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LabroideiLabroidei
Omar Sinno
Michelle Harris
LabroideiLabroidei
4 Families within Suborder Labroidei
• Cichlidae
•Embiotocidae
•Pomacentridae
•Labridae
•Includes the scarid and odacids, although many argue that they are separate families
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Suborder: Labroidei
LabroideiLabroidei
Suborder includes extremely speciose and Suborder includes extremely speciose and widely inhabited species.widely inhabited species.
Tropical and Temperate marines speciesTropical and Temperate marines species Reefs, kelp beds, surf zones and tide poolsReefs, kelp beds, surf zones and tide pools
Tropical with few temperate freshwater Tropical with few temperate freshwater speciesspecies Lakes, sluggish rivers and fast streamsLakes, sluggish rivers and fast streams
Few species found in brackish waterFew species found in brackish water
Pharyngeal Jaw : Uniting Pharyngeal Jaw : Uniting the Labroideithe Labroidei
Fused fifth ceratobranchials with teethFused fifth ceratobranchials with teeth Muscle “sling” suspending the lower pharyngeal jaw Muscle “sling” suspending the lower pharyngeal jaw
from the skullfrom the skull Articulation between the upper pharyngeal jaws and Articulation between the upper pharyngeal jaws and
the base of the skull without intervening musclethe base of the skull without intervening muscle Undivided sheet of sphincter esophagi muscle Undivided sheet of sphincter esophagi muscle Diversification of jaw structures integral to diet choice Diversification of jaw structures integral to diet choice
and speciation of cichlids.and speciation of cichlids.
Family CichlidaeFamily Cichlidae
Generally tropical freshwater, however few Generally tropical freshwater, however few found in brackish waters.found in brackish waters.
Nearly all species endemic to African rift Nearly all species endemic to African rift Lakes.Lakes.
Other endemic species found in North America, Other endemic species found in North America, South America and the Middle East.South America and the Middle East.
However, introductions have made them However, introductions have made them worldwide.worldwide.
Family CichlidaeFamily Cichlidae Non-continuous lateral line and single nostril Non-continuous lateral line and single nostril
on each side.on each side. Average 12-15 inches in length but some Average 12-15 inches in length but some
species up to a meter long.species up to a meter long. Several different body shapes:Several different body shapes:
Disc
Tubular
Stream-lined
Family CichlidaeFamily Cichlidae
Diversification of mouth, jaw and teeth allow cichlids Diversification of mouth, jaw and teeth allow cichlids to eat a wide variety of food.to eat a wide variety of food.
Mollusks, algae, insects, zooplankton, other fish, Mollusks, algae, insects, zooplankton, other fish, detris, plants and scales.detris, plants and scales.
Predation styles include both ambush and open-Predation styles include both ambush and open-pursuit.pursuit.
Caprichromis Caprichromis rams head of mouth-brooding rams head of mouth-brooding females, making her spit out eggs. females, making her spit out eggs. CaprichromisCaprichromis then eats the fry.then eats the fry.
NimbochrmoisNimbochrmois and and ParachromisParachromis play dead to lure play dead to lure in small fish.in small fish.
Family CichlidaeFamily Cichlidae
Very Territorial- Levels of territoriality is diverseVery Territorial- Levels of territoriality is diverse Feeding (one of few f.w. spp) or Mating territorialityFeeding (one of few f.w. spp) or Mating territoriality
Can communicate Can communicate Visual- color change may signify aggression, Visual- color change may signify aggression,
dominance, individualitydominance, individuality Tactile- “mouth fighting”Tactile- “mouth fighting” Chemical- distinguishing fryChemical- distinguishing fry AcousticAcoustic
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7Rc8xP03B4
Family CichlidaeFamily Cichlidae Invasive CichlidsInvasive Cichlids
Cichlids have been introduced by aquaria tradeCichlids have been introduced by aquaria trade 1300 aquarium species!1300 aquarium species! California – Rio Grande CichlidCalifornia – Rio Grande Cichlid Hawaii – Jewel CichlidHawaii – Jewel Cichlid Florida – Mayan CichlidFlorida – Mayan Cichlid Australia – Pearl CichlidAustralia – Pearl Cichlid
Game FishingGame Fishing Peacock BassPeacock Bass
BiocontrolBiocontrol FoodFood
Egypt: Delicious TilapiaEgypt: Delicious Tilapia Uganda: Nile PerchUganda: Nile Perch
Cichlidae: BreedingCichlidae: Breeding Methods of mating diverse as wellMethods of mating diverse as well
Monogamy Monogamy Courtship rituals and parental care commonCourtship rituals and parental care common
Polygynous Polygynous Male or female territorialityMale or female territoriality
Polygynandrous Polygynandrous ““Lekking” (“To play” in Swedish)Lekking” (“To play” in Swedish)
Congregation of 5,000-50,000 malesCongregation of 5,000-50,000 males Males build nests inshore or in open watersMales build nests inshore or in open waters Females come to lay eggs in nestsFemales come to lay eggs in nests
Extended Family modelExtended Family model Colonization of related individuals with dominant maleColonization of related individuals with dominant male
Cichlinds displaying Cichlinds displaying LekkingLekking
Family CichlidaeFamily Cichlidae
Two models of ReproductionTwo models of Reproduction Mouth-BroodingMouth-Brooding
Most polygynous, monogamous and sexually Most polygynous, monogamous and sexually dimorphicdimorphic
Females and Males may mouth-broodFemales and Males may mouth-brood
Substrate-BroodingSubstrate-Brooding Fertilized eggs adhered to substrate and guarded Fertilized eggs adhered to substrate and guarded
by parents until hatched.by parents until hatched. Parents tend to be monogamous or sexually Parents tend to be monogamous or sexually
monomorphic.monomorphic.
Sensory Systems and Sensory Systems and SpeciationSpeciation
Cichlid coloration and vision supports that Cichlid coloration and vision supports that geographic isolation not necessary for geographic isolation not necessary for speciation in Cichlids.speciation in Cichlids.
Mutations and adaptations in vision allows Mutations and adaptations in vision allows different cichlid species to inhabit different different cichlid species to inhabit different levels in the water column.levels in the water column.
Fish have adapted to best respond to certain Fish have adapted to best respond to certain colors that correspond to differences in color in colors that correspond to differences in color in varying depths.varying depths.
Conservation of CichlidaeConservation of Cichlidae 43 species extinct43 species extinct Small habitats in endemic locations make Small habitats in endemic locations make
native species vulnerable to extinctionsnative species vulnerable to extinctions Introduction of Nile Perch to Lake Victoria Introduction of Nile Perch to Lake Victoria
as food source has decimated cichlid as food source has decimated cichlid populations.populations.
Cichlids-SpeciationCichlids-Speciation
There are a number of hypotheses as to why the There are a number of hypotheses as to why the cichlids are so diversecichlids are so diverse Lake Victoria flowed over into smaller surrounding Lake Victoria flowed over into smaller surrounding
lakes allowing the cichlids to inhabit the smaller lakes. lakes allowing the cichlids to inhabit the smaller lakes. When the water recedes, the fish in the smaller lakes When the water recedes, the fish in the smaller lakes are isolated from the rest of the population leading to are isolated from the rest of the population leading to speciation. When Lake Victoria floods again, some of speciation. When Lake Victoria floods again, some of the fish swim back from the small lake into Lake the fish swim back from the small lake into Lake Victoria. Victoria.
Other hypotheses theorize that sympatric processes Other hypotheses theorize that sympatric processes within the lake caused divergencewithin the lake caused divergence
Cichlids-SpeciationCichlids-Speciation So there is a large number of species, but how fast did So there is a large number of species, but how fast did
they diverge?they diverge? There are 900 species in African rift lakes. 12,400 years ago, There are 900 species in African rift lakes. 12,400 years ago,
Lake Victoria was a marsh. This would indicate an extremely Lake Victoria was a marsh. This would indicate an extremely fast pace for speciation fast pace for speciation
However, molecular clock data calculated using an assumed However, molecular clock data calculated using an assumed 5.6 percent divergence in DNA sequence every million years 5.6 percent divergence in DNA sequence every million years came up with the conclusion that Lake Victoria cichlids came up with the conclusion that Lake Victoria cichlids began evolving 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. This indicates began evolving 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. This indicates that cichlids diverged after the break up of Gondwanaland.that cichlids diverged after the break up of Gondwanaland.
This is supported by the number of cichlids in South This is supported by the number of cichlids in South America. They migrated between Africa & South America America. They migrated between Africa & South America when the two were connected as Gondwanaland. when the two were connected as Gondwanaland.
Cichlid Sympatric Cichlid Sympatric SpeciationSpeciation
EmbiotocidaeEmbiotocidae
SurfperchesSurfperches Inhabit marine waters, typically kelp Inhabit marine waters, typically kelp
beds, rocky reefs, and tidal zonesbeds, rocky reefs, and tidal zones Some species eat zooplankton, while Some species eat zooplankton, while
others eat invertebratesothers eat invertebrates The only family of vivparous in Labroidei The only family of vivparous in Labroidei
Pomacentridae Pomacentridae
Includes damselfish and clownfish Includes damselfish and clownfish
Damselfish Damselfish
Resides in tropical marine waters, typically in Resides in tropical marine waters, typically in shallow areas close to coral reefsshallow areas close to coral reefs
Highly territorialHighly territorial Guard a small patch of algae in a symbiotic relationshipGuard a small patch of algae in a symbiotic relationship
The damselfish tend their algae like a gardenThe damselfish tend their algae like a garden They strategically feed on certain areas so as not to deplete the They strategically feed on certain areas so as not to deplete the
algaealgae Viciously attack any fish trying to steal a biteViciously attack any fish trying to steal a bite
Males court females from their patch.Males court females from their patch. If successful, they also guard the eggsIf successful, they also guard the eggs
ClownfishClownfish
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ1KDf3O-qU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ1KDf3O-qU Live in anemones in tropical marine watersLive in anemones in tropical marine waters Why don’t the anemones sting the clownfish and Why don’t the anemones sting the clownfish and
inject them with neurotoxins?inject them with neurotoxins? The clownfish have a sugar based mucous rather than The clownfish have a sugar based mucous rather than
protein so the anemone does not recognize it as foodprotein so the anemone does not recognize it as food Their coevolution has led to the clownfish’s immunity Their coevolution has led to the clownfish’s immunity
to the neurotoxin to the neurotoxin
ClownfishClownfish
Again this is a symbiotic relationshipAgain this is a symbiotic relationship The anemone protects the clownfish from predatorsThe anemone protects the clownfish from predators The clownfish eats matter off the anemone that could The clownfish eats matter off the anemone that could
potentially be harmfulpotentially be harmful The clownfish also provide nutrients for the anemone The clownfish also provide nutrients for the anemone
through their fecal matterthrough their fecal matter Clownfish are monogamous in the Christian sense, Clownfish are monogamous in the Christian sense,
til death do they parttil death do they part Clownfish groups are typically comprised of a breeding Clownfish groups are typically comprised of a breeding
pair and some pre-pubescent malespair and some pre-pubescent males When the female dies, the dominant male becomes the When the female dies, the dominant male becomes the
female (protandrous hermaphrodites)female (protandrous hermaphrodites)
LabridaeLabridae
The wrassesThe wrasses Includes at least 500 speciesIncludes at least 500 species Inhabit shallow, tropical marine waters, typically Inhabit shallow, tropical marine waters, typically
close to coral reefs but can range to colder waters close to coral reefs but can range to colder waters Wrasses are colorful and sexually dimorphicWrasses are colorful and sexually dimorphic Originally born as a mix of females and malesOriginally born as a mix of females and males
The dominant males and females become the breeding The dominant males and females become the breeding males (protogynous hermaphrodites)males (protogynous hermaphrodites)
The submissive males become female mimics, but do not The submissive males become female mimics, but do not become femalesbecome females
The submissive females remain femalesThe submissive females remain females
LabridaeLabridae
Some species also participate in a symbiotic Some species also participate in a symbiotic relationship: the famed cleaner fishrelationship: the famed cleaner fish Other fish swim to a group of wrasses and usually give a Other fish swim to a group of wrasses and usually give a
signal: open their mouth or orient themselves verticallysignal: open their mouth or orient themselves vertically The wrasses come and clean the parasites off of the fishThe wrasses come and clean the parasites off of the fish The wrasses even make house calls to shy fishThe wrasses even make house calls to shy fish Occasionally there are cheater wrasses who eat Occasionally there are cheater wrasses who eat
protective mucous or healthy tissueprotective mucous or healthy tissue The “clientele” fish rarely eat the wrasses due to the The “clientele” fish rarely eat the wrasses due to the
enormous benefit of being cleaned of all of their enormous benefit of being cleaned of all of their potentially deadly parasitespotentially deadly parasites
OdacidaeOdacidae
This family includes a mere 12 speciesThis family includes a mere 12 species Their habitat is the coastal waters off Their habitat is the coastal waters off
Australia and New ZealandAustralia and New Zealand Body is long and slender like the wrasseBody is long and slender like the wrasse Teeth are fused together like in the Teeth are fused together like in the
parrotfish parrotfish
ScaridaeScaridae
ParrotfishParrotfish Inhabit shallow, tropical marine waters, Inhabit shallow, tropical marine waters,
typically around coral reefstypically around coral reefs Typically one male has a harem of femalesTypically one male has a harem of females
When the male dies, the dominant female When the male dies, the dominant female becomes the male (again, protogynous becomes the male (again, protogynous hermaphrodites)hermaphrodites)
Produce pelagic eggs (buoyant eggs, if you Produce pelagic eggs (buoyant eggs, if you forgot)forgot)
ScaridaeScaridae
http://www.arkive.org/humphead-parrotfish/http://www.arkive.org/humphead-parrotfish/bolbometopon-muricatum/video-08.htmlbolbometopon-muricatum/video-08.html
So aptly named because of their fused to teeth So aptly named because of their fused to teeth which look like a bird’s beakwhich look like a bird’s beak
They feed on algal fronds and pieces of dead coralThey feed on algal fronds and pieces of dead coral How do they eat coral, you askHow do they eat coral, you ask
Massive pharyngeal teeth that grinds up the dead Massive pharyngeal teeth that grinds up the dead coralcoral
They eat algal particles and live coral polypsThey eat algal particles and live coral polyps Fun Fact! The sand that you laid on while you Fun Fact! The sand that you laid on while you
tanned in the Caribbean is parrotfish fecal mattertanned in the Caribbean is parrotfish fecal matter
ConservationConservation
The main source of endangerment for these The main source of endangerment for these species is the depletion of the coral reefsspecies is the depletion of the coral reefs
There are many factors There are many factors Global warmingGlobal warming
Coral bleachingCoral bleaching Coral acidification due to high COCoral acidification due to high CO22
Coral diseaseCoral disease Coral miningCoral mining PollutionPollution
Review questionsReview questions
What is the main hypothesis for Cichlid speciation and what is the What is the main hypothesis for Cichlid speciation and what is the reasoning behind the accepted molecular clock?reasoning behind the accepted molecular clock?
What are the benefits that clownfish and anemone receive from their What are the benefits that clownfish and anemone receive from their symbiotic relationship?symbiotic relationship?
Which families are protogynous hermaphrodites and which are Which families are protogynous hermaphrodites and which are protandrous hermaphroditesprotandrous hermaphrodites
Think, what are some specific advantages to the damselfish gardening Think, what are some specific advantages to the damselfish gardening algae?algae?
What is “Lekking”?What is “Lekking”? Why has the Nile Perch been introduced to the Lake Victoria region and Why has the Nile Perch been introduced to the Lake Victoria region and
what effect does it have to native cichlid species?what effect does it have to native cichlid species? What are the advantages and disadvantages to the two types of brooding.What are the advantages and disadvantages to the two types of brooding. What types of water bodies would you think tubular, disc and stream-lined What types of water bodies would you think tubular, disc and stream-lined
cichlids inhabit?cichlids inhabit?