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LAMARCKIAN EVOLUTION
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
Jean Baptiste LAMARCK 1744 – 1829 Lamarck rejected fixity He proposed a theory
of evolution which is attractive but it was eventually rejected because of the way inheritance works
Lamarck
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
Adaptation and specialisation Lamarck noticed that organisms adapted
to a particular niche had well developed specialised organs
For example a carnivore will have long canine teeth to grip its prey
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
vestigial organs Small non-functional organs (vestigial
organs) e.g. the appendix in humans, the internal
hind limbs of whales and the internal legs of some species of snakes
Comparative anatomy showed that these organs resembled those which were much more developed, with particular functions, in other species
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
The Law of Use and Disuse He proposed that if an organ is used a lot
it will develop and strengthen If it is not used it will atrophy He called this the law of use and disuse
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics if an organism developed a characteristic feature
through adapting to a new way of life during its lifetime, it would pass this on to its offspring
The classic example given is that of the giraffe’s neck
As the giraffe’s ancestors searched for a richer food supply they stretched to reach higher branches in trees
Thus their stretched bodies were passed onto their offspring
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
Lamarck v Darwin Lamarck’s theory required adaptation to create
new variations This was followed by the inheritance of these
characteristics Darwin’s theory requires random hereditary
variation first, followed by selection of the variations
The argument was over when Mendel’s laws of genetics were rediscovered at the end of the 19th century
Variations are due to hereditary traits passing from one generation to the next in predictable frequencies
Disproving Lamarck Characteristics acquired during the lifetime of a
parent are not passed onto the offspring An athlete who develops a large muscle mass
through training does not have children who already possess this large muscle mass
Ernst HaeckelIn an attempt to disprove Lamarckism he is said to have cut off the tails of mice for several generations
The babies born from this line of tailless mice still grew tails as long as their ancestors
This was not exactly a fair test as the mice had not stopped using their tails in an attempt to adapt to their environment
They still found their tails useful
Lamarckism in evolution theory today Behaviour can be different Some behaviour patterns are innate and will also
evolve in by natural selection learned behaviour patterns can be changed
within a generation Members of a social group who have acquired the
behaviour in their lifetimes will pass these learned skills onto others including their children
This pattern of evolution resembles the Lamarckian pattern
The evolution of learnt behaviour is much faster than genetic evolution and it plays an important role in human cultural evolution