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The Rise of Muslim States
Chapter 4
The Expansion of Muslim Rule
Chapter 4, Lesson 1
L1 HW Review Q’sIdentify & Example (2 sentences)
1) hit-and-run 2) campaign 3) retreat 4) bureaucracy 5) emirs 6) provinces 7) duty 8) flee
Main Idea (3-5 sentences)
① What types of tactics did Muslims use to expand their Empire east and west?
Summarize (4-6 sentences)
② Muslim Empire splits into East & West.
Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)
③ How did the Umayyads unite their far-flung empire?
Words to KnowStronghold (n.)
Def: place that is heavily defended
Ex: Mr. Igor’s classroom is a stronghold of education
Launch (v.) Def: to begin or start
Ex: Every day is an opportunity to launch your education to the next level.
Far-flung (n.) Def: wide-ranging; extensive
Ex: Your education is a far-flung empire of knowledge
Prominent (n.)
Def: high-ranking; widely known
Ex: Mr. Igor’s classroom is prominent for its evilness
Expansion Under the Umayyads
Took power: 661, extended empires eastern boundary into Persia then Central Asia
1st tactic: hit-and-run raids; attack major trading centers: Bukhara, Samarkand Hit-and-run: attack quickly, grab what
you can, retreat (run away)
2nd tactic: organized campaigns of conquest end of 700s; Muslim Empire controls
much of Central Asia
Westward Expansion
710: controlled whole of North Africa from Nile River to Atlantic Ocean
711: moved across Mediterranean into Iberian Peninsula (southwestern tip of Europe, modern-day Spain & Portugal)
Tactics: military force & treaties
From strongholds in Spain, Muslims raided deeper into Europe Battle of Tours: 732, Christian forces stopped
Muslim advance Muslims retreat to Spain
Umayyad Government 700s: Muslim empire far-flung = difficult to
govern, difficult to unite
Umayyads patterned govn’t on Byzantine bureaucracy: system of departments and agencies that carry out the work of the government
Umayyad capital: Damascus
Caliphs divide empire into provinces; appoint emirs (Muslim governors) Emirs relied on local clans to help them govern
Common Language & Coinage + Pilgrimage
Different languages = difficult for Empire (communication, business, transportation)
Abd al-Malik = caliph 685; declared Arabic official language
700, al-Malik introduced common coinage Coins engraved with Arabic “quotations” from
Qur’an Effect 1: spread acceptance of Islam & Arabic Effect 2: commerce (business) = much easier
Pilgrimage to Mecca: hajj = blending of different cultures Effect: travelers share language & cultures Effect: bring back knowledge to homeland
Overthrow of Umayyads
mid-700s: Umayyads face major challenges
Many Muslims thought Umayyads did not take their duties as leaders seriously Reason 1: living life of luxury Reason 2: hereditary dynasty
Abbasids: Muslim group who opposed Umayyads Story: invited Umayyad leader to peace negotiations IT WAS AN AMBUSH! Umayyad leaders were murdered
Only one Umayyad escapes: Abd al-Rahman Flees to Spain, re-establishes Umayyad dynasty
EFFECT: Muslim empire permanently split into East & West
A Golden Age in the East
Chapter 4, Lesson 2
L2 HW Review Q’sIdentify & Example (2 sentences)
1) fabric 2) intertwine 3) calligraphy 4) translate 5) bandits 6) selfish
Main Idea (3-5 sentences)
① How did Abbasids control their vast empire?
② How is Muslim art different from Christian art?
Summarize (4-6 sentences)
③ Prosperous Baghdad.
④ Muslim bookmaking & literature.
⑤ Muslim medicine & hospitals.
Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)
⑥ What important contributions did Muslims make in mathematic & astronomy?
⑦ What internal & external weaknesses led to the decline of the Abbasids?
Words to Know Station (v.) Def: to assign
to location or position
Ex: Students were stationed in Mr. Igor’s classroom to LEARN
Sugar cane (n.)
Def: a tall grass with thick, juicy stems from which sugar is produced
Ex: No sugar cane until you finish your notes!
Script (n.) Def: the hand-written letters or symbols of a language
Ex: The alphabet is a modern-day script.
Fond (n.) Def: having a liking for
Ex: Mr. Igor is fond of teaching. Are you fond of learning?
Abbasid Power FORCE
Standing army: fighting forced maintained during times of peace as well as in times of war
Abbasids stationed army all over empire Soldiers could quickly go wherever, whenever
there is trouble
INCLUSION All Muslims (Arab or non-Arab) are equal Encouraged Christians and Jews to serve in govn’t
Most talented people run govn’t
A New Capital 762: moved capital to Baghdad
Why? Most loyal supporters were east of Damascus “a marketplace for the world”
Baghdad merchants visited China, India, Northern Europe, Africa Brought back: precious metals & stones, silk & fabrics,
ivory, spices, furs, porcelain
By 800s: 900,000 people Desert becomes garden = workers repaired and
expanded ancient irrigation canals Farmers grew: rice, sugar cane, cotton, fruits &
vegetables Industry (workshops): leather goods, textiles, carpets,
ironwork, perfumes
Golden Age: period during
which a society or culture is at its peak
Art & Design:
Muslims believes it is wrong to use human form Distracts from faith/worship of Allah
Muslim art: emphasizes plant life & geometric patterns Famous designs using tile, pottery, wood Arabesque: intertwined stem, leaves, and flowers
of plant
Calligraphy: the art of find handwriting (script) Arabic script = special BECAUSE Arabic language
of Qur’an Used to decorate buildings/swords/armor
Abbasid Advances (continued)
Bookmaking Battle of Talas 751: Chinese
prisoners taught Muslims
Paper replaces papyrus
Early 800s: Baghdad = major papermaking center
Books = spread of knowledge/learning
830s: House of Wisdom: big library; housed works by Greek thinkers (Aristotle/Plato) translated into Arabic
Literature The Thousand and One
Nights: story about life in Abbasid court mixed with adventure & fantasy
The Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor (pg.126-129): very popular today
Poetry flourished under Abbasids
Ex: quatrain Omar Khayyam 1st, 2nd, 4th lines rhyme
Mathematics & Astronomy
Muslim scholars built on ideas of ancient Greeks, Egyptians & Indians
al-Khwarizmi (born 780, Baghdad): borrowed numerical system and ZERO from Indian scholars Arabic numbering system is world’s numbering system Published set of calculations: Hisab al-jabar = algebra
Omar Khayyam: developed Greek geometry; developed very accurate calendar (astronomy)
al-Biruni: fixed direction of Mecca from any point on Earth = practical for Muslims so they can pray
Medicine Al-Razi (Persian born): identified diseases such as
smallpox and measles
Ibn Sina: wrote Canon of Medicine (1000 AD) = organized ALL medical knowledge; described mental conditions Worldwide use for 600 years
Muslim hospitals Treated poor people (unlike other hospitals in world) Different sections for different illnesses Regular inspections; doctors had to have licenses 1100: 60 hospitals in Baghdad 1100: 1 hospital in London
Decline of the Abbasids
o Poor leadership1) Caliphs fond of “easy living” = ignored their
govn’t responsibilities
2) Did not protect merchants from bandits = bad for trade (major source of wealth for caliphs)
Effect: caliphs raise taxes = selfish behavior
o Fatimid Revolt Descendants of Fatima, daughter of
Muhammad Shia’s Muslims disliked Abbasids fancy
lifestyle Drove Abbasids out of Egypt & Tunisia: set up
caliphate 960s: control much of North Africa
Seljuk Turks Internal weaknesses = open to external
attack
1055: Seljuk Turks captured Baghdad Seljuk leader becomes ruler of empire; BUT,
allowed Abbasid caliph to remain as religious leader (indirect rule)
Seljuks converted to Islam; expanded empire 1071: captured Jerusalem 1090s: threatening Constantinople Christian response: Crusades (ch. 10) 1258: Mongol invaders destroyed Baghdad,
killed Abbasid caliph
Muslim rule in Spain
Chapter 4, Lesson 3
L3 HW Review Q’sIdentify & Example (2 sentences)
1) rebel 2) opponent 3) workshop 4) reputation 5) criticism 6) dignity 7) disarray
Main Idea (3-5 sentences)
① How did Abd al-Rahman unite al-Andulas?
② Why was Abd al-Rahman III a Great Leader?
Summarize (4-6 sentences)
③ The Glory of Cordoba.
④ Maimonides.
Critical Thinking (5-7 sentences)
⑤ What important advances were made in the field of medicine?
Words to KnowLoyalist (n.) Def: someone
who is faithful, especially to a government or leader
Ex: Some of Mr. Igor’s students are loyalists; some are not.
Paved (n.) Def: covered with a hard surface, such as concrete or asphalt
Ex: The road to education must be paved with hard work.
Practical (adj.) Def: having a useful purpose
Ex: It is practical to have a good education.
Diet (n.) Def: the usual food and drink consumed by a person or animal
Ex: It is important to eat a healthy diet regularly so that your mind and body feel good.
Uniting Muslim Spain
Various Muslim factions fighting for control
Abd al-Rahman has loyal supporters Treaties with other Muslim groups Military force: attacked ruling factions, defeated
them
756: declares himself emir of al-Andulas = Muslim Spain Capital: Cordoba
Umayyad supporters flock to Spain strengthens Abd al-Rahman’s government & army 788: Abd al-Rahman dies; Spain = strong &
united
A Great Leader 8th emir: Abd al-Rahman III (took power 912)
Problems:1) Rebel groups challenged government’s authority.
2) Northern border: Christian armies regularly launched attacks
3) Southern border: Muslim opponents threatened to invade (from N. Africa)
Solutions: Abd al-Rahman built huge standing army
Mercenaries: soldiers paid to fight
1) Put down all internal revolts
2) Strengthened southern border conquered tip of North Africa 929: declared himself caliph of Cordoba
Ready to challenge authority of Abbasid and Fatimid caliphs
The Glory of Cordoba
1000 AD: 500,000 people (larger than London, Paris, Rome)
1) City of Wonders: Paved streets = easier to clean, travel Street lamps = nightlife & culture Water system = public baths & fountains, beautiful
gardens
2) An Economic Center: 100s of workshops: produced silk, carpets, paper,
weapons, and crystal glass Items sold all over Europe; by sea Central Asia & India
Farming flourished in countryside: farmers grew rice, figs, cherries, apricots, peaches, cotton & olives 4,000!!! Markets throughout city
The Glory of Cordoba (continued)
3) A Great Cultural Center Late 900s: 70 libraries
Largest library: 400,000 books Contrast: Christian libraries: 200-300 books Muslim scholars translated books into Latin
Christian scholars studied them Caliphs of Cordoba encouraged scholars to leave
Baghdad for al-Andulas New arrivals brought fresh ideas & different
approaches to learning Added to Cordoba’s “reputation” as one of world’s
great city’s Great Mosque: could hold 52,000 people
A Golden Age in the West
Mathematics: Built on work of earlier mathematicians (ex: al-
Khwarizmi) Made math practical
Ex: developed accurate calendars
Astronomy: Developed tables that showed location of sun &
planets Built precision instruments for viewing the
skies/stars Planetarium: model planets that can be moved
Geography: Studied Spain, North Africa, Arabian peninsula Al-Idrisi (1154) completed encyclopedia of
geographic knowledge: 70 maps, descriptions; Mecca in the center.
Golden Age in the West II
Medicine:
Doctor-patient relationship Doctors should be “kind and understanding” Doctors should accept criticism & insult without
complaint Doctors should show respect: 1) keep clean 2) behave
with dignity Preventative treatment: change diet before medicine
or treatment
Al-Zahrawi Late 900s published 30-volume encyclopedia: surgery,
dentistry, child-rearing, diseases
Ibn Rushd: translated Plato and Aristotle into Latin spread Greek philosophy in Europe
A Golden Age for Jews
Jews lived in Spain since Roman Empire; often persecuted
Under Umayyads, they were welcomed
Jews held high government officesSamuel ha-Nagid: 1st minister to Muslim leader of
GranadaMany were advisers to Muslim rulersHasdai ben Shaprut: personal doctor of Abd al-
Rahman III; also adviser on foreign affairs (peace treaties with Christians)
Spanish-Jewish culture: SephardicLanguage: Ladino
Jews persecuted by Christians in Europe flocked to Spain
A Great Scholar
Maimonides: born in 1135 in Cordoba
1150: Almohads (Muslims from North Africa) seized Cordoba; were intolerant to Jews
Maimonides & family escaped to Cairo
Maimonides became a writer, doctor & philosopher Taught about religion, science & medicine Wrote: The Guide for the Perplexed (1190),
about supporting religious faith with the study of philosophy
The Decline of al-Andulas
Maimonides dies: 1204
Different Muslim factions fighting for control of Iberian peninsula Some groups break away, from smaller
kingdoms
Christians in North take advantage of “disarray” and launch attacks1240s: pushed as far south as Cordoba &
SevilleOver next 250 years, Christian forces slowly
regain control of Iberian peninsula