LAB – HISTOLOGY 139 pts INTRODUCTION: Tissues are masses of similar cells (and their extracellular matrix) that combine with other tissues to form membranes or organs. The systematic study of tissue types is called histology. There are four basic tissue types in humans. These four types are: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue. Each of these four categories includes several subcategories, based on differences in structure and function.

MATERIALS: iPad (objective app), microscope, histology slides, pencil, colored pencils

PROCEDURE: 4 pts per sketch

A. Drawings must be in order or no points will be assigned! Follow Mrs. Bailey’s Microscope Sketch Etiquette! Procedure for iPad:

• Go to the app titled: Objective • Select: Objective Pathology • Select: StLouisU • Select: Dr. Smiths Virtual Histology Slides

B. For each of the following epithelial tissues, observe either with your iPad or using a prepared slide. Practice looking for the key characteristics by which each type can be classified. Sketch a representative example using the template provided. Please sketch your epithelial slides in the order provided below and label all significant structures! 1. Simple squamous epithelium – 036. Lung 2. Stratified squamous epithelium (nonkeratinized) – 011. Esophagus 3. Simple cuboidal epithelium – 032. Kidney 4. Simple columnar epithelium – 100. Duodenum (Small intestine) 5. Transitional epithelium – 062. Bladder 6. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium – 035. Trachea C. For each of the following connective tissues, observe at least one example in a prepared slide. Practice looking for the key characteristics by which each type can be classified. Sketch a representative example using the template provided. Please sketch your connective tissue slides in the order provided below and label all significant structures. 1. Areolar tissue (Loose connective tissue) – Microscope Slide 2. Reticular tissue (Loose connective tissue) – Microscope Slide 3. Adipose tissue (Loose connective tissue) – 025. Secretory Breast 4. Dense Regular connective tissue – 077. Tendon (Orange Collagen Stain Region) 5. Hyaline Cartilage – 035. Trachea 6. Elastic Cartilage – 065. Epiglottis 7. Fibrocartilage – Microscope Slide 8. Compact Bone – 002. Ground Bone 9. Blood Smear – 042. Blood Smear

D. For each of the following muscle tissues, observe at least one example in a prepared slide. Practice looking for the key characteristics by which each type can be classified. Sketch a representative example using the template provided. Please sketch your muscle tissue slides in the order provided below and label all significant structures. 1. Skeletal muscle l.s. – 003. Skeletal muscle 2. Cardiac muscle l.s. – 069. Heart ventricle 3. Smooth muscle l.s. – 011. Esophagus E. Study the following nerve tissue and practice looking for the key characteristics by which it can be classified. Sketch using the template provided and label all significant structures. 1. Spinal Cord Smear – Microscope Slide

What are considered significant structures? Epithelial tissues 1. Simple Squamous Epithelium – Lumen; Nucleus; Cell membrane (A cell membrane may be difficult to see.) 2. Stratified Squamous Epithelium (Non-keratinized) – Lumen; Basement membrane; Nucleus; Cell membrane (A cell membrane may be difficult to see.) 3. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium – Lumen; Nucleus; Cell membrane 4. Simple Columnar Epithelium – Lumen; Basement membrane; Nucleus; Cell membrane; Goblet cells 5. Transitional Epithelium – Lumen; Basement membrane; Nucleus; Cell membrane 6. Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium – Lumen; Basement membrane; Nucleus; Cell membrane; Goblet cells; Cilia Connective tissues 1. Areolar tissue (Loose connective tissue) – Matrix (Ground substance, collagen fibers, elastic fibers); Fibroblasts (nuclei) 2. Reticular tissue (Loose connective tissue) – Matrix (Ground substance, reticular fibers); Reticulocytes (nuclei)

3. Adipose tissue (Loose connective tissue) – Adipocyte (Cell membrane, nucleus, lipid-filled vacuole) 4. Dense Regular connective tissue – Collagen fibers (bundles); Fibroblasts (nuclei) 5. Hyaline Cartilage – Matrix; Lacuna; Chondrocyte (nucleus/cell membrane) 6. Elastic Cartilage – Matrix (elastic fibers); Lacuna; Chondrocyte (nucleus/cell membrane) 7. Fibrocartilage – Matrix (bundles of collagen); Lacuna; Chondrocyte (This cell may be difficult to see.) 8. Compact Bone – Osteon; Volkmann’s canals; Concentric lamellae; Interstitial lamellae; Haversian canal; Lacunae; Canaliculi 9. Blood Smear – Ground substance (plasma); Erythrocyte; Leukocyte; Platelets Muscle tissues (Remember: Must be a longitudinal section!) 1. Skeletal muscle – Striations, Nuclei, Cell membrane (A cell membrane may be difficult to see.)

2. Cardiac muscle – Striations, Intercalated disks, Cell branching, Nuclei, Cell membrane 3. Smooth muscle – Nuclei, Cell membrane (A cell membrane may be difficult to see.) Nerve tissue • Neuron (Cell body with nucleus, dendrites, axon) • Glial cells

APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: 1 point each

Part I. On your LAB ANSWER SHEET identify each of the epithelial tissue types represented by figures #1-7. 1. 2. This is a side view … 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Part II. On your LAB ANSWER SHEET identify each of the connective tissue types represented by figures #1-4. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Part III. On your LAB ANSWER SHEET identify each of the connective tissue types represented by figures #1-5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Part IV. On your LAB ANSWER SHEET identify each of the muscle/nerve tissue types represented by figures #1-4. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Part V. On your LAB ANSWER SHEET, write the one best answer to the following questions. 1. The tissue type that can detect changes in the internal and external environments and respond to the changes is A. nervous tissue B. muscle tissue C. connective tissue D. epithelial tissue 2. Which of the following statements are true of epithelium? a. The cells are arranged in continuous single- or multiple-layer sheets. b. The attachment between the basal layer and the connective tissue is called the basement membrane. c. This tissue has an extensive blood supply. d. This tissue has a high rate of cell division. e. This tissue functions in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion. A. a, b, c, and d B. b, c, d, and e C. a, b, d, and e D. b, d, and e 3. The type of exocrine gland that forms its secretory product and simply releases it from the cell by exocytosis is the ___ gland. A. apocrine B. merocrine C. holocrine D. endocrine E. apical 4. The connective tissue cells responsible for secreting fibers A. macrophages B. mast cells C. fibroblasts D. adipocytes E. plasma cells 5. The muscle tissue that forms the bulk of the wall of the heart is ___ muscle. A. skeletal B. smooth C. involuntary, non-striated D. cardiac E. striated, voluntary For Questions 6-12, choose from the following: A. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium B. transitional epithelium C. simple squamous epithelium D. simple cuboidal epithelium E. simple columnar epithelium F. stratified cuboidal epithelium G. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium 6. This tissue contains a single layer of flat cells. It is found in the body where filtration (kidney) or diffusion (lungs) are priority processes. 7. This tissue is found in the superficial part of the skin. It provides protection from heat, microbes, and chemicals. 8. This tissue contains cube-shaped cells. It is found in the kidney and functions in secretion and absorption. 9. This tissue is found in the urinary bladder and contains cells that can change shape (stretch or relax). 10. This tissue contains cells with microvilli and goblet cells. It is found lining the digestive tract. 11. This tissue contains cells that are all attached to the basement membrane, although some do not reach the surface. Those cells that do extend to the surface secrete mucus or bear cilia at their apical surface. 12. This tissue contains waterproof protein.

For Questions 13-22, choose from the following: A. blood B. fibrocartilage C. dense regular connective tissue D. hyaline cartilage E. dense irregular connective tissue F. areolar connective tissue G. reticular connective tissue H. bone I. dense regular elastic connective tissue J. adipose tissue 13. Connective tissue consisting of several kinds of cells, containing all three fiber types randomly arranged, and found in the subcutaneous layer of the skin. 14. A loose connective tissue specialized for triglyceride storage. 15. The tissue that contains reticular fibers and reticular cells and forms the stroma of certain organs such as the spleen. 16. The tissue with irregularly arranged collagen fibers found in the dermis of the skin. 17. The tissue found in artery walls that is strong and can recoil back to its original shape after being stretched. 18. The tissue that affords flexibility at joints and reduces joint friction. 19. The tissue that provides strength and rigidity and is the strongest of the three types of cartilage. 20. The tissue with collagen fibers arranged in parallel patterns. It composes tendons and ligaments. 21. The tissue that forms the internal framework of the body and works with skeletal muscle to generate movement. 22. Connective tissue with formed elements suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma. For Questions 23-25, choose from the following: A. gap junction B. tight junction C. desmosome 23. This junction prevents organ contents from leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues. 24. This junction makes tissues stable by linking the cytoskeletons of cells together. 25. This junction allows epithelial cells in a tissue to communicate. Part VI. Application 18 points Imagine that you live 50 years in the future, and you can custom design a human to suit the environment. Your assignment is to customize the tissue makeup for life on a large planet with strong gravity; a cold, dry climate; and a thin atmosphere. What adaptations would you incorporate into the structure and/or amount of your tissues, and WHY?