ciof;Fk; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifNah kuzf;Fopf;Fs; rhpfpwJ. ,J njhpe;Jk; ,e;jpah xsph;fpwJ vd;w FJ}fypf;fpwhh;fs; Vfhjpgj;jpa mbikfs;. cyifNa jd; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhfg; Nghh;ntwp gpbj;J miyAk; mnkhpf;f ty;yurpd; vLgpbahfTk; Mrpag; gFjpf;fhd mbahshfTk; ,e;jpah khw;wg;gl;L tpl;lJ. ,e;j mbikfNsh ,e;jpah ty;yurhtjpw;F ,Jjhd; rpwe;j top vd;W FJ}fypf;fpwhh;fs;.

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md;W gfj;rpq; Kjyhd Nghuhspfs; ehl;L tpLjiyf;fhf J}f;F Nkilapy; epd;W nfhz;bUe;jNghJ ,j;jifa khdkw;w GOf;fs; gphpl;b\; murpd; gjtp ehw;fhypfspy; mkh;e;;jpUe;jhh;fs;. fnyf;luhf> [l;[hf> NghyPRmjpfhhpahf mikr;ruhf Jiukhh;fs+f;Fj; njhz;^opak; nra;Ak; tprthrkhd muR Copah;fshf ,Ue;J nfhz;L nts;isf;fhudpd; eph;thfj;jpwid nkr;rp> mtd; Ml;rp ePbf;f Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhj;jidAk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;.

md;iwf;Fk; ,d;iwf;Fk; Ntnwd;d NtWghL? mjpfhu ehw;fhypapy; me;epad; Neubahf mkh;e;jpUe;jhy;jhd; fhydpahjpf;fkh? fy;yhtpy; mkh;e;jhy;jhd; fil Kjyhspah? gphl;ldpd; Mf;fpukpg;G eltbf;iffs; midj;Jf;Fk; Jiz epw;f Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; jd;idkPwp NtW muRfSld; cwT itj;Jf; nfhs;sf;$lhnjd;Wk; nty;y];ypapd; Jizg;gilf; nfhs;if md;W ,e;jpa kd;dh;fis eph;ge;jpj;jJ. ,d;iwa mnkhpf;f - ,e;jpa ,uhZt xg;ge;jk; mnkhpf;fhtpy; Mf;fpukpg;Gg; Nghh;fSf;nfy;yhk; ,e;jpa ,uhZtk; mbahs; Ntiy nra;aNtz;Lnkdf; fl;lhag;gLj;JfpwJ. ,uhDld; cwitj; Jz;bf;FkhW cj;jutplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa mZ MAj cw;gj;jpf;Fj; jil tpjpf;fpwJ.

md;W ly;`T]papd; thhprpypf; nfhs;if thhpR ,y;yhj kd;dh;fspd; ehl;il ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjhfj; njhlq;fp gpd;dh; vy;yh rk];jhdq;fisAk; Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; Kbe;jJ. ,d;Nwh ‘el;lkhFk; nghJj;Jiw epWwtdq;fs; jdpahh;kak; vdj; njhlq;fpa jdpahh;kaf;nfhs;if> yhgkPl;Lk; nghJj; JiwfisAk; gd;dhl;Lf; fk;ngdpfspd; grpf;F tpUe;jhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tsh;e;jpUf;fpwJ.

md;W [kPd;jhhp> uaj;thhp> kfy;thhp Kiwfs; %yk; tptrhapfisg; gpope;J f[hdhit epug;gpaJ gphpl;b\; muR. ,d;W muRf;nfhs;Kjy; uj;J> khdpa ntl;L jhdpaf; nfhs;Kjypy; me;epaf;fk;ngdpfs;> mjpYk; Cftzpfk;> tptrhapfspd; ghuk;ghpa tpijfisNa me;epad; cilikahf;FtJ Nghd;w rjpfs; %yk; tptrhapfiaf; fldhspahf;fp tptrhaj;ij tpl;Nl Juj;JfpwJ muR.

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kWfhydpahjpf;fk;. ,jw;nfjpuhd ek;ikg;Nghuhlj; jUfpwJ. kWfhydpahjpf;fk;. ,jw;nfjpuhf ek;ikg; Nghuhlj; J}z;Lk; ce;Jtpirahf ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbahf 200 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu nts;isaDf;F vjpuhf tPur;rkh; Ghpe;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; njd;dfj;jpd; tPuh;fs;! jkpofj;jpd; tPuh;fs;! 1801 [_d; khjk; jpUr;rpapypUe;J rpd;dkUJ ntspapl;l gpufldk; tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;fJ. ‘,e;jpaj; Jizf;fz;lj;jpypUe;Nj nts;isah;fis tpul;babf;f rhjp kj Ngjq;fsf;F mg;ghw;gl;L midtUk; xd;W jpuSkhW’ kf;fis miw$tp miof;fpwhd; rpd;dkUJ. ,e;jpah xU ehL vd;w fUj;J mf;fhyj;jpa Nguurh;fsplNk cUthfpapuhj NghJ> Jizf; fz;lj;jpd; tpLjiyf;Nf Fuy; nfhLj;j ,e;j mwpf;ifjhd; ,e;jpahtpd;Kjy; tpLjiyg; Nghh;g; gpufldk;.

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mbikahfp tUtij mwpe;Jk; mikjp fhg;gJk; myl;rpak; fhl;LtJk; $l <dr; nray;jhd;.

tpLjiyg;Nghhpy; Kjy; Fuy; vOg;gpa jkpofj;jpypUe;J ,d;iwa kWfhydpahf;f vjph;g;Gg; NghUk; Jtq;fl;Lk;!tpLjiyg; Nghuhspfs; jpahf tuyhW ek;ik Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nrYj;Jk; ce;J tpirahfl;Lk;!.

ed;wp : kf;fs; fiy ,yf;fpa fofk; tptrhapfs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp Gul;rpfu khzth; ,isQh; Kd;dzp

Gjpa [dehafj; njhopyhsh; Kd;dzp jkpo;ehL

Mf];L 2006