TABLE OF CONTENTSExperiment 1: Velocity Measurement Using Pitot Tube.1.1SUMMARY/ABSTRACT.Inthisexperiment, thereareonemajorthingshouldbedonewhicharedeterminingtheairflowvelocityalongthePitot tube!ccordingfromthat, thereisvelocityprofilesproducedduetothedifferent in pressure when doing this experiment "static pressure and stagnation pressure# $ased onthat, $ernoulli%s e&uations are needed to compute the velocity for each condition1.2PURPOSE/OBJECTIES.In this experiment student will learn the method of measuring air flow velocity using Pitot tube Then,the student will understand the wor'ingprinciple of Pitot tube as well as the importance of$ernoulli%s e&uation in deriving and calculating the velocity1.!T"EORY.1E#PERIMENT 1: V()*+IT, M(!-U.(M(/T U-I/0 PIT*T TU$(N$. Tit%e P&'e1.1 -ummary1!bstract 21.2 Purpose and *bjective 21.! Theory 21.( (&uipment and 3escription of (xperimental !pparatus 41.) Procedure 51.* 3ata, *bservation and .esult 61.+ !nalysis and 3iscussions 781., +onclusions 771.- .eferences 771.1. !ppendixes 77E#PERIMENT 2: 3(T(.MI/I/0 *9 3I-+:!.0( +*(99I+I(/TN$. Tit%e P&'e2.1 -ummary1!bstract 7;2.2 Purpose and *bjective 7;2.! Theory 7;2.( (&uipment and 3escription of (xperimental !pparatus 72.1. .eferences ;8! pitot tube is used to explore the developing boundary layer in the entry length of a pipe which hasair drawn through it ?ith Pitot tube, the velocity distribution profiles can be determined at a numberof cross@sections at different locations along a pipe ?ith Pitot tube, air flow velocities in the pipe canbe obtained by first measuring the pressure difference of the moving air in the pipe at two points,where one of the points is at static velocity The $ernoulli e&uation is then applied to calculate thevelocity from the pressure difference A ;;gh orpv="7#p is the pressure difference between the pitot tube and the wall pressure tapping measured usingmanometer ban'provided"gxwherexisthelevel of fluidusedinthemanometer), histhepressuredifferenceexpressedasaAheadA ofthefluidbeingmeasured"air#Theairdensityat theatmospheric pressure and temperature of that day"'g1m2# ,gis gravitational acceleration constant">67 m1s;#?hen fluid flows past a stationary solid wall, the shear stress set up close to this boundary due to therelative motion between the fluid and the wall leads to the development of a flow boundary layerThe boundary layer may be either laminar or turbulent in nature depending on the flow .eynoldsnumberThegrowthofthisboundarylayer canberevealedbystudyingthevelocityprofilesatselected cross@sections,the core regionstill outsidetheboundarylayer showingup as anarea ofmore or less uniform velocity If velocity profiles for cross@sections different distances from the pipeentrancearecompared, therateof growthof theboundarylayer alongthepipelengthcanbedetermined *ncetheboundarylayerhasgrowntothepoint whereitfillsthewholepipecross@section this is termed Bfully developed pipe flowBRe/n$%01 N2m3erThe .eynolds number is a measure of the way in which a moving fluid encounters an obstacle ItAsproportional tothefluidAsdensity, thesiCeof theobstacle, andthefluidAsspeed, andinverselyproportional to the fluidAs viscosity "viscosity is the measure of a fluidAs Bthic'nessB@@for example,honey has a much larger viscosity than water does#

vd= .e2 D 9luid densityv D fluid velocitydD obstacle siCe D +oefficient of fluid dynamic viscosity! small .eynolds number refers to a flow in which the fluid has a low density so that it respondseasilytoforces, encountersasmall obstacle, moves slowly, or hasalargeviscosityto'eepitorganiCed In such a situation, the fluid is able to get around the obstacle smoothly in what is 'nownasBlaminarflowB ,oucandescribesuchlaminarflowasdominatedbythefluidAsviscosity@@itAstendency to move smoothly together as a cohesive material! large .eynolds number refers to a flow in which the fluid has a large density so that it doesnAtrespond easily to forces, encounters a large obstacle, moves rapidly, or has too small a viscosity to'eep it organiCed In such a situation, the fluid canAt get around the obstacle without brea'ing up intoturbulent swirls and eddies ,ou can describe such turbulent flow as dominated by the fluidAs inertia@@the tendency of each portion of fluid to follow a path determined by its own momentumThe transition from laminar to turbulent flow, critcal flow, occurs at a particular range of .eynoldsnumber "usually around ;=88# $elow this range, the flow is normally laminarE above it, the flow isnormally turbulentC&%42%&ti$n $5 &ir 5%$6 7e%$4it/The manometer tube li&uid levels must be used to calculate pressure differences,h and pressureheads in all these experiments -tarting with the basic e&uation of hydrostaticsDp F gh ";#?e can follow this procedure through using the following definitionsD(xampleDManometer tubes 7"static Gpressure%H# ;"stagnation Gpressure%#3)i&uid surface readings"mm#I7 I;!ngle of inclination, F 8GPressure% term is used since this reading is in mm of manometer fluid and not the pressure of unit PaTherefore the e&uivalent vertical separation of li&uid levels in manometer tubes,h F "x7 @ x;#cos"2#If ' is the density of the 'erosene in the manometer, the e&uivalent pressure difference p isDp F ' gh F' g"x7 @ x;# cos "< mm, 55