LABORATORY+1+-+IDENTIFICATION+OF+MINERALS+AND+ROCKS

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING NO. OF PAGES: 1/3DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

EDITION: LAB 1aNO. OF CHECKING:

LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY

EFECTIVE DATE : 8/1/2007

TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS (LAB 1a) AMENDMENT DATE: 8/1/2007

1.0 OBJECTIVE

To familiar with the physical properties of minerals in laboratory by hand.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

a) Students should able to identify various specimens of mineral by physical testing.b) Students should able to identify minerals content in rock formation.

3.0 THEORY

Each mineral possesses certain physical properties or characteristics by which it may be recognized or identified. Some are subjected to certain simple tests. Physical properties are useful in mineral identification.

A mineral can be defined as a natural inorganic substance having a particular chemical composition or range of composition, and a regular atomic structure to which its crystalline from is related. To study rocks, it is necessary to know the rock forming minerals.

4.0 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

a) Minerals from Reference Set b) Hardness Pens Setc) Information & Hints d) Eye dropper bottle with dilute HCI (appx. 10% solution)e) Mineral Identification Chart

5.0 PROCEDURE

Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples according by doing few physical tests and tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.1 attached for:

a) Name of mineralb) Colourc) Lusterd) Hardnesse) Reaction with acidf) Others/usage

Prepared by : Head of Engineering Geology and Geophysics Laboratory / Lecturer

Name : Mohd Hazreek Bin Zainal Abidin

Signature :

Date : 8 January 2007






6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

(a) MINERALS NAMES

Refer to the samples prepared (Mineral from reference set).

(b) COLOUR

The colour of the mineral is that seen by eye. Colour may be influenced by impurities in the sample, the light in the room or strong reflective surfaces. Therefore, colour is a general rather than specific indicator.

(c) STREAK

Streak is the colour of a mineral in its powdered form. We can observe streak when we scraped a mineral along a roughened surface such as unglazed pottery (porcelain slab – streak plate), that mark left behind can be a characteristic feature of the mineral. The streak is not necessarily the same as the colour of the mineral.

(d) LUSTRE

Luster is reflected from the surface of a mineral, the amount of light is a function of the state of the surface. Luster is described in terms of the degree of brightness.

Metallic Like polished metalSubmetallic Less brilliant

Dull e.g. chalkViterous Like broken glass

(e) HARDNESS

The resistance of a mineral to abrasion (scratching) is termed hardness. This property is determined by rubbing the mineral to be identified against another mineral of known hardness. One will stretch the other (unless they have the same hardness). Geologists used a standard hardness scale, called the Mohs scale developed by German Mineralogist Friedrich Mohs (1773 – 1839) which assigns relative hardnesses to several common and a few rare and precious minerals as given below.

Relative hardness Minerals Mineralogy10 Diamond Carbon9 Corundum Alumina8 Topaz Aluminium silicate7 Quartz Silica6 Feldspar Alkali silica5 Apatite Calcium phosphate4 Fluorite Calcium fluoride3 Calcite Calcium carbonate2 Gypsum Hydrated calcium sulphate1 Talc Hydrated magnesium silicate

(f) REACTION WITH ACID

When dilute hydrochloric acid (typically 10%) is capped on to some minerals a reaction takes place. On calcite (CaCO3) bubbles of carbon dioxide are produced, in some iron sulphide ores, hydrogen sulphide is produced.






7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION

Briefly describe and explain two (2) classifications of minerals for each type.

8.0 CONCLUSION

Conclude your results of the mineral samples in the Table 1.1 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.

TABLE 1.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS IDENTIFICATION

NAME COLOUR STREAK LUSTER HARDNESS REACTION WITH ACID SKETCH

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING NO. OF PAGES: 1/2

DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

EDITION: LAB 1bNO. OF CHECKING:



TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK (LAB 1b) AMENDMENT DATE: 8/1/2007

1.0 OBJECTIVE

To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of igneous rock specimen in the laboratory.


a) Students should able to recognize types of igneous rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide.b) Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of igneous rocks for civil engineering application.c) Students should able to understand igneous rock forming on the earth.

3.0 THEORY

(a) Criteria for distinguishing igneous rock

In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is igneous or other types of rock. The outstanding characteristics of the igneous rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.

Rock Type Characteristic

Igneous

Interlocking grains, massive structures

Texture such as glassy, prophyritic, phaneritic, aphantic

High feldspar or ferromagnesian content

Absent of stratification or fossils

(b) Description

Physical characteristics Colour

Structure

Massive – rock is uniform in appearance showing no banding or other structural features

Pegmatite – the rock is very coarse grained

Vesicular – the rock contains many cavities

Texture

Crystallinty or degree of crystallization

Holocrystalline – wholly crystalline

Hemicrystalline – partly crystals and partly glass

Holohyaline – wholly glass

Granularity, the size of crystals

Fine-grained when particles are 1 mm or less in diameter

Medium grained when particles are 1 – 5 mm or more in diameter

Coarse grained when the particles are 5 mm or more in diameter



Signature :



EDITION: LAB 1bNO. OF CHECKING:



TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK (LAB 1b) AMENDMENT DATE: 8/1/2007

4.0 EQUIMENT AND MATERIALS

a) Igneous rock from reference set b) Igneous classification chart

5.0 PROCEDURE

Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the igneous classification charts and tabulate the

results observation in the Tables 1.2.1 attached.


a) Rock name

b) Texture

c) Colour

d) Mineral composition

e) Chemical composition

f) Origin

g) Sketch / Others


(1) Briefly explain two (2) types of igneous rock

(2) Explain the igneous rock classification according to the texture and chemical and mineral composition.

8.0 CONCLUSION

Conclude your observation of the igneous rock in the given Table 1.2.1 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.

TABLE 1.2.1 IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK

ROCK NAME TEXTURE COLOURMINERAL

COMPOSITIONCHEMICAL

COMPOSITIONORIGIN SKETCH

IGNEOUS CLASSIFICATION CHART

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING NO. OF PAGES: 1/2

DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

EDITION: LAB 1cNO. OF CHECKING:



TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK (LAB 1c)

AMENDMENT DATE: 8/1/2007

1.0 OBJECTIVE

To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of sedimentary rock specimen in the laboratory.


a) Students should able to recognize types of sedimentary rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide.b) Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of sedimentary rocks for civil engineering application.c) Students should able to understand sedimentary rock forming on the earth.

3.0 THEORY

(a) Criteria for distinguishing sedimentary rock

In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is sedimentary or other types of rock. The outstanding characteristics of the sedimentary rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.


Sedimentary

Stratification and sorting of grains into layers according to their size.

Fragmental texture.

Grains often rounded.

Structures such as bedding, ripple marks and mud cracks.

Presence of fossils.

Presence of minerals of chemical or organic origin, such as halite, gypsum, chert carbonates.

Absence of easily weathered minerals such as biotite and augite.

(b) Description


Structure Massive, bedded or cross bedded

Grain and constituents

Note whether grain is uniform or uneven.

To be uneven, there must be marked contras between larger and smaller grains. If the rock is uniform, it is usually fine in grain and does not show definite fragments, but may contain fossils.


Name : Mohd Hazreek bin Zainal Abidin

Signature :



EDITION: LAB 1cNO. OF CHECKING:



TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK (LAB 1c)



a) Sedimentary rock from reference setb) Sedimentary classification chart

5.0 PROCEDURE

Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the sedimentary classification charts and

tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.2.2 attached.


a) Rock name

b) Texture

c) Mode of origin

d) Composition of clastic rock

e) Composition of crystalline rock

f) Sketch / others


(1) List the characteristics that distinguish sedimentary rocks from igneous and metamorphic rocks.(2) Explain all the genesis of sedimentary rocks.

8.0 CONCLUSION

Conclude your observation of the sedimentary rock in the given Table 1.2.2 by rate its significance in construction

industry, etc.

TABLE 1.2.2 IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK

ROCK NAME TEXTURE MODE OF ORIGINCOMPOSITION

OF ROCKCLASSIFICATION SKETCH

SEDIMENTARY CLASSIFICATION CHART


EDITION: LAB 1dNO. OF CHECKING:



TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK (LAB 1d)


1.0 OBJECTIVE

To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of metamorphic rock specimen in the laboratory.


a) Students should able to recognize types of metamorphic rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide.b) Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of metamorphic rocks for civil engineering application.c) Students should able to understand metamorphic rock forming on the earth.

3.0 THEORY

(a) Criteria for distinguishing sedimentary rock

In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is metamorphic or other types of rock. The outstanding characteristics of the metamorphic rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.


Metamorphic

Parallel orientation of mineral crystals.

Interlocking crystal.

Secondary cleavage independent bedding.

Foliation, schistosity and slaty texture.

(b) Description


Structure and Grain

Decide whether the rock is best described as uniform fine grained, medium fine grained or coarse grained.

The coarser grained granular rocks results from high-grade metamorphism in which great pressure from many directions, not from one direction only, has been the dominant factor.



Signature :



EDITION: LAB 1dNO. OF CHECKING:



TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK (LAB 1d)



a) Metamorphic rock from reference setb) Metamorphic classification chart

5.0 PROCEDURE

Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the metamorphic classification charts and

tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.2.3 attached.


(a) Rock name

(b) Structure

(c) Grain

(d) Mineral composition

(e) Parent Rock

(f) Metamorphism type

(e) Sketch / Others


(1) What is foliation?

(2) Distinguish between slaty cleavage, phyllitic, schistosity and gneissic texture.

8.0 CONCLUSION

Conclude your observation of the metamorphic rock in the given Table 1.2.3 by rate its significance in construction

industry, etc.

TABLE 1.2.4 IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK

ROCK NAME STRUCTURE GRAINMINERAL

COMPOSITIONPARENT ROCK

METAMORPHISM TYPE

SKETCH

METAMORPHIC CLASSIFICATION CHART

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LABORATORY+1+-+IDENTIFICATION+OF+MINERALS+AND+ROCKS