Kumaraswamy Velupillai Computable Economics 2000

7/22/2019 Kumaraswamy Velupillai Computable Economics 2000

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8 Dm 19441 Al 1968


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A R F

ARNE RYDE tll m tt t tt mm t t Dtmt

Em t t Ut L. H t tml t 1968 l tt-t lI mm t Vl R mt S R tl t A R Ft tmt t tmt. W mt tl t tm. T Ft m lmtt tt l t .

I mt t Vl S R, t t m ll t Ft t m tt. S 1973 m l ttl lm. I 1990 lS Sl Mm Tt Em S. Pl, tt A R Mml Lt. Tm J. StB Rtlt Mmll 1993,H It P Dl Hm Al L 1995, Rtl R Pl P W. K V 1998. T t P Kmm Vlll, lt l t

L Ut M 1994, t t t . W l tl tt P Vlll t m t L t A R Mml Lt.

B Tl


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P A

Jt t t l ;I t l, t t t .I tl t, t t,O ll t m.(C ) Dp, . 30, . 6

T tt t t t t t lt l t t A R Lt M24/5 1994, t Tlllm Ctl S, S. I t t tl m , tll Ct 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, t I l t t l lt t tm tt t tl l, lt t l m ttll t m t tt t t tt.

I m tl t t P B Tl t m t t t lt. Mt t m, , t t lmt tt t tl tt. I l m mt tt- t, , . Wtt t qt tl mt tl t tmt I t . Bt m l l tt tt l l t t l t I m.

I tt R G tt t lm m, tmt, mtt tltt t m . T ll m t m l t I t mtt lt ml tm t -tt t. Hll m lt ttmt t t t mt, tm, t lmt lt . I

mt tt t m t m t t m t .

I t l mtl m t . D t t lltt m


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B Rtm mt t l t m. H t m t t l l mttl mlt t l t l t t t t ltm, -tt mtmt, m tt.

B Cl, Al L, F L, J MCll, St Zmll l tmtl m l m t mtlt m t. T ,

l t tt tt l t t t tt t l .

Almt ll t mtl tt t t tt , t ll, m t tt t Ct Cmtl Em (CCE), t Dtmt Em t UCLA. T t,P Al L, t CCE t, D S Lt, l t t m lt t m ll t m, t t CCE, t tm. T ll t t t tlmt t ttt l t.

Tl t tt m t mm t Dtmt Em t tQ Ut Blt. I m tl t t t t Sl Sl S, P J S m l ltt t l m lt tt m t l m t t t t tm t t t t mt.

V, Smt, A, m t t, l t l m tt t m t m lmt qt t. V tt t m Bt, Smt t tlm, A tt t m t tt , t tm, t mtll - tt l .

M J, m, m t q l l tt ttm m l m lmt t I t t tt tt t m t S l tmtl m tl tt ll t. S t t l .

G l Clm m t l m tl t t t m tTikk t


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Dp. I , t, t m t t Tml llt lt, tTikk, ttt t t Tll. M t tt m t ttt t

mt. T , , ttmt t tl t t mt m m tlt t -ml tt. I , , tt t m t t t .

M mtt t tt, tt t m t Dp, I tt I t tll t t

mt tt t tt.

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Di, L i C

Api 1998


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C

1 Itt O 1

2 I, P, P 103 Cmtl Rtlt 284 At B 445 T M T It 666 L Cmtl Stt 897 Et Pllt Atmtl Gm 1078 Nt Cmttl Cmlt 1349 Elt Cmtl Em 14610 Cl: Rt H 178Appi: A Ci Gi E Ap Cpii T 185R 201

A I 213Sj I 217


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1 I O

I l t lt ll, I m tt Ill I ll ll l I t ll . Bt tlt l l; . . . T m t t tt t, t tll . Plm mt tt mt, t .Sl (1954: 374; m )[T] m t l t l t t t ml t l m t i ii l l t .R (1957: 148; m )

T ttmt tt mtt lt t I m t llp i. T t, t t t tt, t

lt ll t tl t t tl, t l m m, ml, t mtl tt. T t m tt mtmtll qlt, tCT t,1 tmtlt.

1 M t, t ttmt m t mt t t t ml t tt t tl lll mtl

t, m, t, t. T, t T m, tt l t tt tt m t tl

ll tt l l mt tt t mml t; t t GlH t l m m D, P, t mtmtl t tt t l t m tm; t C ttmt t tt

t mt tt t tl tt l t t-ll; . C t ttmt lt t mll t, EmPt ll t, tl ltt ll t t ttmt ltmtl l t m l t, m, t tl lll mtl.


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I tt m t, mt, , qtl, l , R G, t mt tm tm tl lm-l.2 T mt, , tt lm t m t t. Mt t l t t lm t . T tmll tt t tlt t t . Fll, mt mttl, t lm-l t mll t

M t mtmtl mlm t m lm lm-l. Altt mlm

lm lm-l l, t, t mt t lt, t t t tlm-l, tt t tl mtmtl m t tt. Tt t , pii, l ml m tt tl, , t mlt m mt lm-l t m m tt G, m t, t t t. I t I -tt mlm t tt t m l t m tt t t mlm lm-l. I t , lm mt tt mt, t t tt tm t tm t.3

Mtmtl l tl t t t, t, ml t, t. T t mtl t m t t mtt t. T mlm m l , l, mtmtl t l t t ml t (.. t l)

Cmtl m, I t, t m mlm -tt mtl.4

Tm ll t m tt, m t, m ttt mtl t ltm (. S 1989).5

2 COMPUTABLE ECONOMICS

2 P t m mtmt mtmt Pl (. Vlll P 1996).3 I m t t m, qt , D Rll t G Lt (Rll 1988). H m tm m

t qt, tl m 20t-t mtmt? H l tt t t tl t t. It t tt I t tt t

t t lm mt.4 R t t t t t tm mtmtl m l t l 1930. H t t, t t, m m, tt t

mtl m l t tl m, mtl l mtl tmt t tl m, m l.5 All, D (1984: 268) t t, t t m t t t mmt R . T t tt t mmt

t tt l t t t mtmtt m t. I tl t t t R

,

tm t t l m qlm, ll lt. A ll t ll, l t t mt t T m; t t mmt l t tt mtl mtl tl lt. T l l t t mtmtt m t ll t l lt ttl.


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F t mmt t t mt . I t I ll t t m t t t lt lm l lm-l t t: tlt, l, (tmtl)m, m tmt. I tm -tt ttt tt t m mlt. T ml, I , ll t t m I t t , t t t mtl m.

T tt ll. I t l t l tt t lCt 10 t t l mtll tmll tt lt t tl ml t l l t mlt, lt, mtlt t m ml. T t t, t m t , mlm t m t. I ml, l , t mlt qt I : t t t mtl tt t ml?6 , t t mttl mlt tl t? , t mtl tt lm t t mt lt t? , t , t t mlt t lm-l ttll? A . E ml t tt t l m t t lt mtl t tl t t t m tt.

I Ct 2 I ttmt t tl t t mtl m. At lttl t lt 1980 l 1990, t R, Ptm, Km, Ft, L, S, Rtm mlt tt tt t mll mtl m.

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 3

6 It l , t t tt tt t mtmt? T l t t lmt, ml, t mt t l t l

ml ttl ttmt (. .. B 1978 l t mtt).


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Mll, t t t t Sm S. T tl m t tmtt tt ll m l m mtl lqlm (CGE) t. I t t tll t, lt , t tt tm tt I l t mmt l t mtmtt m.

I Ct 3, I t tlt, lll , tt t mlt l tt t

t l t ql t t tl m t t t Tii(TM). Wt t ql, I tt, Ct 4, m -tt mlt t. I Ct 5 I t t t, t m -tt mlt, , tt l--t, t ml lt t t lm m Ct 6.

T lt t tt I lmt mtl l t l ll t tt lml t lt t mtl tlt tl tt qlm (REE)

T t l ml tt t m t tmll lt t tt, tll t, mlt, mlt, t l m ml t. M, t t tml m t t t t ltm mlt ttt t l t l t t t m t t.

I Ct 7 I R t m -tt tt t t ml m, I t t t t t ml tt J t mtl tt. T l l tt m t t t mt tt l -tt t t lm m t.

I Ct 8 I t t tl t lm t mttl mlt l m. Otl ltm tt m tl, K ltm l t tlml-tm mlt t ll tl t.

I Ct 9 I m m t--tt t--. I lt t t t mtl m, t t, I l t m mtl



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m tl, t mtl m ttt -tt mlm. Em m t l t t qt t t mltl ql t t t l tt mlm l tmt mlm t ml ttt t m. I t tt -tt tl l lt lt m t mt t l t tt I l lt l pii. T

mtmtl t S Fmtl Tm l m, , tt-ttll t t tlll, mtl t t lt llt t m t t t t t.

Fll, I t t mtll tmll t l t. T lt ttl lt, t t t t t mtl m, t t t.

T mtmtl ttmt t l t ll t. It tm l-t; tl t t, t tl I mt tt, tt t

l ml t t t t. It , t, tl l-l l l tt tt l lt t tm. I m t M t m l t

t t lmt tt m t l tt, t l t mtt l tt t t tl mt l.

I l l t m t, tt m mt lt t t lll .7 T t t m l, t lt I tt Ct 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, tm t m t ; t t t t tt t lt mt ttt t l .

At t t m tl tl m t l ll m l, t t tmtll


7 I m m Ml m tt ttt Al-S lt, t t t tmt t l t Gm l t t t mt El mt (Ml 1939: 89). I t t t t tt t tmt ml; t t.


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t t tt t l . R t l , 8 t tlt t : mttl mlt t, t mlt t, ltm mltt. T ltt t l : tt mlt t.

I l qttt , mttl mlt t ll t m t mtt l. T mttl mlt t t t i ltm, t

, l, qt m tm t t mtt tm, , t ltm.9

It mt t t t m t t t t l.10 Altm mlt, ll t, t t m t t m; t ltt, t, l t t t mttt t t, tt q l t. O t t , t l mt t tt l m tl l tmt t m ltm mlt: ml tt mlt t, t ii ipi piip R(1989). Dt mlt t, t t , t tt t mt lt t

t t t lt t Hlt Tt Plm.

Fll, tl tt mtl l, t t tl ttl l mtltmt. H, tl, t t tl mttl mlt t ll t, mtl


8 I t m t l mtmt, t ll mt mtmtl .9 T l t t m tm t tm-m mtt , l, mttl mlt t t t

ttl m (. .. Btt 1982).10 I, m t tt: Ptt Smt Hm, t J Mll t K, Lt, Sm. It , m , R t

m t t l, t t mtmtt t t m tl t t mt-t mt t t mtmt, t t mtmt l. T t mm t t l mtmt,t ttll t ll Lt (1978: . 2) mmt m mtt t t m mtl mtmtl l. At mtl mt l l t mt.


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tmt lmt t t t . A t t , mt t t tl i t : l mm t ml ltm, lmm, m mm, t mmm l, m l. Dlmt mttmlt t mtl tmt mltl t t t qt tmt lm ii p, l t. S mt

tmt mmt tt t Sm tl t tlt t. Mt tl t tt m t mt l ltm t mlm mm, tml tl, t. ttll ttl (.. mttll ml). Tt tm t tll ml t m mt l m tt Sm l t , m, tt t t , t, 11 ll t tm l

t t t mt lt t t lm. O t mlt m t tt t l, t m t m.

I l t t t t ll , tmll, m. I H t t 18001936 tm tm l t t tmm t tm t tmm, H lt tml:

T tm t tmm ttt t mt lt tt t m m. I t ltt l t mm El. Itt t lt, t . Tt t l tt tl Plt lt18001930. (H 1987: 54)

T tl t lt lt t t l l(H 198754) t t, ml, HlmPlt A t Em, Cl Ftmtl, t


11 I m, , t M J m m Ml:P i! i p j i p j i, j i p i

i ppi .

[Wll, m ! H I tl t t, mt tl I m t tll m!T tlt J W tP Cl Ml l.]


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m t tt mll m t mt. All t l, ltl, t t t ttl tl m ltl m.

T t tt l t t mtl lt Gl, Kl, C, Pt, T t t t 1930 l tt: t tm tmm t lt. T t mtl tmll t t

t tt.

C l l, mtmt, l , m t l t t t lmt m l: m Ptt B t t lttmt t Am Smt ml l t t tm, l

l tt K ll t t l (K 1977), t t Btl12 R, Mll, J, K, t tl

A t tl l t lmt qttt mt, lt l mtmt, t m t t tt m t.

T t I l tt l, ll, tmll, mtll1

m t p pp illl t mtmtt ( t mtmt

t) m ( 183080 192656) t lt t m ( 192050) ll t tl, , H m tl tt t, t

l l. W t -tmt tl t t t t t. T mlt, mtlt, lt ll t t tl t t t

t t t t l ml t. It l t tt tt


12 Bt t l tBt l: t t m t t t tt t: t At, t S, m t Am Itttlt .13 Mtll t t mt t l t t (m) l; tmll t t t

l l mt ;ll t t t t l t l.


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t t - tmtl t mm mtmt l t mlm l . T mtl mtt t t t mlt , t l m, t l ltl t tlt l, t t lmt. T tl tt, t, m t , l, m tml t

ttl tl. I ll t t t tm, , t t t .



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2 I, P, P

Wt mt t t: Tt lm llt, tt m t tt . . . t l t l t lmm. . . . O t , t t , tt ll m tt l t t t mt. It ll tt, , t t . . . t t: Lt llt.L (1686/1965: ;l m ).

2.1 I

I t t m tl tt l t mlt mt m. F ml, m ttll m tt t t t m lmt . . . Cmt tt tt ltm t mt .K (1987: 464)

I t, t t t, t lt t t mtl m t tt -tt mlm m mtl, l , t t

t t. T t, , tt t mtl m t t t t. T l t, tl t t pi i mttlltm, tt, t qll mtt l t l t t mlt m mtl. B t I m t m t mt t-tt ml-ttmlm m mtl. T tt t


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t tt -mt l t mt t m l ll tl mt mt t tll ml mttl, t t t mtlt t. T lttt, t tt l t, t t-tt, B t, ml, l t l

t t ml tt mttl tt t ml tt. T l t t lt t t mlm. T mt lltt t t t mtl l

qlm ml l m t tl, ml Btt.I t t I , t ll t, t ttmt t , l l tm t t t, t t t I m mtl m. T l m t mtl m t t m mtmt tm . Bm I m, t , t tt t t t t mlm m l t , , qt t t, q, tlt m qlm, , t t , t t- NmMt . I tl m t t t tl t, lt, t (. Vlll 1996 1998); t t t llt mm t m , m t t tt t l t lt tl t tt t mtl m.

Wt t l t Al L, t m t t m mtl m ( I t). I t , t t t mtm (t t Ht: Sm S) m t, tt, Bt t m, t , ttt t mtl m tt qt t t t. I t tt Sm S t t mtl m t m t. I St 3.3 l t t mtl m, lt tt ml ttl tm t t t14 t mtmtt m, m tt.

IDEAS, PIONEERS, AND PRECURSORS 11

14 I m t lt t l Rt Ft qt T R Nt T: /


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2.2 I

T t t t , l t t tl q ,

l t t t. Im -t. . . . I t mt tt l t t, tt t -t, qt l t t mt t qt tt t.L (1991: 45)

T mtmtt m l tm , q l t m -t, t t mlm m tt (ttt,t, t.) ( ml tltl llt) t t ml t. Amt t t, t t t m l, t t t t t. T mll t-tl, ltl, t mlm m t t t ml t t t, , t. It m

tt tt t tl t t t tt t mtmtt m t t ttt l t t t ml t (. Vlll 1996, 1998 ). Sm t mtmtm lm t, .. lt t t tt t t. T, FH lm:15

T , II t t l tll ,

A tt m ll t .


15 Sl H l tt lmt mlt t t t l t t t ll tt q m m mmt tMll m l tt ll tt t t t l R ( t t ml lt); t L Kl

ttmt, 1898 ( t t qtm ml ltt lt), tt ll t lm ttl l, t t lttl mtt

l- t t MlMl mt; t Sl t, 1965 ( t t tl ttN Cll lt), tt ltt m t l t- mm t t tl ll t mt tt ll t t m t 50 ttt t mmm . . .!


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Bt t t t l t t lt , t ll tt q m m m, lmt mlt, l t tl l m mll tt t t. (H 1994:258)

Cl t t t ll l ttmt D:

T t l tt t t t t tm mlt l mtmt. (D 1959: )Ell lt t m t t t tt t ttmt l mi -i -mt l t mt t t t l m qlm. (D 1984269; m )

Wl tt t l tt mt t t t t lt qlm, t tt ml t m qt ql tm , i ii. O mt, , mmtl tt tmtmtl tl tt lt m t lt t t lm l t t Wl t t tt l, t t tt, . It Am Wl . . . tll V

193536 tt lt tt ttt lttl ttt tt t lm ttt tl t l 50. (D 1984: 268; m )

T mtl mtll ttmt t t tm mtmtl mt, I lm, t ll :

T l ttmt t ml m tt t ll tttl, .., tll, t t.

H t m qt , t t t, t t t tl m t-tt mlm.

T lmt ml-tt tl, .. t l, t tt tt l mmt mt t mtmtt m t m ttt Am R ml, t m tll t t Am t

t t tt t m -t tl mtt mtq t



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tml tt t t t t m tm. T ltt .. tt mt t mt mtmtl m m t S ttmt t mltt t t .16

T, ttmt lm l m, m qlm, m , t., t-ttml-tt q-tt tm -mt l t mt t

m l. T tttmt l t tl, , m.17T, t t

ttmt tm -tt mlm t? P t ll tl -mt l t mt t m l.

O t t , t l , tt m t m lmt mtl lqlm t, m m, mttl ql, mttl ml t t ll tl qt:18

T l mtt . . . O l t : t mtlt t t m? T ll lm t ttt mtt. G t lt , m ll t mlt tm m tm: t m , ml, t mtl. (Bm 1988: 252)

T qt , , l t -tt mlt m l ttmt. Cmtl m , t, t ttmt.

I, , I t t ll tt t mtll tmll , t t ttmt t mtl m l t m t ( ltmt t t): t

() tt t m mlt -tt tt t t t mtt m l;


16 Bt t ll t t t ttt ttll l t.17 E t tt Lt t Mtl St R Pm (MSRP).18 T , , t tpii t ml ml t m .


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() t t t -t tt t t lmt t mtmtt m (. L 1991); .. t t t t, q, tlt qt

l l m qlm; t t t t qt-ttll, t t t-ttll ml-ttll.

Lt m t t ttl tm (). T ttt m qt

ql t m t t t t t t mll ml lt t lm l m qlm. T lm t , l, t -, -tt, -ltm t-tt mt t, tlt t ( q) mll ml.. -tqlm lt. Bt tlt lt t l l l: t mtt lt l l m; 19 tt tl, l, t t mtt (q) qlm tt lt . Dlmt mtl l qlm t, ll S qtt t , tll l t lm. Fmlt t t lm (mtl) lm, , l t l ll . T ltt ql-tt; tl t tt t lt ltl t iii tlt t t ltm, , t t. T ll, , - t t

lt tt mt t tt m lm , -t-t-l lm m ltt ll t l t t t t ltm t.

T t , , t () () t t ll t , m lt t t ltt (.()), lt m lmt l lt m t t m (.. ()). A lt tt t, t mll lt, mt t m mt t l


19 T t t ml, t m tt lt l, ml, El m, , t tl t, t t t t tm


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t ltt t. P t m t t, m l lt m t m t, I mttmt m t ttmt t t l m ().

At t t t, I ll t t mm t t m t mtl m.

2.3 P P C E

T t tt t t .B (1964: 20120)

I t L t lt llt( t), t l t ll t t t ltl m t t p : Wllm Ptt. At ll, t t t tt t ltl m, ltl tmt, tl tm m, t m

l L.21

I ll, t t , t m tt t mtl m t tt, t m t t t, tl mt (). T m t t l t, I ll t -mtt mt() ll:

() tt tt t lt -tt tt t m mlm , ml tlt, l, m;

() tt tt tt t t m tt m t t l


20 K P, Li , . 201; m .21 St mtl t mt, l, mt l , t, mtl m. L ll ll tt, A V t Lt,Gll

t Am L , t t t Pt Slt L, Pt m Slt Kl Ptl Ml Ot.I t t t tl t St t m t L t, l, B St m i t m!


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t, ml t mttl mlt tmt t t t t t l lt m lt;

() t tt tt tl -tt tl t t t t mlm m t, t, ll, lmt t -tt qt lt m;

() ll, t tt tt mtt -tt m t t l

t tmt mtl m m; Ht Sm ll m m tm t mt ml t . Nt m -tt t tlt t ; t t t t t mtl m tt

R- C

T lt -tt tt t m mtl m, tlt, l, ql, tl tt. T , mtll , : R (m), L (m, tlt, ql), MA (m, tl tt)S (l), Rtm Vlll (tlt). It t mll t tt t R l

1957 t tt Rtm Vlll 1990, tt , t

ll t. I l lt t t t tt tt t, m t , lmt m lt lttl tm mt t m mt l ll tl t. At ll, t tt t lt mtmtl l qlm t, lt mm, m lmt m t, mtl m, mtl l qlmt, . Al t m l t t l lm mtt t tll l mt tt, l, t lm, t t tmtl m t t t, tl lt mtl m, t() , mtl tll



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t tl l ll m, tl ll t, mtlql, tl ll REE, . P t t lt t tt t m t(l) t lt t t t t t t t lt. 22

All t lt, mm lt t , ltll t tt t . T, t l m lt R m t t mtt Ct 7; t

L t m mtl m Ct 3, 7, 9; ttt-t t t mtt Ct 6 l t tt MA S; mltlt lt Rtm Vlll tlt t m tm Ct 3. H, tt t t ml l t lt t t l , I t, l, tm ttt tt t t t t t t lt. T tt, t tt D m, t t t-ttl tm l -ttl tm; .., t D,Ell lt t m t t t tt t ttmt . . . m ii -mt l t mt t m t (1984: 269).

A ll, t -m t t tlt, l, t t llt m, tt mlt ml (tmtl) m. F ml, t t t tlt l

t tl t tm , t lmtt m lm t lm t t tm lm; -lt t t l, qttll, t t t ml tml ml tmt lm (Ct 4).

C C C

Wtt t ltt t, t l t t t HSm ( l) S (1981, ). T l Gm Bml (1960)


22 A ml t l mttl mlt t t lm tl (. C. 7 8 l).


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Cl Htt (1978) l l t t l , t l tt mtltmt m m Kl M l ttmt t mi p(TSP). Ttt tt t l lt tl mm, t tmlt, t mttl mlt t tt -tt t tm. A ml mttll t T m ml lt, , t CT t qlt ml l

(. t t t ) l t ttl l t lt mt (ltm). Il, t mttl mlt t t mtl t t tt mm lm, t t t t t tl t mtt .23

I ll, , l l t l t ltt t -ll lt llt t t t. Il t l , qt t mttl mlt-tt tt tmtl t m M, R, H: t, t B K P, m t t tt t mttll ttl. Im , t ltm mttll ml t t t il.

T Cl Htt ml tt t t mtl tt tttl tl m t 24 lmt m m t: t ttt t m m. It t t lt t t t lm l t t


23 A Gm Bml t, lmt 40 ,Am t m lm lt t t mm t tll lm lm lm (l) t t. A l lm ii ipi p t l m lm t mm mlt(Gm Bml 1960: 521; m ). W m m t lll l tl lt.It t tt t mm lm t mlt.

24 A t t t tt ,T l l t m t mtmt ml t mt mt(. 452.3). I t t I m ttmt t t t t ml mt t t mtmt t t ml ,

l t t mtmt m t .


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t m -tt lm. Uttl, l t t m mtl m mt t t ql t t . (S Vlll 1999 mlt t Cl Htt t t m mtl m, Vlll 1998 tl ttmt.)

T mm m mlt ll t tt, m H t Sm, m BmlGm t S ttmt t ttlt tl m l mttl mlt tm

-mt t ttl ttt , t llt mmmtt ttt.I, t l Sm (Sm 1947 t Sm 1983 ) S (1989, 1994), t mt m mlt ttt ltm lt mttl mlt t; m, t , lt, l m mt ltm ttt t l t mttl mltm lt , t .25

I ll l t t l tt t t lt: m t Rtm, tt lt 1970, t l t ltm l tmt, tmt, l (Rtm Vlll 1985, 1990); Kl P tt lt lltm mlt t t tt ml lt qt t lml m (P

1991). T t t m l, Rtm I tt t lt K lt lt tttlt l mm t l tmt lt lm. T t l Ct 8.

I t , P lt lt t mtl l -ttlt: ltm mlt t, t lm. H t m t t t qt t tmt t m ql l t m, t ltt ttt t lt qlm tt


25 I l l H l mt l tl m tm (.. H 1945) t l

.


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lmll t t m. I t Ct 7.

E U R- C

I mtl tt t 1960 Hl Ptm tl, t tt mt t, t

t T m t ml tl t m t (Ptm 1967). S I m , t t t lt ml tl m t T m, lt t ll t t m.

M, Ptm l l t m t t (. Ptm 19631951). T ml tt Ptm t t R lt C t l.26

T , , tt tl l Ptm t tmt t lttl m .27 Sm ml t t Ct 3 4 l. O t t, t t m t t, Ptm ll t t t.M qt mmt mtt t Ct 4 (t .

Vlll 1998 m m tl t t Ptm tt t mlm t t l m -tt t ).

Gl Km t t ml t tlt t t t tmt l l


26 It l t tt l mt Ht Sm ll m C lt t l t C t

1930.27 T tl l , I l, tlt ql t i i m t:I t, m [.

t tmt] i t tt tm t l m t. I t tl t t mml t tl t l m , t mttl ll t m mtl ql t t mt ll m

, t t t m ll ll ml t (l) m (Ptm 1967: 40910). T lm t tlm, , t tl t mll T m (. C. 3, l).


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lt t (Km 1968). Nt l t tt, Cl Ft t m t l t tmtt tt, mll, t mlt (qtl) l (Ft 1977). F t , I m tt tl ttt t t t mtl m t t ltt t (), () () . I , t, m t mt t mtt tt tt ml

t lt tt t, lt ttl, t mtl m t t

t. T tll t l t tmt t (l) mltt t m. Sm t ltt J Hlm tltt (Hlm 1993) I t tt t tt t t t tt O Rt (1994, tll t 9) llt tt t t t tl. O , t Km Ft, mtt tt t t tt , t tt t m tt t l t tmt ( t m tt l t t). 2

Fll, t t l tt Bm (1987, 1988) , l t Sm S tll, ll m. I m tt t ll l t t tl - m l t ll ii i, t m t Sm l mS mtl l qlm, V Smt mtl m. I t tt t I llmtl m ll, tll, t t t l tt t Bm ltm m

tt, , t t. At t tm, t lt tl lmt ltmm, ll t t Bm, m t t m-tt ; t l t I t t t l ltm m (Bm 1987, 1988), l tt t mtll tmll m.


28 T , ttl , t t t V (1972), Gtt (1987), Kll (1988). T l t mtl m t t

t t, .. t (). Hlm (1993) lt m tl, lt mlt, t t tt.


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T ,ll, C , , t t t T m, tt t tm, t m-tt , t l t mltl tl t m t (C 1992). T m mtll mlt t Ptm m l (Ptm 1967). Nt t tt m t l t m t I t t Sm, S, Smt, Bm. T t tt, t I m t tm ll m.

H S P

It t ml , l, t t t mm, t , Ht Sm t m. Bt I mt t t, m ttmt t m t ll t , I t, t m

t t tt ii i.

W Ht Sm m t m m t Rtl M Em t t t tmt T M ( Ct S), tt t ll (ll qt m Sm1979: 35):

() [W All Nll I t t mlt t t mm 1954

t] m lt tt t t mt ml ll tlt, m t mt l t t m t ll t t m m . . .

() O l, t, t t m mtt l t lttll t t m . Smt t :() t t (. 4), , p p, t m tt:() t [] l, -t-t--tm lt (.4).

T t t mt l t lt l lll tt; t ml t t t t m t ml mtl .

() T , ml, t l t m tt m t T M (t ),



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tt l l tt tt t m .T t m tt t tlt t l tl -m t t ml mtt ttl, -t-t--tm t mt.

() Bt lt m t lttl t t t t m ll.() Fm t l 1950 Sm, t Nll, mll tt m lm

l tt t lt m mt t (.).() T l t l t m t, t lmt t lm l, [] mtl

i ii p mt t mlt m t (. m ).

T, t t t Sm l m t t , t t Rtl M Em; t, t m lm-l l, m t lll t ltt ml, mtl tt t T M: t tt t ttt tt t t lm-l;tt t m l tt l m mtl l . T, t Rtl M Emm tWl ( l l) T M ( t ) t Plm-Sl

M ( ml , K).() T lt m tt lmt t lm-l tt t tt Plm-Sl M m t (l l) T M ml lt t t ll t m:

[L] mm, lm l, l tt t, tml, t tl l, t. A mt ml T M mtt mt l ml tllt t m; , t ml t, t mt ll m t t l. (. )



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It t tt t t Sm m tt mt t .29 T t t m, t T Ml t ttl Rtl Em M, t t ml t:

(I) T t t mm tt T M ll t m t tllt (. );

(II) T ml l tll t l m mt ll ml m t m t piip imt ll tt (.; m ).

It t t t tt I l Sm m t t t mtl m . I l l, t K , t t t l tt tttt t ttmt C t; .., t t mm lt T m t ml qlt C t. T t l, t Rltt l,30 t t l t t

Tt, t m l t T M l t tCp Ri M(. Ct 3). Bm Sm t m tt t.

It, t t Sm t m tm t ml t tlt

t. T t ltt ml m t t t tt t t mt t ll tlt t tm. M ttt t tl t lmmtll t. T I tm t I tt m mll lt Ct 4 tt I tt Sm t (I) (II) -ttll, .. t t tt lm t tt -tt .


29 A tt tlltl l t m t lt Sm m t lmt lll lmt Pl ttt

lm-l t, ll, t mt. I t t tt L mtl t lt Pl lm l

Vlll P (1996).30 I, Sm m, t I tl t, t t l t t .


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I m tt, Sm m t lt -tt l t m t t lmt m, mtl m l m l.

2.4 C N

T t I m m t l tt l mt l t t ll ttmt, t tl mtmtl ml lt, t m t ttk i iii.

Tt (1981: 390; m )

I t t tll t mtl m, t t ll m t t tttt, p p, t t, m t t m t t t t t -tt t t m. M ml tt-t t l l mlt lmt tt m l, tt, tt ,

mll lmt ll t-tt ml-tt tm. Wt, I ml t , 31 l ll ltm? A t tl m t t ml t, t tm t t l, lt ml mt t t lt ltml? I t, t t t mt, m tll ltm? Tt, tt mt lt ltm , (m t qt tt-t):

M lt t lt mltl t tt . . . t t l l tt l , .., tt l tlt t t tl tl tt.

T t t t lt tt l tl. Fml I t t t t t l m l t t lt . N I t

t l; t t t l, tt t l


31 I ltt m mt, Al L, l Mll Lt t Cm Ut lmt qt t , I t t Ht Sm t, ltm l.


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l. N i, l lt, i i i i. . . . T t t lm t t: lt t tt m lm; t t tq l l; t t l l l l. (Tt 1991: 3912; m)

Smll, I t tt t t mtl m ll q t:t, lt t tt m mlm Bm32 t mtmtl m; t t t tq lm, Sm, S, Bm , tt ; ll, t t l l l l, Sm, lmt m t tl , lm lmt l--t.

M t mtl m, St 2.3 , t t t tt t t m. M tt l, lt t, l mt t. T l t t ml m t l t mt t.


32 A Bm tl t,Nt l tt t tt t l mt tl t: At t m tm, tll lt t tt tt. T, tl, t l . H, Bki k i ii k k

(Bm 1987: 183; m ).


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3 C R

TM. T m m llt.Wttt (1980: . 1096)

3.1 I

W tt ll tmtl. It t tll t ; t t t tll t t t.Sm (1983: 7)

C , t, tll t t t? T lt t t t t t t t q. I tt m mtl t t t ttt t t tt tl m t

T m. Btt m mtl,I m tt I t t t mtmtl ql tt tl m t t mttl tt tl T mm t t t m tl . T mt m t t ttl lmt , tl, t tl , tll .33 Tt t t ll mtt t ll t. At t St 3.2, t m t ttt t l m Ct 1, tt mt t tl t mll T

mt tl t m tm, pii, ql. Tt t mt t, m mll tt mt, ll mtt.34

33 O t Ht Sm mltt m t T M (. C. 2) ttmt t t t l l t ttl t

t t.34 Tt q t ql mt, m l t t ll t t, qt t lm.


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I St 3.3, t lt t St 3.2, t lt t it t mlt it l tl t ll tt tm

At t t m tt t t l t t t lt A ttllt t:

T t t l . . . m tt mt mtlt t mlt mt. T ll t t lt , , i i p, t ll t tl tl lmt tl . (A 1986: S398; m )

T t, I ll l t q m tt mt mtlt t mlt m t tl t. It ll l t m, t t t m m t l t lt, tt A l l tl tl tmtlt t t t lt tt t ttl .

T mlt, ml lt, lmt t m ll t: G

m, lt, R tm, t t i i . T-tt t t t t t t t m t m t tl .

3.2 R E A M

T t lmt . . . l tGl Rtt t ml mlt, t tt t t t mtmt mlt ll t t .35

Pt (1994: 377)

COMPUTABLE RATIONALITY 29

35 T ll Pt ml m I tt t qt tll lt m :P t mt t tt lmt t m mlt t t t t t m ml , l t t, t t

t ll t lt , t , l tll ml , t t. Wl t l t t mt t lmt, t l ll t m mt tq. I tl, t l t Gl Rttt ml ii, t tt t t t mtmt mlt ll t t (Pt 1944: 3767; m tl).


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T ql I t mtt tt t t tl m t tl T m. I ll t t l t t tl t m t l t tt, t , m t mlt mt tt t mlm t mt, t t ,l lmt mt t.

Ft ll, I t t tt t t t. 36 Fmll, t, t

: l t ltt;: mt ml (t) mt t ,

t ll t.

DEFINITION3.1: THE CHOICEFUNCTION, C.

() .

() .

Ittl, t mlm lt t lmt t tt m m t

ltt, tt

A (l, mm, t) m , l llt, ll t tmt t m l t ltt. (St 1986: 11)

I t ttt, t ( l mm) ll t i i. W mmtl tt t t ttt mt tt t t t t l C. Tl l l t l t -ll ttt t , C t, t t tt tl m t T m. 37 I ll,


36 I m mlm t I ll t t l tt t: St (1986) Sm (1983).37 I t, l I lt l t St l ttmt t ttt t t t t C [t t

t t I ll ( t tt ll) l, , tttl mm . . . (St 1986: 12) t ltttt ttmt C t E l l t l (B 1985: 55) t t m tql t tl m t T m.


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, m t, t ll lll tt , t t t ttmt. llt t, mt t t l t, t t, mt t. Tt t C t t, mt t t t, mt t . A I ll l St t ttt t, l tt t t t tt :

C t t I ll ( t tt ll) i p l, , tttl mm, t, t tt, l, l, l t, tt mt t m l l mt t . F m t mm tt t mt t l t. t t m. (St1986: 12)

Nt l tt t mlt (), t t qt, tt t t t l lt t ltt; t m tt iiiT m l t t ml ttl m t ( tt t t qlt t T m). T t m t l t t t t t tlt t tll mlt, m m

t . T lt, , l t t ttt m tt mlm. T t m t t t t t: t t tm t t,t t t t () .

A mtt, l Rtl C Ft O (A 1959), tt:

() []t m t l l t: (. 122) () tt ttmt t m t t t lmt

C m l t . . . tm (. 122).

Wt t , t tt t tl ll. It t , t t, m l mml tml lmt. T ltt, t, t l t t

Ct t t t



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ltt. H, t t A , , l, l t. I t, t, t t ttl tt-t m l t tttt mt mt tt. T t t I ll.

U A lt () , I t t tl m t tl t, , t lt ttmt tt m t t t lmt. T

mlm tt l m t , , t qt ml t ql I m .

T, t, t m t t, ml, tt-t , I ll t t tt t .38 T , , t m t; t ll, t ll l tm (), mt, tl. O t t t m t

T , l, t ttll l q: ll tm l l. Lt m t m q t (q ) ().

1. Wt t t t t ltt, ?39 F ml, tl? I t, m . . . ttmt? Wt tl t m t t l mttqt q t .40 Qt t m, t, t l mtt t ltt, t


38 Etll, t t tm tl. I m , N (. qt, S. 3.3, ), tlmtqlt q :I t t , i i, t t t (qlt t ttmt t m t t t lmt)?It l tt m C t.

39 D L - l t m t m t tll l: All t llt l q t mt t m l t t t t t , ll tl t t pi i , i ii i i i . . . T lmt mtl lt t t, t t l t t. . . . M

t t l t, m , t All l lmt t llt t t . . . (L 1959: 34; m ). It m, t tt, l t m tt F Rm, l Tt Plt, l i t ltt, t m t

mtt Al T t t m t q t i m tt.40 T tt t Cm (1960, 1971) Nm R (1961) mll lt t tt. I ll t, , t t t


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t qt t t ltt.41 A . . . ttmtq lttt ttmt m t lt. T t ttmt m t lt , t mt, tl. Fll, t-lmt t m tl t l tl tl l, Gl m. B mtt t , t qt l .

2. Wt t m t t t ltt, t ? T

tl t, t m tt mt, t t ltt, ml tL mt t t i p, Pt tt mt t t ii p, t m t N Cll t t ii . Pt tl tlt mt ll:

I t lt m tl mtt tltmtt m q mt m m t qlt t m tmm t. I t tll t t l-m [t]. (Pt 1965: 7)

C A lt t Pt mt t tt mt tt t tql tt t: t m (.. t ) , t mt, tlt t ttmt m t lt, (...) l. I Tm mlm, t tl t lt l t t ttll t t t, t t t tl tt t t tt l. Bt, , t t mlmt, t tl t t ttmt lt t t i. I t, , t t m tt tt.

3. T t t tl t t ql t .

() t t ltt;

() t ttmt t m t t t lmt;


41 A tt m, t, t i ltt: l, .


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() t mll ml .

Fm t 1 2, t l tt t tl tm , t tm. T t t () , t, t t . Fll, ml, R (1967: 634)t ll m-tt l : t ltt , tl (..,, , :

(3.1)

It t tt (3.1) i ijim t

Nt, t tl , m, A (1959) Sm (1983), tt t m tttltt t t t t . T, lt t t lttt

(3.2)

(3.3)

t D tt t tt t . T, t t tt ttll t t

m t t m-ttll.

4. S , t ltt ml tt t t t ttll t t T m t . T lmt tt t t ltt(,),,

D, t, tl . T ql I , m tt , I l lt t tlt t ( l) . F t t , I t tttl lt t mml ltt. N, t t m lt t ltt m t? T m t qt tt lt t m m, t tt lt, , tl t t tt l (t) (l) tt ml 42 mm lt . T t -tt qt l : t mm


42 T mlt t t l t l ml t tl t t t t , , l mmtl ql t t m t ttt t .


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lt tl l? D, t, t lt (.. Sm 1983: . 7):

(3.4)

(3.5)

Wt t m (3.5)? S t t ll t l l mtt

2 3 , t ml q T m. T t t lt mm tt l (3.5) ll t tt t .43 H, t mt tlt l q t t mml t ltt. Rtl t mml t ltt m t. D, t, t t -mml ltt

,

(3.6)

. T, ml, t m i i i (RCF), ll t t -mml ltt (3.6) :

(3-7)

Cll, m-ttll. A T m mm t tt, () ltt(), t (, ) t l t (.. t mm lt t tt l t) .

5. Fll, t tt t lmt 14 t t t ql t t mltl m t t mt tt tl tl Tm. A , lmt t t ml tt t m t

ltt tl m t tl


43 I t t lt t t , m tt m tl t t -tt . Al L (1985)

llt t t l l.


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l. T l m qt t m t t , t, t mml ltt.

T tt t m, , ll t t mm lt t tt l t tl t . T t tl l , T m. T, t

tl m t t mlmtl T m. W , t, tll t:

PROPOSITION3.1. T tl m t qlt t t mt tt tl mm T m.

Rk. I, mtm t, t tl t t t t t RCF, t ttRCF t t mtt T m.

I l, t l t t tt I t t t , m t tt, t tt, m, iii, tt tl t T m. T t ttttl, ml . It ml I t t m t mtl t

l t t tt. It l tt t l lmt lml tt t mlt mt t t mlm. F ml, m t ttt t t t mlt mt t l t l ml (3.5); m t tt t

, t t mlt t mt (3.5) (3.7). Et tm l t t ql Pt 3.1.

3.3 N P G

I t t , t mlt T M, t t m ?

B m tm .N (1981: 303)



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C m t t tll, tmll, tt t t , tt? O tt l t tl t t? It t t mtlmttt t t t ll tlt t44 t t tt t t lt ; t qt t t t m tt t t t tl t t .45A lt ll tt

t t t t, m mt t -t tmtlmtl. I t t tt t t ll tt .46 Bt MlSml, Fm m t lt mtll ttmt, t t m t lm t mlt m t.47 I ll t ttmt t t t tl mlIt, m t CT t, I ll ml t t t tt tm t, T m, t t (tl t t48). I t t, I ll m tt t ll t S mt t l t mlt ttl t t tl :


44 Bt mt t t Sml l m: I t t l t t m m tl t t tlt t(Sml 1938: 71).

45 O, t qt t mt ,t l -, mt-, l tt t tt tt(Sml 1948243).

46 A tl M (1981), A [-] . . . t t mtmtl t . . . ? A t, t , m tmt t ll l t t t t? I t t t tmtlt l. F . . . t t

lt [] tm. . . . I t . T tl I t lm t tmtlm. It l t lmt : ti ttmt (t ll m tm t t ll m tm) tl l(. 3845). M m t, ml, mt lm t tll t mm t t tt mt t lt l t ll t mm t t (. 3845, . 11).

47 Bt C. 9 tt tt mm t lm tmtlm, l .48 I ttl tt, t l lm l t t t t tl tt.


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t mtl mt t t lt t m m t , lt lt tt m t tmt m ltt. (S 1973: 21)

I t tl m t tl t m ltt, t t qlt t tt tt

(3.8)

tt

(3.9)

T ll tm lm tt t t t t.

THEOREM3.1. T t t t .

P.49

A t t , mll lt t tt, (, ) , , , tt ml t t l. T, t mtt tmtlt (, ) ll ml t tt t tm.

T m t, t t (. S 1973), m t tmtll lt ltt (. t qtt m A 1959 ) tl tt tt t l lt ltt . T tmt lt m q mtt (, ). Lt t it, l T m i, TM

i, t lt t m (, ) t (, ); t

, lmt m t, t t lt tl t .50 W , , t t tt l t ml, . T, t(, ), t

TMil lt t l 1 0. (Bt ll l T m lt t t(, ),

?

51

)


49 I ll m tt t t T m tt, t, t llt t l tm.50 I I m m , , t, t tl t lmt m t ll t t t t tt.. tl

t. I t t m ltt m , t t m tm, t t tmtll t lt ltt; t ttt t t tt mt, tt l m m m ti i .

51 T l, ml , t l t t llt t lt lm t t t. Alttl, [( , )] t

t tt t t lt lt ( L 1985). I m, mt l, ll m t ll l

l m t t t t Ui Ti i .


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N, t tt:

(3.10)

T T m, , t Ul T m (UTM). Ittl , (3.10) ttt l T m tt tt , l, mlt t t t

T m t. C t t

(3.11)

T t i i ( ll mtt). H t (tl) l. It , TM

, t t T m tl t, = (p,), m

m t tt tt l 1 0 . T, t t t t t mtll.. tmtlllt ltt.

T mlt t , t mt l tt l ml t t . T ll.

It l tt i . I, t, i, t t mlmt l lml, t t (tl) tt t, , , t mlmt t l l mtl. T l, t, m tt, ,() = TM

(,). T, ()

H, tt TM(, ) , t t

tt.

T mt tt t tl t T m (ttll) tl t m tl t t mt tt. W ll, t, t mt , t,

t tl t l t, t t, tt t . I t , , l t, tmt .. t t t t l , t, t t



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mml ltt? T t tm t tt t t t qt l t t.

THEOREM3.2. G l t tt t ( t t t mmltt) t, t t t t t t t mm t l.

P. Ft ll, m t St 3.2, l m tt t l t tl , t, ii, t t tt tll l tl lM, t mt tt 17 Tm 3.1, m tt t l t t l tl t. I t , t t l T mmt mm m t l ll q [(,)] t lt tt l (l ) lt Bt R tm tl t t t T m, .. t l tll t, tl l. I tl, t t t t t t t mm t tll t.

T t lt, m t Tm 3.1, m t tll . Bt t t t t t lt, m t t t, l, t t t t.

3.4 C N

I mt t t l t, t l l m t lt t llt t, t t t l t t ,t ll m t t t m t t .Ptm (1951/1990: 10)

It qt l tt m t l t tl t t t

Cmtl m , t lt t, t lt t t



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t t t . It mt t, , tt tt t t t t t t CT t.

I l tl , Gl Km t t t ml mtlt t mtl tl tt mtlt l -m(Km 1968: 39). I t , t ltt mll lt t t tmt, t

qt t t m l, t t tmt l tl t t t ml m t ( St 3.2 ). Km t l mll tt ll:

PROPOSITION 3.2. F tl t t ltt t l llt t , tlt t t l t tmt.

Rk. I l tt tmt T m, t qlt lt ll tm t tlt t tlt t Tm 3.1 . Et Tm 3.1 tt t ttmt Km lt, , l, Km mt m tl t tt lt t T m. I t tll m-tt tt t t ll ttmt m t lt t l t tlt t t tmt

Km lt l tl t t ttmt l . I ll t t t tm tll.

I l t mt m Ptm ml t Ct 2. I tt T MtL Sm M (Ptm 1967), t t -tt tt t ltl t m t l. I tl, Ptm t t t tt tttl m lm mt t t t l l t m t (Ptm 1967: 408). B mmt i , t tl t t m t, Ptm m52 tt t


52 M l,I t , t, I m t ttlmmtm t, m t T m, , m l, i . . . . I t, m tl t t tt tm t l m t (Ptm 1967: 409; m).


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m i t tt tm t l mt (. 409). T, Ptm mt tt t m t tmt tmm t tlt t ttl t l t t m t. Bt, Kmlt, m l. H, ml m t m t tmt t T m, Ptml t t l.

P t mt l tt t t Km (1968) Ptm (1967) t Rtm Vlll (1990) t t t llt Al L (1985). 53 L qtml t t t t t t tt qt l tt iii. I lm t t St 3.2 . L m lt (1985: 61, tm 3.1) l mlt, I ll ml t t ll t m Tm 3.1 Pt 3.2.

Dt :

t t t t ltt,t m mt, t ,

t llt ll t .

DEFINITION3.2. A t mttll l l t t Tm tt l l.

T t ll t.

PROPOSITION 3.3. N ii l tl m mttll l.

T lt lt Pt 3.3 lmt t l Tm 3.1. T mmtq t lt, m ttl m-tt t , tl mm L:

It tt t tt t pi i t i

ii. Ul t mtt


53 Cmll (1978) , , m ml l t .


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tl, .., l mtt t ll, t t mlt t tt t TM, t pi -i t l mlmt mttl tt t t: t () t mtt t lt l t , () t mtt lt t -tml . (L 1985: 45)

H t tt, tl, t t lt? P m tt l tl m tl m tt Ht Sm tll lmt l t. Bt t t lt t t m t . T , , l t-ml mtmt,54 l t G Pl tm mtl, t t t t t. A mtt tt t tl t t l mltt t t: t l m tt mttll l mt t tm. Wtt t ml mt tt t tm, ltll ml , t t t tll I t t m t CT t. T t lt t t, m t t t tm, t m tt l tt mtmtl ltl tt t, t t, A lt Imlt Tm; ,

Sm t t, t t t t tt lt, t:

T mlt [A Imlt Tm] t . Bt l t t tt A tm lt t lt m ll l tt t mt tl m t l l . V t , t tt t tl tt m t t t qt t t ll. (Sm 1983: 623)

T t l,pi p, t t t lt t Tm 3.1 3.2, Pt 3.2 3.3. It l l tm t tl m t l tl .A, t

t tll ttl m t t ll Sm t m . I ltt I ll t ltt t t ttl tl m, l m t -tt m.


54 T tm m tl Vlll P (1996).


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4 A B

Wt l ll tt , tlt t ml tm, t qlt.Ht S (1866/1996: 234)

4.1 I

O lt tt t [ t, lt, m] ml t tm m t. I tl lt l t t ttml, l qlm t t t t lt m l t .D (1993: 21)

I m tt l t, t t ttmt l t tt mt t tt. I, m, m t tl, t t mt t t t tt t ml tm tt t t tt. It , t, ltmt t t t tl , t mll t m t, tm t lmt-t ml tm. Nt, m t t lmt-t mttll l. A t t qt

m t tl t: t t t . T tm m t t t t.

Ft Ml t , m, l 55 tt m ttmt ml.56 Smt ml t t

55 I Ml ttll t t,Stt . . . . . . l- t mmtmt t t l tt (Ml 1958: 280)56 WtCi Ei Dii .


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m pi, i, -i, i, m ml t tm mt tt t m tt m t m lt t t. A Hll Mll, tml tl tt t t m mllm mt ml t tm l tll t t (AAA), t t,Ullt l t ll tl, t t m t l tl (Hll Mll 1991: 367)

T t tt t m t t l t ll tlt t, ltl, lt t., t t ppii, t t t, t t t ll tl. T ml, ml, t t -mt tlt l tl

Bt t t t ? C t t t ttll tlt t mt t mt mlt t t , mt ? M t t t, t tm t t ll tl? I ll t t m t lt t t tt, t t mmt t m l t mm tt -ll t ll tlt mtl t l t t . W, t, l ll tl ml tl m t t t l mtl t? Sl, t t t t tl . J H, t t t mt t

m t ll tl ml, m t t ll :

[H]m t ll qt t t t tlt tlt mt t tl. . . . [O ] t ii ii-pi ii t m tl tmm Sm t lmt tlt.. . . [I] tl t t lmtt m tlt t ll t tl- tm l l mt t t l l tt.O , l t mtt t t tl- t ll t t t ll t l t ml tll. (H 1977: 17)

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR 45


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I t, t, m t t ll tl, H m t t? T m , Ill t t m m ltt ll tl ml t t. H, ll pp, tt I t t ll tl t t T m (t t CTt).

I t t t I t t l t -tt tt t t

t tl L (1986). I St 4.3 I t m lt t t t -llll tl t , t t tm m tl lt . Fll, St 4.4, I t t m t, t t lt t t, t t t t ltt

t ll tl.

4.2 D R B

O mt qt t [ tt l m l ml ll l] l

m l t tt tm.Nl Wt (1982: 68)

L m tt tl t ttll t (L1986: S408) ttttl m t l(. S410) t, t t tt m t (. S402) t t lt mtt mt tm (. S410). T mt tm m t ttl mlm . TL m t m lt t ipii il mlm tl . I t, ttltl:

T ml t l tl t tt mt tt tm. Bt t l

t tt t t, tl-- ; t mt t t tlt mtt, t t, t t tm m () t . (L 1986: S4)

T l t -tt tt mlt, I ll t t ll t ql t t



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t tm Ct 3 ( tt, , ()):

() At ll m t ml tm ( t tt tl t tm).() Dml tm l mttl lt tt m T m.() Rtl m t qlt t t mttl T m.

Wt t ql, t ll l t -tt qt t tt tt . . . t; .. t tt ml tm t lt t T m , ()t t tl . N, t ql () mtt Ct 3; t ql () ll t t, l () ll, tt , ml m. T mt tql () qt t , , ml L t t.

T tll ml tt ml tm m t mttl tt Tm (, , tl m t), I ll , l, tt M (1995). H, t t M tt, lt m tt tt, Nm (1966) tt 29-tt lll tmt (CA), t m l ml ml tm l t mtt lt .., mltt (Ul) T m. M tl, ml, Blm .(1982, )

mtt lt mlmt t tl t t mLIFE.

N, M tt-t tt t M ml (M 1967: . 11, 14)U t ll t p i i t T mll t m t mt lttM , tm 14.1.1 14.2.1, t tt m m t l 1 2t. F ml, t mlt t m t t t, , , tm t t t, M lt :

F T M t t Pm M t t t t tt t m tt t t 235 t t . . . (M 1967: 257)



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M, l , m tt tt (t) t T m tt

(4.1)

ltt

(4.2)

t m (t) tt t t m t tt lll= 0, 1, . . . , 1

Nt, M m t lt m t l. T , t, t t t m tt :

(4.3)

It tt() = 1 t l m= ,

() = 0, t.

Nt, t t t t k, k

= 2, 3, 5, , t

(4.4)

Tk= 0

(I) = 1 Im k

= 0, k

= 1

(I) = 0 Imk

0.

Nt, t T m, t ml t t tt, t tt; .. t t , Imt tl m t T mmt t tt, . Ll tm

,

,

,

tl. T t tt t tt

(4.5)

:

(4.6)

T t m tt t t M m m, t mlt t l T m, tt



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t tl m t . Ftm, t m, ml tm T m m t t lt t lt lm. T lt t lmt-t t m llt, ml, t t tl t; .., tl t l, t ll lt tl t t lmt-t t m t m.

At m l ll, t M tt t, t t m (4.1) t (4.6) l lt t

tl-m ml tm t t. Rll, t, tt T m l Ul T m; .., m mm t mt ttll lmtt mm t t t T m.

F t lt t tt tm , I t ml, tt, t.

DEFINITION4.1. A ml tmt t t p pi ii, t tl t, t mm t mlt t t t T m, tl tt Ul T m.

DEFINITION4.2. A ml tm l mtt lt ll ll i i .

Rk. Cll, t l t, m , ml t t lll tmt , t

ltLIFE ttt t l mtt lt t lml tm. Bt t t M tt tt t : () ml, () ll, () l-ml (, -ml).

I t t L t t t t tlt tt t lt.

THEOREM 4.1. Ol t l mtt lt tt t tlt t tt mt tt tm.

P. Rll, m l lt, tt t tl t mll T m tt t tl t m t qlt t t t mt T m (ql

() ). B t tt , ql () l () mt. T,



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Km lt itmt (Pt 3.2) tt tt T m tt ttlt t tt mt tt tm. T, t ll tt ml tm mll tmt p pi ii mll tt, l t l mtt lt tt t tlt t tt mt tt tm.

THEOREM4.2. T t t t l l t tt

(m) t .P. Nt,t ll, m t , mt, lt, ttt tt t t tt ml tm. T, l l, t t t tt tt ml tm qlt t t t l t t ttt (m) ml tm. H, t tm, t ml tm qt mt l mtt lt, .. l ml tm; , t, t t tt ll lt m m ttlt tlt.

Nt, I lm tt t ttt l ml tm l ml t t .Tt t l ml ll m t ml t tt tt l t t tl lt t t tl t tmtll.

O t t , t . T t lt lm l ll. F, t ttt t tl t, t ll m tt t m ll tl qt mm.S t l ml tm, q t t Ul T m ll lt, t t, t tl t . T tt t llt t ltlm. H, R tm, t t t t l l t t tt (m) t .

T lt, tll, tt tt t tmt ll pii t t tl- t tt ml tm. B tt ml tm I m t tt lt ll tl . A m m tt l t lmt-t tt l lmt-t



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(, , l-t, lmt l) t t ll tl . It t t tt I ttmt t t t t tm.

T t t t , m m t l mtt lt ll mtl t t t t: t ll lt tl tt t lmt. T ll t t t lmt ml m t - ki57 , ml, t l

t.

Bt, l, t ml t lt t t. At ll, t lt l t t lt ll tll t t tmt qt t (mll) tl : t t t ttpi-pp p t t, t , t t t tl

F ml, lt L t ttll t tt l, mt, t tt m t , l m t m t l-m:

I l tm, ml l llt l (l tt tt t t t t tt) t t lt t tm m tl

ttt mt. T l tl , l t tt t , l tt l tm lt t tt t. I t tmtt t t tl-- t m tm(L 1986: S401)

At t t mlm t t, t lt t, ttmt t tl-- tt t tt m -tt t? Sm t t t t t t.


57 I t lt R D (1992).


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4.3 A C B S -A-E P

R C

[I]t tl ml t t mt m mt t t lm t t.G (1951: 1)

R G m t tt t , t t t m l, tt lttmt t mtl m tt. Wt G t, ll t m , tt ml tm ltt mt ml tt tl mt m; t,t mt m t tl , t t mtm mt T m t ml tm l . G , m m lt t t l t I Stt ml mm t lt t t

t ml tm t mtlt:

A qt . . . l. . . . [U]lt t t m qt ml tm t. T l t t m t, t tt tt m tl t tll t m . . . . I tll ttqt t ml tm ll. (Stt 1991: 664)

T lt t t l t t t ttmt t t tt t tl . I t t I t t tl tl t t m t.

It t m t mlm lt Ct 3, tt t tl t t tl mt t lt, t t t T m t mt, lllt EXCLUSIVEOR; .., tX Y, t tl t t lt t tt l X OR ELSE Y. T t

, l , tl t t t.

E m mttl, t t mmtl m, t ( t tll) t



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(4.7)

( t XY).

T, .., (4.7), t t t EXCLUSIVE OR:

(4.8)

(4.8)

T t (4.8) (4.7), , t t l t t ( tt ll) t tl, ll i ppii. I t (4.7) l t t

m i i : t l mtt lt.Rll, , tt t tl l tl m t tll, l, t tl tt t mtlt m . Tqt H , [H]m . . . ll . . . t t tlt [ t t] ii ii-piii . . .(1977: 17). I , tm tl tm q t t t l t. Wt t tt t mmll ml t t mtl tm tt l t l t? U t MCllPttl t, l m t t qt.

MCP N

F. 4.1

(MP) ( F 4.1) t



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()+ 1 m: t 1,

2, . . . ,

tt .

() tl m:

()t t: 1,

2,

3, . . .

, (

i t t

i

j);

t t t t t tm.

ASSUMPTION4.1.j(+ 1) = 1

ij

i() ; .., t ml l t t tm + 1 t

t m t t t tm t tl t :

ij> 0:

tt ;

ij 0:

t .

N N

A llt MP , t t m t , tt ltt t tt ( t t t) t m l t m ll t t t t t .

PROPOSITION4.1. A l t t tmt.

S E N N E P

T ml ml l t lt Bl t t t ml, ml t tt.

()N

F. 4.2

T ll m lt t F 4.2.

() T lt mt t tm m t A t.



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() I t tm l t(1), t t t tl = 1/2, t t tm+1 t t ll t; .., A A.

() Cl, A l, A A.

()C

F. 4.3

T t F 4.3 ll t + 1 t t lt t tm , t tt tt tt t t t t. T,

A B t. (Nt t t mlm.) I, t t , A t B lt

() INCLUSIVE OR

F. 4.4



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I t lt t lt F 4.4 t tm , t t t ll t+ 1. T, A t(1), B l (0),

Nt m t llt t, qll ml, lmtl t t l t

tt t mt t tt T m mt.

A N N X OR ELSE Y

F. 4.5

Rk1. T t t ttt F 4.5 t tR NlR ltt t.Rk2. N t tl ll ll t l t t mt (lt) R ORELSE N l t.

(A) G

T l (t) t, , t t. T, t t ll t t l t tt l t t tt l tl ( Tl 4.1).

It t m F 4.6 tt l tt(1,0), (0,1) (0,0), (1,1) tt; .., t t t t l t (ll) l.



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Tl 4.1

Ip Op

0 0 0

1 0 1

0 1 1

1 1 0 0 = l

1 = t

F. 4.6

H, ll - t, l l t F 4.7. B tt - t XY, l t t X Y t-ml .

(B) S A

0,1> ,

2> ,

1+

2, ml. I t l t tt, X OR ELSE

Y(t l-) t lt (mt) ml MCllPtt t. W t l tlm ( lt lt tt l t t) t ll :



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F. 4.7

,1> ,2> , 1+ 2+ 12 . A l lt = 0,1= 2= 1, 12= 2Slt lt tt.

(C)D

Fm t mt l t lm l t, t l tt m m ii tl. Fm t l t tt, l t tti- tl l t; t , , t tl l ll t t tmt (lt)X OR ELSE Y l t.

W lmt t m t t t t ml lt Ct 3 St 4.2

. Ft, t tt ll MP t, llt MP t, t t tt tll t t tt t ll i i. T t, tl-- t t t , t, t tt t t t t t tt, l, tt .

Lt m t lm ltl t . T l lm t tl m t tlt t t tt l. S t lt m t t lt, t l lm ll



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t t t (ij) t t. T qt, t, :

G t t, t t , tml pii, tt (t, , tt t t l) t lt t?

T tm Ct 3 t t ml tt t t t t qt.

W t t t l t : t t lt tm-l.58 Pt t, t t l l t ttt t l t

(4.9)

l m, t t i i--t t t, tt t, tt, l, t t t t lt t qlt t t t l t t qt (4.9). W , m

t lt t lt t Hlt Tt Plm (. Ct 7), tt t l t ll piit l , t, t qt.

Ftm, (4.9) m , t lt (4.9) t ttt ml tm

(4.10)

W m tmt t lt lm t EXCLUSIVE OR tt t m tl m 3. T ttt ml tm, lt t (4.10), ll l

t, t t ml ml tm t. Dml tm t tttt mmll q mtt lt t l tm. T, t l tG t, Bm q, t lt Ct 3 t l t t t. I t t t


58 A R G tl t,Cm t lt qt t t -l t, t ml t t t l t m l t (G 1950: 319).


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t t ttmt t t t t t tt m t mm tlt lt .

W mm t t l t t. T tl m t lm lt t tt l , t, t t t:

() t ttl t t l t; () ltm t l t qt; () t mt t t t ttt.

N t t t l t lm piil ; t () t tt t t l (t lt t Hlt Tt Plm).

T t tt t m l l t. F m, l l t, t., t t tl-- . T l tt t mll t t t l lmt l tt t lt t tt l tt t. W l t l m t lt tm, t t t tt tm

M, t mll l llt l tt ml llt t m tt t lt l t.

4.4 C N

N m t t t lm mtl tll, tl, tl mt, t mlt tt tl m t l t tt, l t t m, t qll t tt t mt. H, mt t , l mt m t mtl ttl tt t

mt, m t l t t t t mt mm m.Sm (1956/1979: 21)



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I t l t t t Ct 3, tt m ttt t mt ttl tt t mt tt t t t l t t ll t tl . N t m tttl tt t mtl l l t lm tt t lm-l, mt tt tt t mtmm mltl ltl m tm ll. Amt mm

t tl t, t t, l tl t, t tmt; t l t t mt t lt, tl m t t tll, m-tt, t . I l l t t tt t ltt t t mt lm-l tt tt l t m tl t l tl t t m t lmt t.

O t t m lm (SEP) t l t Rtl M Em tmlt t mtmtl mm lm ( tml tl, mtt, t., lm). A ml(tt)59 mlt SEP ll (Pmt Stlt 1982: 3436):

t t mt , , . Ot t mt t t i60 ( ml) ltmm, t mm, ll ttl t l tt.

N t ll t (SEP):

(SEP)A tmt lm F, , :

F: t (t m l ltt): (.. t t)


59 I ll t llt tt mlt Pmt Stlt (1982), lt, , I l t tt tmt

tml tl, m t ltt t mll qltmlt t.60 At t l t , I t t tt: t t t tmm t; t t t;

t t t.


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PROBLEM. F F tt () (), F.

Cll, m ml tt, tt m t, mt m F, , t.

Nt, t t t (SEP) ( (SEP):

(SEP) ()

G mtl t (.. m-ttll t) t mt S, t F(F t S). Am tt t t ltmT(t t T m , tl .

() At t mlmt T, t (ltm) t mt t l ()

t t mt Q. Cll t T.

() Nt ttS Q t m-ttll, ml Gl-m.

H ml (SEP), t t (t) l mm lm (SILP):

(SILP)Mm

t tA=

0(t)(tl, t m).

A t t (SEP), ttt, t m:

() T mtS, t T, A, .

() G t (t), T t A= 0 mltl t.

() T T mlmt Q t lt T

.

Nt, , tt tt () t l ml qtl t t T m.M ml t, lt t (SEP), ll, , ml t T mt lll tt qtll (l l). T, t

t, lm l, mtl t t ; m t



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t qtll, t t tt t t t t t; m t(l l) lll. (SEP) t lt t tt t Rtl M Em t t . Bt t tl t t t mlt t mt t lm t tl t.

N, t I mlt t tl lm Ct 3 St 4.2 4.3 t

t, t (SEP) tt lt. T t , l, tt l lm (SEP)ll l . I t t, it , mm lAll ttt t t tt l l, .. t m i ii. W t t t t tt l, (SEP) ( (SEP)) mt l t (SEP) mt p ii, .. t tlt t t t t.

I t , t, tl t t t t t ll tl? Almt tT m tl t tt l l lm, m, t, t., m L t t l.61 I t tt t t mlm ll t L l -m.

Lt m, , t t t ttt t l tl t m qll ttt

l t.

DEFINITION4.1. A l tl t l lm t (SEP ).

Rk. T t mltl tt t t t O Rt t tt t m (O Rt 1994: 164).62

T t m t l, I , tt l tl t ppi i . T l


61 O, Rt ml t, lltm llt . . . 62 I tl, . 8.4 . IX t llt tt: m ll t tt qlm tt t t t t qlm

t tl m [ t tt t l mlmt tt t m]. . . . A i

pp ii-ki i k ii (O Rt 1994: 1634; m ).


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tl, t t t, t t t lm t , t t ltt tm, l t l lm t l. T ttl tlll tl t t mlm l t t t l t t l lm t l tl t.63

T m t t, l, t. M m, t , ttmt t ml m

t t tt t llt ml mltt. Ctmm lllm, lll tmt, t., m t t t ltt, tl ttl l. I l t t mtll .

T m ( l ltl) t t t ml mlt t. I t t mt tt ml t t t ll mlt, .. T m. It t llt tt mlt m l t t lt l mtt. H t tt llt tt t Tmlt tm tt t t t l t ll tl? It t t :

() Ft ll, t t t t l lm: tt t l t lm. Ttm ml t t l , t l t t- ltm, t t. It

t t t. It tt. I t tm t Mll Dm!() S, t lt t t tt, t t mtt lt tt lt t

tm , t m t l. Mt t tl , t mlt, t l; t t m t (mmt, mlt ). T l m t t mlt l t l.


63 I llt , t t ttt ttlAii Ii Ei Ai (M R 1992), H D tt tt:A ml lt t t . . . t t t m lmt tlt tt t ltl t ml (. 136). T lmt tl ttt m t qt l tl lt t mtltml lt t t t. I ll tt tlt mt m tt t t ml, t, t lt t t mt (. l t t C. 2) ?


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T, t qtll t : llt tt T m lt m tm ttt, l, t. tt l t l? Cmtt lt l t tll mlmt t tl; t l t. Wt, t, t t lt t mtt lt t l?

A t t qt l l t mm .

A ttt t t t t tt t t qt q -ttmlm t t m ll, t. F ml, t l ll t q tt lml t t . Bt, t, l ml tm l mtt lt t q. T m ttml tm tl tl t ml t l mm tt t t mm tl . T l l tt tt- ki; ml tm tt mttll tl l mtt lt.

Mt t ll t t t tt tm. I l t ql t t .



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5 M I

T l t tl ml tt, ll t i ii , m l tm tm ( mt tm).Km (1953: 402; m )

5.1 I

. . . m t tm t l l m: tt t , mt m tt tlt t ml lt m t t t t l.Ptm (1963/1975: 297)

I t ml ttll ll t, Ptm mm, t tm, ttl t t m t t t ttt lmt: t l, l mmt m, tlt lt. I t , t t t tll t t tt mt m t t tlt lt. I mt , t tl m t T m l t t t l t tlt

lt t tm t l.T m l m t (Cl 1996) m t t l t m l m t R.

T , , m t t m, tl t HmP t - m. T t , t lt l.


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T t t I l t m t t m t tm t t t, t m l t t Ptm l ttmt t t l:

It l t t lt i. Jt t l t t l m t t P (ll t pi t ) t l S,

t l l t t l m t t E (ll t tt ) t lS. T m t tipt lS; t , t t t , t m t lS. T tml t m t mtl t t t t. T mt mtt t tt t t t t E m t t l S m tll l. It t tt t ttE ipi St t tmlE S. T mmtl q: t m t mt lt t tt t t t l .S t tt- (t m: t m t, t l t) t t l tt mtmtl l l m t m ll tt: ll l m t m l t t l. Bt t

l t? Mtmtl l ll l m t m t l l tlt t t m. Btp t ? . . .. . . I l ll l t l l t t m pi l t, t t t t t tt t t l tlltt piit lt?Lt t lt t mmt tt, t t l t t l l , t l t t l t t , t lt ttmt t t mtmtll tt ttl t. (Ptm 1963: 2945)

I t m t t, t lt ll mtll lt t tll t ltl :

(1) T t t t -ttll.(2) T mtmtl l m t -ttll t l ml

ltmll.

THE MODERN THEORY OF INDUCTION 67


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Bt t ltl m t l t mt, tl, t t l piit lt. I t t t t I t t t tt . I tll t tl t mtmtl mlm l t m t t (.lt (2) ). Fll, St 5.3, t lt t t t t -ttll (.. ll (1) ), l tl, t t mtmt

mlm t m t t tt .Em t (t t t ) q , , ( qtt), t t t t m, t l tt. I m lt ltl , t, t q mt t mt. Aii p, t mt t lt q

ll t . I ll t mt lt t m tt tt , t t l t m tt t m.T l -tt l ttmt tl , tttl t t mt t, t.ml t mt t . I, , t t lt tlt t lt(St 1993: 7), t, t t l t lltlt m , ttt t m , l mt t t l t t t mtm tt t .

A ttt tt t t mtl t m l t lttmt l m tm t t m . T ttt ml tt t l t ( mt ):

() T t mlt t q (.., t );() T t t mm (mlt) tt t ml t t t

ttt;() T tmlt t tl t ;

I ttl m l, t ttl tl tt t lt t tmt



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t tt . A mt tttl tm-tt ()B mlt l l (), t ltt ( pii) lt () t tl m l t ml tl t.

Im mtll l t t m m t mtl t m. Ht t ()-() t tlt qt l :

() Wt t t t ml t t lt tl t ( t t t tt t t m ttt m t t )?

() H t mlt t t mll tt mt t tt pit lt l t t mlm () t l () t () l?

() A t t l t t -t t t; .., t tl t t t t t?

Fm mtl t , t m tt t t t qt. T tt mt mll T m t ttt t m tm mt l pi ii; t mlt t t ml tm m t t m t t t , tll, tm t ltm mlt; t

(), t ml ttl lt tt t ltm mlt m mtl, t t tml t l, l l , t t. T ll t tt tt t t lt, mlm, m t l l t.

E t l t () t; m tt t () l , tl Ct 4. A t (), t t ()() , lt t mtl t ( t t) t.

E t mt t lt 1960, t ml H, Stl, MCll, t l, t mt, t t t mt lt



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m. T mt t t t , t l t l tl m (m) m m t. T m t q, tl, tmtt mt , tt mt m m m t t --tt tmt t tt m. I t, t t mtt t tt t t t mtl t l mt t t t t l mt, tl t

ttl ll l. Pl, t ll m t N Cll tl mt t ll l t l mt lmt ql t t t t t tttlmt: mt, , tl.

T t t l t(t Lt t t) . H, I t t mlmtt t lt t tt t mt qll , l. It m t t t m mt m t mlt tl, t t mt mt,ll . I qt mtll lt t t t qt, m . L t( m t) t tt:

T t mt tt t lt 1940 t m t tt-lm qlm, t m t m, l Hl t t t t Rm t lt. T

t lt t t l lmt ll tl t lt t t (, t tt ). (L, 1981: 286)

I t , mt t ll ttl tl tt lt t tt tt, t, lt t t.T, t t t l tm t tt t m l t t lt t t , t, tt t m pii t lt. Hlm, ml, ml TPlt A t Emt t ll tl ttmt t l ttl t t l tlt t m l:

t ltmt t m t l tttl t tt t t i tttl



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t lt. F p i ii it, t i i i .T lt m mt t t lt ml m , t m, t lt m l. (Hlm 1994: iii)

Tm t t t Hlm.

64

T tl l mtmtll (m ) t tl ttt tt t tt m: ii, tt t piit lt ( t t). I t mtt ltll , t t mt m t lt m mt t t lt ml m . T ll tmtll ml tt t ll t t tt m l t t lt t t.

E t t t l , qt l mtl. Rt t mmmt tt t t tt Km t NBER mtl, Kl Ptt t:65

Km tm tt B Mtll t l lt mt t t lt

tt t l. Tt , t t l mt mt t t m t t m lt


64 T t t L t Hl lt mt tt. M, ll t ll t K:I t [Et] t t t m t Sttt Clt t t Fq T l ll t. H l

l l t t t tt t ll t Fq T l t t ii lt Stttl T, t tt l m tttl t

, tl, , t t t q t lt Stttl T, i (K 1933: 2812; m ). m t tt t m t t t t lt t q t t ltt t ttt mtt Hlm.

65 Klm m t m t m tl:Alt l , ll F, t t ll l m mlt t ttt t ttmt t m ll t, l , t F m ml tmt (F: W i

pi i pii iii )m t t t lt lt t t tt m m mt(Klm 1994: 146; m ).


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t t l. . . . Emt, , l t t tt t t tm t t m lt ml, t mt mt t tmt ttKm t m tt t t t. O t t tl t Km: W t m , t t t ii pii mtt t tt. W

m t t. (Kl Ptt 1990: 3; m )

Kl Ptt ( Klm . . 2) t t m l, tl, mttl tt t t, t m t t m piittl ml. T tt t t t mt. Flt t m mt l t, tt : tt tt mt t . T m t t ml, t t, t ltt m.

T m t mt lt t, l t t ltm mlt tt t :

t t l mt t l tll lt t, t mt tt-

l t. It m t t tt t l t lt t t, t, tl. (Klm 1983: 31)

T ttl mt t66 tll lt t ll. I t, X, m l t t lt t tp(), t t l t mt tt X= l(1/ p()).67. T, tl, t mt tt t , ll, t lt tt, m piit lt. Tl t mlt lm tt lt ml m , mtm, tt mm, t l t tl l m l.

Bt t tl? O, Klm lll t, t t ttt l t lt


66 All, t, mt m tll lt t, t!67 T (l(1/ p() ) t m t q t S .


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t t, t, tl? T t t , t ltl t tt t , X=, m l, t l lt t t, t lt t , tl, t lt t t ? Wt tt t X=-ttll? Sl, t tt ll t l tt t mtlt, lt, mltt ml tt, l l t lt t , t l, t l t

. I t, t l t t t t t mtl: t m, t CT t, T m: t ltt, ll, ttll.68 It t lt tt Klm lt, t tt lt, t mt t m t lt . Sml tl tt, t t ml t ltt t -ttll, t m tm mlt t t l lt t: .., m -tt t lt m. T l, tl ml, t t mt t t.

Rt t t ml mlm t I t , t qt t t ltl tt l m X= m t l(1/p()). Klm llt t69 tt m t t t tii t ltm tt t t

, mlmt tl l mt. It ll t t tt t mt iii, t m -tt tt. T t t l t t,qtl mtt, tt t t t , tl , ttl l mttl t mlmt t ltm. It t tt mmml t t


68 E.., t t X = l ml t t , l.69 L ll t t , t lll . I t t Ct Slm: t Ptm, L, G l m

l t lt lll .


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mlmt t lt ltm t l , l ll (mtl) ltt t.70

B t mlm t t t, I l l t l tl mmt t tt m -tt m. T F llt m lmtlt t m tt t t t l:

Rt [t l l-lt t] . . . l m l mt mlt---ml-m m q t tm tt m q l l ml. (F 1973: 118)

It t tm tt l t t t t m t t ll t tt l t. Lt m, t, : Wt m? I, t t m m? A mtmt tt t:

I , t t m m; ml 2 m m? Rt, ip . . . . (Kt 1981: 2; m )

S, m t tm q? H, t, t q t? L t qt t t t m m, , , t m tt t m71 l l t tl t m m. Sll t ? T? S l t ? C q t t q t mm?72

N, t ll tt t l, ll m t, t m ttmt t lt t q tt . Kt, K, S, Ftt l! Bt t lm t t q t tt ttmt m t l t t m i

q. Rtl t, t T m t, l l, t mt, t q t lm. W


70 I t , t l, ml, t l t B tt.71 O t t lt t m t t t t tt t t tt mll ll m m.Ct

tm.72 Emt t l t l mt t t tll tt (...) q.


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l t, t -t tt, t t mt l t ttt m, , m, tt t , l,t q. Wt, t, t t tiiiq? H

t t t m t q?

Am t tt tm t tm , t tl:

(5.1)

(5.2)

(5.3)

I l tt t t tm l ll. At l t t l t tt tt m t ttl t t ll tt. T t t t q t m tt tm l . . . t tt(St 1993: 1); tt t tl tm t lt l . . . t t ll- l, l l tl t tm tmm tt ll tll t t (. 1). Bt t l ll t tm tmm l tm; t mm t l tm, t.

S , t t t t q, ttl t ? T tm , tt m tmt , l :i i ipi i pi i i i i. T t lt t lt lt ml l t t lt l tm- tm qtt. I t , t t m t

m t ttl, l tt; t lt t , t l,t. T ltm mlt t mt m. Etll t m tq tm t tl mlt ( ltm) t t m ll t; t ltt m tt t t t -l tt m t t lm t . I t t t tt (5.1), (5.2), (5.3) t m t ml ll, t



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(5.1)

(5.2)

(5.3)

Nt, t t t l t q, t t t t m l t q, m t t tt t tl t t t l, ll, t t (t) q ttl, t t -t tt.

It tt t q t lt t t t lm t ! L tll m tt ttl, t t R M lt ttmt t

t lt mll l mll tmm t l. H t tm t t: , tlt llt (m), t t mtmtl tlt q. T t t mt t t:l lt l,t l t m. It t tttl lt l mtl t. T, t mt mtl t ttll lt ltt tt t t ml q m tl. Rl , t tl mlm t t ll t.

DEFINITION5.1: FREQUENCYSTABILITY. I

, ml, t m t mt q

0,

1,

2, . . . ,

1

lt, t t q 0, 1, 2, . . . t t q tlt t lmtp.

DEFINITION5.2 (PRELIMINARY): RANDOMBINARYSEQUENCE. A q m i-q t t t q tlt.

T lm tl tl t t ll t:

1. G ()t q, 2. l lt l [ttl ], t



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3. lt -q m t l q ( t lt l t 2).

I t , t t t l t t lt l t t t q tlt. T,

A lt l ll tt -q0,

1,

2 . . . m t l q

0,

1,

2 . . . tt t

tt ()q t q tlt t.

T tl t l t tl t ( mlltll tlltl), t t t t t mt l tmt: t T m, L t tt m mtll q t t m t t lt lm, lt, mtlt tm.

O ltt-tl t I l t t. At , lmt tl Hlm m tm t mt ml tlt t m

l, .. Rl Klm, m t tm ll tl t ll t tHlmCl Ft t qttt l m. Pt tl, qttl t ml m lmt ltm mlt t. Klm m t

t l tt t qt t m m t lt :

W t t m m Nt mt t t t tmtt ttmtlll m tm (tl = m-- = Klm) lt.It lm ttT ji p i N ( i ) pi (i) pii ; i i pi i i (i) pii

i i, i i pi ipi i i k

(Klm 1994: 142; m t l)

Klm t m l t ltm 73 lt

t t tml t.


73 A t t t tt t,Lt l m t qt , t mt t lt m t l t m. T t t t m m . R i ppi i (Klm 1994: 143).


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A Klm t tl t ltm ? Imtl lt t t mtl tt m t , t t l l -? I t t. I t t , t l t Dm, mtl, t lm t t mll mt tt m t t t tl ltl ml. O t ml l t t ll: i pi! O

t t , t l t tl, t ll, tt l t t mt t .

5.2 M I

I l ttl t l lt, t t tt t t t lt, l ttit t ttl t, t lt t

ll t tt (t lt t mmtl q mmtl mmt q; p i i ) . . .Bt . . . ml t l ttttl t lt: C T

tl ml t t t llt m , t t t I mt t t l t, t l l m t lt t llt t, t t t l t t ,t ll m t t t [ -tt m].Ptm (1990: 910)

A ll, l ml, tt t m t t l t tt t m , mtmtll, t l t O .74


74 Atl Om mt t tt t :Pi p i i (llt t t t tt t); t mmml ttt t Om Ei ipi i i (tt mt t mltl tt t)m t m (B, 1990: i ).


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I t t I t mt l t ll l t: m t mt, t q, l (mtl) l t lt tmt t tt t l ml m ll t ttmm t q? I tll, t tt l l t l t mtlt t tt t ml t mt l.

T m m t t t ml t tt t ll t. T ( tm) mt t, t t (tl tt, ml), t m t t tl, t t t t t t , ,t m (RE t l tl tt (BRE)) t ll t () iii pi ii i .

N t m mlm:

B 0,1:t t lmt tt ttt t t q;

B 0,1*:t t llt t B;

S: t ll - t q;() =

P():B (m B).

T, tm B ml,

(5.4)

I t ml mlm, l t ml ii i p(.. t T m) S, t, l t t t t tm . T ( ) mtlt t t t

T qt t t t lt , t l t m t t, t t lm t t i pi. T lm l Slm mmtlt tt t lll . T lt, ll , t mlm tm t t. T tl t -tt t t mlt t t t t t mlt t l.. m ml m l , B



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T, ml Om Slm, Klm, Ct!

Dt :

() t lt t () t;T t T M.

W t ll t:

() t mt t 0;() t t 0 1;() t t 1 2;() t t 0,0 3;() t t 0,1 4;

; .., t

DEFINITION5.3. p t t (t) t, tp tT, t tt T .

Rk. It l m t t tt t t mt i.

M ll, ll Ol mtt ll t, t T m ll t tmtt t ; t t

T(p,) =: Tt tp tmt t tt.

Ittl, l l t ll tip t t p, t m mt m, l. T , , lt t tt ttmt: ml tm .Bt t ll

l mmt.DEFINITION5.4. C

T(|) = m (p): p 0,1*, T(p, ) = C

T(|) = p t mmm.

Fm t lt ltm mlt t, tt t CT(|) t t t t

t T. I t , t t l T m (UTM) tt, T, T(tt)

tt , B*:

(5.5)



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DEFINITION5.5: PREFIXCODE

() p t tt= (, , B*);() A B* - A, t A;() F: B* N p t m -.

DEFINITION

5.6: PREFIX

MACHINE

. A m mlt-t T m tt t t m t lt . T, m tl mt.

DEFINITION5.7: PREFIXCOMPLEXITY

KT(|) = m (p): pB*, T(p, ) = , p t t t mmm: K

T(|) =

KT(|): mlt B* t t t m T t .

I t , KT(|) t lt t tt l-lmt m tt tt.75

Dt 5.8: INCOMPRESSIBILITY

B* ipi( m) K() ().

Rk.K() mtl: t mt mtl t t t , tll, t mt t tm t t.

W m t t t t t l , mmtlt, tlSmmtlt lt t mtlt, l , mlt lt t t.

DEFINITION5.9: SEMICOMPUTABLEFUNCTIONS. A t ipm l t t

l ml. (All, ip mmtl m l).

Rk. C(), C(|), K() K(|) mmtl m , t p.

DEFINITION5.10: MEASURES AND UNIVERSALMEASURES. I: N [0, 1] tt:


75 C ( ) K () , tl, tl ltm mlt (.. ..t t mt t). T t t mtl 2 l2k ( )


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t t t t Klm m lt, t ll . Ui tmmtl m tt mt ll m t l t tt, t l m ,

tt t mmtl m.

LEVINSTHEOREM. T t l m t l m tt mmtl m l

DEFINITION 5.11: UNIVERSAL PRIOR. Fm t tl t l l (mmtl) m t m

0() t t (). T () i pi.

DEFINITION5.12: SOLOMONOFFLEVINDISTRIBUTION. F ll p tt UTM tt

t t Slm (L) tt t t t.76

Fll, tt t m tm t m t t.

THEOREM OF THE MODERN THEORY OF INDUCTION. F ll , t t tt,

Rk. B l t l t t ltm mlt t SlmL tt, l t tl t : i i pii i i i ip ipi. B t lt t() K() t tm, t l l tt() mtl.

T l t l t tmt B tm t tt, m t.


76 Tt t tt K ii. F t t q1

,2

, . . . , tl m, t t t tq lt t

2

p 1.


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DEFINITION5.13: A PiiPROBABILITY

T,M() t lt t tt t UTM tt i .

I m ( (5.4)) t m, t M tmt . T l t ltl lt m t m t t t t l B l t l Om :i p, .

Nt, t m t lt t t Gl ml l l tm t t.

5.3G L S I I

Al, l t, m l m mt t tlmt t lt q. . . . T l . . . ml t mlt t ll m t t ml mt.Ptm (1951/1990: 24)

T tl Gl ml l tt iii i ii, t mt mlmt t tt mt. I t , t lll P tt t l t t tt tl .

I tt t lmt, l l (tl tt qlm (REE) ml) t I t tml t t, t mt l () tt , , l l tl mt S. C t t qtll l tl mt, t q

t tR, t 1, 2, . . . I, m >



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t t R(.. t ltm

tR), t, t Gl, ii R i

ii. Bt, l, t qt lt lm l t l? I t , , l, t t ( t

i tl tt, , t t l mt t)?

Sm t Gl l t m t ll ..

() Gl t ll:I ,I mt tt m tt, W t t l t tmlt t t tt ll?T iii i. It tt t t lt mt tt l l: t l l ( t l) ll m tmlt. I t l m ml, t t ll l , t l l tt t t tt. . . . T lm t tt tt, t l l, t tt ll tll tt . (Gl 1967: 411; m )

() H ml t t t tt:

C t , l t tml t t ll t qt: S mt t l l, m t . . . . Tqt , t l tt t t mt, t?

T lt t t t lm, t tt t , tt t : Wt t t tm t mt mt? T t l t tm. H, titt t t i . N tt t lmt t l l mt . T t ml t. Nml, i ii iii p, p k ip kBt, tt t lmt l, l t tt ll l tm tm. (Gl 1967: 4656;l m )

I ll t tt t t t tt mt Slm mlm t ( , l t t () () t m t).



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Dt

L: t l l, l, t., t l;

L():

t tt t L;R: t l t (tL) tt tl ml.

ASSUMPTION 5.1. T t mt t R1, R

2, . . . ltm t mt t

t 1,

2, . . .

H t t t t t t l ( T m)? Dt

T t , t R, m , (), t q ml.

DEFINITION5.14: A POSITIVEEXAMPLE. W =L,

L() = 1 l L. T t t

ml L. (Cl, t ml L L.)

DEFINITION5.15: CONSISTENCY. G tl mt t,

(5.7)

l (.. t) t tt t

(5.8)

T t Gl t l . F t mlm, ll.

C, t lt t tl mt t i

t l . ..

(5.9)

U B l,

(5.10)

I t , t lt ktt (5.10). A l B t mt tl ml. I t, t t t m lt ll l tt

tS. Fm t lt tt



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(5.11)

t tt.

N, k, ll t tt t t t t t t lt l m ll t t. A t t tt lmt l t t tt t t tSt tt t t lt. At t t (5.10) tt

kt t lt ltm

mlt ll ttt tt tS. T, Om, Slm, Gl ll lt t ll !

Pt t , (k) mtl, Gl mtl mt t t lt (5.8). Bt Gl mt tt mt , t, mlmtt ml (5.10).

DEFINITION5.16: IDENTIFICATION BYENUMERATION. GS t t t, tt l t tt tS t (, ()). I t tl , t t lliii i.

W tt Pt 5.1.

PROPOSITION5.1. Itt mt mtl mt t t t ml (5.8). A mmt q ll l t.

PROPOSITION5.2. Ft t l mt t (PRC) l.

P. PRC tl ml, G S, t lti tt tt tS

PROPOSITION5.3. T t ttl t t, l, l.

P. S ll ttl t l. B l t t tt t, tt. D () = 0. U t t t. tt t q:

Dl, ll,(+ 1) tt t + 1 t t ql, t, 0 1 (+ 1) 1 0. Tt t t tt l.



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Rk. I t ml t t t t (m S 1989). Tm 6.1 6.2 Pt6.1 t lt Pt 5.2 5.3 . A S Pt 3.4 t lt Pt 5.2 5.3. Ftm, t S Pt 2.3 2.4, ml Rtm; t, t tt tm t t t t tm t t(S Pt 3.5) mm t (S Pt 4.1). S ql t t

t t t t RS lt t R tm.

5.4 C N

t t t l t tt l l m. Pt t l l l . Bt t t lm. . . .. . . I t t, t lmt l mtmtl t t m tl, tt mtmtl ml m l m t t t.Ptm (1963/1985: 3034)

I l tt t t tt m l tt t t tlmt -tt t t l Om . I t t I t t t l m ltl mtll : t l tt tl t-tl t t t tt m. S t l t t t t t

t Ptt, t Hm, Smt T Hi A m Mlt Mlt Ml K ll t t Sm Cl. Tt l t mtm; t t t tR, t t l t Fmlt t B mtmtl mt t ttmt t.

Bt t l m t t t m. Nt tlltl mt mt

t



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t t m t t . T m I t , , l ml. Tmtl t m l t m tt t t tt ltl m t , l m , t t t, t tlt, l t t l m .

I t, m t, t CT t. Tt( t

Pt l)llt ttmt tt m t mll lt t tt t tlllt T m. Pt m, t -ll, tl t, . It m t, t t tt tm, t. t , tql t tt t ml t. It t l tt m tll

ll, t m t t, l t mll lt R t t l t tllll.

T t l t t ttmt t lt t tt t m t ml t t m t t. It t ttHm lm mll l t mlm t m t t: t t tt t m t t t l t t CTt, t l t t m ll tKlmCtSlm t.Wt t t

, t m tt t t Hm lm,t lt ll. It t l ttt t -t t lt Gl lt.

I Ct 6 t tl m l t t ll l t t m mlmtl l S (1989).



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6 L C S

[T] t l tt m l mt l t t m [] ml tm. . . .Sm (1969: 119)

6.1 I

All l, l t t l t t, t t mltl t.MCll (1965: 274)

M t l ltt t m, t t , tl mm Tm St, m mmt R Lt (St 1993). St , t, lltl D V (1996). I t t ml, ttl l-t (OLG) ml t mtl m ltt, m-tt tt, m t t t t m t, t l mt t l .

A t t, t m mtl t l t t l t

. T S tl (S 1989), t l l lm mtl t -tt tt, mtlt lt lt t t lt l i pi iii(REE).


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I t t I ml S ml, tt t lt Gl l m, t lt m Ct 5 t t lt t, t ttml t -tt lt t ml. T m ml t t l, tm tt, -tt l m. T t tt t -tt tm tt77 l t l m m.

T, St 6.2, t S ml t l lm tt l t lt t lt Ct 5. I St 6.3, t t , I ttmt t l t t t mtlt tt tt t l t m S ml (. . 1 ). T l t tt t t mtll mtmtmtl t tt l m t lllmtt m lt t ttt S.

6.2 U G L REE78

A t t t m . . .ll t l t m t t t l

Sm H, Uii

A t lt Gl (1967) ml l, m t t t m t t, Ct 5. T l t B l, mtl tt t

l tt t. I t t I ml t t tt tl t tmtt ttl S Gl ml l tl tt qlm mtlt ttS


77 A t tt mlt mtmtl m. A l ml ll t t t, R t t t

mtl lmt t mlt GlStt m tl.78 F t t t, mt t tt t, I t tt t . 87 .


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ltl t t mll t t l tl tt ql. T , t, ml t qt t tt -t m tt ql t lqlm t. It q t mt t tll t t ml tt ( t) t t t qlm -t m, S tt t-tt tt t t tt l -tm REE. I t

, t t tl m, S l t t mtlt t m.

N A

S: t tt l t mP: t t mt t m: t ttl t Stt t t t (tm) qlm (TE) t

t t ml t t

ASSUMPTION6.1. T m m t t t TE t, t , t.

Rk. U t mt , m t m m N t N. T -tmt, t, t t t t

1

[i] tt

1=

[i], ,

0

1mS P

t 1

[i]m N N. T m, , ttp P mtl t.

CASE 6.1: TWO-STAGELEARNING WITH FULLINFORMATION. I m t ll mt:

() At l, mm t i.

() At tm qlm (p,

).

Li p: i . T t-t lm t ll : mt () ()t ttmt t l t TE t t t , mm t; t l, t tt t t l t t t t t mt t TE t

LEARNING IN A COMPUTABLE SETTING 91


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l. Fll mt m tt ll tt, t t tm, l.

T i. W t t i, t

(6.1)

PROPOSITION6.1. I t TE t mt-, t t mtl; t, t t mtl

PROPOSITION6.2. I t m m, , mt-, t t mt t.

Rk. T-t mt m, t -tt tt, tt t t mtl ttt m t t t t t llt t tll t m, tt t -t t m. T

(6.2)

Al, t REE t t l i tt

(6.3)

Pt 6.1 6.2 l t m REE (6.3)

DEFINITION6.1. A m , i,

[i] mt-.

Pt 6.1 6.2 ml tt, mt- m, t l t REE t.

CASE6.2: TWO-STAGELEARNING WITHPARTIALINFORMATION. W t mt ll mtt l

() t t t tt-lt l. All t mt

tl t t ll-mt ; tl, ll t l, , mm ti. Fm t

l , t t l t REE.

Dt

(6.4)

Fm t (), tmt l t t t t tt t t

m m[i]

. Tt , tmt l t t



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(6.5)

T ml t ll lt. F tt, t m m m St P. A l () l m m m tt ; t t tt, l t ,

(). F t tt (), t-t mt, t ll llt tt t tt mtl t llt m tml m.I t t t llt j, t REE .

PROPOSITION6.3. T t(i) t tm t .

Rk. T t l lt t R (1953) ( t A ttmt ttm, t t, ) l t l tm t tt tt t t mtlt lt lt. I t Ct 3 4 ; I ll l t t ll t. It mtt t t tt t t m tt t l mttt ll tl ll . T t m tt l l t mt t tl t .

CASE 6.3: INCREMENTALLEARNING. Lt

(6.6)

, , () t l tt t tt , i0 t tl t.

ASSUMPTION6.2. At mm l, mm t m t . T t ttl t m i

t i

+ 1 t i

:

(6.7)

, ll ,

(6.8)

t ll t tjtt t t t m, ml tt qlm. I tt

t l t t l

LEARNING IN A COMPUTABLE SETTING 93


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(6.9)

t t ll REE t.

Tl mt ll.

ASSUMPTION6.3. T t ttl tt qlm t.

PROPOSITION6.4. T t tm t t m l ml-tt REE t l R

t tl t,

(6.10)

Rk. T tm, ml lt R tm ( t t). Tttt t t R

l t t , m (6.8) (6.9).

6.3 C A U S M

[C]mtl l l m l l. T mtl l tmt mt tt t l t t

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Kumaraswamy Velupillai Computable Economics 2000