Upload
pierce-bennett
View
215
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
L EARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience experience (nurture) is the key to learning
Citation preview
LEARNINGChapter 8
BEHAVIORISM
Popular 1920s – 1960s Rose to prominence after WWI due to
decreasing popularity of Freud’s theories John B. Watson
viewed psychology as objective, quantitative science of observable behavior
LEARNING Learning
relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience
experience (nurture) is the key to learning
ASSOCIATION
Learning to associate two events
Event 1 Event 2
Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock
Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy antics
CLASSICAL OR PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936Russian physician/ neurophysiologistNobel Prize in 1904studied digestive secretions
CLASSICAL OR PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
We learn to associate two stimuli
Two related events:
Lightning
Stimulus 1
Thunder
Stimulus 2
Result after repetition
We see lightning
Stimulus
We wince anticipatingthunder
Response
CLASSICAL OR PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) effective stimulus that unconditionally-automatically
and naturally- triggers a response Unconditioned Response (UCR)
unlearned, naturally occurring automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus
salivation when food is in the mouth
CLASSICAL OR PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) previously neutral stimulus that, after association
with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral conditioned
stimulus
PAVLOV’S CLASSIC EXPERIMENTBefore Conditioning
During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR (salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
CLASSICAL OR PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
Pavlov’s device for recording salivation
CONDITIONING Acquisition
the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened
Extinction diminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow
a CS
CLASSICAL OR PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
Spontaneous Recovery reappearance, after a rest period, of an
extinguished CR Generalization
tendency for a stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses
CLASSICAL OR PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING
Discrimination in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish
between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal and UCS
OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant Conditioning
type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by
favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant Behavior
complex or voluntary behaviors push button, perform complex task
operates (acts) on environment produces consequences
Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic response to stimulus behavior learned through classical conditioning
OPERANT CONDITIONINGB.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effectdeveloped behavioral technology
Skinner Box soundproof chamber with a bar or key that an animal presses or pecks to release a food or water reward contains a device to record responses
OPERANT CONDITIONING Reinforcer
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement
Shaping conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide
behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal
TYPES OF REINFORCERS Primary Reinforcer
innately reinforcing stimulus satisfies a biological need
Secondary Reinforcer conditioned reinforcer learned through association with primary
reinforcer
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT Continuous Reinforcement
learning occurs rapidly extinction occurs rapidly
Partial Reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a specified
number of responses Example:
Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an unpredictable
number of responses Example: like gambling, fishing
Both number of times
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after a specified
time has elapsed Example:
Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at unpredictable time
intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz
Both focused on time
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Variable Interval
Number of responses
1000
750
500
250
010 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (minutes)
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Steady responding
Rapid respondingnear time forreinforcement
80
PUNISHMENT
Punishmentaversive event that decreases
the behavior that it followsProblems with punishment:
APPLICATIONS OF BEHAVIORISM School Work Home
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Observational Learning learning by observing and imitating others Discovery of mirror neurons
Modeling process of observing and imitating behavior
Prosocial Behavior positive, constructive, helpful behavior opposite of antisocial behavior
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY Albert Bandura
(Neobehaviorist b/c he uses unobservable processes in explanations) Bobo doll experiment Modeling
BEHAVIORISM WAS DISPROVED: Biological predispositions interfere:
Garcia and Koelling Brelands Rozin
BEHAVIORISM WAS DISPROVED: Cognitive Interference:
Tolman Rescorla Overjustification Emory Study
BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES Behavior Modification (Therapy) – applies learning
principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors. Counter conditioning (Classic) techniques – pairs the
trigger stimulus with a new response. Systematic Desensitization
Mary Cover Jones Wolpe Progressive relaxation Exposure therapy – can use imagination or reality to face a
feared situation Aversive Conditioning – pairs associations with unpleasant
feelings and the unwanted behavior. Examples Mowrer
Operant Conditioning Token Economy – rewards for desired behaviors Concerns?
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Observational Learning learning by observing and imitating others Discovery of mirror neurons
Modeling process of observing and imitating behavior
Prosocial Behavior positive, constructive, helpful behavior
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY Albert Bandura
(Neobehaviorist b/c he uses unobservable processes in explanations) Bobo doll experiment Modeling
EVALUATION OF BEHAVIORISM Overall positives
Many useful practical applications Empirical Perspective
Overall negatives Too deterministic Largely based on work with animals Use of behaviorists principles to control
others is unethical