Land consolidations in Slovakia - SULANET · Land consolidations in Slovakia ... • Plots which look like long „noodles“ of land and cannot be split any more (they are too narrow,

Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra

Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering

Department of Landscape Planning and Land Consolidation

Land consolidations in Slovakia

http://www.fzki.uniag.sk/

Zlatica Muchová

The Slovak Republic

• population: 5 412 008

• area: 49 036 km2

• agriculture land: 49 % ( out of this arable land is 29 %)

• forest: 41 %

• water: 2 %

• built-up: 5 %

• other: 3 %

The present country

We can see in the rural country:

• Gigantic agricultural units =>

Environmental problems (as wind and water erosion, degradation of fertile land, washing off of topsoil, sudden local floods, low ecological stability ...)

Foto by Sklenička

We cannot see in the rural country: • High landowner fragmentation. • Plots which look like long „noodles“ of land and cannot be split any more

(they are too narrow, plot´s width is only 2 m and and length is 700m). • It is impossible to draw this plots in the cadastral map any more. • The boundaries of owner fragmentation are hidden under gigantic blocks

of land; they are recorded only in cadastral evidence as an arithmetic fraction (ratio).

Ownership relations

Foto by Sklenička

• Parcel has many co-owners who share the join ownership • Parcel has many unknown owners of plots (which causes

extremely problematic purchase of land)

Ownership relations – co-owners, join ownership

Foto by Sklenička

Why these problems exist? We need to look back into the history.

Key words: The Austro-Hungarian Empire (more precisely the Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian

Empire) Hungarian and Austrian aristocracy – the majority landowners 1848 (Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire) – the end of villeinage, lieges

became owners of land Land inheritance in history during the Austro-Hungarian Empire Small land owners rarely wrote a will Principles of Hungarian and Austrian law

The Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867 – 1918)

Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire

Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867

Differences between Hungarian and Austrian law https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak%C3%BAsko-Uhorsko#/media/File:%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.png

Hungarian inheritance law

All siblings inherited equally

According to the Hungarian law, the property was split into equal shares amongst all children

Kingdom of Hungary

1/1

1/5 1/5 1/5 The first generation 5 children

The second generation 5 children 4/25

1/100

1/5 1/5

4/25 4/25 4/25 4/25

1/100 1/100 1/100

4/500

The third generation 4 children

Next generation 5 children

It continues in the same way till present…

Differences between Hungarian and Austrian law

1/1

1/1

1/1

1/1

Austrian Empire Austrian inheritance law

(Generally) the eldest son inherited everything (or only one of all siblings)

In Austria usually the oldest son inherited the land. The land ownership there is not so dispersed as in Slovakia.

1/1

The first generation 5 children

The second generation 5 children

The third generation 4 children

Next generation 5 children

Differences between Hungarian and Austrian law

One owner (happy married couple) owned one parcel at the start of the history of property.

SUMMARY - Hungarian property law

1/1

http://www.kpu.sk/clanky-nazory/pozemkove-upravy-nastroj-na-riesenie-rozdrobenosti-pozemkoveho-vlastnictva

The property share was usually distributed uniformly between its heirs. This principle of inheritance caused increasing of the number of co-owners and it resulted in land strips (in division and shrinking of the areas of parcels).

1/3 1/3

1/3

SUMMARY - Hungarian property law

The parcels are too narrow: plot´s width is only 2 m and length is 700m


SUMMARY - Hungarian property law After two/three generations it became technically impossible to split the parcels this way (i.e. to create more, but smaller parcels). Therefore the parcel in the map was fixed, but the number of owners in cadastral evidence was increased.

Next generations 1/16 .... 1/64 ... 1/256

aritmethic fraction (ratio) only in the

Land record system

Therefore in Slovakia most of the land is in a join ownership.


aritmethic fraction, property share

Owner

The real estate section of 129 owner relation

Land record system in Slovakia

31000 € 10 6129 m2

Combined map of an ortophotomap (current) and a cadastral map (property evidence)

PROBLEMS WITH HIGH LAND FRAGMENTATION IN SLOVAKIA

FACTS:

• Slovak Republic has 97.95 million land ownerships

• number of landowners is 4.1 million

• the average number of plots per owner is 20.6

• the average number of co-owners per plot is 5-6

• number of plots is 8.8 million

• the average area of a plot is 0.55 ha

In the 1950s the political regime changed

into communism/socialism regime:

nationalization, agricultural cooperative farms

Small farmers were invited to join the cooperatives: - many joined voluntarily, - others were forced to join. The property of big landowners was nationalized by state. This process was called KOLEKTIVIZÁCIA- COLLECTIVIZATION Agricultural cooperatives cultivated the plots of their members.

Socialist regime

During socialism the land was in private ownership „de jure“, but the owners had no possibility to use their plots and to cultivate them alone.


The present country

The Czech Republic Post socialist states

Austria Non-socialist states

State boundaries

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 http://www.googleearth.com

Poland

Uzbekistan

Slovakia Bulgaria

Italy The Czech Republic

Spain

http://www.googleearth.com

PROBLEMS OF THE LANDSCAPE IN SLOVAKIA

• gigantic agricultural units

Unhealthy landscape: • Country without green elements • Minimum water areas

• environmental problems:

Sudden local flood High water erosion, degradation of fertile land, washing off of topsoil

High wind erosion


Pollution and alluviation of watercouses, sediment in dams and ponds

Low ecological stability stability


• environmental problems:

The Velvet Revolution in 1989 the end of the communist regime

Solution of the fragmentation of ownership and the problems in the country

Land consolidation after 1991

Act No. 330/1991 Coll. on land consolidation, settlement of land ownership rights, district land offices, the land fund and land

associations (Land consolidation law)

LC is an integrated process (effective tool) which solves a reallotment planning and landscape values

in egual importance.

Land consolidations…

Rational management of the land tenure structure: property organization (consolidation of the property rights) in terms of parcels (size, shape and location) and landowners.

Reallotment planning: (reallocation, readjustment, rearrangement)

involves the provision of the necessary infrastructure such as: new roads, soil and water protection, irrigation system, drainage system, water management, landscaping, ecological stability, environmental management, village renewal, sustainable rural development, improving of rural life quality, soil conservation, the reasonable use of natural resources, …

Landscape planning

Definition of the FAO

Land consolidation is a term used broadly to describe measures to adjust the structure of property rights through co-ordination between owners and users. Land consolidation involves the reallocation of parcels to remove the effects of fragmentation.

FAO has prepared three technical publications (guide for land consolidation activities in Central and Eastern Europe):

LAND CONSOLIDATIONS – CURRENT SITUATION IN SLOVAKIA

• land consolidations are carried out in 426 cadastral areas in Slovakia (from 3559 cadastral areas)

• land consolidations are completed in 261 cadastral areas and further elaborated in 165 cadastral areas

• the success rate in processing of the land consolidation projects is approximately 12% of the area of Slovak Republic

• the figure below displays the number of the projects in Slovakia in every year since 1991

0 13 6 0 0

20 0 8 0 1 4

51 63

46

79

44

7 1

80

2 0 0 1 0

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

2

01

5

20

16

0 0

(2014–2020) RDP

(2007 – 2013) Rural Development Programme

(2006 – 2008) Sectoral Operational Programme

(2003 – 2006) Pre-accession program SAPARD

till 2003 State budget

The soil-ecological units and land-value maps There is 7-digit code: to express the evaluation of each soil in Slovakia 6000 SEU codes we use in Slovakia The code includes data on: XX XX X X X Code of climatic region (00-10) Code of main soil units (00-99) Code of soil morphological unit, slope and aspect (0-9) Code of stoniness and depth (0-9) Code od texture (1-5)

7-digit code

The price of agricultural land

The price of other land

0001001 0,13 € 0,10 €

very fertile soils

aritmethic fraction, property share

Owner

The real estate section of 129 owner relation

Initial state registry

an inventory of all plots in the project area - parcels, buildings, ownership

and encumbrances on the basis of data from land registry.

This database is used to determine claims of owners for new plots.

31000 € 10 6129 m2

Landscape revitalization in the LC project is represented by the general principles of the functional organization of the territory. The main goal is to establish rules for ecologically optimal management in the landscape in terms of spatial and functional division.

The facilities and measures are as follows: •Roads and related structures •Erosion control measures and related structures •Water management measures •Measures for the protection of the environment

General principles of the functional organization of the territory

Roads and related structures used for access to plots

Bridges

Culverts

Fords Bike trails Field and forest roads

Eco bridges

Frog Hollow Bridges

protective afforestation protective greening contour farming

erosion ditches

field windbreak terraces contour buffer strips

grass waterways grass filter strips

Erosion control measures and related structures used to protect soil from wind and water erosion

Water management measures that provide protection of the country against storm, waters, flooding and provide a source of water to cover water deficits

revitalization of water courses small reservoirs and polders

small natural lakes

levees

irrigation system ameliorative drainage channels

Measures for the protection of the environment - which means essential establishing of ecological stability and biodiversity conditions in the country

BIOCENTRUM (HUB and CORE)

BIOCORRIDOR

Interaction element: One tree (solitaire tree) Alley of trees

Row of trees by the river

IE

IE

IE

Genius loci: the prevailing character or atmosphere of a place

General plan of the functional organization of the territory - has to contain a complete list of all facilities and measures.

Owner 1

Owner 2

Owner 3

Owner 4

Principles of the placement of new plots

New plots should be proportionate to the original plots by the

kind, size, quality.

Merged Scattered

Principles of the placement of new plots

The kind of plot means: -arable soil, permanent grassland, vineyard, hop garden, orchard, garden, water surface, built-up area, forest, and other areas The size of plot: - the same total area, but of a better shape (not a too narrow plot, but of square or rectangular shape) The quality of plot - the same quality of soil ecological units.

The part of 129 owner relations in the “old” situation

Three plots in “new” situation

Old evidence

New evidence

Comparison of the “old” and “new” property situation of one owner.

31000 €

31000 €

10 6129 m2

10 6129 m2

Extract from Property Sheet № 46

Part A: The real estate

Part B: The owners

How the estate was acquired, there by inheritance in 2003

1/1 Property share, arithmetic ratio

Part C: The encumbrance

The real estate register

Each district keeps the evidence of a new cadastral map

http://www.mapka.sk

For examples …

PPÚ Balog nad Ipľom, okres Veľký Krtíš, VUC Banskobystrický

PPÚ Levkuška, okres Revúca, VUC Banskobystrický

PPÚ Prša, okres Lučenec, VUC Banskobystrický

road erosion ditch

PPÚ Ostrý Grúň, okres Žarnovica, VUC Banskobystrický

culvert

erosion ditch

roadside

PPÚ Rašice, okres Revúca, VUC Banskobystrický

PPÚ Sedliacka Dubová, okres Dolný Kubín, VUC Žilinský

shunt/sideway

erosion ditch

PPÚ Snežnica, okres Kysucké Nové Mesto, VUC Žilinský

fortification of water cannal

bridge

culvert

Projekt pozemkových úprav Nižné Ružbachy (Archív Okresného úradu Prešov)

PPÚ Falkušovce, okres Michalovce, VUC Košický

Guard rail

road erosion ditch

PPÚ Snežnica, okres Kysucké Nové Mesto, VUC Žilinský

polder

PPÚ Nižné Ružbachy, okres Stará Ľubovňa, VUC Prešovský

bridge

PPÚ Nemešany, okres Levoča, VUC Prešovský

Alley of trees

PPÚ Nemešany, okres Levoča, VUC Prešovský

PPÚ Hniezdne, okres Stará Ľubovňa, VUC Prešovský

Row of trees by the river

Alley of trees

BEFORE

LAND CONSOLIDATION

6 YEARS LATER AFTER LAND CONSOLIDATION

Thanks for your attention …

Task 1 Questions

Write down answers to these questions. Work individually (if you are more representatives of a country, cooperate). You have 20 minutes.

1. How is your country's landscape like? Try to describe rural areas (for example:

size of arable blocks, ecological stability, water and flood problems ...).

2. Describe the ownership relatives in your country (for example: basics of heritage laws in you country, co-owners …).

3. Who cultivates the land in your country? (Owners, farmer cooperatives, corporations …)

4. Have you ever heard about land consolidation in your country? Describe the basic principles, please.

Note: If you can't answer the question right now, you can use the Internet later and send the answers to my address: [email protected] as soon as possible.

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Task 2: General plan of the functional organization of the territory.

Work individually.

railw

ay

village

railw

ay

state route

150 ha

250 ha

500 ha

200 ha

Basic information for design of a simple, hypothetical plan :

You can choose from these road nets: radial, square and circular. The landscape visual structure depends on your choice.

You can cross state route and railway only once and you need to design it perpendicularly. Do not restrict the flow of traffic. You can cross river max. twice. Every part of the territory must be accessible. New arable blocks could not be more than 50 ha large. You need to think about landscape ecological stability. It is necessary to raise it. Try to propose new green areas.

Documents

Land consolidations in Slovakia - SULANET · Land consolidations in Slovakia ... • Plots which look like long „noodles“ of land and cannot be split any more (they are too narrow,