LandFlux Meeting

29-31 May 2007

Integrated Land Ecosystem - Atmosphere Processes Study

Anni Reissell

What is iLEAPS? iLEAPS is the land-atmosphere interface reseach project of the International Geosphere - Biosphere Programme (IGBP).

The objective is to study how interacting physical, chemical and biological processes transport and transform energy and matter through the land-atmosphere interface.

iLEAPS is a multidisciplinary international research program aimed at improved understanding of processes, linkages and feedbacks in the land-atmosphere interface affecting the Earth System.

iLEAPS facilitates scientific collaboration as well as synthesis and distribution of results to scientific, politic and public audiences.

iLEAPS vision

• How do interacting physical, chemical, and biological processes transport and transform energy, momentum and materials through the land-atmosphere system?

• What are the implications for the dynamics of the Earth System?

• How did the terrestrial-ecosystem/ atmosphere system function under pre-industrial conditions, and how are human activities influencing it?

• To what extent does the terrestrial biosphere determine its physical and chemical environment on various temporal and spatial scales?

iLEAPS questions

Land-atmosphere exchange of reactive and conservative compounds: Key feedbacks in the Earth System

Science Foci

Interactions and feedbacks between biogenic/ anthropogenic aerosol production, cloud processes, climate and the water cycle

Surface-atmosphere exchanges and the self-cleansing mechanism of the atmosphere

Feedbacks and teleconnections in the land surface -vegetation - water - atmosphere system

Transfer of materials and energy in the soil/canopy/boundary-layer system: Measurements and Modelling

Focus 1

Focus 2

Focus 3

Focus 4

www.atm.helsinki.fi/ileaps

Synthesis papers√ Journal special issues √ Science Plan √ Website√ Email bulletin, quarterly√ Email alert√ Newsletter, biannual√ Flyers√ Posters√ PowerPoint presentations√ Press releases√ Media interviews√ Workshops√ Summer school√ Science Conference, biennial√ People database

Synthesis book

iLEAPS products

• Multiple scalars, interactions and feedbacks

• Process-based understanding

• Broad variety of temporal and spatial scales

• Measurements integrated with modelling

• Regional as well as global scientific consequence

• Across traditional scientific and organizational boundaries

• International, open to participants from all countries and organizations

• Participants selected based on scientific contribution

• Public data access

• Capacity building component

iLEAPS research guidelines

iLEAPS recognized activities

FLARESAfrican Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses Fire-Land-Atmosphere Regional

Ecosystem StudiesInter-American Network for Atmospheric/Biospheric Studies

Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Reactive Nitrogen

Volatile Organic Compounds in the Biosphere-Atmosphere System

An International Network Measuring Terrestrial Carbon, Water and Energy Fluxes Across Daily to Inter-Annual Time Scales

iLEAPS recognized activities

Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative

Isotopes in the Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes

Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport

iLEAPS/GEIA INITIATIVE

vegetation dynamics-BVOC interactions, GDVM

EUCAARI

WATCH

LUCID

Vapor source(organics+ hν)

Vapor sink (condensation)

3 nm

Particle sink (coagulation)

Growth by condensation

Particle source(nucleation)

Activation toCCN

Pre-existing aerosol

Formation of aerosol particles, CCNFrom Dal Maso, 2007

1E-06

1E-05

1E-04

1E-03

1E-02

1E-01

1E+00

1E+01

1E+02

1E+03

1E+04

1E+05

1E+06

1E+07

1E-02 1E-01 1E+00 1E+01 1E+02 1E+03 1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08 1E+091 s 1 min 30 min 6 h1 h 12 h

1 d1 wk

1 mo6 mo

1 a5 min

1000 km

100 km

10 km

1 km

100 m

10 m

1 m

10 cm

1 cm

1 mm

100 m

10 m

stand site

catchment

landscape

HNO3 + NH3 NH4NO3

HNO3 + H2O H+ + NO3

NO2 + H2O (het) HONO (g)

HO2 + HO2 H2O2 + O2 O3 + olefins products O3 + NO2 NO3 + O2

O3 + isoprene products O3 + monoterpenes products

OH + monoterpenes roducts OH + isoprene products

NO3 + isoprene products NO3 + monoterpenes products

O3 + NO NO2 + O2

N2O5 + H2O HNO3

volume averaging homogeneous mixing assumption?

Dlugi et al. 1993, updated by Meixner 2006

Scales of chemical reactions

Spatial and temporal scales

FLUXNETInternational Network Measuring Terrestrial Carbon, Water and Energy Fluxes Across Daily to Inter-Annual Time Scales about 430 Sites

• Surface flux measurements• Boundary layer budjets• Aircraft-based measurements• Remote sensing

FLUXNET

Value of Flux Networks• Produces Large and Long Data Sets

– Reduced Sampling Error

– Robust Dataset for Model Development

• Study Spectra of Time Scales

– Capture Pulses and Lags

• Study Gradient of Climates, Structure and Function

• Field of Dreams: ‘Build it and they will Come’

– Better Integrated Research Studies

about 430 Sites

FLUXNET

Value of Flux Networks• Produces Large and Long Data Sets

– Reduced Sampling Error

– Robust Dataset for Model Development

• Study Spectra of Time Scales

– Capture Pulses and Lags

• Study Gradient of Climates, Structure and Function

• Field of Dreams: ‘Build it and they will Come’

– Better Integrated Research Studies

Un-resolved Issues• Night-time Fluxes• Complex terrain, Advection• ImPerfect U* correction • ImPerfect Flux Partitioning

– Works Better on Longer Time Scales• ImPerfect Energy Balance Closure• Need Better Outreach and Training

about 430 Sites

Harvard Forest

Year

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

CO

2 F

lux

De

nsity

(gC

m-2

d-1

)

-12

-8

-4

0

4

8 NEERecoGEE

Data of Wofsy, Munger, Goulden et al.

Decadal Plus Time Series of NEE:Flux version of the Keeling’s Mauna Loa Graph

Heinsch et al. 2006

Global MODIS Test

FLUXNET

Cooperation with LandFlux?

•About 420 flux measurement stations•Improvement of measurements (radiation, components)•Representativity of sites, quality control, error structure, standardized procedures, validation•Model-data integration, upscaling

•Integrated use of FLUXNET and Earth observation data, carbon and water data

Sea

Space

Tim

e

Sec./min.

Hours/Days

Days/months

Months/years

Min./hours

cm m 10m 100m 1km 10km 100km 1000km

Canopy

ESM grid

H2O

EcosystemH2O

energy

Trace gases, O3, VOCs, NOx

Leaf/soil

Wet skinsoil Snow/ice

1e4km

Trace gases

energy

Earth System Models

Measurements

Upscaling at/from flux sites

From Artaxo, 2007

Sea

Space

Tim

e

Sec./min.

Hours/Days

Days/months

Months/years

Min./hours

cm m 10m 100m 1km 10km 100km 1000km

Canopy

ESM grid

H2O

EcosystemH2O

energy

Trace gases, O3, VOCs, NOx

Leaf/soil

Wet skinsoil Snow/ice

1e4km

Trace gases

energy

Earth System Models

Measurements

• Up-scaling• Weather forecasting• Short- and medium range • Observational data sets for

model development and model evaluation

• Point data to verify gridbox averages

• Heterogeneity

From Artaxo, 2007

Upscaling at/from flux sites

OH HO2

recyclingsource

sinkNMHC

CO, CH4, CH2OCO2, H2O

CH2Ohν

H2O2

HO2

NO2

NOhν

NO2

O3 + hvO(1D) + H2O

OH RecyclingHO2 + NO → OH +NO2 (high NOx)

HO2 + O3 → OH + 2O2 (low NOx)

Atmospheric chemistry Climate

Activation

CCN

Secondary Secondary aerosolaerosol

Primary Primary aerosolaerosol

Radiative forcing

Transport, hydrological cycle

Land cover and land Land cover and land use (use (IMAGEIMAGE scenarios) scenarios)

Anthropogenic emissionsAnthropogenic emissions Natural emissions and Natural emissions and dry depositiondry deposition

Biogeochemistry

Human dimensions= state-of-the art coupling

??

= new challenges

MeasurementsMeasurements

© Rüdiger Lang

Earth system modelling

From Artaxo, 2007

OH HO2

recyclingsource

sinkNMHC

CO, CH4, CH2OCO2, H2O

CH2Ohν

H2O2

HO2

NO2

NOhν

NO2

O3 + hvO(1D) + H2O

OH RecyclingHO2 + NO → OH +NO2 (high NOx)

HO2 + O3 → OH + 2O2 (low NOx)

Atmospheric chemistry Climate

Activation

CCN

Secondary Secondary aerosolaerosol

Primary Primary aerosolaerosol

Radiative forcing

Transport, hydrological cycle

Land cover and land Land cover and land use (use (IMAGEIMAGE scenarios) scenarios)

Anthropogenic emissionsAnthropogenic emissions Natural emissions and Natural emissions and dry depositiondry deposition

Biogeochemistry

Human dimensions= state-of-the art coupling

??

= new challenges

MeasurementsMeasurements

© Rüdiger Lang

1. Coupled Carbon Cycle capability (inc. marine and terrestrial ecosystems)2. Coupled climate-photochemistry (esp O3 and chemical lifetimes w/related emission modeling issues3. Aerosols and radiation (indirect effect w/ links to chemistry, dust, etc.)4. Dynamic vegetation (w/links to biophysical climate and trace gas emissions.

Earth system modelling

Links and collaboration

iLEAPS collaboration with GEWEX

GABLS/GMPP, GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

Presentation of the boundary layer in regional and global climate models

GLASS/GMPP

LUCID, Land-use and climate, Identification of robust impacts

Land-use and climate, Identification of robust impacts

Land-cover change experiments

LOCO, Local Coupled action of GEWEX Land Study

GEWEX Cloud System Study

Aerosol-cloud-precipitation-climate initiative

LUCID – Land-Use and Climate, IDentification of robust impacts

Natalie de Noblet, Andy Pitman

Scenarios of land-cover change important because humans have profoundlymodified the landscape and will continue to do so

• Different models, land parameterizations, land-cover maps, model configurations and experimental protocols

• Potential impact land-use induced land-cover change can have on the sea-surface temperatures and on ocean circulation

• Global, coupled, fixed SSTs, multiple realizations• Links to AIMES and C4MIP and C20C • At least four groups: NCAR, IPSL, CSIRO, CNRM • Use a statistical rigorous experimental design• How much of the (a) global and (b) regionally observed changes can be robustly explained by land cover ?

LUCID

Three sets of simulations have been designed to be run by different climate models.

1) The first set includes snap-shot simulations with prescribed sea-surface temperatures and sea-ice extent of the present-day climate (1992-2002) and of pre-industrial times (1870-1900). Simulations will differ by the land cover distribution that will reflect the observed changes in both crops and pasture between both time periods.

2) Transient simulations over the past 150 years (1870 to 2002), with prescribed SSTs and sea-ice will be run following the protocol designed within the C20C project ().

3) Then finally, within the European project ENSEMBLES, IPCC simulation will be re-run with coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models, from 1850 till 2100 following the A1b economical scenario. These simulations will be run with and without land-use induced land-cover changes.

LUCID

iLEAPS ↔ GEWEX

Global Land Atmosphere Coupling Experiment

ISLSCP – International Satellite Land Surface Climatology ProjectObservations and Models - Surface Fluxes Carbon, Water, Energy

GEWEX OBSERVATIONAL NETWORKSground-based surface radiation measurements

CEOP, Coordinated Enhanced Operation Period, Part-II (2007-2010)Implementation of the CEOP-II Integrated Observation and Data System for the Global Energy and Water Cycle as planned in Part-I •interactions between aerosols and the water cycle

WCRP-COPES Coordinated Observation & Prediction of the Earth System

Experimental & modelling

• Multispecies monitoring data

• Data with varying time resolution

• Data at various spatial scales

• Process studies

• Data assimilation

• Up-scaling, down-scaling• Local, regional, global• Inverse modelling• Weather forecasting• Climate modelling• Climate projections • Dynamic global

vegetation models• Coupled models• Earth System models

Thank you!