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Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Assistant Laboratory Animal Technician (ALAT) Certification Exam Preparation: Guinea pigs, Rabbits, Cats, Dogs Matthew K. Hogan BVetMed, MRCVS ULAR Resident Veterinarian
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Agenda
• Guinea pigs -Ch.22 • Rabbits -Ch.23 • Cats -Ch.24 • Dogs -Ch.25
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Guinea Pigs
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
History, taxonomy, basics
• Cavia porcellus (Cavy) – Origin: S. America Inca food source – Very docile – Research uses:
• Historically: anatomy • Testing serums and antitoxins • Diabetes • Nutrition • Dermatology • Diagnosis of infectious diseases TB
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Stocks/Strains
• Outbred stocks – Duncan-Hartley & Hartley
– English guinea pig
Albino
Pigmented/multi-colored
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Stocks/Strains
• Inbred strains – Strain 2 & 13
• Tri-color varieties
– IAF
Hairless!!
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy & Physiology
• Round, tailless bodies • Large heads with short ears and blunt
noses • Similar dental formula as mouse and
rat = 2(I1/1 C0/0 PM1/1 M3/3) = 20 – Teeth continuously grow
• Cannot tolerate humidity extremes or warm weather
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy & Physiology
• Malocclusion – Incisors & molars may become
overgrown – Key: report to veterinary staff!!
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy & Physiology • Guinea Pigs do not vomit
– Not necessary to fast before anesthesia – However fasting does decrease the amount of feed in
oral cavity(helpful for endotracheal intubation)
• Fermentation takes place in the large intestine to provide nutrition – Gut flora is very sensitive to stress, diet change, and
antibiotic therapy
• Urine is creamy white to yellow, slightly cloudy, and thick
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Unique Characteristics
• Cannot jump: can be housed in open-topped cages with low (7 inch) walls
• Poor eye sight; great hearing and smell
• Highly vocal – Wheeking, purring, rumbling, squealing,
shrieking
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Reproduction
• Sexing – Male = – Female =
Boar Sow
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Reproduction
• Can breed year round – ~5 litters/year – Mate at night – Mucous plug on sow = successful mating
• Pregnant sow – Large abdomen & can double body weight
• Pelvic bone fusion – Don’t breed >7m age bones may be fused dystocia
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Question!
1. What is the normal gestation length for the guinea pig?
a) 80-96 days b) 19-21 days c) 31-38 days d) 59-72 days
59-72 days
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Parturition & Neonates
• Parturition takes about 30 minutes • Post partum estrus occurs within 2-15
hours • Young are precocial
– Fully furred – Open eyes – Able to run within hours – Eat solid food at 2-3 days but continue to nurse – Weaned at 14-28 days
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Reproductive Problems
• Pregnancy toxemia – Blood poisoning disruption in
carbohydrate metabolism • Decreased appetite/inappetance • Lack of energy • Excessive salivation
• Dystocia common in older sows • Stillbirths/abortions also reported
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
General Physiological Data
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Handling & Restraint
• Be gentle • 2 handed-method • Support backend
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Identification
• Cage level: cage cards • Individual animal
– Ear tag – Microchip – Tattoo – Fur coloring
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Behavior/Pain
• Behavior – Poor climbers, but ‘popcorn’ hop – Easily startled: may freeze, then run – Dominant animals will barber others
• Pain – Loud squeal (not wheeking!) – Licking biting affected area – Rough-coat, hunched, pacing
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry & Diet
• 12:12 LD cycle lots of activity, short sleep periods
• Minimize dust & humidity out-of-range respiratory disease
• Group house w/contact bedding – Avoid wire-bottom cages
• Produce significant feces & urine
– Urinate & defecate into feed bowls – +/- more change-outs
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Question!
1. Guinea pigs must have a diet that is enriched with what vitamin?
a) A b) C c) B12 d) D3
b) Vitamin C
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Rabbits
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Taxonomy/Breeds/Uses
• Oryctolagus cuniculus – NOT rodents, but lagomorphs – Breeds:
• New Zealand White (NZW) • Dutch-belted • Flemish giant
– Research uses: • Atherosclerosis • Ophthalmology • Serum Ab-production • Drug testing, screening
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy
• Ears – Long, highly vascularized
• Thermoregulation
• Teeth
– Second set of upper incsiors = peg teeth • Teeth continuously grow; pre-disposed to
malocclusion treat via trimming
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy
• Light skeletons – 8% of body weight – Large, strong musculature in hindlimbs spinal fractures
• Rapid toe nail growth – Lab animal caging overgrowth
• Observe, trim
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Physiology
• Feces – Night feces: protein,
water, B vitamins • Coprophagy – early
morning
• Urine – Yellow-red-brown – Cloudy, milky
• Crystal build-up
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Sexing
• Males: • Females: • Young:
Bucks Does
Kits
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Sexing
• Dewlap = does • Broad-head = bucks
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Female Reproduction
• Induced ovulators (12 hrs post-mating)
• Doe taken to Buck’s cage – Avoids fighting
• Nesting box – Give days before birth – Doe pulls fur (from dewlap) – Without it, newborns die
• Trampling, hypothermia
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Kits
• Hairless, eyes close • Nursed once/day • Weaned 5-8 weeks
– Very active, run/dart around
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Handling & Restraint
• Tuck/football method – Carrying long distances
• Scruff/support method – Carrying short distances
• Scruff/stretch method – Minor technical procedures
• Plastic restrainer or bunny burrito
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Restrainers
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Behavior • General:
– Active, curious, calm – Non-aggressive – High fear-flight response
• Aggression – Hind foot stop; rearing – Vocalize – Fling urine
• Pain/distress – Anorexia, lethargy, teeth grinding – Vocalizing scream! – Pale mucus membranes
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Identification
• Tattoos, tags – Pinna – Avoid central artery &
vasculature
• Microchips – SQ at nape of neck – Can also record body
temperature
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry
• Room temperature – 61o-72oF (16o-22oC) – Decreases shedding less cleaning
out of room & filters – GIT blockage by ?????
• Cages – Stainless steel/plastic, but plastic
flooring preferred – Group has juvy males and females
Hair/fur-balls
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry
• Pans – Liners: Collect urine, feces – Cleaning: Acid wash for scale
• Diet – High fiber pellet in J-feeder – No ad lib – Check for normal feces, monitor
BW/BCS • Always check leftover food, water
supply – If unable to drink, won’t eat
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Question!
1. What is the suggested amount of feed (g/kg of BW) to be fed to one rabbit once daily?
a) 25 b) 50 c) 75 d) 100
50g/kg
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Environmental Enrichment
• Food – Carrots, kale, broccoli – Have schedule, can pellet rejection
• Toys – Balls, chew blocks, suspended metal
pendants
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Euthanasia
• Barbiturates – Overdose recommended – Followed by 2o method
bilateral pneumothorax • CO2 not recommended due to
breath holding
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Cats
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Taxonomy & Uses
• Felis catus – Strict carnivores w/highly
developed hearing, sight & smell
– Research uses: • Experimental neurology • Ophthalmology • Retrovirus research • Inherited diseases • Immunodeficiency diseases • Behavior
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy & Physiology
• Nictitating membrane 3rd eylid • Retractable claws • Purr • Male urine can be musky & spray
– Fix via castration
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Sexing
• Male: • Female:
Tom Queen
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Reproduction
• Queens – Seasonal polyestrous (heat every 6-7
months) – Estrus
• Lordosis • Vocal • Length
– Mating: 1-4 days – No mating: 10 days
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Question!
1. T/F, cats are induced ovulators True! Coitus must occur in order for ovulation to take place
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Handling & Restraint
• “Less is more” – Consider cat’s emotional state
• Postpone procedure if necessary
• Acclimation/socialization helps
• Avoid cat bites – Needle-like canines – Deep infection – Immediate medical attention
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Handling & Restraint
• Scruff + restrain hindlimbs • Aggressive:
– Heavy-duty gloves – Burrito – ‘cat bag’ – +/- catchpole, chemical
restraint
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Procedures
• Scruff + leg grasp on firm surface • Easily examine thorax/abdomen • Administer treatments • +/- injections, IV access
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Identification
• USDA: – Durable, legible tag – Tattoo
• Microchips • Dyes
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Behavior
• Familiarity & socialization with handlers – Routine, comfort
• Normal – Alert, curious – Ears erect, eyes bright, purrs
• Fear – Back of cage – Twitching tail – Folded ears – Eyes partially closed
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Pain & Distress
• Quiet • Stiff posture • Anorexia • Growl, hiss • Isolation • Crouched or hunched • Limping • Licking one area • Lack of grooming
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry
• Resting board and litter pan – Required by Animal Welfare
Regulations (AWA) • Group housing
– Depends on room size, personalities, intact males
– Resting areas, different heights • Individual housing
– Offer interaction as possible
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry
• Clean cages at least every 2 weeks • Litter pans
– Clean daily – No urine in pan, urine outside of pain =
potential health problem • Diet
– Food: semi-soft, moist for hydration • Can be finicky, so variety key • Eat small meals throughout day & night
– H2O: ad lib
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Question!
1. What are the three types of commercially formulated cat diets available?
Dry-feed: 10-12% moisture Semi-moist: 20-25% moisture Canned feed: 70-78% moisture
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Environmental Enrichment
• Platforms, shelves/perches • Scratch pads, ropes • Escape areas
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Dogs
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Taxonomy & Uses
• Canis familiaris – Friendly w/well-developed sense of
hearing and smell – Beagle
• Most common • Pharmacological & Toxicological testing • Dental, physiology, imaging, cardiovascular
– Convenient size (small-medium) – Labradors, hounds
• Surgical, orthopedic models
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Anatomy
• Nictitating membrane • Can see well in low-light conditions • Teeth
– Shearing-cut
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Sexing & Reproduction
• Male: • Female: • Anatomically distinct • Breed year-round spontaneous
ovulation • Female permits breeding during
estrus only – 7-10 days every 7-8 months – Swollen vulva, blood-tinged discharge
Dog Bitch
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Handling
• Consider dog’s personality – Mild, even temperament? – Timid, easily frightened? – Aggressive, difficult to
handle? • Keys to success: patience,
kindness, socialization • Never force into corner • Use minimum force
necessary
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Handling
• Unfamiliar dogs – Make presence known – Avoid eye contact – Approach slowly – Dog’s height – Quiet, soothing voice – Extend arm, palm down,
fingers folded
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Restraint
• Picking up – NEVER scruff!
• Routine manipulation
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Restraint
• Muzzle – Basket, cloth
• Catchpole – Aggressive dog
• Gauze muzzle • Chemical restraint
– Diagnostic imaging, intensive procedures
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Identification
• USDA: – Durable, legible tag – Tattoo hairless portion of pinna
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Behavior
• Submissive – Head low, ears flattened, tail wagging
between legs • Exuberant
– Head high, ears extended, eyes bright, tail gently wagging and erect
• Aggressive (uncommon) – Erect stiff tail, growling, raised fur – Growl, teeth showing
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Behavior
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Pain & Distress
• Severe – Stiff movement, unwilling to move
• Less severe – Shivering, heavy panting, whimpering,
howling • Pain
– More apprehensive or aggressive • Sick
– Voluntary isolation
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry
• Runs – Outdoor
• Concrete, heating, cooling, shade, cover
– Sealed cement: ease of sanitation
– Indoor • Solid, slatted, coated
metal floors – Slats: small to avoid
pinched toes
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Husbandry
• Housing requirements – Normal postural adjustments – Opportunity for voluntary exercise, or
large cage – Daily: cages cleaned, bedding changed – 2 weeks: cages sanitized – Regularly: runs cleaned, sanitized
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Diet & Environmental Enrichment
• Feeding, watering – Commercial diet – Once/day, remove leftovers – Social hierarchy in groups
• Ensure submissive gets food
• Enrichment – Socialization (human & other canines) – Exercise – Toys (nylon bones, kongs)
Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities
Questions