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7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
1/60
Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
S]FMFDK B@J CN I]FCK
Jkgmrn4 ]fo
Fpnoo`cks4 Bfmnok Ikjzonz
C`rnatkr4 Gfjuno Irtruc`x Mfrr`k
Irfck nj Xnr`kc`sgk
Aursk4 =863/=86>
]nsugnj4
No nstuc`k nvfof of rnofa`j nx`stnjtn njtrn oks j`vnons cn p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo
kjo`jn nj Nspff y no akjsugk nj @jtnrjnt cn of kbnrtf onifo cn a`jn mfdk
cngfjcf. Gnc`fjtn taj`afs cn pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks, sn fjfo`zfj cftks cno
G`j`stnr`k cn Ncuafa`j, Auoturf y Cnpkrtn (GNAC), of Qka`ncfc Injnrfo cnFutkrns y Nc`tkrns (QIFN), of Akfo`a`j cn Arnfckrns, Nurkstfts k MK]GN.
Oks rnsuotfcks kbrnanj qun no j`vno cn p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo `ja`cn c`rnatfgnjtn
nj no akjsugk onifo cn a`jn nj RkC4 f gfykr p`rftnrf, gnjkr akjsugk.
Of p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no
vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s
akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-=-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
JC@AN
6. @JS]KC^AA@ J 1
6.6. Kmdntk 3
6.=. Kmdnt`vks >
6.1. E`ptns`s >
6.3. Gntkckokif 2
6.3.6. Cnb`j`a`j cn akjanptks 56.3.=. ]nofa`j njtrn uj`cfcns cn `jvnst`ifa`j 63
6.3.1. Xrkanc`g`njtk 6>
6.3.3. Saj`afs 69
=. CNQF]]KOOK =8
=.6. Nstfck cn of aunst`j =8
=.6.6. Xnr`kc`sgk cn cftks=8
=.6.=. Xrkp`ncfc `jtnonatufo y p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo =3
=.6.1. Rcnk mfdk cngfjcf =0
1. ]NQ^OSFCKQ. AKJAO^Q@KJNQ. C@QA^Q@J 13
1.6. ]nsuotfcks 13
1.6.6. ]nsuotfcks skmrn of p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo 13
1.6.=. ]nsuotfcks skmrn no akjsugk cn vcnk mfdk cngfjcf 3=
1.6.1. ]nsuotfcks skmrn no pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks 39
1.=. Akjaous`kjns 39
1.1. C`saus`j >8
3. ]NBN]NJA@FQ CKA^GNJSFONQ >3
>. JC@AN SNGS@AK >0
>.6. jc`an cn tfmofs, aufcrks, b`iurfs y irb`aks >0
7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-1-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
6.
@JS]KC^AA@J
No prnsnjtn trfmfdk akjs`stn nj of nofmkrfa`j cn uj rnpkrtfdn ngponfjck taj`afs cn
pnr`kc`sgk cn prna`s`j k pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks. No rnpkrtfdn cnsar`mn of rnofa`j nx`stnjtn
njtrn oks j`vnons cn p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo kjo`jn nj Nspff y no akjsugk nj @jtnrjnt cn of
kbnrtf onifo cn a`jn mfdk cngfjcf.
Akj tkck nook sn pnrs`iun rfc`kirfb`fr nj qu gnc`cf nj Nspff sn nstj v`njck pnoauofs k
snr`ns cn gfjnrf `oa`tf y agk nstn akgpkrtfg`njtk puncn `jbou`r nj no cnsfrrkook cn ofsngprnsfs kjo`jn qun kbnrtfj su aftokik fuc`kv`sufo mfdk cngfjcf gnc`fjtn pfik.
Xfrf of nofmkrfa`j cno rnpkrtfdn sn efj tnj`ck nj aunjtf oks cftks cno snatkr cno vcnk qun
kbrnan of ot`gf Njaunstf cn Em`tks y Xrat`afs Auoturfons cno GNAC nj Nspff qun cftf
cno pnr`kck =868-=866. C`aef bunjtn jks ef bfa`o`tfck of afjt`cfc cn usufr`ks cn @jtnrjnt
qun rnfo`zfrkj cnsafrifs irftu`tfs y su cnsioksn pkr vfr`fmons ska`kcngkirb`afs. Nstk
pnrg`tn kmtnjnr nst`gfa`kjns rnoft`vfs fo akjsugk cn pnoauofs y snr`ns, prkcuatks sudntks fcnrnaeks cn prkp`ncfc `jtnonatufo, s`njck pkr tfjtk ujf vf pfrf fmkrcfr ofs jnans`cfcns cn
`jbkrgfa`j nstfcst`af cno tngf f trftfr. Fs`g`sgk, y pfrf afrfatnr`zfr nstn snatkr auoturfo
sn ef prkanc`ck f kmtnjnr oks cftks nstfcst aks cno ot`gk fjufr`k QIFN cn ofs frtns
nsaj`afs, gus`afons y fuc`kv`sufons skmrn fat`v`cfcns rnfo`zfcfs nj @jtnrjnt nj aufjtk f
vcnk sn rnb`nrn curfjtn uj pnr`kck cn auftrk fks, cn =868 f =861 (fujqun nj kafs`kjns no
pnr`kck puncn snr gfykr pkr of prnsnja`f cn cftks cn of snr`n e`str`af qun sn efj
akjs`cnrfck pnrt`jnjtns ut`o`zfr).
Sfgm`j sn efj kmtnj`ck oks cftks cn pnoauofs p`rftnfcfs qun kbrnan no Kmsnrvftkr`k cn of
p`rftnrf y em`tks cn akjsugk c`i`tfons,qun nc`tf fjufognjtn cnscn no =880 of Akfo`a`j cn
Arnfckrns, ujf fska`fa`j qun njiokmf f ska`ncfcns cn inst`j cn cnrnaeks y f vfr`fs
pftrkjfons cn of `jcustr`f fuc`kv`sufo, y qun nofmkrf of akjsuotkrf IBL.
Fujqun ofs bunjtns gnja`kjfcfs fjtnr`krgnjtn skj ofs pr`ja`pfons cn nstf `jvnst`ifa`j, sn
efj rnafmfck cftks skmrn a`mnrar`g`jfo`cfc nj oks ot`gks trns fks qun kbrnan no fjufr`knstfcst`ak cno G`j`stnr`k cno @jtnr`kr. Fs`g`sgk, pfrf akjs`cnrfr of kbnrtf onifo cn a`jn pkr
7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-3-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
@jtnrjnt sn ef rnaurr`ck f `jc`afckrns cn faansk f `jbkrgfa`j cn Nurkstft pfrf no pnr`kck
=889-=866, `jbkrgfa`j b`jfja`nrf rnoft`vf fo ndnra`a`k =861 cn ngprnsfs qun kbrnanj
c`str`mua`j kjo`jn cn vcnk mfdk cngfjcf nj Nspff, fs akgk cftks cn akjsugk nj
strnfg`ji.
Of `jvnst`ifa`j sn vn akgk ujf kpkrtuj`cfc pfrf fjfo`zfr y akjtrfstfr a`njtb`afgnjtn ofs
c`vnrsfs bunjtns cn cftks qun cntfoofj no kmdntk cn nstuc`k, y qun s`rvnj, njtrn ktrfs
aunst`kjns, pfrf injnrfr no gfrak cn akjka`g`njtk y kp`j`j pmo`af skmrn no g`sgk. Nstfns of jfturfonzf cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks, qun bfa`o`tf of msquncf cn rnofa`kjns njtrn cftks y
ckaugnjtks f trfvs cno prkansfg`njtk akj prkanc`g`njtks jbkrgt`aks, akgputfa`kjfons,
nta.
6.6.
Kmdntk
No kmdntk cn nstuc`k ns no `gpfatk qun of p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt t`njn nj no
akjsugk kjo`jn cn of kbnrtf onifo cn a`jn mfdk cngfjcf nj Nspff.
Qn ef faktfck of `jvnst`ifa`j f uj pnr`kck cn t`ngpk cn auftrk fks, nj akjarntk fo
`jtnrvfok njtrn oks fks =868 efstf no =861. Qn efj ut`o`zfck ofs taj`afs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn
cftks pfrf prkansfr cftks cn bunjtns pmo`afs y pr`vfcfs cn `jbkrgfa`j, y irfa`fs f ofs
fatufons enrrfg`njtfs c`i`tfons sn ef pkc`ck prnsnjtfr cn gfjnrf gs akgprnjs`mon, nj
bkrgf cn irb`aks, tkcf of `jbkrgfa`j kmtnj`cf.
Akj tkck, no b`j ot`gk qun sn pnrs`iun ns efanr vnr cn qu gfjnrf `jbouyn of cnsafrif `onifo
cn akjtnj`ck fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt pkr pfrtn cn oks usufr`ks pfrf uj snatkr akgk of
c`str`mua`j kjo`jn cn a`jn nj Nspff.
Xkr tfjtk, no prnsnjtn prkynatk cn `jvnst`ifa`j prntnjcn frrkdfr ouz skmrn nstn fsujtk y
pfrf nook sn rnfo`zfr uj fjo`s`s cn oks cftks c`spkj`mons skmrn no kmdntk nj aunst`j qun jks
pnrg`tf rfc`kirfb`frok akj ujf v`s`j fondfcf cno pnr`kc`sgk tnst`gkj`fo qun sn mfsf nj
cnaofrfa`kjns.
7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
->-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
6.=.
Kmdnt`vks
No kmdnt`vk injnrfo cn nstn prkynatk cn `jvnst`ifa`j ns cnsar`m`r no nsanjfr`k cn of
p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj Nspff y su rnofa`j akj no gnrafck onifo cn vcnk mfdk cngfjcf
nj @jtnrjnt.
Oks kmdnt`vks nspnab`aksskj4
6. Nstuc`fr of rnofa`j njtrn oks j`vnons cn p`rftnrf qun prnsnjtf no gnrafck
nspfko nj no njtkrjk cno akjsugk wnm cn gftnr`fo fuc`kv`sufo, nj akjarntk cnpnoauofs y snr`ns, y oks cn akjsugk onifo kbnrtfck pkr ngprnsfs cn vcnk mfdk
cngfjcf f trfvs cn v`s`kjfck nj strnfg`jipkr @jtnrjnt.
=. Akjkanr s` nx`stnj akgpkrtfg`njtks nspnab`aks nj no p`rftnk cn vcnks nj
@jtnrjnt nj buja`j cno pnrb`o ska`kcngkirb`ak (irupks cn ncfc, snxk, j`vno cn
nstuc`ks, s`tufa`j ofmkrfo y ouifr cn rns`cnja`f).
1. Fjfo`zfr, gnc`fjtn taj`afs cn v`sufo`zfa`j cn cftks, cn qu gfjnrf akjsugnj
akjtnj`cks fuc`kv`sufons oks nspfkons y s` bkgnjtf uj njtkrjk fcnaufck pfrf
cnsfrrkoofr uj jnika`k cn v`cnk kj cngfjcnj @jtnrjnt.
6.1.
E`ptns`s
Of gfykr pnjntrfa`j cn c`spks`t`vks akgk krcnjfckrns, tfmonts, sgfrtpekjns k
v`cnkakjskofs, dujtk akj ujf nxtnjs`j prkirns`vf cn of b`mrf pt`af nj oks ekifrns, fs
akgk uj fugnjtk nj ofs rncns 3I pfrf c`spks`t`vks gv`ons nstj arnfjck uj naks`stngf
bfvkrfmon pfrf qun sn puncf akjsug`r cn gfjnrf pt`gf vcnk pkr @jtnrjnt. Xkr tfjtk, sn
kmsnrvf qun of nvkoua`j qun nxpnr`gnjtf of tnajkokif puncn efanr v`fmon no usk cn oks
snrv`a`ks cn vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. Q`j ngmfrik, sn fprna`f uj onjtk arna`g`njtk cno
gnrafck RkC nj Nspff, uj junvk afjfo cn c`str`mua`j fpnjfs nxpoktfck, ckjcn pkafs
skj ofs ngprnsfs qun fpunstfj pkr nook.
Xfrnan qun of p`rftnrf cn akjtnj`cks fuc`kv`sufons puncn nstfr cntrs cn nstf s`tufa`j
cnm`ck f of prko`bnrfa`j cn pi`jfs wnm `onifons y ujf oni`sofa`j ofxf nj gftnr`f cn
prkp`ncfc `jtnonatufo. Nstk ef prkvkafck qun oks nspnatfckrns nspfkons sn efyfj
7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-2-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
efm`tufck f vnr irftu`tfgnjtn ofs ot`gfs pnoauofs y snr`ns pkak cnspus cn su nstrnjk. Xkr
akjs`iu`njtn, snrf akjvnj`njtn akjkanr s` ofs afusfs cn nstn nsafsk cnsfrrkook puncnj
cnmnrsn f ofs cnsafrifs cn akjtnj`ck `onifo, qun efj akgprkgnt`ck oks `jirnsks cn pnoauofs
y snr`ns.
No j`vno cn p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo `ja`cn c`rnatfgnjtn nj no akjsugk onifo cn a`jn nj
RkC4 f gfykr p`rftnrf, gnjkr akjsugk.
Xkr ktrk ofck, no `gpfatk rniuoftkr`k qun puncn tnjnr of junvf Ony cn Xrkp`ncfc @jtnonatufo
puncn bfvkrnanr uj afgm`k nj nstn naks`stngf. Akgk usufr`ks cn @jtnrjnt engks
kmsnrvfck qun of kbnrtf cn akjtnj`cks cn RkC ns nsafsf y nj kafs`kjns s`j no vfokr ffc`ck
cn of vnrs`j kr`i`jfo akj sumttuoks, afo`cfc cn skj`ck Ckomy, uj v`s`kjfck qun jk ns
guot`poftfbkrgf, nta.). Nstk jks oonvf f pnjsfr qun s` eum`nrf ujf kbnrtf cn akjtnj`cks
fcnaufcf efmrf afcf vnz gs usufr`ks c`spunstks f pfifr. Nstk pnrg`t`rf pnjsfr qun no
nsafsk cnsfrrkook cn nstn gkcnok cn jnika`k jk sn v`jauofrf j`af y nxaous`vfgnjtn f oks
fotks j`vnons cn p`rftnrf, s`jk tfgm`j f uj prkmongf cn gkcnok nakjg`ak cno snatkr. Xkr
tfjtk, of gnjkr kbnrtf cn akjtnj`cks (pnoauofs y snr`ns) pkr pfrtn cn ofs poftfbkrgfs RkC
puncf qun `jbouyf nj gfykrns tfsfs cn p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo.
6.3. Gntkckokif
Of gntkckokif ngponfcf pfrf of nofmkrfa`j cno rnpkrtfdn ns of prkp`f cno pnr`kc`sgk cn
cftks. Qnij Gfr Afmrf, pnr`kc`stf y g`ngmrk cno @jtnrjft`kjfo Akjskrt`ug kb
@jvnst`ift`vn Dkurjfo`sts, no pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks sn puncn cnb`j`r akgk of faa`j cn
rnafmfr y fjfo`zfr irfjcns afjt`cfcns cn `jbkrgfa`j y cftks cntfoofcks pfrf cnspus
efanroks akgprnjs`mons f of fuc`nja`f f trfvs cn frtauoks, v`sufo`zfa`kjns k fpo`afa`kjns
(Afmrf, =861).
Akgk fb`rgfj G`rlk Okrnjz y Cfv`c Fjcnrtkj nj no Gfjufo cn Xnr`kc`sgk cn cftks, usfr
cftks trfjsbkrgf foik fmstrfatk nj foik qun tkcks puncnj njtnjcnr (Okrnjz, =86=).
Sfgm`j fyucf f `cnjt`b`afr tnjcnja`fs qun jk skok skj s`ij`b`aft`vfs nstfcst`afgnjtn s`jkqun tfgm`j skj rnonvfjtns pfrf cnsnjtrffr no gujck cn eky (Fjcnrtkj, =86=).
7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-9-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
Cn nstf gfjnrf, sn ef prkanc`ck f rnafmfr oks cftks jnansfr`ks pfrf akjb`rgfr of e`ptns`s
qun gkt`vf no s`iu`njtn trfmfdk cn `jvnst`ifa`j, qun akjs`stn nj sfmnr s` nx`stn ujf rnofa`j
`jvnrsf njtrn of nsafsf kbnrtf onifo cn a`jn f trfvs cn @jtnrjnt y of p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo.
Xfrf cktfr cn r`ikr gntkckoi`ak f of `jvnst`ifa`j sn fpkrtfj ofs bunjtns cn oks cftks f oks
qun sn ef tnj`ck faansk y akj oks qun sn vf f trfmfdfr. Xfrf nook sn nspna`b`afj nj of prnsnjtn
gntkckokif tkcks oks rnaursks ngponfcks y of gfjnrf cn prkancnr. Fs, of kmdnt`v`cfc cn
oks rnsuotfcks sn rng`tn f of trfjspfrnja`f cno gtkck ngponfck pfrf oonifr f oks g`sgks, fsakgk f of kpkrtuj`cfc cn qun c`aek gtkck snf rnpo`afck pkr ktrks `jvnst`ifckrns.
Sfgm`j, sn cndf akjstfja`f cn ofs c`bnrnjtns gntkckokifs qun ngponfj ofs pr`ja`pfons
bunjtns cn `jbkrgfa`j qun efj s`ck ut`o`zfcfs pfrf of nofmkrfa`j cno rnpkrtfdn, akgk no
G`j`stnr`k cn Ncuafa`j, Auoturf y Cnpkrtns (GNAC), of Qka`ncfc Injnrfo cn Futkrns y
Nc`tkrns (QIFN) y of Akfo`a`j cn Arnfckrns.
F akjt`jufa`j sn cntfoofj ofs bunjtns akj oks njofans f sus pi`jfs wnm, ckjcn puncn
cnsafrifrsn of gntkckokif akjarntf ngponfcf pkr afcf krifj`sgk pfrf nofmkrfr sus
nstfcst`afs.
Njofan fo fjufr`k QIFN cn ofs frtns nsaj`afs, gus`afons y fuc`kv`sufons =8634
Qn trftf cn uj vkougnj qun kbrnan cftks nstfcst`aks ms`aks qun afrfatnr`zfj no snatkr
auoturfo cno vcnk y ofs junvfs tnajkokifs y qun surin akgk rnsuotfck cn uj prkansk cn
afpturf y trftfg`njtk cn cftks, fs akgk cn akgp`ofa`j cn bunjtns. Nstn Fjufr`k akjt`njn
`jbkrgfa`j rnoft`vf cno fk =861 y fpkrtf cftks pfrf of akgpfrfa`j akj no ndnra`a`k cn
=86= y akj of snr`n e`str`af cnscn =889.
ettp4//www.fjufr`kssifn.akg/fjufr`k=863/ekgn.etgo
Njofan fo Kmsnrvftkr`k cn of p`rftnrf y em`tks cn akjsugk c`i`tfons4
Qn trftf cn oks `jbkrgns nstfcst`aks nofmkrfcks f pfrt`r cn njaunstfs cn gnrafck pkr of
akjsuotkrf @CA (=880-=866) y IBL (=86=-=861) f `jstfja`fs cn of Akfo`a`j cn Arnfckrnsn @jcustr`fs cn Akjtnj`cks akj no kmdnt`vk cn fjfo`zfr of nvkoua`j nj Nspff cn of p`rftnrf
http://www.anuariossgae.com/anuario2014/home.htmlhttp://www.anuariossgae.com/anuario2014/home.htmlhttp://www.anuariossgae.com/anuario2014/home.html7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-5-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
nj @jtnrjnt cn oks akjtnj`cks auoturfons, njtrn oks qun sn `jaouyn no snatkr cn ofs pnoauofs.
ettp4//ofakfo`a`kj.ns/kmsnrvftkr`k-cn-of-p`rftnr f/kmsnrvftkr`k-cn-of-p`rftnr`f-=863/
Njofan f of Njaunstf cn Em`tks y Xrat`afs Auoturfons nj Nspff =868-=866 cno GNAC4
Nstf `jvnst`ifa`j bfa`o`tf oks pr`ja`pfons `jc`afckrns rnoft`vks f oks em`tks y prat`afs
auoturfons cn oks nspfkons y, pkr ktrf, prkbujc`zf nj ok qun rnspnatf f oks akjsugks
auoturfons, nj akjarntk nj of bkrgf cn fcqu`s`a`j cn vcnk, uj prkcuatk sudntk f cnrnaeks
cn prkp`ncfc jtnonatufo.ettp4//www.gnac.ikm.ns/snrv`a`ks-fo-a`ucfcfjk-gnac/nstfc`st`afs/auoturf/ga/nea/=868-
=866/gntkckoki`f.etgo
6.3.6. Cnb`j`a`j cn akjanptks
Oks akjanptks cnb`j`cks fpfrnanj krcnjfcks cn gfjnrf tngt`af. Nj pr`gnr ouifr, sn
cnb`jnj fqunooks rnoft`vks fo pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks akgk gntkckokif ngponfcf.
Xkstnr`krgnjtn sn cnb`jnj ofs vfr`fmons fjfo`zfcfs, cnscn ofs qun sn rnb`nrnj f of p`rftnrf nj
@jtnrjnt efstf ofs rnofa`kjfcfs akj of prkp`ncfc `jtnonatufo, fs akgk ofs rnoft`vfs f of
c`str`mua`j cn akjtnj`ck fuc`kv`sufo pkr of rnc, pfrf tnrg`jfr cnsar`m`njck no pnr`kck cn
t`ngpk fjfo`zfck.
Xnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
Of a`ucfcfjf cngfjcf `jbkrgfa`j gs akgprnjs`mon pfrf fatufr cn gfjnrf fcnaufcf nj
of v`cf pmo`af. P nj nstn fspnatk oks gnc`ks cn akguj`afa`j, akgk `jtnrgnc fr`ks njtrn no
a`ucfcfjk y of rnfo`cfc, t`njnj of rnspkjsfm`o`cfc cn vnr`b`afr of `jbkrgfa`j, akjtrfstfrof y
nxpo`afrof cn bkrgf ftrfat`vf. Akj ofs taj`afs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks sn puncnj prkansfr
cftks cn bunjtns pmo`afs cn `jbkrgfa`j, y irfa`fs f ofs fatufons enrrfg`njtfs c`i`tfons
oonifr f prnsnjtfr cn gfjnrf gs akgprnjs`mon, nj bkrgf cn irb`aks, gfpfs y
v`sufo`zfa`kjns `jtnrfat`vfs, tkcf of `jbkrgfa`j kmtnj`cf.
Xfuo Mrfcsefw nj no Gfjufo cn Xnr`kc`sgk cn Cftks c`st`jiun no rfsik c`bnrnja`fckr cnopnr`kc`sgk cn cftks. Qnij no prkbnskr cn of ^j`vnrs`cfc cn M`rg`jiefg, qu`zs snfj ofs
http://lacoalicion.es/observatorio-de-la-pirateria/observatorio-de-la-pirateria-2014/http://lacoalicion.es/observatorio-de-la-pirateria/observatorio-de-la-pirateria-2014/http://www.mecd.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/estadisticas/cultura/mc/ehc/2010-2011/metodologia.htmlhttp://www.mecd.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/estadisticas/cultura/mc/ehc/2010-2011/metodologia.htmlhttp://www.mecd.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/estadisticas/cultura/mc/ehc/2010-2011/metodologia.htmlhttp://www.mecd.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/estadisticas/cultura/mc/ehc/2010-2011/metodologia.htmlhttp://www.mecd.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/estadisticas/cultura/mc/ehc/2010-2011/metodologia.htmlhttp://lacoalicion.es/observatorio-de-la-pirateria/observatorio-de-la-pirateria-2014/7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-0-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
junvfs pks`m`o`cfcns qun fpfrnanj, aufjck sn akgm`jf no trfc`a`kjfo kobftk pfrf ofs
jkt`a`fs y of afpfa`cfc cn jfrrfr ujf e`stkr`f akjv`janjtn, akj of nsafof y foafjan cn of
`jbkrgfa`j c`i`tfo c`spkj`mon nj of fatufo`cfc (Mrfcsefw, =86=).
Srfjspfrnja`f
Of trfjspfrnja`f ns uj akjanptk aofvn nj no ikm`nrjk fm`nrtk. Of pfrt`a`pfa`j y of
akofmkrfa`j cn of a`ucfcfjf jk t`njnj snjt`ck s` of `jbkrgfa`j cn qun c`spkjn no
Ikm`nrjk y of Fcg`j`strfa`j jk ns pmo`af pfrf tkcks oks fatkrns `gpo`afcks.
Qnij snfof no akonat`vk cn prkbns`kjfons cn Ufrxf c'@jjkvfa` Xmo`af cn Aftfouf4
Of fpnrturf cn cftks pmo`aks ns njtkjans uj pujtk nsnja`fo nj no trfynatk efa`f of
trfjspfrnja`f y ns `jenrnjtn f ujf nstrftni`f cn fpnrturf cno akjka`g`njtk injnrfo. No ikm`nrjk
y ofs ngprnsfs qun trfmfdnj y fatnj nj su jkgmrn cnmnj fmr`r pfrf tkck no gujck oks cftks
rnsuotfjtns cn su fat`v`cfc. Oks cftks cnmnj kbrnanrsn nstruaturfcks nj frae`vks cn bkrgftk
fm`nrtk, `jtnrkpnrfmons y akj o`anja`fs qun futkr`anj su c`bus`j pmo`af. Of Fcg`j`strfa`j
fmrn oks cftks pfrf qun ngprnsfs, fska`fa`kjns y a`ucfcfjf oks usnj y nofmkrnj junvks prk-
cuatks y snrv`a`ks qun fpkrtnj vfokr y r`qunzf pfrf of ska`ncfc. (RR.FF., =863).
Cn faunrck f of Ony 60/=861, k Ony cn trfjspfrnja`f, Faansk f of @jbkrgfa`j Xmo`af y Munj
Ikm`nrjk, nstn cnrnaek sn njt`njcn akgk ujf enrrfg`njtf qun efan pks`mon qun oks
a`ucfcfjks puncfj duzifr gndkr y akj gs ar`tnr`k of afpfa`cfc cn sus ocnrns y cna`c`r nj
akjsnaunja`f.
No 68 cn c`a`ngmrn cn =863 njtr nj v`ikr of pr`gnrf bfsn cn ofs kmo`ifa`kjns cn
trfjspfrnja`f y faansk f of `jbkrgfa`j pfrf tkcks oks krifj`sgks nstftfons. Q`j ngmfrik,
nstf ony ef s`ck ar`t`afcf pkr nxpnrtks nj of gftnr`f pkrqun akjt`njn o`g`tfa`kjns. Cn enaek,
of krifj`zfa`j Fanss@jbk nj su Iokmfo ]`iet tk @jbkrgft`kj ]ft`ji Gfp s`tf nj of fatufo`cfc
junstrf ony cn trfjspfrnja`f nj no punstk 20 cn 686 pfsns f j`vno gujc`fo, ok qun nv`cnja`f
ofs pks`m`o`cfcns qun nstf ony kbrnan f oks a`ucfcfjks y pkr tfjtk fo trfmfdk pnr`kcst`ak cn
cftks y cn `jvnst`ifa`j. (Faans@jbk, =86>).
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-68-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
R`sufo`zfa`j
Irfa`fs fo cnsfrrkook cn prkirfgfs `jbkrgt`aks qun bfa`o`tfj of v`sufo`zfa`j nstfcst`af, no
pnr`kc`sgk v`sufo ns gs r`ak nj cftks, ok qun ef prkp`a`fck qun snf gnjks `oustrft`vk y
gs fjfot`ak.
Fomnrtk Af`rk nj su o`mrk No frtn buja`kjfo akjs`cnrf of v`sufo`zfa`j y of `jbkirfbf akgk
akjanptks s`jj`gks, cktfjck f of v`sufo`zfa`j cn ujf gfykr afpfa`cfc pfrf of
nxpokrfa`j. Fs, sn njt`njcn of v`sufo`zfa`j akgk tkck nongnjtk irb`ak afpfz cn nxpkjnry fyucfr nj of rnbonx`j skmrn of `jbkrgfa`j qun sn prnsnjtf. (Af`rk, =86646>).
G`njtrfs qun No`k Ontur`f cnb`jf qu ns ujf `jbkirfbf nj oks s`iu`njtns trg`jks4 Cn nstf
bkrgf, of `jbkrgfa`j jugr`af, cno t`ngpk, nstfcst`af y guaefs ktrfs snrj gs nbnat`vfs
s`njck `oustrfcfs qun gnc`fjtn no purk usk cn tnxtk. (Ontur`f, 6005468).
X`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo
Qnij rnakin of Qka`ncfc Injnrfo cn Futkrns y Nc`tkrns nj su pi`jf wnm, sn njt`njcn pkr
p`rftnrf aufoqu`nr fatk pkr no aufo sn oonvf f afmk ujf nxpoktfa`j cn cnrnaeks cn prkp`ncfc
`jtnonatufo cn gfjnrf `oa`tf, akj of b`jfo`cfc cn nouc`r no augpo`g`njtk cn of ony. (QIFN,
=86>). Of ]nfo Fafcng`f Nspfkof ok cnb`jn nj nstks trg`jks4 rkmk k cnstruaa`j cn oks
m`njns cn foiu`nj. (]FN, =86>). No => cn jkv`ngmrn cn =863, of vnrs`j c`i`tfo cno c`fr`k
No Xfs t`tuofmf qun of Fuc`nja`f cn Afstnooj rft`b`af qun njofzfr akj wnms p`rftfs ns
cno`tky snjtnja` qun sn akgntn no cno`tk akjtrf of prkp`ncfc `jtnonatufo nj oks afsks cn
pi`jfs wnm akj njofans X=X nj ofs qun no t`tuofr cn of wnm njtrf nj no s`t`k cn `jtnrafgm`k
cn frae`vks, nxtrfn cno g`sgk uj njofan f uj frae`vk y ok `jakrpkrf akgk nongnjtk cn
cnsafrif c`rnatf nj su prkp`f wnm". (No Xfs, =863).
Xkr ktrk ofck, no gkv`g`njtk cn auoturf o`mrn njt`njcn qun of a`ucfcfjf cnmn ndnranr su
cnrnaek cn faancnr f of auoturf y f of ncuafa`j, s`j qun nstk pnrduc`qun f oks futkrns y f ofs
`jcustr`fs auoturfons. Qnij Qfjt`fik Ifraf Ifik cn E@RKQ, nstk jk s`ij`b`af oni`t`gfr of
oofgfcf p`rftnrf, ns cna`r, akp`fs `onifons cn prkirfgfs k usks jk futkr`zfcks cn kmrfso`tnrfr`fs, frtst`afs k `jtnonatufons \W.Xkr no akjtrfr`k, nstn cnrnaek cn faansk sn bfa`o`tf
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-66-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
nstfmona`njck njtkrjks fm`nrtks cn arnfa`j, c`bus`j y c`str`mua`j cn of auoturf y no
akjka`g`njtk (Ifraf Ifik, =86346>).
Xfrf nstf `jvnst`ifa`j sn efj tnj`ck nj aunjtf oks cftks kbrna`cks nj of nc`a`j =868-=866
cn of Njaunstf cn Em`tks y Xrat`afs Auoturfons nj Nspff qun rnfo`zf no G`j`stnr`k cn
Ncuafa`j, Auoturf y Cnpkrtns (GNAC) y ckjcn sn efj `jaou`ck prniujtfs rnoft`vfs fo
bnjgnjk cn of p`rftnrfcn akjtnj`cks auoturfons.
Xrkp`ncfc jtnonatufo4
No G`j`stnr`k cn Ncuafa`j, Auoturf y Cnpkrtn nj su pi`jf wnm cnb`jn qun of prkp`ncfc
`jtnonatufo nst `jtnirfcf pkr ujf snr`n cn cnrnaeks cn afratnr pnrskjfo y/k pftr`gkj`fo
qun ftr`muynj fo futkr y f ktrks t`tuofrns of c`spks`a`j y nxpoktfa`j cn sus kmrfs y
prnstfa`kjns.
Of prkp`ncfc `jtnonatufo prktnin ofs arnfa`kjns kr`i`jfons o`tnrfr`fs, frtst`afs k a`njtb`afs
nxprnsfcfs nj aufoqu`nr gnc`k, tfons akgk o`mrks, nsar`tks, akgpks`a`kjns gus`afons, kmrfs
crfgt`afs, akrnkirfbfs, kmrfs fuc`kv`sufons, nsauoturfs, kmrfs p`atr`afs, pofjks, gfquntfs,
gfpfs, bktkirfbfs, prkirfgfs cn krcnjfckr y mfsns cn cftks. Sfgm`j prktnin ofs
`jtnrprntfa`kjns frtst`afs, oks bkjkirfgfs, ofs irfmfa`kjns fuc`kv`sufons y ofs ng`s`kjns cn
rfc`kc`bus`j.
Of Ony =6/=863 cn Xrkp`ncfc @jtnonatufo (OX@) njtr nj v`ikr no pfsfck 6 cn njnrk cno
=86> akj no prkps`tk cn snr ujf jkrgf akjcuanjtn f of prktnaa`j cn of arnfa`j,
gnc`fjtn no rnakjka`g`njtk cn ujf snr`n cn cnrnaeks f bfvkr cn oks futkrns y pfrf trftfr cn
nrrfc`afr ofs cnsafrifs `onifons cn junstrk tnrr`tkr`k.
Rcnk mfdk cngfjcf
No vcnk mfdk cngfjcf (nj `jios4 v`cnk kj cngfjc, RkC) ns uj s`stngf qun pnrg`tn f oks
usufr`ks v`sufo`zfr ujf pnoauof k akjtnj`ck fuc`kv`sufo akjarntk nj no gkgnjtk qun cnsnn.
Ef cn tnjnrsn nj aunjtf qun pfrf nstf `jvnst`ifa`j of tnajkokif cn vcnk mfdk cngfjcfqun jks jtnrnsf ns no snrv`a`k cn R`cnk Kvnr-Sen-Skp (KSS),qun efan rnbnrnja`f f of njtrnif
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-6=-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
cn akjtnj`ck fuc`kv`sufo f trfvs cn @jtnrjnt s`j qun nx`stf uj kpnrfckr `gpo`afck nj no
akjtrko k c`str`mua`j cno akjtnj`ck.
Nstf cnjkg`jfa`j efan rnbnrnja`f f ujf junvf gkcfo`cfc cn c`str`mua`j cn a`jn kjo`jn
ckjcn sn puncn faancnr fo akjtnj`ck f trfvs cn jfvnifckrns faans`mons cnscn aufoqu`nr
c`spks`t`vk akj @jtnrjnt, akgk krcnjfckrns, tfmonts, sgfrtpekjns, v`cnkakjskofs k tnonv`skrns
akjnatfcks. No faansk cn oks usufr`ks f oks akjtnj`cks sn rnfo`zf f trfvs cn gtkcks akgk
no strnfg`ji, ujf tnajkokif qun sn ut`o`zf pfrf kpt`g`zfr of cnsafrif y rnprkcuaa`j cnfrae`vks cn fuc`k y vcnk qun sunonj tnjnr uj a`nrtk pnsk. Fs`g`sgk no gkcnok cn jnika`k
sn mfsf nj susar`pa`kjns k pfik pkr akjtnj`cks.
Em`tks cn akjsugk c`i`tfo y prat`afs auoturfons
Oks `jc`afckrns cn of Njaunstf cn Em`tks y Xrat`afs Auoturfons cn of nc`a`j =868-=866,
qun rnfo`zf no G`j`stnr`k cn Ncuafa`j, Auoturf y Cnpkrtn, skj rnoft`vks f s` sn ef prkcua`ck
of prat`af cn ujf cntnrg`jfcf fat`v`cfc auoturfo nj uj pnr`kck akjarntk y, nj su afsk, cn su
`jtnjs`cfc4 aujtfs vnans k aujtk t`ngpk efj cnc`afck f of g`sgf. Sfgm`j no em`tk
injnrfo cn rnfo`zfr ujf cntnrg`jfcf fat`v`cfc auoturfo, s`j qun nook `jc`qun of jnansfr`f
prat`af nj oks g`sgks.
Qn trftf akj nook cn kmtnjnr uj gfykr akjka`g`njtk cn oks em`tks cn akjsugk, of
cnb`j`a`j cno pnrb`o cno akjsug`ckr cn prkcuatks `oa`tks y of kmtnja`j cn `jc`afckrns
jnansfr`ks pfrf vfokrfr of `ja`cnja`f cn ofs fat`v`cfcns vuojnrfckrfs cn of prkp`ncfc
`jtnonatufo, nj akjarntk pfrf no kmdntk gkt`vk cn nstf `jvnst`ifa`j. Of njaunstf fmkrcf,
njtrn ktrfs aksfs, prniujtfs rnoft`vfs fo bnjgnjk cn of p`rftnrfcn akjtnj`cks auoturfons.
Kbnrtf onifo cn a`jn
Cnjkg`jfcf nj `jios akgk onifo kjo`jn v`cnk snrv`ansk onifo strnfg`ji snrv`ansefan rnbnrnja`f fo
aftokik c`spkj`mon cn pnoauofs y snr`ns cn ofs poftfbkrgfs cn vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. C`aef
kbnrtf sn sustnjtf nj gkcnoks mfsfcks nj of pumo`a`cfc akgk oks cn PkuSumn k cn
susar`pa`kjns k pfik pkr akjtnj`cks akgk ofs stfrtups (ngprnsfs ngnrinjtns fpkyfcfs nj oftnajkokif) qun cfj faansk f ujf o`mrnrf cn pnoauofs k snr`ns pfrf oks qun sn efj fcqu`r`ck
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-61-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
prnv`fgnjtn cnrnaeks.
Oks faunrcks akj ofs pr`ja`pfons prkcuatkrfs a`jngftkirb`afs cno gujck, akjka`cfs akgk
gfdkrs, skj bujcfgnjtfons pfrf kbrnanr uj aftokik akj nstrnjks rna`njtns. Nstfs ngprnsfs
akjtrkofj tkcfs ofs bfsns cn arnfa`j cn ujf pnoauof, cnscn of `cnf efstf of nxe`m`a`j nj oks
a`jns, ok qun ef nstfmona`ck uj gkcnok trfc`a`kjfo cn nxpoktfa`j a`jngftkirb`af akjka`ck
akgk s`stngf cn vnjtfjfs, qun gfraf oks t`ngpks y grinjns jnansfr`ks pfrf njtnjcnr no
pkrqu ofs pnoauofs jk puncnj njakjtrfrsn nj ofs poftfbkrgfs efstf auftrk gnsns cnspuscn su nstrnjk nj sfofs cn a`jn.
Xnr`kck fjfo`zfck
Qn ef nstfmona`ck pfrf no fjo`s`s cn oks cftks no pnr`kck akgprnjc`ck njtrn oks fks =868 y
=861. Xkr tfjtk, jks rnbnr`gks f uj pnr`kck cn auftrk fks, fujqun nj kafs`kjns sn ef
akjs`cnrfck pnrt`jnjtn fgpo`fr no pnr`kck irfa`fs f of prnsnja`f cn cftks cn of snr`n e`str`af
qun sn rngkjtfj efstf no =889 nj foiujfs cn ofs bunjtns nstfcst`afs akjsuotfcfs.
Akj nstn t`ngpk sn puc`nrkj nstfmonanr cntnrg`jfcfs tnjcnja`fs qun pnrg`t`nrkj
`jtnrprntfr of s`tufa`j fatufo, fs akgk ujf pks`mon c`saus`j skmrn no buturk cno kmdntk
`jvnst`ifck. Fo snr of p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo j`afgnjtn gnc`mon cn gfjnrf a`njtb`af f trfvs
cn njaunstfs cn gnrafck y s`j njtrfr f aunst`kjfr of vfo`cnz cn of gntkckokif ngponfcf
pfrf of nofmkrfa`j cn afcf ujf cn noofs, oks rnsuotfcks qun sn fpkrtfj efj snrv`ck pfrf
cntnrg`jfr foiujfs tnjcnja`fs kmsnrvfmons. Fs`g`sgk, nj aufjtk fo akjsugk onifo cn of
kbnrtf cn a`jn pkr @jtnrjnt sn efj tnj`ck nj aunjtf ofs njaunstfs rnfo`zfcfs f tfo b`j, fs
akgk oks cftks qun efj pkc`ck rnafmfrsn cno jgnrk cn vcnks v`stks f trfvs cn
poftfbkrgfs RkC, s`ngprn y aufjck ofs ngprnsfs cno snatkr akj ofs qun sn akjtfat
bfa`o`tfrkj c`aef `jbkrgfa`j akgnra`fo. Xkr tkck ok nxpunstk jk sn prntnjcn nstfmonanr ujf
rnofa`j afusfo, s`jk trftfr cn cfr ujf nxpo`afa`j iokmfo qun nstfmonzaf of akrrnofa`j njtrn
oks bnjgnjks.
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-63-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
6.3.=. ]nofa`j njtrn uj`cfcns cn `jvnst`ifa`j
Xfrf nook sn efj nstfmona`ck ujks kmdnt`vks nspnab`aks qun akjst`tuynj ofs uj`cfcns cn
`jvnst`ifa`j auyfs rnofa`kjns cn gunstrfj nj no s`iu`njtn aufcrk.
KMDNS@RKQ SAJ@AFQ CN ]NAKI@CF CN@JBK]GFA@J
Q@QSNGFQ CNFJO@Q@Q
6. Nstuc`fr of rnofa`jnjtrn oks j`vnons cnp`rftnrf qun prnsnjtf nognrafck nspfko nj nonjtkrjk cno akjsugk wnmcn gftnr`fo fuc`kv`sufo yoks cn akjsugk onifokbnrtfck pkr ngprnsfs cn
vcnk mfdk cngfjcf.
Msquncf nj of mfsn cn cftks cno GNAC,QIFN, Akfo`a`j cn Arnfckrns, Nurkstft,MK]GN y G`j`stnr`k cno @jtnr`kr pfrfcnsafrif nj bkrgftk XCB y/k xos skmrn4- Cftks skmrn frae`vks fuc`kv`sufonscnsafrifcks `oa`tfgnjtn.- Cftks skmrn pkmofa`j qun rnfo`zf cnsafrifs`oa`tfs.- Cftks skmrn usufr`ks qun pfifj pkr vnrpnoauofs/snr`ns kjo`jn.-Cftks skmrn vcnk strnfgnc cn ofs ngprnsfs
RkC.- Cftks cn mfofjans b`jfja`nrks cn ofs ngprnsfs
RkC.
- Faktfa`jtngpkrfo.- Nxano- Sfmofs c`jg`afs
=. Akjkanr s` nx`stnj
akgpkrtfg`njtksnspnab`aks nj no p`rftnk cnvcnks nj @jtnrjnt njbuja`j cno pnrb`oska`kcngkirb`ak.
Msquncf nj of mfsn cn cftks cno GNAC y
cnsafrif y sarfp`ji cn XCB skmrn4- ^sufr`ks qun rnfo`zfrkj cnsafrifs irftu`tfs cnvcnk pkr @jtnrjnt snij ofs vfr`fmons snxk,ncfc, j`vno cn nstuc`ks, s`tufa`j ofmkrfo ytfgfk cno guj`a`p`k.
1. ]nbondfr akj taj`afs cnv`sufo`zfa`j cn cftks cnqu gfjnrf `iufognjtnakjsugnj akjtnj`cksfuc`kv`sufons oks nspfkonsy s` bkgnjtf uj njtkrjk
fcnaufck pfrf cnsfrrkoofruj jnika`k cn v`cnk kjcngfjcnj @jtnrjnt.
Sfgm`j sn fjfo`zfrj oks s`iu`njtns cftks4- Cftks skmrn cno`tks akjtrf of prkp`ncfc`jtnonatufo. (Bunjtn4 G`j`stnr`k cno @jtnr`kr).- Cftks rnoft`vks f gkt`vks, prkirfgfs, t`pk cn
vcnk, skpkrtn ut`o`zfck pfrf of cnsafrif.(Bunjtn4 GNAC).
- Cftks skmrn pr`ja`pfons fspnatks cn pfikpfrf oks usufr`ks cn akjtnj`ck kjo`jn. (Bunjtn4Faanjturn).- Cftks skmrn cnsafrifs `onifons cn of snr`n'Ekusn kb Afrcs'. (Bunjtn4 Nxa`p`k).- Cftks skmrn usufr`ks c`spunstks f pfifr yt`pk cn auktf pkr RkC. (Bunjtn4 @aofvns).- Cftks cno @jbkrgn cno Snonv`cnjtn =.8 (=863)cn Sen Akaltf`o Fjfoys`s.- Cftks cn pftrkjns cn akjsugk cn vcnk njNspff (bnmrnrk =861) cn SJQ.
Enrrfg`njtfs cnv`sufo`zfa`j4- Ikkion Bus`kj
Sfmons- @jbkir.fg- Ykrcon
Aufcrk 6.64 ]nofa`j njtrn uj`cfcns cn `jvnst`ifa`j. Bunjtn4 Nofmkrfa`j prkp`f
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-6>-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
6.3.1. Xrkanc`g`njtk
Srfs of faktfa`j cn oks tngfs f trftfr y no pnr`kck f fjfo`zfr sn prkanc` f of msquncf cn
oks cftks. Ofs pr`ja`pfons bunjtns cn `jbkrgfa`j ut`o`zfcfs pfrf of prnsnjtn `jvnst`ifa`j
prkv`njnj cno G`j`stnr`k cn Ncuafa`j, Auoturf y Cnpkrtns (GNAC), of Qka`ncfc Injnrfo
cn Futkrns y Nc`tkrns (QIFN) y of Akfo`a`j cn Arnfckrns. Of `jbkrgfa`j nstfcst`af
kmtnj`cf sn ef cnsafrifck nj bkrgftk XCB y irfa`fs f Sfmuof, ujf enrrfg`njtf o`mrn cn
nxtrfaa`j cn cftks, sn puck akjvnrt`r nj uj b`aenrk cnNxano, uj bkrgftk qun pks`m`o`tf no
trftfg`njtk fcnaufck pfrf no prkansfg`njtk cn oks cftks.
Qn prkanc` f cnsafrifr ofs tfmofs qun efafj rnbnrnja`f f oks cftks qun sn prna`sfmfj pfrf of
`jvnst`ifa`j cno pnr`kck fjfo`zfck. Nj ujf sniujcf bfsn sn prkanc` f rnfirupfr nj uj
j`ak ckaugnjtk cnNxanono akjdujtk cn cftks qun jks `jtnrnsfmfj pfrf pkcnr prkansfroks
cn gfjnrf akjdujtf. Cn nstn gkck afmn of pks`m`o`cfc cn arnfr tfmofs c`jg`afs qun
pnrg`tfj c`bnrnjtns v`s`kjns cn oks cftks, fs akgk pkcnr akrrnofa`kjfroks.
Of `jbkrgfa`j qun kbrnanj ofs mfsns cn cftks kmtnj`cfs t`njnj qun vnr akj4
- Nstfcst`af cn Em`tks y Xrat`afs Auoturfons nj Nspff cno G`j`stnr`k cn Ncuafa`j,
Auoturf y Cnpkrtn (GNAC)4
Xnrskjfs qun efj kmtnj`ck vcnks nj uj tr`gnstrn pkr vfs c`st`jtfs f of akgprf
snij cjcn k cn qu bkrgf oks fcqu`r`nrkj.
Xnrskjfs qun rnfo`zfrkj cnsafrifs irftu`tfs cn @jtnrjnt cn vcnk nj uj tr`gnstrn
pkr snxk, ncfc, j`vno cn nstuc`ks, s`tufa`j ofmkrfo y tfgfk cno guj`a`p`k.
- Nstfcst`af cn vcnk, @jtnrjnt y junvks em`tks cn ka`k cn of Qka`ncfc Injnrfo cn Futkrns
y Nc`tkrns (QIFN)4
Fat`v`cfcns rnfo`zfcfs nj of jfvnifa`j pkr @jtnrjnt nj oks ot`gks 18 cfs rnoft`vfs
f of v`sufo`zfa`j kjo`jn cn vcnks cn faansk irftu`tk, pnoauofs/snr`ns (cnsafrif y
s`j cnsafrif).
Xfik pkr rnfo`zfr fat`v`cfcns nj @jtnrjnt rnoft`vfs f of v`sufo`zfa`j cn
pnoauofs/snr`ns (cnsafrif y s`j cnsafrif).
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-62-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
Sktfo cn of pkmofa`j cn 63-98 fks qun cnsafrif fuc`kv`sufo cn @jtnrjnt (ot`gks
1 gnsns).
Sktfo cn frae`vks fuc`kv`sufons cnsafrifcks fo fk.
- Nstfcst`af cn p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo cn of Akfo`a`j cn Arnfckrns4
Faansk `onifo c`i`tfo f pnoauofs nj uj`cfcns cn akjtnj`ck.
Faansk `onifo c`i`tfo f pnoauofs pkr pfrtn cn usufr`ks.
- Nstfcst`af skmrn v`sufo`zfa`j cn pnoauofs/snr`ns4
Xoftfbkrgfs cn faansk f vcnk pkr @jtnrjnt.
Cnsafrifs/strnfg`ji.
Ktrfs bunjtns cn cftks ngponfcfs pfrf of `jvnst`ifa`j bunrkj4
- G`j`stnr`k cno @jtnr`kr. Bunjtn cn cftks skmrn cno`tks akgnt`cks akj ofs junvfs
tnajkokifs akjtrf of prkp`ncfc jcustr`fo/`jtnonatufo.
- Faanjturn. Qn efj ngponfck cftks cn nstf akjsuotkrf pfrf akjstftfr oks pr`ja`pfons
fspnatks cn pfik cn oks usufr`ks cn akjtnj`ck kjo`jn.
- Nxa`p`k. Qn trftf cn ujf b`rgf cn sniu`g`njtk fjt`p`rftnrf f trfvs cn of aufo snfj
kmtnj`ck cftks skmrn cnsafrifs `onifons cn of snr`n Ekusn kb Afrcs.
- @aofvns. Qn kmtuv`nrkj cftks skmrn usufr`ks c`spunstks f ut`o`zfr snrv`a`ks cn vcnk
kj cngfjc.
- Sen Akaltf`o Fjfoys`s. Qn kmtuv`nrkj cftks cno @jbkrgn cno Snonv`cnjtn =.8 (=863).
- SJQ. Qn kmtuv`nrkj cftks cn pftrkjns cn akjsugk cn vcnk nj Nspff (bnmrnrk
=861).
- Mkontj Kb`a`fo cno ]ni`strk Gnrafjt`o (MK]GN). Bunjtn qun sn ngpon pfrf
akjkanr cftks rnoft`vks fo mfofjan b`jfja`nrk cn ofs ngprnsfs RkC.
- Nurkstft. Cftks rnoft`vks f `jc`v`cuks cn of ^j`j Nurkpnf qun pfifj pkr
akjtnj`cks fuc`kv`sufons nj ojnf.
Srfs of kmtnja`j cn oks cftks snfofcks pfrf no pnr`kck cn `jvnst`ifa`j faktfck snprkanc` f oonvfr f afmk ujf o`gp`nzf cn cftks, ok qun pnrg`t` snonaa`kjfr j`afgnjtn
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-69-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
oks cftks qun sn prna`sfmfj y cn nstf gfjnrf pkcnr krcnjfroks pfrf rnfo`zfr ofs kpnrfa`kjns
nstfcst`afs rnqunr`cfs.
Qn qu`nrn cndfr akjstfja`f cn oks akjtfatks rnfo`zfcks akj ofs ngprnsfs qun kpnrfj nj
Nspff, auyf fat`v`cfc nakjg`af sn mfsf nj of c`str`mua`j onifo cn a`jn pkr @jtnrjnt, pfrf
rnafmfr cftks rnoft`vks fo akjsugk cn vcnk nj strnfg`jicn sus c`bnrnjtns poftfbkrgfs. Jk
sn puck c`spkjnr cn cftks akjarntks nj of gfykrf cn oks afsks, yf qun skj cftks `jtnrjks
qun nj Nspff ofs akgpffs jk sunonj akgpfrt`r fonifjck gkt`vks cn akjb`cnja`fo`cfc, okqun v`njn f cngkstrfr of kpfa`cfc fj nx`stnjtn nj junstrfs ngprnsfs.
Xkr ktrf pfrtn, sn akjtfat akj no G`j`stnr`k cn Ncuafa`j, Auoturf y Cnpkrtn pfrf kmtnjnr
`jbkrgfa`j nstfcst`af rnoft`vf f of p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt qun puc`nrf gfjndfr of
Akg`s`j cn Xrkp`ncfc @jtnonatufo (AX@). Fujqun nj nstn afsk s` eum`nrf s`ck fpo`afmon no
cnrnaek cn faansk f of `jbkrgfa`j pmo`af, y pkr tfjtk sn eum`nrf pkc`ck rnfo`zfr ujf
sko`a`tuc bkrgfo cn faansk f c`aef `jbkrgfa`j nj oks trg`jks qun cnsar`mn of Ony, jk sn
kpt pkr nstf vf cfcf of jnift`vf f akjtnstfr pkr pfrtn cno G`j`stnr`k rnoft`vk f oks cftks
nstfcst`aks cn nsf jfturfonzf.
6.3.3. Saj`afs
Ofs taj`afs ngponfcfs sn mfsfj nj no gfjndk cn prkirfgfs `jbkrgt`aks cn prkansfg`njtk
cn cftks.
Nj nstn afsk, sn ef usfck of ekdf cn aoauok Nxanopfrf o`gp`fr y firupfr nj tfmofs oks
cftks kmtnj`cks cn of Njaunstf cn Em`tks y Xrat`afs Auoturfons nj Nspff cno GNAC, fs
akgk cn ofs cngs bunjtns cn cftks ngponfcfs pfrf of `jvnst`ifa`j. Nstk ef pnrg`t`ck
arnfr irb`aks, nstfmonanr rnofa`kjns s`ij`b`aft`vfs y rnfo`zfr c`bnrnjtns fjo`s`s cn oks cftks.
Ofs kpnrfa`kjns rnfo`zfcfs skj ofs qun nj afcf afsk sn akjs`cnrfrkj kpkrtujfs. Nj nstf
bfsn, akgk nxpo`a Cfj`non Irfssk nj ofs @@ Dkrjfcfs cn Xnr`kc`sgk cn Cftks anonmrfcfs nj
Gfcr`c nj =863, sn trftf cn njtnjcnr oks cftks y cn njakjtrfr ujf e`stkr`f, y pfrf nook no
fjo`s`s nstfcst`ak ns ujf pfrtn aofvn.(Irfssk, =863).
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-65-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
Xfrf nstfmonanr akrrnofa`kjns s`ij`b`aft`vfs njtrn oks c`bnrnjtns cftks kmtnj`cks sn prkanc`
f akgpfrfr of nvkoua`j f trfvs cn oks fks cn fjo`s`s y tfgm`j f akgpfrft`vfs pkr fk
nspnab`ak pfrf akjstftfr cntnrg`jfcf tnjcnja`f. ^j prkirfgf akgk Nxano pnrg`tn
got`pons buja`kjns, akgk ofs tfmofs c`jg`afs, akj ofs qun sn puncn akgm`jfr akjdujtks
cn cftks y nstfmonanr b`otrks skmrn cntnrg`jfcfs vfr`fmons pfrf efoofr rnsuotfcks qun f s`gpon
v`stf puncnj pfsfr cnsfpnra`m`cks.
^jf vnz fjfo`zfcks oks cftks sn prnsnjtfj nj bkrgf cn v`sufo`zfa`kjns pfrf bfa`o`tfr of`jtnrprntfa`j cn oks g`sgks. Akgk c`an Gfr`k Sfsaj, nx dnbn cn `jbkirfbf cn No Gujck,
nj su aunjtf cn Sw`ttnr4
B`iurf 6.64 Afpturf cn pfjtfoof cn uj twnnt cn Gfr`k Sfsaj. Bunjtn4 Nofmkrfa`j prkp`f
^jk cn oks bfatkrns qun nxpo`af of `gpofjtfa`j cn ujf v`sufo`zfa`j fjfot`af pfrtn cn ujf
akjsko`cfa`j cn oks vfokrns cno pnr`kc`sgk cn prna`s`j k cn cftks, rnsuotfck cn of
`jbkrgfa`j rnafmfcf f pfrt`r cn of kmtnja`j, trftfg`njtk y prnsnjtfa`j cn cftks
aufjt`tft`vks.
No`k Ontur`f a`tf f J`ino Ekogns nj nstks trg`jks, ofs nstfcst`afs jk skj fmurr`cfs s`jk
`jt`g`cfjtns \W. No `jbirfbk t`njn akgk g`s`j bfa`o`tfr nsf akgprnjs`j gnc`fjtn
gntbkrfs `oustrfcfs qun ftrf`ifj fo onatkr y on efifj pnrcnr g`nck f ofs a`brfs. (Ontur`f,
6005465-60).
Of v`sufo`zfa`j cn cftks jk ns ujf taj`af cngfs`fck vo`cf pfrf rnbondfr kp`j`kjns k
`jtnrprntfa`kjns pnrskjfons, pkr ok qun sn nr`in akgk ujf taj`af prna`sf y aofrf qun
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-60-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
`jarngnjtf no akjka`g`njtk cn of gftnr`f `jvnst`ifcf akj cftks.
Akgk fb`rgfj Mnoof Eurrnoo y Fjcrnw On`gckrbnr cn of MMA nj no Gfjufo cn Xnr`kc`sgk cn
Cftks, ofs v`sufo`zfa`kjns ftrfat`vfs cn oks cftks fprkp`fcks puncnj snr usfcfs pfrf okirfr
ujf gndkr akgprnjs`j cn ujf aunst`j k e`stkr`f. (Eurrno y On`gckrbnr, =86=). Q` jk sn
e`a`nrf akj tfo b`j sn prkcua`rf uj nbnatk fcvnrsk, yf qun snij snfof Frkj X`oekbnr cno
Jnw Pkrl S`gns, ujf gfof v`sufo`zfa`j cn cftks ns pnkr nj guaeks snjt`cks qun j`jiujf
v`sufo`zfa`j. (X`oekbnr, =86=).
Srfs nxpokrfr c`bnrnjtns enrrfg`njtfs wnm akgk Sfmonfu Xumo`a, Gfjy Nyns, Cftf Yrfppnr,
Xoktoy, X`altkaefrt, AfrtkCM k Ikkion Aefrts, njtrn ktrfs, ofs v`sufo`zfa`kjns cno rnpkrtfdn
pnr`kcst`ak pfrf of wnm sn efj nofmkrfck akj fpo`afa`kjns qun fatufognjtn kbrnanj
skoua`kjns pt`gfs pfrf v`sufo`zfr oks cftks kmdntk cn nstuc`k, akgk skj @jbkir.fg, Ykrcon y
Ikkion Bus`kj Sfmons.
Q`j ngmfrik, pfrf no munj usk cn afcf prkirfgf, skj prna`sks cntnrg`jfcks akjka`g`njtks
ms`aks, qun efj s`ck fcqu`r`cks f trfvs cn tutkr`fons nj of wnm. Jk kmstfjtn, ofs
pks`m`o`cfcns qun kbrnan skj guaek gfykrns qun ofs okirfcfs pfrf of nofmkrfa`j cno
prnsnjtn trfmfdk, fujqun oks rnsuotfcks kmtnj`cks sft`sbfanj oks kmdnt`vks pnrsniu`cks.
No prnsnjtn trfmfdk t`njn f su vnz su cnsfrrkook nj uj rnpkrtfdn pnr`kcst`ak wnm y fo qun sn
puncn faancnr nj no s`iu`njtn njofan4
ettp4//cftfcr vnjdkurjfo`sg.ns/a`jn-onifo-y-p`rftnr f-kjo`jn/
http://datadrivenjournalism.es/cine-legal-y-pirateria-online/http://datadrivenjournalism.es/cine-legal-y-pirateria-online/http://datadrivenjournalism.es/cine-legal-y-pirateria-online/7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-=8-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
=.
CNQF]]KOOK=.6.
Nstfck cn of aunst`j
=.6.6. Xnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
Afcf vnz efy gs `j`a`ft`vfs qun pnrg`tnj, jk skok f oks pnr`kc`stfs, s`jk f aufoqu`nr
a`ucfcfjk `jtnrnsfck, akjkanr ofs pks`m`o`cfcns qun kbrnan no pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks, pnrk
tfgm`j efy qun snfofr qun nstf c`sa`po`jf nst akgnjzfjck f akjkanrsn nj Nspff f
pnsfr cn qun nstf bkrgf cn efanr pnr`kc`sgk jk ns junvf. Oks krinjns cno pnr`kc`sgk cn
cftks sn puncnj njakjtrfr nj no cnjkg`jfck pnr`kc`sgk cn prna`s`j. Qu arnfckr bun
Xe`o`ps Gnynr y sn trftf cn uj pnr`kc`sgk a`njtb`ak auyk kmdnt`vk ns `jtnrprntfr y
akjbrkjtfr oks cftks ut`o`zfjck gtkcks prnstfcks cn ofs a`nja`fs ska`fons, akgk of
ska`kokif y of nstfcst`af, pfrf efanr e`jafp` nj of rnfo`cfc cn of `jbkrgfa`j akj cftks
ngpr`aks y akgprkmfcks nj uj frae`vk.
Akgk fb`rgfj Dks Ou`s Cfcnr y Xncrk Ignz4
Of fpkrtfa`j gs nspnatfauofr cno pnr`kc`sgk cn prna`s`j ef akjs`st`ck s`j cucf nj of
pks`m`o`cfc cn aruzfr c`bnrnjtns o`stfcks cn `jbkrgfa`j pfrf cntnatfr fska`fa`kjns njtrn
pnrskjfs, `jst`tua`kjns, afriks, a`raujstfja`fs, nta., qun fpfrnanj f`sofcfs nj afcf
ckaugnjtk pnrk qun t`njnj ujf prnsnja`f rn`tnrfcf jk cntnatfcf efstf nsn gkgnjtk.
Xuncn fb`rgfrsn, nj nsn snjt`ck, qun of jkt`a`f mkgmf cunrgn nj oks frae`vks guy f
gnjuck. (Cfcnr y Ignz, 60014685).
No pnr`kc`sgk cn prna`s`j, gs qun ujf taj`af k bkrgf cn trfmfdk pnr`kcst`af, sn trftf cn
uj ijnrk. ^jf gkcfo`cfc cno rnpkrtfdn nj prkbujc`cfc y ckjcn no pnr`kc`stf cnsakjbfcn ofs bunjtns krc`jfr`fs y prkancn f `jvnst`ifr pkr su aunjtf. (Gfrtjnz Fomnrtks,
=88941=8-1=6). Xkr nsk, no pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks ns tfgm`j ujf c`sa`po`jf rnofa`kjfcf akj no
pnr`kc`sgk cn jvnst`ifa`j.
Ofs pr`gnrfs nxpnr`nja`fs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks sn rngkjtfrfj f 65=6, ckjcn Sen
Iufrc`fj pumo`afmf ujf tfmof qun gkstrfmf oks akoni`ks nj Gfjaenstnr pkr jgnrk cn
fougjks y ifstk fjufo cn afcf ujk cn nooks (Aefpfrrk, =861468). Nstf `jbkrgfa`j sn
fprkx`gf nj a`nrtk gkck fo pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks fatufo, akj of sfovncfc cn qun jk nx`stfjj` ofs fatufons taj`afs c`i`tfons cn v`sufo`zfa`j, j` @jtnrjnt y pkr tfjtk of prnjsf c`i`tfo,
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-=6-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
pnrk tfgpkak uj j`vno cn trfjspfrnja`f qun pnrg`t`nrf no trfmfdk cn uj pnr`kc`stf cn
`jvnst`ifa`j.
B`iurf =.64 ]nakrtn cno pr`gnr ndngpok cn pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks nj Sen Iufrc`fj. Bunjtn4 Gfjufo cn Xnr`kc`sgk cn Cftks
Oks gnc`ks cn akguj`afa`j nspfkons, nj su fatufo rnbkrguofa`j nj no njtkrjk c`i`tfo,
nstj pumo`afjck akjtnj`cks pnr`kcst`aks akj taj`afs cn pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks, ok qun
bfa`o`tf no prkansk cn ngpkcnrfg`njtk a`ucfcfjk y pks`m`o`tf qun oks a`ucfcfjks puncfjduzifr gndkr y akj gs ar`tnr`k of afpfa`cfc cn sus ocnrns y cna`c`r nj akjsnaunja`f.
No cnrnaek cn faansk cn ofs fuc`nja`fs f oks gnc`ks y no fvfjan nj no kmdnt`vk cn
trfjspfrnja`f skj cks cn oks fspnatks qun sn fcv`nrtnj nj no pnr`kc`sgk c`i`tfo. (Jksty,
=86146>=).
Xkr tfjtk, ns `gpkrtfjtn akjtnxtufo`zfr no fatufo gfrak onifo cn trfjspfrnja`f y faansk f of
`jbkrgfa`j nj Nspff, yf qun nstn t`pk cn onyns qun pnrg`tnj no faansk f of `jbkrgfa`j
skj bujcfgnjtfons pfrf of prat`af cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks y bfa`o`tfj no trfmfdk cnopnr`kc`stf cn `jvnst`ifa`j. No 68 cn c`a`ngmrn cn =863 njtr nj v`ikr of pr`gnrf bfsn cn ofs
kmo`ifa`kjns cn trfjspfrnja`f y faansk f of `jbkrgfa`j pfrf tkcks oks krifj`sgks nstftfons
cn of Ony cn Srfjspfrnja`f nspfkof. ^jf jkrgf onifo qun snij of krifj`zfa`j Iokmfo
]`iet tk @jbkrgft`kj ]ft`ji Gfpkaupf no punstk 20 cn 686 pfsns f j`vno gujc`fo.
Akgk of gftnr`f pr`gf pr`ja`pfo cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks skj oks cftks cn bunjtns pmo`afs,
nstk ef gkt`vfck qun sn efyfj cnsfrrkoofck `j`a`ft`vfs rnofa`kjfcfs akj no kpnj cftf qun
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-==-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
prntnjcn ujf a`rauofa`j o`mrn cn oks cftks y no kpnj ikvnrjgnjt, qun ns of fpo`afa`j cno kpnj
cftf f ofs fcg`j`strfa`kjns pmo`afs.
Afcf vnz efy gs `j`a`ft`vfs cn cftks pmo`aks fm`nrtks. Akjsuotfjck of wnm cn of
Bujcfa`j AS@A (Anjtrk Snajkoi`ak cn of @jbkrgfa`j y cn of Akguj`afa`j) pkcngks
vnr uj gfpf akj ofs fatufons `j`a`ft`vfs cn Kpnj Cftf nj Nspff. Fs`g`sgk, cnpnjc`njtn
cno Ikm`nrjk cn Nspff nx`stn no pkrtfo Cftks.ikm.ns, ujf `j`a`ft`vf cn afratnr jfa`kjfo
qun krifj`zf y inst`kjf no Aftokik cn @jbkrgfa`j Xmo`af cno snatkr pmo`ak.
Nj of fatufo`cfc, no j`vno cn cnsfrrkook c`i`tfo y cn @jtnrjnt bfa`o`tf qun ofs prnsnjtfa`kjns
irb`afs cn ofs pumo`afa`kjns pnr`kcst`afs snfj gs v`sufons, aofrfs, c`rnatfs y ba`ons cn
njtnjcnr. Xkr tfjtk, ofs junvfs tnajkokifs efj akjstru`ck uj junvk naks`stngf qun ef
bfvkrna`ck no cnsfrrkook cn junvfs taj`afs cn v`sufo`zfa`j cn oks cftks y pkr tfjtk
`gpuosfr of c`sa`po`jf cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks nj of wnm. Qnij no pnr`kc`stf Fomnrtk Af`rk,
tkcf `jbkirfbf y tkcf v`sufo`zfa`j nxpkjnj y fyucfj nj of rnbonx`j skmrn ok prnsnjtfck
(Af`rk, =86646>). Cn jfcf vfon no g`jua`ksk trfmfdk cn msquncf, nxtrfaa`j y
prkansfg`njtk cn oks cftks s` jk skj afpfans cn rnfo`zfr ujf `jtno`i`mon v`sufo`zfa`j cn oksg`sgks. No pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks ns uj trfmfdk guot`c`sa`po`jfr y jnans`tf cn vfr`ks
prkbns`kjfons `gpo`afcks nj of tfrnf. Cnscn ckaugnjtfo`stfs, nstfcst`aks, `jbirfbks,
c`snfckrns irb`aks, pnr`kc`stfs y prkirfgfckrns `jbkrgt`aks. Efy qun faancnr f
cnanjfs, aufjck jk f a`njtks k f g`ons cn pofjt`oofs, tnxtks, irb`aks. Efy qun rnaurr`r, nj
kafs`kjns, f prkirfgfckrns pfrf qun c`snnj fpo`afa`kjns afpfans cn afpturfr cftks
akjtnj`cks nj pi`jfs wnms. (Arua`fjnoo`, =86146=3).
Of a`ucfcfjf cngfjcf `jbkrgfa`j gs akgprnjs`mon pfrf fatufr cn gfjnrf fcnaufcf njof v`cf pmo`af. P nj nstn fspnatk oks gnc`ks cn akguj`afa`j, akgk `jtnrgnc`fr`ks njtrn
no a`ucfcfjk y of rnfo`cfc, t`njnj of rnspkjsfm`o`cfc cn vnr`b`afr of `jbkrgfa`j, akjtrfstfrof
y nxpo`afrof cn bkrgf ftrfat`vf. Akj ofs taj`afs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks sn puncnj prkansfr
cftks tfjtk cn bunjtns pmo`afs akgk pr`vfcfs cn `jbkrgfa`j, y irfa`fs f ofs fatufons
enrrfg`njtfs c`i`tfons oonifr f prnsnjtfr cn gfjnrf gs akgprnjs`mon, nj bkrgf cn irb`aks,
gfpfs y v`sufo`zfa`kjns `jtnrfat`vfs, tkcf of `jbkrgfa`j kmtnj`cf.
Sen Iokmfo Nc`tkrs Jntwkrl ktkrif fjufognjtn oks prng`ks f oks gndkrns trfmfdks cnpnr`kc`sgk cn cftks f j`vno `jtnrjfa`kjfo. No s`iu`njtn ndngpok qun sn gunstrf f
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-=1-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
akjt`jufa`j ifj no prng`k nj =861 y akrrnspkjcn f ujf v`sufo`zfa`j cn Sen Iufrc`fj
skmrn oks cnrnaeks cn oks ekgksnxufons cnsioksfcks pkr nstfcks nj Nstfcks ^j`cks.
B`iurf =.=4 Afpturf cn pfjtfoof cn v`sufo`zfa`j nofmkrfcf pkr Sen Iufrc`fj skmrn oks cnrnaeks cn oks ekgksnxufons njNN.^^. Bunjtn4 Sen Iufrc`fj
Nj Nspff, bujcfa`kjns akgk A@R@K efj cnsfrrkoofck prkynatks cn pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
akgkNspff nj oofgfs,Cjcn vfj g`s `gpunstks;,No `jcuotgntrk,No MKN junstrk cn afcf cfy
rna`njtngnjtnVu`j gfjcf;. Sfgm`j nx`stnj aursks, tfoonrns, dkrjfcfs n `jaousk bkrgfa`j
uj`vnrs`tfr`f nj foiujfs fs`ijfturfs cn irfck y nj bkrgf cn gstnr skmrn nstf c`sa`po`jf.
Irfa`fs f g` mnaf cn `jvnst`ifa`j akj no prkynatk Kpnj Cftf A`t`znjen tnj`ck faansk f
anraf cn 118 wnms cn prkcuatks `jbkrgft`vks c`i`tfons rnofa`kjfcks akj no pnr`kc`sgk cn
cftks, taj`afs cn v`sufo`zfa`j, kpnj cftfy kpnj ikvnrjgnjt, ok qun gn ef pnrg`t`ck akjkanr
ktrks prkynatks jfa`kjfons n `jtnrjfa`kjfons, qun puncnj akjsuotfrsn nj no s`iu`njtn njofan.
ettp4//kpnjcftfa`t`znj.akg/
Sfgm`j, brutk cn g` `jtnrs pkr nstf c`sa`po`jf, sn kbrnan f akjt`jufa`j no njofan f ujf
o`stf pmo`af cn Sw`ttnr akjbnaa`kjfcf pfrf of kafs`j, of aufo akjt`njn ujf rnofa`j cn oks
usufr`ks gs rnonvfjtns cnjtrk y bunrf cn junstrk pfs, v`jauofcks fo pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks,
taj`afs cn v`sufo`zfa`j, kpnj cftfy kpnj ikvnrjgnjt.
ettps4//tw`ttnr.akg/rfuobfmnok/o`sts/cftf-cr`vnj-dkurjfo`sg
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-=3-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
=.6.=. Xrkp`ncfc `jtnonatufo y p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo
]nspnatk fo gfrak rniuoftkr`k, of Ony cn Xrkp`ncfc @jtnonatufo (OX@) qun njtr nj v`ikr no
pfsfck 6 cn njnrk cno =86> trftf cn nrrfc`afr ofs cnsafrifs `onifons cn junstrk tnrr`tkr`k. Of
jkrgf ef fgpo`fck ofs sfja`kjns fcg`j`strft`vfs fpo`afmons f qu`njns cnskmncnzafj ofs
rnskoua`kjns cn of snaa`j sniujcf cn of Akg`s`j cn of Xrkp`ncfc @jtnonatufo. Cn nstf
gfjnrf, ofs pi`jfs cn njofans qun `jaugpofj oks rnqunr`g`njtks cn rnt`rfcf cn akjtnj`cks
`onifons sn njbrnjtfrj f guotfs cn efstf 288.888 nurks. Njtrn oks susanpt`mons cn snr
sfja`kjfcks, no tnxtk nxaouyn nxpoa`tfgnjtn f oks musafckrns. Efy qun snfofr qun ofgnja`kjfcf ony ef s`ck rnaurr`cf pkr no XQKN fjtn no Sr`mujfo Akjst`tua`kjfo. Fcngs, no
G`j`stnr`k cn Auoturf ef rn`tnrfck nj vfr`fs kafs`kjns qun of OX@ ns skok ujf rnbkrgf
pfra`fo, punstk qun no Ikm`nrjk rnfo`zfr ujf gkc`b`afa`j cn gs fgpo`k afofck
curfjtn no trfjsaursk cno fk, trfs of fprkmfa`j cn ujf c`rnat`vf akguj`tfr`f skmrn
prkp`ncfc jtnonatufo.
Cnm`ck f oks rna`njtns afgm`ks nj no gfrak onifo nspfko, foiujfs pi`jfs cn njofans qunfokdfmfj pnoauofs y snr`ns cn gfjnrf `oa`tf efj cna`c`ck anrrfr k sn efj v`stk kmo`ifcfs pkr
snjtnja`f duc`a`fo f efanrok. Qnij rnakin no c`fr`k No Xfs, Of Fuc`nja`f cn Afstnooj
rft`b`a qun njofzfr akj wnms p`rftfs ns cno`tk. (No Xfs, =863). Xkrqun akgk snfof of
BFXFN, of p`rftnrf jk ns aunst`j cn irftu`cfc, s`jk cn c`spkj`m`o`cfc.(BFXFN, =86>).
Nj no njtkrjk c`i`tfo, of bfa`o`cfc akj of qun oks akjtnj`cks v`fdfj pkr of rnc y of guot`tuc
cn bkrgfs nj ofs qun puncnj kbrnanrsn f oks usufr`ks, ef bfvkrna`ck of fpfr`a`j cn
snrv`a`ks qun, fprkvnaefjck ofs ofiujfs cn of oni`sofa`j y of fatufo tnajkokif, oks kbrnanj
cn gfjnrf irftu`tf y s`j futkr`zfa`j cn oks prkp`ntfr`ks, ouarjcksn pr`ja`pfognjtn f
trfvs cn oks `jirnsks pumo`a`tfr`ks n `gp`c`njck of jkrgfo nxpoktfa`j cn c`aeks
akjtnj`cks fuc`kv`sufons nj snrv`a`ks onit`gks.
Nj nstn akjtnxtk jfan no Xofj cn `gpuosk cn of nakjkgf c`i`tfo y oks akjtnj`cks c`i`tfons
cno Ikm`nrjk cn Nspff, nj auyf wnm sn puncn onnr qun nj su ndn @@ t`njn njtrn sus
kmdnt`vks of prktnaa`j cn of prkp`ncfc `jtnonatufo nj no njtkrjk c`i`tfo pfrf nv`tfr of
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-=>-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
nxpoktfa`j jk futkr`zfcf cn akjtnj`cks fuc`kv`sufons, no faansk f oks g`sgks y su
ut`o`zfa`j akgk rnaofgk pfrf kbnrtfr snrv`a`ks fdnjks.
Nj Nurkpf of s`tufa`j s`iun of g`sgf tnjcnja`f, akj no nstfmona`g`njtk cn onyns
rniuofckrfs cn ofs cnsafrifs `onifons qun njbrnjtfj f arnfckrns y usufr`ks. Foiujks pfsns
cn junstrk njtkrjk efj fpo`afck onyns fjt` cnsafrif, akgk Brfja`f (Ony cn Arnfa`j n
@jtnrjnt), ]n`jk ^j`ck (C`i`tfo Nakjkgy Fat) y Quna`f (Njbkrangnjt C`rnat`vn) njtrn
ktrks.
Oks cnrnaeks cn prkp`ncfc `jtnonatufo, tfjtk oks cnjkg`jfcks cnrnaeks cn futkr akgk oks
cnrnaeks fb`jns, skj inst`kjfcks pkr njt`cfcns onifognjtn akjst`tu`cfs qun, snij no
frtauok 639 cn of OX@, sn cnc`afj, nj jkgmrnprkp`k k fdnjk, f of inst`j cn cnrnaeks cn
nxpoktfa`j u ktrks cn afratnr pftr`gkj`fo, pkr aunjtf y nj `jtnrs cn vfr`ks futkrns u
ktrks t`tuofrns cn cnrnaeks cn prkp`ncfc `jtnonatufo.... Fs`g`sgk sn c`v`cnj nj trns
aftnikrfs. Xkr uj ofck, ofs njt`cfcns cn inst`j cn futkrns akgk CFGF (Cnrnaeks cn
Futkr cn Gnc`ks Fuc`kv`sufons)< njt`cfcns cn inst`j cn frt`stfs, `jtrprntns k ndnautfjtns
akgk F@QIN (Frt`stfs @jtrprntns Qka`ncfc cn Inst`j) y njt`cfcns cn inst`j cn
prkcuatkrns akgk NINCF (Njt`cfc cn Inst`j cn Xrkcuatkrns Fuc`kv`sufons).
Pkinse Mfdpf` y Xfruo Mfdpf` cnb`jnj of p`rftnrf akgk ten jfgn i`vnj tk ten `oonifo
akpy`ji fjc snoo`ji kb CRCs fjc ACs. (Mfdpf` y Mfdpf`, =86649=). F nstf cnb`j`a`j efmrf
qun ffc`r of p`rftnrf nj of rnc, prkp`a`fcf pkr of nx`stnja`f cn pi`jfs wnms cn
`jtnrafgm`k cn frae`vks nj rncns X=X (rnc njtrn pfrns pkr sus s`iofs nj `jios) qun
pnrg`tnj no `jtnrafgm`k njtrn krcnjfckrns `jtnrakjnatfcks cn akjtnj`cks sudntks f ofs
onyns cn akpyr`iet, uj akjanptk qun oks g`sgks futkrns cnb`jnj akgk f onifo tnrg
cnsar`m`ji ten nakjkg`a r`iets i`vnj tk arnftkrs kb o`tnrfry fjc frt`st`a wkrls, `jaouc`ji ten
r`iet tk rnprkcuan ten wkrl, tk gfln akp`ns, fjc tk pnrbkrg kr c`spofy ten wkrl pumo`aoy.
Fs`g`sgk sn nstfmonan uj pnr`kck onifo pfrf ndnra`tfr no cnrnaek, snij Sen Mnrjn
Akjvnjt`kj, ten 6552 `jtnrjft`kjfo firnngnjt ujcnr we`ae s`ijftkry stftns rnakij`zn nfae
ktenrs akpyr`ietnc wkrls, gfjcftns teft ten pnr`kc kb akpyr`iet prktnat`kj akvnr ten o`bnkb ten futekr pous >8 ynfrs.(Mfdpf` y Mfdpf`, =866493).
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-=2-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
Qnij of QIFN, no sjtkgf gs nv`cnjtn cn of p`rftnrf nj Nspff ns of `cnf cn of
irftu`cfc cn of auoturf qun sn ef `jstfofck nj junstrf rnfo`cfc. Ckjcn fjtns vnfgks f
`jg`irfjtns ifjjcksn uj c`jnrk irfa`fs fo tkp gfjtf, eky efy qun rnakjkanr of afpfa`cfc
cn cnsafrif gfs`vf cn oks krcnjfckrns pnrskjfons. Fujqun nx`stnj poftfbkrgfs qun
bfa`o`tfj no akjsugk o`mrn y irftu`tk cn akjtnj`cks qun jk skj akjs`cnrfcks onifons, efy qun
snfofr qun cnscn no pujtk cn v`stf cno akgpkrtfg`njtk ska`fo skj akjs`cnrfcks akgk
onit`gks. Qnij Gfjuno Afstnoos, Bkrgf pfrtn yf of cnsafrif irftu`tf cn m`njns auoturfons,
qun t`njnj uj trfmfdk cntrs, cn nsn ac`ik auoturfo akgj qun pfrnan afrfatnr`zfr f ofauoturf nj rnc, nsf auoturf cn ok nbgnrk, s`j cnrnaeks y kmo`ifa`kjns;(Afoondk, =863463=).
Xfrf of QIFN, of p`rftnrf supkjn uj og`tn fo buturk cn of `jcustr`f cno vcnk. Cn enaek,
akjs`cnrfj qun s` of junvf OX@ jk ftfaf akj aofr`cfc of p`rftnrf, jk vnrngks prkynatks
c`i`tfons qun tnjifj ifrfjtfs cn x`tk. ^jk cn oks pr`ja`pfons prkmongfs qun prnsnjtf no
gnrafck nspfko, nj no njtkrjk cno akjsugk cn gftnr`fo fuc`kv`sufo, ns of p`rftnrf. Qnij
oks cftks cn of Akfo`a`j cn Arnfckrns, nj =863 sn cnsafrifrkj nj Nspff 599 g`ookjns cn
frae`vks `onifons cn pnoauofs f trfvs cn @jtnrjnt, ok qun supusk ujfs prc`cfs cn 2.610
g`ookjns cn nurks nj no snatkr.
Qnij Sen Akaltf`o Fjfoys`s, uj 22% cn oks `jtnrjfutfs ut`o`zfj pfrf cnsafrifr `onifognjtn
prkirfgfs cn `jtnrafgm`k cn frae`vks (tkrrnjts, nguon, X=X) y uj 23% ok efanj gnc`fjtn
wnms cn njofans cn cnsafrif c`rnatf akgk Gnif k ]fp`csefrn njtrn ktrks. (Sen Akaltf`o
Fjfoys`s, =86>).
Qnij uj rna`njtn nstuc`k cno krifj`sgk @jtnrjnt Qka`nty, nx`stn ujf rnofa`j njtrn
akjtnj`ck c`spkj`mon y p`rftnrf. Cn tfo gkck ]fdjnse Q`jie fb`rgf rnspnatk f oks usufr`ks
cn @jtnrjnt4 Seny wfjt tk akjsugn akjtnjt wenj teny wfjtwe`ae `s usufooy fs skkj fs
`tsrnonfsnc(Q`jie, =863). Qnij Dufj Afroks Skus, c`rnatkr cn B`og`j, cn fqu f ujks
fks ofs pnoauofs snrj ofjzfcfs f of jumn y no usufr`k ofs akjsug`r akgk gndkr on vnjif.
@r fo a`jn s` qu`nrn, k of vnr nj su gv`o k nj su tfmontf s` on ns gs agkck, k nj ofs
tnonv`s`kjns akj w`b` qun nstj f pujtk cn sfotfr fo runck akjsug`stf. (Xmo`ak, =863).
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-=9-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
Nstk njofzf akj no fatufo gkcnok cn c`str`mua`j a`jngftkirb`af pkr vnjtfjfs qun snr
fgpo`fck nj no pujtk trns cno nstfck cn of aunst`j rnoft`vk fo vcnk mfdk cngfjcf.
Xkr ktrk ofck, nx`stn uj irfj tngkr f ujf pks`mon anjsurf y akjtrko cn @jtnrjnt, yf qun of
ony jk vf skok akjtrf ofs pi`jfs wnm akj j`gk cn ouark s`jk tfgm`j akjtrf fquno qun
"efyf afusfck k snf susanpt`mon cn afusfr uj cfk pftr`gkj`fo" f oks t`tuofrns cn cnrnaeks
cn futkr. F nstn rnspnatk, efy qu`j cnb`njcn qun of cnsafrif vf gs foo cno sfqunk cno
cnrnaek cn prkp`ncfcns `jtnonatufons. Qnij Ofafsf y R`oofjunvf, nj of cnsafrif efmrf ujpkcnr afpfz cn nxtnjcnr no akjsugk cn auoturf f fgpo`fs afpfs cn of ska`ncfc, akj
`jcnpnjcnja`f cn sus tnrr`tkr`ks, cn injnrfr ujf cngkarft`zfa`j cn of auoturf. (Afoondk,
=863463=).
Nj oks pfsns kaa`cnjtfons of p`rftnrf cn gftnr`fo fuc`kv`sufo ns v`stf, brnaunjtngnjtn,
akgk ujf s`gpon enrrfg`njtf fo snrv`a`k cno ka`k, pnrk aufjck jks fondfgks cn ofs
jfa`kjns gs cnsfrrkoofcfs, no faansk f c`aek gftnr`fo tkgf ujf junvf akjjktfa`j, yf qun
foo ckjcn of ncuafa`j pmo`af y ofs rncns cn c`str`mua`j auoturfo skj cnb`a`njtns, of
p`rftnrf sn akjv`nrtn nj uj gnc`k `jnouc`mon pfrf rnuj`r y c`bujc`r no akjka`g`njtk.
Qnij no nstuc`k Sen @gpfat kb Qkbtwfrn X`rfay kj @jaous`vn Eugfj Cnvnokpgnjt4 Nv`cnjan brkg
Fbr`af, `gpuosfck pkr no @jst`tutk Fbr`afjk cn Ikmnrjfjzf y Cnsfrrkook, fqunooks pfsns
qun `gpongnjtfj onyns gs nstr`atfs cn prktnaa`j cno akpyr`ietpkjnj nj r`nsik no boudk cn
gftnr`fo auoturfo y ncuaft`vk. (Fskjiu y Fjcrs, =8634=6).
Ofwrnjan O`fji nj su rnsnf skmrn no o`mrk cn Fruo Inkrin Qafr`f , X`rfay `j ten @jc`fj B`og
@jcustry4 Akpyr`iet fjc Auoturfo Akjskjfjan rnbonx`kjf skmrn of p`rftnrf nj nstks trg`jks4 @b
p`rfay `s f onifo prkmong, `t `s kjn pr`gfr`oy bkr ten gnc`f `jcustry fjc ten`r ofwynrs, mut bkr
ten rnst kb us `t. F ok qun ffcn4 teft teft `t `s gkrn f prkmong kb pr`a`ji tefj f onifo
prkmong. (O`fji, =863418).
7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
28/60
Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-=5-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
Qnij no s`iu`njtn nstuc`k rnfo`zfck nj Nspff pkr no G`j`stnr`k cn Ncuafa`j, Auoturf y
Cnpkrtn, no 99% cn ofs pnrskjfs njaunstfcfs gfj`bnst qun no fekrrk nakjg`ak nrf of
pr`ja`pfo rfzj pkr of qun cnsafrifmfj irftu`tfgnjtn vcnks cn @jtnrjnt.
Irb`ak =.64 Xnrskjfs qun efj cnsafrifck irftu`tfgnjtn vcnks cn @jtnrjnt nj uj tr`gnstrn (=868-=866) snij no gkt`vk cnc`aefs cnsafrifs. Bunjtn4 Nofmkrfa`j prkp`f f pfrt`r cn cftks cno GNAC
Qn njtrnv`st nx prkbnsk pfrf nstn trfmfdk f G`iuno Xrnz Qum`fs, prns`cnjtn cn of
Fska`fa`j cn ^sufr`ks cn @jtnrjnt cn Nspff, pfrf sfmnr s` akjanmfj @jtnrjnt akgk uj
gnc`k o`mrn ckjcn of p`rftnrf jk cnm`nrf pnrsniu`rsn onifognjtn. Qu rnspunstf sn trfjsar`mn
o`tnrfognjtn4
Cnscn junstrf krifj`zfa`j njtnjcngks qun akgpfrt`r akjtnj`cks njtrn pfrt`auofrns ns munjk
s`ngprn qun sn efif s`j j`gk cn ouark y qun c`aeks akjtnj`cks tnjifj uj kr`inj onifo.
Nstfgks nj akjtrf cn tkcks fqunooks qun sn ouarfj cn oks akjtnj`cks cn ktrks s`j qun efyf uj
faunrck prnv`k njtrn oks fbnatfcks y pkr supunstk njtnjcngks qun of rnspkjsfm`o`cfc nj nofaansk f uj akjtnj`ck t`njn qun nstfr nj no qun sumn f of rnc nstn akjtnj`ck y nj j`jij afsk
nj no njofan qun pnrg`tn oonifr f o. Arnngks qun no prkmongf cn of `jcustr`f cn oks akjtnj`cks
ns cn gkcnok cn jnika`k y jk cn p`rftnrf. Efj v`v`ck trfc`a`kjfognjtn cn of vnjtf cn akp`fs
(c`saks, cvcs, o`mrks y pnr`c`aks) y of akp`f nj of rnc t`njn uj akstn qun t`njcn f anrk y fcngs
puncn rnpo`afrsn cn bkrgf `jb`j`tf s`j pnrcnr afo`cfc akj skok uj ao`a y nstn ns no irfj rntk qun
t`njn qun supnrfr pfrf kbrnanr prkcuatks y snrv`a`ks ftrfat`vks y qun injnrnj `jtnrs nj oks
a`ucfcfjks qun jk skj p`rftfs s`jk onatkrns y nspnatfckrns cn sus akjtnj`cks.
6,>
2,9
65,1
30,9
98,9
99,3
Rnrok fjtns cn nbnatufr of akgprf
Jk njakjtrfrok nj uj nstfmona`g`njtk
Ekrfr`ks
]fp`cnz, jgnc`ftnz
Akgkc`cfc
Fekrrk nakjg`ak
Gkt`vks pfrf cnsafrifr irftu`tfgnjtn vcnks cn @jtnrjnt (%)
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-=0-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
=.6.1. Rcnk mfdk cngfjcf
No cnsfrrkook tnajkoi`ak v`jauofck f @jtnrjnt y oks c`spks`t`vks gv`ons (tfmonts,
krcnjfckrns pkrtt`ons y sgfrtpekjns) fs akgk f ofs v`cnkakjskofs y sgfrt SR efj
prkvkafck junvks em`tks cn akjsugk fuc`kv`sufons. ^jf junvf cngfjcf qun ef
gkc`b`afck ofs vfs cn nxpoktfa`j a`jngftkirb`afs y ef bfa`o`tfck no suri`g`njtk cn junvfs
`j`a`ft`vfs ngprnsfr`fons, akgk oks junvks gkcnoks cn jnika`k nj of c`str`mua`j cn
akjtnj`cks fuc`kv`sufons.
Nx`stnj vfr`ks gkcnoks cn c`str`mua`j cn a`jn kjo`jn. Of @XSR pnrg`tn no faansk f afjfons
cn tnonv`s`j f trfvs cno prktkakok cn @jtnrjnt, ckjcn no kpnrfckr cn rnc rnspkjcn pkr oks
cnrnaeks, akjtrko y c`str`mua`j cno akjtnj`ck. Xkr ndngpok, Pkgv`, Krfjin SR k
Gkv`stfr SR. No s`iu`njtn gkcnok snrf of Qgfrt SR, of tnonv`s`j `jtno`injtn akj
faans`m`o`cfc f @jtnrjnt. Xkr ot`gk, nstfrf no faansk kjo`jn fo akjtnj`ck f trfvs cn
jfvnifckrns faans`mons cnscn aufoqu`nr c`spks`t`vk akj @jtnrjnt (Jfvfrrk, =861462). Nstf
tnajkokif sn akjkan akgk R`cnk Kvnr-Sen-Skp(KSS) qun efan rnbnrnja`f f of njtrnif cn
akjtnj`ck fuc`kv`sufo f trfvs cn @jtnrjnt s`j qun nx`stf uj kpnrfckr `gpo`afck nj noakjtrko k c`str`mua`j cno akjtnj`ck. Fcngs, no usufr`k puncn faancnr f oks akjtnj`cks f
trfvs cn aufoqu`nr c`spks`t`vk akjnatfck f @jtnrjnt.
No fugnjtk cn c`spks`t`vks nonatrj`aks pkr pfrtn cn of pkmofa`j, no cnspo`niun prkirns`vk
cn of b`mrf pt`af f oks ekifrns y ofs rncns 3I pfrf c`spks`t`vks gv`ons efj prkp`a`fck uj
naks`stngf bfvkrfmon pfrf no cnsfrrkook cn poftfbkrgfs cn vcnk mfdk cngfjcf, R`cnk kj
Cngfjc(RkC) nj `jios. Qnij no @JN, no 93,3% cn oks ekifrns nspfkons t`njnj akjnx`j
f @jtnrjnt cn mfjcf fjaef sub`a`njtn pfrf pkcnr efanr usk cn oks snrv`a`ks cn vcnk mfdkcngfjcf.
F akjt`jufa`j sn prnsnjtfj ofs pr`ja`pfons ngprnsfs nspfkofs qun kbnrtfj fatufognjtn
snrv`a`ks cn vcnk mfdk cngfjcf f trfvs cn of gkcfo`cfc KSS nj strnfg`ji, qun pnrg`tn
qun oks vcnks sn puncfj v`s`kjfr afs` fo `jstfjtn (cnpnjc`njck cno fjaek cn mfjcf cno
usufr`k) yf qun jk efy qun nspnrfr f qun sn cnsafriunj.
Of s`iu`njtn tfmof gunstrf 63 ngprnsfs qun kbrnanj fo akjsug`ckr nspfko ujf kbnrtf onifo
cn ttuoks cn pnoauofs, snr`ns, akrtkgntrfdns y ckaugnjtfons. Oks cftks prkv`njnj cno
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-18-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
aftokik cn of kbnrtf onifo kjo`jn cn a`jn nj Nspff cno @AFF y nst fatufo`zfck fo fk
=863. Jk sn efj tnj`ck nj aunjtf ngprnsfs qun yf jk kpnrfj nj of fatufo`cfc y poftfbkrgfs
cn tnajkokif c`st`jtf fo vcnk-KSS.
Ofs akgpffs qun efj punstk nj gfraef `j`a`ft`vfs cn RkC kbrnanj uj aftokik
fuc`kv`sufo fgpo`k cn snr`ns y pnoauofs a`jngftkirb`afs qun puncnj snr akjsug`cfs nj
strnfg`ji, prnv`k pfik cn ujf susar`pa`j gnjsufo k uj foqu`onr. Nstn gkcnok cn jnika`k sn
akjkan akj no jkgmrn cn okji tf`o k ofrif akof, qun akjs`stn pr`ja`pfognjtn nj vnjcnr
gnjks cn gs, skmrn ujf fgpo`f ifgf cn prkcuatks nspna`fo`zfcks (Kdnr y Afpfp,=86=4650).
Gfraf akgnra`foCkg`a`o`k
Qka`fo Akjst`tua`j Stuoks C`spks`t`vksXrna`k
(foqu`onr/susar`pa`j)
G`v`cnkaoum.akg Mfranokjf =2/81/6000 658 XA, SR akjnatfcf 6,00-=,00
A`jnao`al.akg Afstnooj 6>/66/=886 6.888
XA, tfmont,sgfrpekjn, SRakjnatfcf 8-8,00-6,00 / 0,0>
B`ogktnae.akg Gfcr`c 65/8>/=883 1.>88XA, tfmont,sgfrtpekjns 8-8,>8-=,0> / 2,0>
@j-nc`t.tv Mfranokjf 86/80/=88> 93 XA 6,>-1
Fcjstrnfg.akg Gfcr`c ==/8=/=889 6>8
XA, tfmont,sgfrpekjn, SRakjnatfcf
8-8,006,00 / =,009,00
B`og`j.ns Mfranokjf 16/8>/=889 >.888
XA, tfmont,sgfrtpekjns, SRakjnatfcf 8,0>-1,0> / 6>
Jumnkx.akg Gfcr`c 6>/86/=868 =.888XA, tfmont, SRakjnatfcf 8,00-1,00
Yufl`.tv Mfranokjf =0/89/=868 3.>88
XA, tfmont,v`cnkakjskofs,SR akjnatfcf 8-6,00-3,00 / 2,00
Suaut.akg Aanrns =6/6=/=866 =.888
XA, tfmont,
sgfrtpekjns 3,00 (susar`pa`j)388b`ogs.akg Gfcr`c 89/81/=86= 638 XA 6,0>=,3>
Bnnogflnrs.akg Gfcr`c =1/66/=86= 188
XA, tfmont,sgfrpekjn, SRakjnatfcf 8,08-1 / 5-98
Xno`auofscna`jnkjo`jn.akg Fo`afjtn 63/85/=861jk
c`spkj`monXA, tfmont,sgfrtpekjns 8-=,00
Mukji.tv/nsQtf.AruzSnjnr`bn 8>/80/=861 28 XA 8-6,00
Sktfo Aefjjno.akg Mfranokjf 61/81/=863 ==8 XA, tfmont 6=-65 (susar`pa`j)
Sfmof =.64 Ngprnsfs cn vcnk mfdk cngfjcf qun kpnrfj nj Nspff. Bunjtn4 Nofmkrfa`j prkp`f f pfrt`r cn cftks cno @AFF
y MK]GN
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-16-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
Qnij uj nstuc`k cn of akgpff cn `jvnst`ifa`j cn gnrafcks SJQ skmrn no akjka`g`njtk
y usk RkC pkr gfraf, ofs trns ngprnsfs gs akjka`cfs pkr oks njaunstfcks, tnj`njck nj
aunjtf of tfmof fjtnr`kr, snrfj Yufl` Jumnkx y B`og`j.
Irb`ak =.=4 Akjka`g`njtk y usk RkC pkr gfraf. Bunjtn4 Nofmkrfa`j prkp`f f pfrt`r cn cftks cn SJQ
Akgk sn cnsprnjcn cno irb`ak, no enaek cn qun of akjkzafj jk `gpo`af qun of ut`o`anj k of
tnjifj akjtrftfcf nj of fatufo`cfc, yf qun oks rft`ks kmtnj`cks sn puncnj akjs`cnrfr mfdks.
Xkr ktrk ofck, uj nstuc`k cn @aofvns gkstrfmf of c`spkj`m`o`cfc cn oks usufr`ks pfrf pfifr
pkr snrv`a`ks cn vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j 38% cn oks njaunstfcks nstfrfj c`spunstks f
pfifr pkr vnr ujf pnoauof cn nstrnjk.
Irb`ak =.14 ^sufr`ks c`spunstks f pfifr pkr rnprkcuaa`j kjo`jn. Bunjtn4 Nofmkrfa`j prkp`f f pfrt`r cn cftks cn @aofvns
Qnij uj nstuc`k rna`njtn cn of INQFA (Nurkpnfj Irkup`ji kb Qka`nt`ns kb Futekrs fjc
Akgpksnrs), Gnfsur`ji auoturfo fjc arnft`vn gfrlnts `j ten N^, oks gkcnoks cn c`str`mua`j
39,331,=
63,=
1,2 =,0 6,28
68
=8
18
38
>8
Yufl` Jumnkx B`og`j
Sktfo akjkan (%)
Ok ut`o`zk/tnjik
akjtrftfck (%)
38%
1>%
=2%
==%
8% =8% 38% 28% 58% 688%
Xnoauof nstrnjk
Xnoauof aftokik
Qnr`n SR nstrnjk
Qnr`n aftokik
^sufr`ks c`spunstks f pfifr pkr rnprkcuaa`j kjo`jn (%)
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-1=-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
c`i`tfo nstj arna`njck rp`ck, pnrk skj tkcfvf gfri`jfons. ]nspnatk fo RkC snfof qun
efs irkwj brkg fogkst jkte`ji b`vn ynfrs fik tk faakujt bkr frkujc f qufrtnr kb tktfo mkx
kbb`ans rnvnjun (6.3m kb2.1m) `j =861.(RR.FF., =863423).
Qnij uj nstuc`k cn Faanjturn, oks pr`ja`pfons fspnatks cn pfik pfrf oks usufr`ks cn
akjtnj`ck kjo`jn snrfj of rfp`cnz cn cnsafrif y oks prna`ks fdustfcks, akgk sn gunstrf nj
no s`iu`njtn irb`ak4
Irb`ak =.34 Xr`ja`pfons fspnatks cn pfik pfrf oks usufr`ks cn akjtnj`ck kjo`jn. Bunjtn4 Nofmkrfa`j prkp f f pfrt`r cn cftks cnFaanjturn
^jf cn ofs cnm`o`cfcns qun prnsnjtfj nstfs ngprnsfs ns of cnpnjcnja`f akj ktrks snatkrns
akgk prkcuatkrfs cn akjtnj`ck, kpnrfckrfs cn tnonakguj`afa`kjns y ujf oni`sofa`j bunrf
cn Nspff qun ons `gp`cn kbrnanr sus snrv`a`ks bunrf cn junstrfs brkjtnrfs.
Nj Nspff forncnckr cno 58% cn ofs pnoauofs nxe`m`cfs nstj prkcua`cfs pkr ofs irfjcns
gfdkrscn Ekooywkkc y ns ujf tnjcnja`f qun sn rnp`tn nj tkcf Nurkpf, f pnsfr cn ofs auktfs
`gpunstfs pfrf prktninr fo a`jn jfa`kjfo y nurkpnk. (Kdnr y Afpfp, =86=4650).
Ofs pr`ja`pfons prkcuatkrfs a`jngftkirb`afs cno gujck, akjka`cfs akgk gfdkrs skj sn`s
akgpffs4 Xfrfgkujt X`aturns, ^j`vnrsfo, =8te Anjtury Bkx, Yfrjnr Mrktenrs, Yfot
C`sjny y Qkjy-Akougm`f X`aturns. Nstfs gfdkrsakjtrkofj tkcfs ofs bfsns cn arnfa`j cn ujf
pnoauof, cnscn of `cnf efstf of nxe`m`a`j nj oks a`jns. Nstk jks oonvf f efmofr cn of
nxpoktfa`j cn of kmrf a`jngftkirb`af nj c`bnrnjtns vnjtfjfs.
=8%
=>%
1=%
1>%
1>%
1>,>8%
19,18%
Bfa`o`cfc cn faansk (guot`c`spks`t`vks)
Fgpo`k aftokik
Akjtnj`ck prng`ug (nstrnjks)
Fotf afo`cfc cn v`cnk (EC,Buoo-EC)
Mfdf pumo`a`cfc
Xrna`ks fdustfcks
]fp`cnz cn cnsafrif
7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-11-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
Of pr`gnrf vnjtfjf ns of nxe`m`a`j cn of pnoauof nj ofs sfofs cn a`jn. Srfjsaurr`cks
auftrk gnsns cn of nxe`m`a`j cn of pnoauof nj sfofs, of s`iu`njtn vf cn nxpoktfa`j ns of
tnonv`s`j nj gkcfo`cfcpfy pnr v`nw k of c`str`mua`j kjo`jn. Cnspus sn pkcr fcqu`r`r nj
foqu`onr y pkstnr`krgnjtn nj oks afjfons cn tnonv`s`j cn pfik. P f pfrt`r cn nstn gkgnjtk,
snrj ofs tnonv`s`kjns nj fm`nrtk qu`njns puncfj fcqu`r`r oks cnrnaeks cn ng`s`j cn ofs
kmrfs a`jngftkirb`afs.
Nj mfsn f nstk, kaurrn qun aufjck vfgks f foqu`ofr ujf pnoauof, oonvf akoifcf nj @jtnrjnt
auftrk gnsns. Nstk akjnatf akj of `cnf cn qun nx`stn ujf rnofa`j njtrn akjtnj`ckc`spkj`mon y p`rftnrf akgk yf fpujtfmf uj rna`njtn nstuc`k cn of krifj`zfa`j @jtnrjnt
Qka`nty. Qnij oks cftks cn of Akfo`a`j cn Arnfckrns rnoft`vks fo =86=, no 3=% cn ofs
cnsafrifs `onifons akrrnspkjcfj f akjtnj`ck qun vf cnscn no nstrnjk nj a`jns efstf no
ofjzfg`njtk nj CRC/Mou-]fy.
Of pnoauof Afrg`jf k ]nv`njtf cn Xfak Onj cnsfb` no a`rau`tk cn vnjtfjfs cn
nxpoktfa`j y sn nstrnj s`guotjnfgnjtn nj ofs sfofs cn a`jn, CRC y poftfbkrgfs cn
@jtnrjnt akgk B`og`j njtrn ktrfs. Xnsn efmnr subr`ck no mk`akt cn ofs nxe`m`ckrfs, of pnoauofgfra uj e`tk fo akjvnrt`rsn nj of pnoauof akj gs v`s`kjfcks onifons nj of rnc nj of
e`stkr`f cn Nspff. Fujqun snf nv`cnjtn cn qun sn trftf cn uj afsk f`sofck y nxanpa`kjfo
cnjtrk cn of `jcustr`f, nstf nstrftni`f ef cngkstrfck qun ktrk gkcnok cn jnika`k ns pks`mon
nj no gnrafck fuc`kv`sufo nspfko. (Fiufck y cno X`jk, =86=420).
Xfrf b`jfo`zfr, efy qun cndfr akjstfja`f qun no gkcnok nj no qun sn b`dfj ofs ngprnsfs
nspfkofs ns of poftfbkrgf nstfckuj`cnjsn Jntbo`x. Qn trftf cno kr`inj cno fatufo gkcnok cn
jnika`k nj strnfg`ji. Ofs aofvns cn su x`tk sn mfsfj nj kbrnanr uj fgpo`k aftokikfuc`kv`sufo, nj of `jjkvfa`j akjt`juf pfrf sft`sbfanr gndkr f sus ao`njtns y nj su vf cn
`jirnsks, of susar`pa`j (Kdnr y Afpfp, =86=4650). Nj of fatufo`cfc t`njnj prnsnja`f nj
tkcf Fgr`af y nj Fongfj`f, Brfja`f, Quna`f, ]n`jk ^j`ck n @rofjcf njtrn ktrks pfsns.
Qnij pumo`a no c`fr`k No Xfs f rfz cn ofs rnvnofa`kjns cn Y`l`onfls, of Ngmfdfcf
nstfckuj`cnjsn nj Nspff c`sn ujf g`jua`ksf nstrftni`f nj =889 y akoka of prkp`ncfc
`jtnonatufo akgk tngf pr`kr`tfr`k nj su finjcf. (No Xfs, =868). Fujqun Jntbo`x jk sn ef
gfj`bnstfck fo rnspnatk, su cnsngmfrak nj Nspff ns `jg`jnjtn. Foiujks gnc`ks akgkNxpfjs`jkNurkpf Xrnssfpujtfj fo ktkk cno =86>.
7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-13-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
1.
]NQ^OSFCKQ. AKJAO^Q@KJNQ. C@QA^Q@J
1.6. ]nsuotfcks
Oks pr`ja`pfons rnsuotfcks qun sn efj kmtnj`ck cn of `jvnst`ifa`j sn prnsnjtfj f
akjt`jufa`j cn bkrgf irb`af pfrf bfa`o`tfr of `jtnrprntfa`j cn oks g`sgks. Oks irb`aks
ut`o`zfcks kbrnanj `jbkrgfa`j jugr af y nstfcst`af cno kmdntk nstuc`fck cn tfo gkck qun
puncfj trfjsg`t`r akjtnj`cks cn gfjnrf gs nb`a`njtn qun of gnrfgnjtn tnxtufo.
1.6.6. ]nsuotfcks skmrn of p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo
Nx`stnj guaefs t`pkokifs pnjfons qun puncnj akgntnrsn gnc`fjtn no usk cn ok qun ef
vnj`ck f cnjkg`jfrsn ofs junvfs tnajkokifs. Xfrf akjarntfr ujks ar`tnr`ks qun
gntkckoi`afgnjtn bunrfj akgpfrfmons akj oks pfsns cn junstrk njtkrjk, no G`j`stnr`k
cno @jtnr`kr cna`c` ngponfr ofs t`pkokifs pnjfons cnsar`tfs nj no Akjvnj`k skmrn
A`mnrar`g`jfo`cfc cn Mucfpnst. Oks t`pks pnjfons akjarntks qun fmfraf y oks gnc`ks qun sn
akjs`cnrf qun cnmnj ngponfrsn pfrf su akg`s`j sn cntfoofj f akjt`jufa`j4
CNJKG@JFA@JAC@IKXNJFO
NQXFKO
S@XK ENAEKQNA
RF]@FMONQ QNA F^S@O@TF]
Akjtrf of prkp`ncfc`jcustr`fo/`jtnonatufo
QNA7 Q`stngf Nstfcst`akcn Ar`g`jfo`cfc
Frts. =98 f =99 y2=1.> cno Ac`ikXnjfo (akjtrf ofprkp`ncfc`jtnonatufo y akjtrfof prkp`ncfc`jcustr`fo)
CNO@SKQAKJS]F OFX]KX@NCFC
@JSNONAS^FO
Gnc`k Ngponfck4@jtnrjnt/`jbkrgt`af,
Snonbkjf/akguj`afa`kjns,@jtrfjnt y ktrfs rncns, pi`jfscn strnfg`ji, rncns cn frae`vksakgpfrt`cks X=X, pi`jfs cncnsafrifs c`rnatfs, pi`jfs cnnjofans, mokis y akrrnksnonatrj`aks, rncns ska`fons.
CNO@SKQ
AKJS]F OFX]KX@NCFC@JC^QS]@FO
Aufcrk 1.64 S`pks pnjfons y gnc`ks ngponfcks pfrf of akg`s`j cno cno`tk. Bunjtn4 Nofmkrfa`j prkp`f f pfrt`r cn cftks cnoG`j`stnr`k cno @jtnr kr
Nj pr`gnr ouifr, sn musa no jgnrk cn cno`tks akgnt`cks akjtrf of prkp`ncfc
`jcustr`fo/`jtnonatufo pkr fk. Qn ef cn akjs`cnrfr qun no G`j`stnr`k cno @jtnr`kr jk kbrnan
oks cftks cn cno`tks skmrn of prkp`ncfc `jtnonatufo cnsioksfcks.
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-1>-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
Qnij sn cnsprnjcn cn oks cftks skmrn a`mnrar`g`jfo`cfc qun fpkrtf of tfmof 1.6, njtrn ofs
t`pkokifs pnjfons gs akgnt`cfs akj ofs junvfs tnajkokifs nj Nspff sn s`tfj oks
cnjkg`jfcks brfucns `jbkrgt`aks, sniu`cks f guaef c`stfja`f pkr oks cno`tks akjtrf of
prkp`ncfc `jcustr`fo n `jtnonatufo, qun skmrn no tktfo cn irupks cno`at`vks supusk uj 8,3% nj
no fk =861.
I]^XKQ CNO@AS@RKQ =866 =86= =861
6. B]F^CN @JBK]GS@AK =6.89> =9.=16 =2.223
=. FGNJFTFQ P AKFAA@KJNQ 0.510 0.=89 0.823
1. AKJS]F NO EKJK] 6.036 6.506 6.021
3. BFOQ@B@AFA@J @JBK]GS@AF 6.528 6.2=> 6.285
>. FAANQK N @JSN]ANXSFA@J @OA@SF 6.30= 6.986 6.58>
2. CNO@SKQ QNU^FONQ 9>> 96> 925
9. @JSN]BN]NJA@F NJ OKQ CFSKQ P NJ NO Q@QSNGF ==5 =05 1>0
5. AKJS]F OF X]KX@NCFC @JC^QS]@FO/@JSNONAS^FO === 633 69=
0. CNO@SKQ AKJS]F OF QFO^C XMO@AF 32 31 13
SKSFO 19.3>5 3=.5>> 3=.319
Sfmof 1.64 S`pkokifs pnjfons gs akgnt`cfs akj ofs junvfs tnajkokifs nj Nspff njtrn oks fks =866 y =861. Bunjtn4Nofmkrfa`j prkp`f f pfrt`r cn cftks cno G`j`stnr k cno @jtnr`kr
C`aek pkranjtfdn pkcrf `jc`afrjks qun no jc`an cn a`mnrar`g`jfo`cfc akjtrf of prkp`ncfc
`jcustr`fo/`jtnonatufo jk rnsuotf s`ij`b`aft`vk, fs akgk cnsar`m`r uj nsanjfr`k ckjcn nstn
t`pk cn cno`tks fpnjfs sn akgntnj k sn pnrs`iunj nj Nspff, ok qun akjtrfstf akj oks
j`vnons cn p`rftnrf nx`stnjtns, ujk cn oks kmdnt`vks cn of `jvnst`ifa`j auyks rnsuotfcks sn
prkancnj f gkstrfr f akjt`jufa`j.
^jk cn oks prkps`tks cno s`iu`njtn trfmfdk nrf cntnrg`jfr s` no t`pk cn pnrb`o gfykr`tfr`k cn
`jtnrjfutf qun rnfo`zf cnsafrifs irftu`tfs cn vcnk nj @jtnrjnt rnspkjcf f
akgpkrtfg`njtks nspnab`aks ftnjc`njck f vfr`fmons ska`kcngkirb`afs akgk irupks cn
ncfc, snxk, j`vno cn nstuc`ks, s`tufa`j ofmkrfo y ouifr cn rns`cnja`f. F nstn rnspnatk sn ef
efoofck uj pnrb`o t`pk, qun akrrnspkjcnrf akj uj vfrj dkvnj akj nstuc`ks gnc`ks, qun jk
trfmfdf y jk rns`cn nj afp`tfo cn prkv`ja`f.
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-12-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
Irb`ak 1.64 Xnrskjfs qun rnfo`zfrkj cnsafrifs irftu`tfs cn vcnk nj @jtnrjnt nj uj tr`gnstrn (=868-=866). Bunjtn4 Nofmkrfa`jprkp`f f pfrt`r cn cftks cno GNAC
65,1
65,0
=6,6
65,=
61,6
=8,=
==,0
6,>
35,>
1,5
0,0
8,=
>,9
62,6
=2,=
=9,9
=1,>
=0,5
=8,>
=0
32,>
63,>
=8,>
69,3
Afp`tfons cn prkv`ja`f
Gs cn 688.888 efm`tfjtns
Cn >8.886 f 688.888 efm`tfjtnsCn 68.886 f >8.888 efm`tfjtns
Cn gnjks cn 68.886 efm`tfjtns
SFGFK CN G^J@A@X@K
Srfmfdfjck
Xfrfck
Dum`ofck k rnt`rfck cno trfmfdk
Nstuc`fjtn
Ofmkrns cno ekifr
KtrksQ@S^FA@J OFMK]FO
Q`j akgpontfr nsakofr`zfa`j ms`af
Nsakofr`zfa`j ms`af s`j ttuok
Nsakofr`zfa`j ms`af akj ttuok
Mfae`oonrftk
Bkrgfa`j prkbns`kjfo
Njsnfjzf uj`vnrs`tfr`f
J@RNO CN NQS^C@KQ
Cn >> fks y gsCn 3> f >3 fks
Cn 1> f 33 fks
Cn => f 13 fks
Cn 6> f =3 fks
NCFC
Gudnrns
Rfrkjns
IJN]K
SKSFO
% pnrskjfs qun rnfo`zfrkj cnsafrifs irftu`tfs cn vcnk nj @jtnrjnt nj % skmrn of pkmofa`j tktfo
7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-19-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
@jtnrjnt sn nst akjv`rt`njck afcf vnz gs nj of vf efm`tufo pfrf faancnr f akjtnj`cks
fuc`kv`sufons (vcnks, pnoauofs k snr`ns). Akgk pkcngks kmsnrvfr pkr ok cftks cno
s`iu`njtn irb`ak, no jgnrk cn pnrskjfs njtrn 63 y 98 fks qun efj cnsafrifck foij
frae`vk fuc`kv`sufo ef fugnjtfck nj =861 uj 98,9%, gfrafjck of a`brf gs fotf cn oks
cftks e`str`aks.
Irb`ak 1.=4 G`ookjns cn frae`vks fuc`kv`sufons cnsafrifcks pkr `jc`v`cuks cn 63 f 98 fks nj oks ot`gks trns gnsns k gnjks.Bunjtn4 Nofmkrfa`j prkp`f f pfrt`r cn cftks cn of QIFN
Jk kmstfjtn, nj aufjtk f ofs fat`v`cfcns rnofa`kjfcfs akj of v`sufo`zfa`j y cnsafrif cn
pnoauofs y snr`ns, sn akjaouyn qun sn ef `jvnrt`ck no rko prnckg`jfjtn, yf qun of prnbnrnja`fcn oks usufr`ks cn @jtnrjnt pkr cnsafrifr no akjtnj`ck sn ef `jvnrt`ck f bfvkr cn vnrok
kjo`jn. Akgk sn puncn fprna`fr nj no irb`ak 1.1, curfjtn no fk =861 no pkranjtfdn cn
`jtnrjfutfs qun cna`c`nrkj vnr vcnks s`j cnsafrifr fugnjt prkirns`vfgnjtn. Of onaturf
qun puncn nxtrfnrsn ns qun prna`sfgnjtn no fugnjtk cn of vnoka`cfc cn akjnx`j f @jtnrjnt
nst pnrg`t`njck gfjtnjnr of cnsafrif cn akjtnj`ck g`njtrfs sn rnprkcuan no vcnk,
bujcfgnjtfo pfrf uj jnika`k akgk no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf.
3.=58.888
1.901.888
1.>=1.888
3.>1=.968 3.366.888
1.6>9.668
>.155.338
8
6.>88.888
1.888.888
3.>88.888
2.888.888
=889 =885 =880 =868 =866 =86= =861
Sktfo pkmofa`j 63-98 fks qun cnsafrif fuc`kv`sufo cn @jtnrjnt
7/21/2019 La piratera audiovisual en Internet y el vdeo bajo demanda. Un anlisis conjunto a travs del periodismo de datos
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Bfauotfc cn A`nja`fs cn of Akguj`afa`j^j`vnrs`cfc ]ny Dufj Afroks
-15-
Futkr4 ]fo Bfmnok IkjzonzOf p`rftnrf fuc`kv`sufo nj @jtnrjnt y no vcnk mfdk cngfjcf. ^j fjo`s`s akjdujtk f trfvs cno pnr`kc`sgk cn cftks
F nstn rnspnatk, snij no @JN, no 58% cn oks ekifrns nspfkons c`spkjnj cn akjnx`j f
@jtnrjnt cn mfjcf fjaef sub`a`njtn pfrf pkcnr usfr oks snrv`a`ks cn vcnk mfdk cngfjcf.
(@JN, =86>). Fcngs, no cnsfrrkook cn of b`mrf pt`af ef enaek pks`mon qun sn c`sbrutn cn
akjnx`kjns f fotf k gnc`f vnoka`cfc, pkr ok qun ns pks`mon trfjsg`t`r ujf irfj afjt`cfc cn
cftks nj pkak t`ngpk y akj guaef c`stfja`f pkr gnc`k.
Irb`ak 1.14 Fat`v`cfcns rnfo`zfcfs pkr oks usufr`ks cn @jtnrjnt nj oks ot`gks 18 cfs nj no pnr`kck =868-=861. Bunjtn4Nofmkrfa`j prkp`f f pfrt`r cn cftks cn of QIFN
Q` ftnjcngks f oks faansks `onifons pkr pfrtn cn oks usufr`ks cno Irb`ak 1.3 cnstfaf no
cnsanjsk akjt`jufck cno jgnrk cn usufr`ks cn @jtnrjnt qun p`rftnfj pnoauofs snij no
Kmsnrvftkr`k cn of X`rftnrf cnpnjc`njtn cn of Akfo`a`j cn Arnfckrns, f pnsfr cn qun nopkranjtfdn rnoft`vk fo =861 sn akjs`cnrf nonvfck. Fujqun nj nstn irb`ak no pkranjtfdn cn
usufr`ks qun