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Lab Analyseswhat they can tell you
what they can’t
and how to know the difference
Sample Types
• direct microscopic• bulk sample, tape lift, BioStrip
• culture samples• bulk sample, swab, Hycon
• spore traps• Air-O-Cell, MCEM, Micro-5
• viable air samples • RCS, Andersen
Direct Microscopic
will tell you
• is there a fungus growing here?
• what is it?but not
• how much of it is there?
• how widespread is it?
• how long has it been there?
Sample Types
• direct microscopic• bulk sample, tape lift, BioStrip
• culture samples• bulk sample, swab, Hycon
• spore traps• Air-O-Cell, MCEM, Micro-5
• viable air samples • RCS, Andersen
Cultured Samples
can tell you
• could viable fungal propagules be isolated from the substrate?– will they grow and thrive in vitro?
• what type of fungi were isolated?
• how many?but not
• were they actually growing there?
Sample Types
• direct microscopic• bulk sample, tape lift, BioStrip
• culture samples• bulk sample, swab, Hycon
• spore traps• Air-O-Cell, MCEM, Micro-5
• viable air samples • RCS, Andersen
Spore Traps
can tell you
• how many fungal elements were in the air at the moment of sampling?
• based on their appearance, to which fungal grouping do they belong?
Spore Traps
can’t tell you
• are the elements living or dead?
• precisely what are they?
• is there fungal growth in the area, and where?
• will they still be there tomorrow?
• is the room safe?
Sample types
• direct microscopic• bulk sample, tape lift, BioStrip
• culture samples• bulk sample, swab, Hycon
• spore traps• Air-O-Cell, MCEM, Micro-5
• viable air samples • RCS, Andersen
Viable Air Samples
can tell you
• how many culturable fungal elements were in the air at the moment of sampling?
• in culture, will they produce enough distinguishing characteristics to name them?
• if so, to which genus and/or species do they belong?
Viable Air Samples
can’t tell you
• is there non-viable fungal material in the air?
• is there fungal growth in the area, and where?
• will they still be there tomorrow?
• is the room safe?
Direct Microscopy
YYN?YYFUNGAL GROWTH INDICATED?:
1+-----mite faeces
tr-----mites
1+-3+2+1+1+inorganic and organic microdebris
OTHER OBSERVATIONS:
tr---tr-unknown spores, pigmented, globose
2+-tr-tr-hyphal fragments, pigmented
--tr-tr-basidiospores NOS
1+1+
tr1+
--
--
--
--
Stachybotrys myceliaspores
-2+
--
--
-1+
--
--
Penicillium myceliaspores
--
--
-tr
-1+
-3+
2+3+
Cladosporium myceliaspores
1+2+
--
--
--
--
--
Acremonium myceliaspores
MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS (RATING):FUNGAL IDENTIFICATION: ELEMENTS:
atticpowder room
drawing room
libraryballroomwinecellar
Location:
654321SAMPLE NO.:
Cultured Samples
027,0000000Alternaria alternata
0008,2004800sterile mycelium
12,000500,000NFG14,9003,360316,200TOTAL (CFU/g):
0450,00009007200yeast
12,0009,000002400Penicillium subgenus Penicillium
09,000007206,200Cladosporium cladosporioides
0005,8001,200310,000Aspergillus versicolor group
COMPOSITION (CFU/g)*FUNGAL IDENTIFICATION:
fibreglasscarpetpipe wrapdustair filtercarpetLocation:
80045001104802403100LOD (CFU/g):
RBARBARBARBARBARBAMedium:
B6B5B4B3B2B1SAMPLE NO.:
Cultured Bulk Samples
Microbial populations in duct dust
• Standard method to test duct dust for mould is to calculate CFU/g (NADCA)
• This method does not work
• Better to test CFU/100cm2
• Here's why...
BEFORE CLEANING:
Mass of dust sampled = 0.1 gYielded 100 fungal colonies
Total fungal concentration = 1000 CFU/g
AFTER CLEANING:
Mass of dust sampled = 0.01 gYielded 50 fungal colonies
Total fungal concentration = 2000 CFU/g
Cultured Samples
SAMPLE NO.: S1 S2 S3 S4 - -
Medium: RBA RBA RBA RBA
Location: window
Sill
air duct behind sink
vent grill
FUNGAL IDENTIFICATION: MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS (RATING†):
Alternaria sp. 2+ 1+ - -
Aspergillus niger group - 1+ - 2+
Cladosporium herbarum - 1+ - 1+
Eurotium sp. - 1+ - -
Fusarium sp. - 1+ - -
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis 3+ 1+ - 2+
Stachybotrys chartarum - - 1+ -
† - = not observed; 1+ = 100-101 CFU/plate; 2+ = 101-102 CFU/plate; 3+ = 102-103 CFU/plate; 4+ = >103
Cultured Swab Samples
"Viable" Air SamplesSAMPLE NO.: RCS 1 RCS 2 RCS 3 RCS 4 RCS 5 RCS 6
Volume (L): 80 80 80 80 80 80
LOD (CFU/m3): 6 6 6 6 6 6
Location: laundry rm utility rm kitchen bedroom attic outdoors
Expiry Date: Oct. 4/08 Oct. 4/08 Oct. 4/08 Oct. 4/08 Oct. 4/08 Oct. 4/08
FUNGAL IDENTIFICATION: COMPOSITION (CFU/m3)
Aspergillus ochraceus group - - - - (2) 25 -
Cladosporium cladosporioides (4) 50 (30) 375 (1) 13 (1) 13 (5) 63 (1) 13
Cladosporium herbarum (8) 100 (7) 88 (18) 225 (41) 513 (22) 275 (42) 525
Cladosporium sp. - - - (3) 38 - -
Epicoccum nigrum - - - (5) 63 (1) 13 (4) 50
Eurotium sp. - - - - (2) 25 -
Penicillium subgenus Aspergilloides - - (6) 75 - (1) 13 -
Penicillium subgenus Penicillium (16) 200 (22) 275 (1) 13 - (3) 38 -
cf. Scedosporium sp. - - (1) 13 - - -
Stachybotrys chartarum (20) 250 (1)13 - - - -
sterile mycelium (2) 24 (2)25 (4) 50 (18) 225 (17) 213 (18) 225
Ulocladium sp. - - - - (1) 13 -
yeast - - (1) 13 - - -
Raw Count (CFU/strip) 50 62 32 68 54 65
LOD (CFU/m3) 13 13 13 13 13 13
Total Count (CFU/m3) 630 780 400 850 680 810
Spore Traps
28,0005,60053,0004,3002,3001,200TOTAL (elements / m3):
17587291444444LOD (elements / m3):
16164182995227TOTAL (raw count):
SUMMARY DATA¶:
5%(8)8%(5)4%(8)tr(1)4%(2)7%(2)unknown spores, pigmented, globose
tr(3)5%(3)25%(45)3%(3)12%(6)22%(6)unknown spores, hyaline, globose
- - - - - 4%(1)Stachybotrys
4%(6)3%(2)- 2%(2)4%(2)4%(1)hyphal fragments, pigmented
7%(12)16%(10)tr(3)11%(11)58%(30)- Cladosporium
39%(62)34%(22)- 63%(62)19%(10)44%(12)basidiospores NOS
tr(tr)3%(2)69%(126)- - - Aspergillus / Penicillium
12%(20)25%(16)- 16%(16)4%(2)11%(3)ascospores NOS
31%(50)6%(4)tr(tr)4%(4)tr(tr)7%(2)Alternaria
COMPOSITION (raw count) approx. % of TOTAL‡FUNGAL IDENTIFICATION†:
5103101010No. of transects enumerated:
2+3+2+1+1+1+Background (rating)§:
100010001000500500500Magnification (x):
757575757575Volume (L):
12/0812/0812/0812/0812/0812/08Expiry date:
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXSerial #:
outdoorsatticbedroomkitchenutility rmlaundryLocation:
654321AIR-O-CELL SAMPLE NO.:
