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L and D isomers of amino acids
Ionization state as a function of pH
• Trans and cis • Peptide bonds
• Trans and cis X-Pro• Peptide bonds
Rotation about bonds in a polypeptide
Ramachandran diagram
helix
Ferritin, an iron-storage protein
Antiparallel -sheet
A parallel -sheet
A fatty acid-binding protein
A leucine-zipper
Collagen triple helix
Collagen helix
Hemoglobin
Many sequences can adopt alternative conformations in different proteins.
Misfolding and aggregation
• Neurological diseases can be transmitted purely by proteins
• Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(mad cow disease)• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans,
Scrapie in sheep (Nobel prize in Physiology 1997)
Prion diseases
• Transmissible agent consists of aggregated forms of a specific protein.
• The protein aggregates are resistant to treatment with agents that degrade most proteins
• The protein is lagely or completely derived from a cellular protein, called PrP, that is normally present in brain
Prion aggregation
A structure of amyloid fibers
Ribose and deoxyribose
Backbones of DNA and RNA
• The human genome 3 billion nucleotides 24 different chromosomes
• Indian muntjak,
3 chromosomes
A prokaryotic and an eukaryotic cell
Gene expression