Lab 8-Urinary System Anatomy and Urinalysis

8/2/2019 Lab 8-Urinary System Anatomy and Urinalysis

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Urinary System Anatomy

and Urinalysis

Lab 8

Week of 3/19


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Urinary System


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Kidneys


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Cortex and Medulla


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, ,Urethra


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Parts of the Nephron


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Parts of the Nephron


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Histology of Tubes

Thicker parts are simple cuboidalepithelium, thinner parts are simplesquamous epithelium

Areas such as the PCT and CD havelots of mitochondria for activetransport


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Urine Production

In the glomerulus theplasma is still consideredpart of the blood. Once ithas been filtered acrossinto Bowman's capsule it iscalled filtrate.

Filtration: blood pressurepushes fluid (i.e. plasma)across a filtrationmembrane(the capillary

membrane)

Reabsorption: movementof fluid from filtrate backinto the blood.

Secretion: movement ofwastes from the blood into


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Appearance of Specimen

Color

Normal: straw or ambercolored

Reddish amber:

urobilinogen orporphyrin

Brownish yellow, green:bile pigments

Red to brown : blood or

blood pigments Transparency

Normal: clear, maybecome cloudy uponstanding

Cloudy: bacteria, pus,

pH

Range is from 4.5-8.0

Normally around 6.0

Diet can greatly affect

pH Odor

Slightly aromatic, willbegin to smell likeammonia after standingdue to the action ofbacteria


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Specific Gravity

Determines the amount of solutesdissolved in the urine

Water has a SG of 1.000

Urine is normally between 1.001 -1.030

Very low: diabetes insipidus,nephritis (i.e. very dilute urine)

Very high: diabetes mellitus,proteinuria (i.e. very concentratedurine


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Normal Urine Sample

pH: averages about 6, range 4.5-8.0

Specific Gravity: between 1.001-1.030

Excess salts and minerals: Na+,K+, P04-, S04-

Excess vitamins Small amounts ofUrea


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Abnormal Components ofUrine Sample

Glucose Normally absent, seen in

diabetes mellitus, andsometimes after exerciseor a meal high in sugar

content Glycosuria: excess

glucose in the urine

Proteins Excessive exercise,

nephritis, trauma

Albuminuria: excessalbumin in the urine

Ketones Produced during excessive

fat metabolism, diabetesmellitus

Ketonouria: excessketones in the urine

If found with glycosuria, isdiagnostic for diabetesmellitus

RBC Almost always pathologic,

due to trauma or urinarytract infections. Canindicate contaminationwith menstrual flow

Hematuria: excess RBCsin the urine


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Abnormal Components ofUrine Sample

Nitrites Can indicate bacterial

infection such as UTI

Bile Pigments: often seen inliver disease such as

jaundice Bilirubinuria: excess bile

pigments in urine Bilirubin is formed during

hemolysis of RBCs and isexcreted by the liver into the

gallbladder.

Can be signaled by a yellow foamon top of urine sample aftershaking

Urobilinogen: produced inintestines, some is excreted

into the urine and give urineits characteristic color. Some

Leukocytes: usually onlyseen when there is aninfection of the urinarytract

Pyuria: WBCs in theurine.

Casts: hardened cellfragments, usuallycylindrical found in the

urine Almost always pathologic

Can only observe casts bydoing a sediment studysee end of notes


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Lab 8-Urinary System Anatomy and Urinalysis