Land Forcing and Coral Reefs: Terrestrial Runoff as a Factor in Coral Reef Distribution

Land Forcing and Coral Reefs: Terrestrial Runoff as a Factor in Coral Reef DistributionBy:Casey J. McLaughlinUniversity of KansasAndCasey C. SmithSwarthmore College

IntroductionCoastal ecosystems such as coral reefs are increasingly in danger from non-local anthropogenic effects such as deforestation, land use, and pollution in inland river basins. These non-local pressures are channeled from a potentially large basin scale through freshwater discharge into the coastal zone. As a first estimate of a reefto--runoff relationship, I examined global reef distributions as a function of total runoff within the same 30 grid cell. The resulting correlation suggested that runoff inhibited reef occurrence when runoff was greater than 1010 m3/yr. Combining basin runoff and five additional variables (average sea surface temperature, minimum salinity, wave height, tidal range, Chlorphyll-A) selected to proxy the effect of runoff, increased predictive capabilities. The use of statistical representation of spatial and temporal variability allowed useful analytical comparisons of the environmental variables. Spatial and temporal statistics (standard deviations minimum/maximum months, ranges) were summarized for each variable into a standard 30 spatial grid cell, providing a common framework for K-means clustering routine. Further classification of runoff-related stresses can then be made, for example, by adding modeled sediment discharge to refine the prediction of areas of reef stress from human activities. This information is important to understanding both paleo-environmental forcing of reefs and the potential effects of present and future human alterations to the hydrologic cycle.

ObjectiveInvestigate the relationship between terrigenous runoff and coral reef distribution1. Selection Criteria2. Data Integration3. Hypothesis TestingCraig Quirolohttp://www.reefrelief.org Integrate land and ocean based data sets to test coral reef distribution relative to fresh water dischargewww.epa.gov/Oceans and Coastal Protection Coral Reefs and Your Coastal Watershed.htm

1. Selection Criteria2. Data Integration3. Hypothesis TestingDefining the limits of coral reef distribution:Minimum Sea Surface Temperature Salinity Light Penetration Aragonite Saturation Nutrient LoadsEnvironmental Limits to Coral Reef Development, Where Do We Draw the Line?Kleypas, Joan, McManus, John, and Meez, LambertAmerican Zoologist, Vol. 39, No. 1 February 1999Scale:1 degree grid system1,000 reef locations1-100 year time scaleConceptual tie-in:We consider sediment loadsin addition to proxies for the other variables

System Interaction:Wave Height, Tidal Range, andChlorophyll-A Land Forcing:Annual Basin Discharge (log)Ocean Influence:Average Sea Surface TemperatureMinimum Salinity1. Selection Criteria2. Data Integration3. Hypothesis TestingEnvironmental variables used to investigate sediment--reef relationships in the context ofdistribution-limiting variablesSpatial Limitations:Latitude: 30N to 30SReefs: Coastal focus ~6600 recordsGrid Cell: 0.5 degreesLocation:ReefBase reef location inventory ~10,000 total records

Reefbase Reef Inventory

1. Selection Criteria2. Data Integration3. Hypothesis TestingLOICZ and Hexacoralliadatabase structure

Analysis MethodsK-means clustering (LOICZVIEW) of runoff, reef occurrence and environmental variables VisualizationBuffering and spatial querying using ArcView GIS1. Selection Criteria2. Data Integration3. Hypothesis Testing

Statistical Analysis of reef occurrence in relation to log basin runoffRunoffUnsupervised runoff clusteringwith reef overlayConsidered alone,runoff has a stronganti-correlation with reef distribution

Chart1

1065435

998230

6610

16529

26850

33364

38884

34064

26943

17913

45

Total Cells

Reef Cells

Avg. Cluster Runoff

Cells

Runoff Clusters

Charts

10 RO clusters and their reefinessNormalizedDeviationDeviation2

ClusterTotal CellsNoReef CellsReef CellsAVG RORnRn-RtRn/RtRn/Rt-1%c1*h1# of Reefs(reefs/cells) - (total reefs/total cells)

NULL10652028435Null0.2144970414-0.05105203540.8077491514-0.1922508486-19.2250848595-83.62911913924391.6975752474

399876823000.29947916670.03393008991.12777333030.127773330312.777333028429.387865965214470.8573342019

26656107.280.1785714286-0.08697764820.6724611162-0.3275388838-32.7538883806-3.2753888381400.0134950084

6165136298.40.2132352941-0.05231378270.8029976858-0.1970023142-19.7002314192-5.71306711161080.0619798569

4268218508.990.2293577982-0.03619127860.8637115254-0.1362884746-13.6288474613-6.81442373072720.4223597755

7333269649.320.2379182156-0.02763086120.8959481935-0.1040518065-10.4051806528-6.65931561785180.9629899579

1388304849.570.27631578950.01076671271.04054509560.04054509564.05450955843.40578802915660.8661972889

9340276649.80.231884058-0.03366501880.8732248697-0.1267751303-12.6775130276-8.11360833764290.6691991082

52692264310.080.1902654867-0.075283590.7164983928-0.2835016072-28.350160717-12.19056910831980.1434938819

81791661310.540.078313253-0.18723582380.2949106582-0.7050893418-70.5089341814-9.166161443637-0.3858616871

04544111.430.0227272727-0.2428218040.0855859602-0.9144140398-91.4414039757-0.91441403981-0.5703433754

Charts

Total Cells

Reef Cells

Avg. Cluster Runoff

Cells

Runoff Clusters

RO_Only

Normalized

Sheet3

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff

DEVIATION(Reefs in Cluster/Cells in Cluster) - (Total Reefs/Total Cells)


ClusterTotal CellsNoReef CellsReef CellsAVG RORnRn-RtRn/RtRn/Rt-1%c1*h1# Reefs(reefs/cells) - (total reefs/total cells)

04544111.430.0227272727-0.2428218040.0855859602-0.9144140398-91.4414039757-0.91441403981-0.5703433754

1388304849.570.27631578950.01076671271.04054509560.04054509564.05450955843.40578802915660.8661972889

26656107.280.1785714286-0.08697764820.6724611162-0.3275388838-32.7538883806-3.2753888381400.0134950084

399876823000.29947916670.03393008991.12777333030.127773330312.777333028429.387865965214470.8573342019

4268218508.990.2293577982-0.03619127860.8637115254-0.1362884746-13.6288474613-6.81442373072720.4223597755

52692264310.080.1902654867-0.075283590.7164983928-0.2835016072-28.350160717-12.19056910831980.1434938819

6165136298.40.2132352941-0.05231378270.8029976858-0.1970023142-19.7002314192-5.71306711161080.0619798569

7333269649.320.2379182156-0.02763086120.8959481935-0.1040518065-10.4051806528-6.65931561785180.9629899579

81791661310.540.078313253-0.18723582380.2949106582-0.7050893418-70.5089341814-9.166161443637-0.3858616871

9340276649.80.231884058-0.03366501880.8732248697-0.1267751303-12.6775130276-8.11360833764290.6691991082

NULL1065202843500.2144970414-0.05105203540.8077491514-0.1922508486-19.2250848595-83.62911913924391.6975752474

Totals:24635886.46055

Total Cells:41161093Reef/total0.2655490768

Total Reefs6055

Chart3

1.6975752474

0.8573342019

0.0134950084

0.0619798569

0.4223597755

0.9629899579

0.8661972889

0.6691991082

0.1434938819

-0.3858616871

-0.5703433754

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff

DEVIATION (Runoff Clusters)(Reefs in Cluster/Cells in Cluster) - (Total Reefs/Total Cells)

Charts



NULL10652028435Null0.2144970414-0.05105203540.8077491514-0.1922508486-19.2250848595-83.62911913924391.6975752474

399876823000.29947916670.03393008991.12777333030.127773330312.777333028429.387865965214470.8573342019

26656107.280.1785714286-0.08697764820.6724611162-0.3275388838-32.7538883806-3.2753888381400.0134950084

6165136298.40.2132352941-0.05231378270.8029976858-0.1970023142-19.7002314192-5.71306711161080.0619798569

4268218508.990.2293577982-0.03619127860.8637115254-0.1362884746-13.6288474613-6.81442373072720.4223597755

7333269649.320.2379182156-0.02763086120.8959481935-0.1040518065-10.4051806528-6.65931561785180.9629899579

1388304849.570.27631578950.01076671271.04054509560.04054509564.05450955843.40578802915660.8661972889

9340276649.80.231884058-0.03366501880.8732248697-0.1267751303-12.6775130276-8.11360833764290.6691991082

52692264310.080.1902654867-0.075283590.7164983928-0.2835016072-28.350160717-12.19056910831980.1434938819

81791661310.540.078313253-0.18723582380.2949106582-0.7050893418-70.5089341814-9.166161443637-0.3858616871

04544111.430.0227272727-0.2428218040.0855859602-0.9144140398-91.4414039757-0.91441403981-0.5703433754

Charts

Total Cells

Reef Cells

Avg. Cluster Runoff

Cells

Runoff Clusters

RO_Only

Normalized

Sheet3

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff




04544111.430.0227272727-0.2428218040.0855859602-0.9144140398-91.4414039757-0.91441403981-0.5703433754

1388304849.570.27631578950.01076671271.04054509560.04054509564.05450955843.40578802915660.8661972889

26656107.280.1785714286-0.08697764820.6724611162-0.3275388838-32.7538883806-3.2753888381400.0134950084

399876823000.29947916670.03393008991.12777333030.127773330312.777333028429.387865965214470.8573342019

4268218508.990.2293577982-0.03619127860.8637115254-0.1362884746-13.6288474613-6.81442373072720.4223597755

52692264310.080.1902654867-0.075283590.7164983928-0.2835016072-28.350160717-12.19056910831980.1434938819

6165136298.40.2132352941-0.05231378270.8029976858-0.1970023142-19.7002314192-5.71306711161080.0619798569

7333269649.320.2379182156-0.02763086120.8959481935-0.1040518065-10.4051806528-6.65931561785180.9629899579

81791661310.540.078313253-0.18723582380.2949106582-0.7050893418-70.5089341814-9.166161443637-0.3858616871

9340276649.80.231884058-0.03366501880.8732248697-0.1267751303-12.6775130276-8.11360833764290.6691991082

NULL1065202843500.2144970414-0.05105203540.8077491514-0.1922508486-19.2250848595-83.62911913924391.6975752474

Totals:24635886.46055


Total Reefs6055

UnsupervisedStatistical Analysis of reef occurrence in relation to combined env. variablesUnsupervised clustering of6 env. variableswith reef overlayRunoff does notdominatedistribution

Chart1

541305

328113

45588

3071

26523

942

20042

779218

622176

52555

Total Cells

Reef Cells

Avg. Cluster Runoff

Cells

Unsupervised Clusters

Unsupervised

10 clusters (Unsupervised) and their reefinessNormalizedDeviationDev2

ClusterTotal CellsNoReef CellsReef CellsAVG RORnRn-RtRn/RtRn/Rt-1%c1*h1Total Reefs(reefs/cells) - (total reefs/total cells)

07795612189.440.38859180040.12304272361.46335210450.463352104546.3352104545101.010758790713140.215689485

16224461769.520.39461883410.12906975731.48604860120.486048601248.604860116885.544553805510480.2137990244

254123630501.29237288141.02682380464.86679485793.8667948579386.67948578781179.372431652916471.5732738567

3200158428.880.26582278480.0002737081.00103072490.00103072490.10307248660.04329044444410.7339115646

4949228.870.0217391304-0.24380994630.0818648315-0.9181351685-91.8135168463-1.83627033692-1.4498118396

5265242237.960.0950413223-0.17050775450.3579049247-0.6420950753-64.2095075348-14.768186733117-1.0295790014

630730613.010.0032679739-0.26228110290.0123064779-0.9876935221-98.7693522057-0.98769352211-1.4678311064

7525470559.620.1170212766-0.14852780020.4406766464-0.5593233536-55.9323353643-30.7627844504161-1.1644217687

832821511300.52558139530.26003231861.97922508990.979225089997.9225089896110.65243515825820.3033018085

94553678800.2397820163-0.02576706040.9029668612-0.0970331388-9.70331388-8.53891621447420.1596807954

Totals:309310236.46055


Total Reefs6055

1.4710884354

Charts

10 clusters (Unsupervised) and their reefinessNormalizedDeviation

ClusterTotal CellsNoReef CellsReef CellsAVG RORnRn-RtRn/RtRn/Rt-1%c1*h1#ReefsDeviation

254123630501.29237288141.02682380464.86679485793.8667948579386.67948578781179.372431652916471.5732738567

832821511300.52558139530.26003231861.97922508990.979225089997.9225089896110.65243515825820.3033018085

94553678800.2397820163-0.02576706040.9029668612-0.0970331388-9.70331388-8.53891621447420.1596807954

630730613.010.0032679739-0.26228110290.0123064779-0.9876935221-98.7693522057-0.98769352211-1.4678311064

5265242237.960.0950413223-0.17050775450.3579049247-0.6420950753-64.2095075348-14.768186733117-1.0295790014

4949228.870.0217391304-0.24380994630.0818648315-0.9181351685-91.8135168463-1.83627033692-1.4498118396

3200158428.880.26582278480.0002737081.00103072490.00103072490.10307248660.04329044444410.7339115646

07795612189.440.38859180040.12304272361.46335210450.463352104546.3352104545101.010758790713140.215689485

16224461769.520.39461883410.12906975731.48604860120.486048601248.604860116885.544553805510480.2137990244

7525470559.620.1170212766-0.14852780020.4406766464-0.5593233536-55.9323353643-30.7627844504161-1.1644217687

Totals:309310236.4


Charts

Total Cells

Reef Cells

Avg. Cluster Runoff

Cells


Sheet3

Normalized

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff

DEVIATION (Unsupervisedf Clusters)(Reefs in Cluster/Cells in Cluster) - (Total Reefs/Total Cells

Chart2

1.5732738567

0.3033018085

0.1596807954

-1.4678311064

-1.0295790014

-1.4498118396

0.7339115646

0.215689485

0.2137990244

-1.1644217687

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff


Unsupervised



07795612189.440.38859180040.12304272361.46335210450.463352104546.3352104545101.010758790713140.215689485

16224461769.520.39461883410.12906975731.48604860120.486048601248.604860116885.544553805510480.2137990244

254123630501.29237288141.02682380464.86679485793.8667948579386.67948578781179.372431652916471.5732738567

3200158428.880.26582278480.0002737081.00103072490.00103072490.10307248660.04329044444410.7339115646

4949228.870.0217391304-0.24380994630.0818648315-0.9181351685-91.8135168463-1.83627033692-1.4498118396

5265242237.960.0950413223-0.17050775450.3579049247-0.6420950753-64.2095075348-14.768186733117-1.0295790014

630730613.010.0032679739-0.26228110290.0123064779-0.9876935221-98.7693522057-0.98769352211-1.4678311064

7525470559.620.1170212766-0.14852780020.4406766464-0.5593233536-55.9323353643-30.7627844504161-1.1644217687

832821511300.52558139530.26003231861.97922508990.979225089997.9225089896110.65243515825820.3033018085

94553678800.2397820163-0.02576706040.9029668612-0.0970331388-9.70331388-8.53891621447420.1596807954

Totals:309310236.46055


Total Reefs6055

1.4710884354

Charts



254123630501.29237288141.02682380464.86679485793.8667948579386.67948578781179.372431652916471.5732738567

832821511300.52558139530.26003231861.97922508990.979225089997.9225089896110.65243515825820.3033018085

94553678800.2397820163-0.02576706040.9029668612-0.0970331388-9.70331388-8.53891621447420.1596807954

630730613.010.0032679739-0.26228110290.0123064779-0.9876935221-98.7693522057-0.98769352211-1.4678311064

5265242237.960.0950413223-0.17050775450.3579049247-0.6420950753-64.2095075348-14.768186733117-1.0295790014

4949228.870.0217391304-0.24380994630.0818648315-0.9181351685-91.8135168463-1.83627033692-1.4498118396

3200158428.880.26582278480.0002737081.00103072490.00103072490.10307248660.04329044444410.7339115646

07795612189.440.38859180040.12304272361.46335210450.463352104546.3352104545101.010758790713140.215689485

16224461769.520.39461883410.12906975731.48604860120.486048601248.604860116885.544553805510480.2137990244

7525470559.620.1170212766-0.14852780020.4406766464-0.5593233536-55.9323353643-30.7627844504161-1.1644217687

Totals:309310236.4


Charts

Total Cells

Reef Cells

Avg. Cluster Runoff

Cells


Sheet3

Normalized

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff


SupervisedStatistical Analysis of reef occurrence in relation to log basin runoffSupervised byrunoff: clustering of 6env. variables with reef overlayHigh runoff valuesshow strong controlof reef distribution

Chart1

1057305

36431

370

15831

33355

820313

520179

1756

27669

16818

20716

Total Cells

Reef Cells

Avg. Cluster Runoff

Cells

Supervised by Runoff

Sup_RO

10 Clusters, 6 variables.Supervised by RO (1 Std. Dev)NormalizedDeviationdeviation2


017516969.630.0355029586-0.21303931550.1428447483-0.8571552517-85.7155251696-5.142931510223-1.3396598639

15203411799.50.52492668620.27638441222.11202174041.1120217404111.2021740439199.051891538611140.6712192569

2364333316.910.0930930931-0.1554491810.3745563746-0.6254436254-62.5443625444-19.3887523888431-0.2870225013

3105775230500.40558510640.15704283231.63185561860.631855618663.1855618644192.715963686317450.1798103347

48205073139.430.6173570020.36881472792.48391145661.4839114566148.3911456616464.464285920915720.4459847354

5168150189.740.12-0.12854227410.4828152493-0.5171847507-51.7184750733-9.3093255132122-0.7448979592

6158127319.320.2440944882-0.00444778590.9821045097-0.0178954903-1.7895490336-0.5547602004137-0.6039998278

7333278559.370.1978417266-0.05070054740.7960083546-0.2039916454-20.3991645393-11.21954049666050.3457283814

8207191169.780.0837696335-0.16477264050.337043804-0.662956196-66.2956195974-10.607299135631-1.3213299813

9276208699.710.33173076920.08318849521.3347056170.33470561733.470561696423.0946875705275-0.4747116238

*10373708.880-0.24854227410-1-10000-1.4710884354

6055

Totals:309310236.4


Reefs/tot.Cells1.4710884354

Charts

10 Clusters, 6 variables.Supervised by RO (1 Std. Dev)NormalizedDeviation

ClusterTotal CellsNoReef CellsReef CellsAVG RORnRn-RtRn/RtRn/Rt-1%c1*h1ReefsDeviation2

3105775230500.40558510640.15704283231.63185561860.631855618663.1855618644192.715963686317450.1798103347

2364333316.910.0930930931-0.1554491810.3745563746-0.6254436254-62.5443625444-19.3887523888431-0.2870225013

*10373708.880-0.24854227410-1-10000-1.4710884354

6158127319.320.2440944882-0.00444778590.9821045097-0.0178954903-1.7895490336-0.5547602004137-0.6039998278

7333278559.370.1978417266-0.05070054740.7960083546-0.2039916454-20.3991645393-11.21954049666050.3457283814

48205073139.430.6173570020.36881472792.48391145661.4839114566148.3911456616464.464285920915720.4459847354

15203411799.50.52492668620.27638441222.11202174041.1120217404111.2021740439199.051891538611140.6712192569

017516969.630.0355029586-0.21303931550.1428447483-0.8571552517-85.7155251696-5.142931510223-1.3396598639

9276208699.710.33173076920.08318849521.3347056170.33470561733.470561696423.0946875705275-0.4747116238

5168150189.740.12-0.12854227410.4828152493-0.5171847507-51.7184750733-9.3093255132122-0.7448979592

8207191169.780.0837696335-0.16477264050.337043804-0.662956196-66.2956195974-10.607299135631-1.3213299813

Charts

Total Cells

Reef Cells

Avg. Cluster Runoff

Cells


Sheet3

Normalized

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff

DEVIATION(Reefs in Cluster/Cells in CLuster) - (Total Reefs/Total Cells)

Chart4

0.1798103347

-0.2870225013

-1.4710884354

-0.6039998278

0.3457283814

0.4459847354

0.6712192569

-1.3396598639

-0.4747116238

-0.7448979592

-1.3213299813

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff

DEVIATION (Supervised by Runoff)(Reefs in Cluster/Cells in Cluster) - (Total Reefs/Total Cells)

Sup_RO



017516969.630.0355029586-0.21303931550.1428447483-0.8571552517-85.7155251696-5.142931510223-1.3396598639

15203411799.50.52492668620.27638441222.11202174041.1120217404111.2021740439199.051891538611140.6712192569

2364333316.910.0930930931-0.1554491810.3745563746-0.6254436254-62.5443625444-19.3887523888431-0.2870225013

3105775230500.40558510640.15704283231.63185561860.631855618663.1855618644192.715963686317450.1798103347

48205073139.430.6173570020.36881472792.48391145661.4839114566148.3911456616464.464285920915720.4459847354

5168150189.740.12-0.12854227410.4828152493-0.5171847507-51.7184750733-9.3093255132122-0.7448979592

6158127319.320.2440944882-0.00444778590.9821045097-0.0178954903-1.7895490336-0.5547602004137-0.6039998278

7333278559.370.1978417266-0.05070054740.7960083546-0.2039916454-20.3991645393-11.21954049666050.3457283814

8207191169.780.0837696335-0.16477264050.337043804-0.662956196-66.2956195974-10.607299135631-1.3213299813

9276208699.710.33173076920.08318849521.3347056170.33470561733.470561696423.0946875705275-0.4747116238

*10373708.880-0.24854227410-1-10000-1.4710884354

6055

Totals:309310236.4



Charts



3105775230500.40558510640.15704283231.63185561860.631855618663.1855618644192.715963686317450.1798103347

2364333316.910.0930930931-0.1554491810.3745563746-0.6254436254-62.5443625444-19.3887523888431-0.2870225013

*10373708.880-0.24854227410-1-10000-1.4710884354

6158127319.320.2440944882-0.00444778590.9821045097-0.0178954903-1.7895490336-0.5547602004137-0.6039998278

7333278559.370.1978417266-0.05070054740.7960083546-0.2039916454-20.3991645393-11.21954049666050.3457283814

48205073139.430.6173570020.36881472792.48391145661.4839114566148.3911456616464.464285920915720.4459847354

15203411799.50.52492668620.27638441222.11202174041.1120217404111.2021740439199.051891538611140.6712192569

017516969.630.0355029586-0.21303931550.1428447483-0.8571552517-85.7155251696-5.142931510223-1.3396598639

9276208699.710.33173076920.08318849521.3347056170.33470561733.470561696423.0946875705275-0.4747116238

5168150189.740.12-0.12854227410.4828152493-0.5171847507-51.7184750733-9.3093255132122-0.7448979592

8207191169.780.0837696335-0.16477264050.337043804-0.662956196-66.2956195974-10.607299135631-1.3213299813

Charts

Total Cells

Reef Cells

Avg. Cluster Runoff

Cells


Sheet3

Normalized

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff


Deviations1. Selection Criteria2. Data Integration3. Hypothesis Testing

Chart3

1.6975752474

0.8573342019

0.0134950084

0.0619798569

0.4223597755

0.9629899579

0.8661972889

0.6691991082

0.1434938819

-0.3858616871

-0.5703433754

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff


Charts



NULL10652028435Null0.2144970414-0.05105203540.8077491514-0.1922508486-19.2250848595-83.62911913924391.6975752474

399876823000.29947916670.03393008991.12777333030.127773330312.777333028429.387865965214470.8573342019

26656107.280.1785714286-0.08697764820.6724611162-0.3275388838-32.7538883806-3.2753888381400.0134950084

6165136298.40.2132352941-0.05231378270.8029976858-0.1970023142-19.7002314192-5.71306711161080.0619798569

4268218508.990.2293577982-0.03619127860.8637115254-0.1362884746-13.6288474613-6.81442373072720.4223597755

7333269649.320.2379182156-0.02763086120.8959481935-0.1040518065-10.4051806528-6.65931561785180.9629899579

1388304849.570.27631578950.01076671271.04054509560.04054509564.05450955843.40578802915660.8661972889

9340276649.80.231884058-0.03366501880.8732248697-0.1267751303-12.6775130276-8.11360833764290.6691991082

52692264310.080.1902654867-0.075283590.7164983928-0.2835016072-28.350160717-12.19056910831980.1434938819

81791661310.540.078313253-0.18723582380.2949106582-0.7050893418-70.5089341814-9.166161443637-0.3858616871

04544111.430.0227272727-0.2428218040.0855859602-0.9144140398-91.4414039757-0.91441403981-0.5703433754

Charts

Total Cells

Reef Cells

Avg. Cluster Runoff

Cells

Runoff Clusters

RO_Only

Normalized

Sheet3

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff




04544111.430.0227272727-0.2428218040.0855859602-0.9144140398-91.4414039757-0.91441403981-0.5703433754

1388304849.570.27631578950.01076671271.04054509560.04054509564.05450955843.40578802915660.8661972889

26656107.280.1785714286-0.08697764820.6724611162-0.3275388838-32.7538883806-3.2753888381400.0134950084

399876823000.29947916670.03393008991.12777333030.127773330312.777333028429.387865965214470.8573342019

4268218508.990.2293577982-0.03619127860.8637115254-0.1362884746-13.6288474613-6.81442373072720.4223597755

52692264310.080.1902654867-0.075283590.7164983928-0.2835016072-28.350160717-12.19056910831980.1434938819

6165136298.40.2132352941-0.05231378270.8029976858-0.1970023142-19.7002314192-5.71306711161080.0619798569

7333269649.320.2379182156-0.02763086120.8959481935-0.1040518065-10.4051806528-6.65931561785180.9629899579

81791661310.540.078313253-0.18723582380.2949106582-0.7050893418-70.5089341814-9.166161443637-0.3858616871

9340276649.80.231884058-0.03366501880.8732248697-0.1267751303-12.6775130276-8.11360833764290.6691991082

NULL1065202843500.2144970414-0.05105203540.8077491514-0.1922508486-19.2250848595-83.62911913924391.6975752474

Totals:24635886.46055


Total Reefs6055

Chart2

1.5732738567

0.3033018085

0.1596807954

-1.4678311064

-1.0295790014

-1.4498118396

0.7339115646

0.215689485

0.2137990244

-1.1644217687

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff


Unsupervised



07795612189.440.38859180040.12304272361.46335210450.463352104546.3352104545101.010758790713140.215689485

16224461769.520.39461883410.12906975731.48604860120.486048601248.604860116885.544553805510480.2137990244

254123630501.29237288141.02682380464.86679485793.8667948579386.67948578781179.372431652916471.5732738567

3200158428.880.26582278480.0002737081.00103072490.00103072490.10307248660.04329044444410.7339115646

4949228.870.0217391304-0.24380994630.0818648315-0.9181351685-91.8135168463-1.83627033692-1.4498118396

5265242237.960.0950413223-0.17050775450.3579049247-0.6420950753-64.2095075348-14.768186733117-1.0295790014

630730613.010.0032679739-0.26228110290.0123064779-0.9876935221-98.7693522057-0.98769352211-1.4678311064

7525470559.620.1170212766-0.14852780020.4406766464-0.5593233536-55.9323353643-30.7627844504161-1.1644217687

832821511300.52558139530.26003231861.97922508990.979225089997.9225089896110.65243515825820.3033018085

94553678800.2397820163-0.02576706040.9029668612-0.0970331388-9.70331388-8.53891621447420.1596807954

Totals:309310236.46055


Total Reefs6055

1.4710884354

Charts



254123630501.29237288141.02682380464.86679485793.8667948579386.67948578781179.372431652916471.5732738567

832821511300.52558139530.26003231861.97922508990.979225089997.9225089896110.65243515825820.3033018085

94553678800.2397820163-0.02576706040.9029668612-0.0970331388-9.70331388-8.53891621447420.1596807954

630730613.010.0032679739-0.26228110290.0123064779-0.9876935221-98.7693522057-0.98769352211-1.4678311064

5265242237.960.0950413223-0.17050775450.3579049247-0.6420950753-64.2095075348-14.768186733117-1.0295790014

4949228.870.0217391304-0.24380994630.0818648315-0.9181351685-91.8135168463-1.83627033692-1.4498118396

3200158428.880.26582278480.0002737081.00103072490.00103072490.10307248660.04329044444410.7339115646

07795612189.440.38859180040.12304272361.46335210450.463352104546.3352104545101.010758790713140.215689485

16224461769.520.39461883410.12906975731.48604860120.486048601248.604860116885.544553805510480.2137990244

7525470559.620.1170212766-0.14852780020.4406766464-0.5593233536-55.9323353643-30.7627844504161-1.1644217687

Totals:309310236.4


Charts

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

Total Cells

Reef Cells

Avg. Cluster Runoff

Cells


Sheet3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Normalized

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff


Chart4

0.1798103347

-0.2870225013

-1.4710884354

-0.6039998278

0.3457283814

0.4459847354

0.6712192569

-1.3396598639

-0.4747116238

-0.7448979592

-1.3213299813

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff


Sup_RO



017516969.630.0355029586-0.21303931550.1428447483-0.8571552517-85.7155251696-5.142931510223-1.3396598639

15203411799.50.52492668620.27638441222.11202174041.1120217404111.2021740439199.051891538611140.6712192569

2364333316.910.0930930931-0.1554491810.3745563746-0.6254436254-62.5443625444-19.3887523888431-0.2870225013

3105775230500.40558510640.15704283231.63185561860.631855618663.1855618644192.715963686317450.1798103347

48205073139.430.6173570020.36881472792.48391145661.4839114566148.3911456616464.464285920915720.4459847354

5168150189.740.12-0.12854227410.4828152493-0.5171847507-51.7184750733-9.3093255132122-0.7448979592

6158127319.320.2440944882-0.00444778590.9821045097-0.0178954903-1.7895490336-0.5547602004137-0.6039998278

7333278559.370.1978417266-0.05070054740.7960083546-0.2039916454-20.3991645393-11.21954049666050.3457283814

8207191169.780.0837696335-0.16477264050.337043804-0.662956196-66.2956195974-10.607299135631-1.3213299813

9276208699.710.33173076920.08318849521.3347056170.33470561733.470561696423.0946875705275-0.4747116238

*10373708.880-0.24854227410-1-10000-1.4710884354

6055

Totals:309310236.4



Charts



3105775230500.40558510640.15704283231.63185561860.631855618663.1855618644192.715963686317450.1798103347

2364333316.910.0930930931-0.1554491810.3745563746-0.6254436254-62.5443625444-19.3887523888431-0.2870225013

*10373708.880-0.24854227410-1-10000-1.4710884354

6158127319.320.2440944882-0.00444778590.9821045097-0.0178954903-1.7895490336-0.5547602004137-0.6039998278

7333278559.370.1978417266-0.05070054740.7960083546-0.2039916454-20.3991645393-11.21954049666050.3457283814

48205073139.430.6173570020.36881472792.48391145661.4839114566148.3911456616464.464285920915720.4459847354

15203411799.50.52492668620.27638441222.11202174041.1120217404111.2021740439199.051891538611140.6712192569

017516969.630.0355029586-0.21303931550.1428447483-0.8571552517-85.7155251696-5.142931510223-1.3396598639

9276208699.710.33173076920.08318849521.3347056170.33470561733.470561696423.0946875705275-0.4747116238

5168150189.740.12-0.12854227410.4828152493-0.5171847507-51.7184750733-9.3093255132122-0.7448979592

8207191169.780.0837696335-0.16477264050.337043804-0.662956196-66.2956195974-10.607299135631-1.3213299813

Charts

Total Cells

Reef Cells

Avg. Cluster Runoff

Cells


Sheet3

Normalized

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff


The Americas--visualizing results:an example

Chart4

0.1798103347

-0.2870225013

-1.4710884354

-0.6039998278

0.3457283814

0.4459847354

0.6712192569

-1.3396598639

-0.4747116238

-0.7448979592

-1.3213299813

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff


Sup_RO



017516969.630.0355029586-0.21303931550.1428447483-0.8571552517-85.7155251696-5.142931510223-1.3396598639

15203411799.50.52492668620.27638441222.11202174041.1120217404111.2021740439199.051891538611140.6712192569

2364333316.910.0930930931-0.1554491810.3745563746-0.6254436254-62.5443625444-19.3887523888431-0.2870225013

3105775230500.40558510640.15704283231.63185561860.631855618663.1855618644192.715963686317450.1798103347

48205073139.430.6173570020.36881472792.48391145661.4839114566148.3911456616464.464285920915720.4459847354

5168150189.740.12-0.12854227410.4828152493-0.5171847507-51.7184750733-9.3093255132122-0.7448979592

6158127319.320.2440944882-0.00444778590.9821045097-0.0178954903-1.7895490336-0.5547602004137-0.6039998278

7333278559.370.1978417266-0.05070054740.7960083546-0.2039916454-20.3991645393-11.21954049666050.3457283814

8207191169.780.0837696335-0.16477264050.337043804-0.662956196-66.2956195974-10.607299135631-1.3213299813

9276208699.710.33173076920.08318849521.3347056170.33470561733.470561696423.0946875705275-0.4747116238

*10373708.880-0.24854227410-1-10000-1.4710884354

6055

Totals:309310236.4



Charts



3105775230500.40558510640.15704283231.63185561860.631855618663.1855618644192.715963686317450.1798103347

2364333316.910.0930930931-0.1554491810.3745563746-0.6254436254-62.5443625444-19.3887523888431-0.2870225013

*10373708.880-0.24854227410-1-10000-1.4710884354

6158127319.320.2440944882-0.00444778590.9821045097-0.0178954903-1.7895490336-0.5547602004137-0.6039998278

7333278559.370.1978417266-0.05070054740.7960083546-0.2039916454-20.3991645393-11.21954049666050.3457283814

48205073139.430.6173570020.36881472792.48391145661.4839114566148.3911456616464.464285920915720.4459847354

15203411799.50.52492668620.27638441222.11202174041.1120217404111.2021740439199.051891538611140.6712192569

017516969.630.0355029586-0.21303931550.1428447483-0.8571552517-85.7155251696-5.142931510223-1.3396598639

9276208699.710.33173076920.08318849521.3347056170.33470561733.470561696423.0946875705275-0.4747116238

5168150189.740.12-0.12854227410.4828152493-0.5171847507-51.7184750733-9.3093255132122-0.7448979592

8207191169.780.0837696335-0.16477264050.337043804-0.662956196-66.2956195974-10.607299135631-1.3213299813

Charts

Total Cells

Reef Cells

Avg. Cluster Runoff

Cells


Sheet3

Normalized

Deviation

Avg. Cluster Runoff


Africa and Arabia

Austral-Asia

Buffering: an alternative test of reef--runoff relationships If Log runoff > 9.8, few reefs are within ~80 km (ocean and coastal)

ConclusionsTerrigenous runoff does influence reef distribution --occurrence threshold roughly 9.6x106 meters3/year/0.5 degree coastal cellIntegration of data is both possible and usefulSpatial and temporal resolution are always problems --hypothesis to be tested must match the scale of the data and vice versa

1. Selection Criteria2. Data Integration3. Hypothesis Testing

Web Referenceshttp://www.kgs.ukans.edu/Hexacoral/index.htmlhttp://www.reefbase.org/

http://www.reefbase.orghttp://www.nioz.nl/loicz/http://www.palantir.swarthmore.edu/~maxwell/loicz/Support:NSF OCE-00-03970, Biogeoinformatics of the Hexacorallia; IGBP-LOICZ; UNEP-GEF

AVG SST and aragonite are strongly correlatedNitrate and phosphate are also correlatedTable 4 of Kleypas et al.Light is most important for reefs occurring away from shore and in higher latitudes

Documents

Land Forcing and Coral Reefs: Terrestrial Runoff as a Factor in Coral Reef Distribution